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1

Boronczyk, Felix, Christopher Rumpf, and Christoph Breuer. "Determinants of viewer attention in concurrent event sponsorship." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 19, no. 1 (2018): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-2016-0063.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of exposure-related and consumer-related factors on the return of sponsorship investment through their influence on viewers’ attention for sponsor signage. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through an experimental study (n=92) involving eye-tracking and a questionnaire, and were analyzed using regression analysis. Findings The results show that viewers’ attention for sponsor signage is affected by the signage color of concurrent sponsors, as well as viewers’ brand familiarity, and sport involvement. In particular, the findings reveal that viewers’ attention for sponsor signage increases with greater color contrast between concurrently visible sponsor signage. Further, signage receives more attention if viewers are familiar with the brand and less involved with the sponsored event. Given that attention is an important prerequisite for further processing of sponsorship information, these findings have important implications for managers seeking to evaluate the return on their sponsorship investment. Practical implications When assessing the return on a sponsorship investment, marketers should consider the characteristics of surrounding sponsor signage and the audience with regard to their impact on viewers’ attention for their own signage. Ideally, marketers should attempt to create a greater color contrast between their own signage and its surroundings in order to maximize viewer attention. Originality/value This paper provides valuable information on the importance of concurrently visible sponsor signage and audience characteristics for the return on investment of sponsorships through their impact on viewers’ attention.
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Yousaf, Anish, Abhishek Mishra, and Anil Gupta. "Concurrent sponsorship: implications for sponsoring brands and sponsored property." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 36, no. 6 (2018): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-02-2018-0042.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the interesting dynamics of image transfer when multiple brands get together to sponsor a property, referred to as concurrent sponsorship, and its effects on the consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) of the sponsor or the sponsored property, in the context of Indian Premier League of cricket. Design/methodology/approach Two pre-tests, for identifying the sponsored property and sponsors, were followed by the main experiment, involving 500 respondents. A general linear model was used for data analysis. Findings The findings reveal that for brands with high CBBE, investment in concurrent sponsorship leads to larger benefits, especially if they have similar associations to the sponsored property. This study also shows that image of the sponsored property is strongly dependent on combined CBBE of the sponsors. Finally, it is found that brands with high (low) CBBE are benefited more in concurrent (solo) sponsorship conditions. Originality/value This paper is an original contribution in this field, with limited works studying the impact of concurrent sponsorship on the brand equity of sponsors or the sponsored property.
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Breuer, Christoph, and Christopher Rumpf. "The Impact of Color and Animation on Sports Viewers’ Attention to Televised Sponsorship Signage." Journal of Sport Management 29, no. 2 (2015): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0280.

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Although competition for viewers’ attention to sponsorship signage in sport telecasts has become a growing issue in sponsorship-linked marketing, sport management research has not yet investigated how to create eyecatching sponsorship signage in the cluttered visual surroundings of sport events without negatively affecting the viewers’ first objective: watching sports. This research takes into account the peculiarities of televised sport sponsorship platforms by including (1) the concurrent appearance of sport action and sponsor signage, (2) the color contrast between signage and sport surroundings, and (3) viewer confusion as a reaction to an overload of sponsorship information. Based on a laboratory study, it was found that both color and animation significantly impact sports viewers’ attention. However, animation can lead to visual confusion for television sport viewers, and may jeopardize intended sponsorship effects. These findings provide scientific evidence for the opportunities and risks of visual features in sponsorship-linked marketing.
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Boronczyk, Felix, and Christoph Breuer. "The company you keep: Brand image transfer in concurrent event sponsorship." Journal of Business Research 124 (January 2021): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.022.

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Boronczyk, Felix, and Christoph Breuer. "Brand-related feelings and sponsor attitude formation." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 3 (2020): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-11-2019-0118.

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PurposeThis study examines how brand attitude formation with respect to sport event sponsors is affected by feelings related to the sponsor brand, the sponsored event, and concurrent sponsors.Design/methodology/approachUsing systematically manipulated press releases, 216 sport-interested participants were presented with different sponsorships of a major sport event. Sponsor information was systematically manipulated both within the stimulus text and the accompanying photo, which contained clearly visible sponsor signage. Participants' brand-related feelings and attitudes toward the stimulus brands were assessed through an online questionnaire following the treatment and analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results show that sponsor brand-related feelings represent an important step in the creation of brand attitudes. Sponsor brand attitudes are further revealed to be in part determined by event- and co-sponsor-related feelings through several indirect pathways.Practical implicationsThe findings presented in this study suggest that managers who seek to create favorable brand responses need to consider the feelings associated with their brands, the event and concurrent sponsors. Brands may experience both beneficial and detrimental effects, depending on whether the feelings involved are positive or negative.Originality/valueTo date, no research has investigated the relationships between brand-related feelings and brand attitudes in event sponsorship while accounting for the influence of the sponsored event and concurrent sponsors. Therefore, this study contributes to a better understanding of the role of feelings in sponsor brand attitude formation.
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Won, June, and J. Lucy Lee. "The effectiveness of multiple brand portfolios: the role of directional dominance and brand interference on brand evaluation." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 2 (2020): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-2019-0100.

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PurposeThe purposes of the study were (1) to examine whether directional dominance between co-existing athlete brands and sponsor brands exists; (2) to explore whether directional dominance influences consumers' memory interference; and (3) to test whether brand interference interacts with directional dominance among brands to influence consumer evaluation and behaviors under multiple endorsement and sponsorship portfolios.Design/methodology/approachThe research is a 3 (directional dominance: symmetric dominance vs. asymmetric dominance with existing vs. asymmetric dominance with newly endorsed brand) x 2 (brand memory interference: interference vs. no interference) between-subjects factorial design.FindingsThe results indicate that (1) directional dominance influenced consumer brand interference, and directional dominance interacted with brand interference on (2) brand evaluation and (3) purchase intention in multiple brand portfolios.Originality/valueConsidering that conventional single-sponsor sponsorship or single-endorser endorsement portfolios are increasingly rare, research on concurrent circumstances of multiple endorsers and multiple endorsed brands in multiple brand portfolios was necessary. By expanding and reconceptualizing the context of brand networks, this study provides empirical evidence on how the dominance and directionality between endorser and (existing and newly) endorsed brands—an athlete endorser's strong pre-existing association with an existing endorsed brand in particular—influenced consumer brand interference and the brand evaluation in multiple brand portfolios.
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Kallenbach, AM, and CJ Rosenblum. "Carotid endarterectomy: creating the pathway to 1-day stay." Critical Care Nurse 20, no. 4 (2000): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2000.20.4.23.

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Use of a collaborative team approach to design a care pathway and standing orders for carotid endarterectomy patients achieved the project's goals. Variation, LOS, and resource consumption were decreased while quality of care and patients' satisfaction levels were maintained. Education of patients, patients' families, and staff members increased. Coordination between caregivers increased. The consistent concurrent database provided a feedback loop for continued change and for setting the target. Essential to the success was sponsorship from key leadership via the hospital's steering committee. The diverse membership of key associates on the CQI team helped to create an excellent revised carotid endarterectomy process and ensured full implementation. This membership of the CQI team was essential to comprehensive education and implementation. The step-by-step implementation kept the project moving forward. Creating a care pathway and changing practice require collaboration between nurses, doctors, and administrators. Creativity and systematic, thorough steps are what move a practice change from idea to inception.
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O'Reilly, Norman J., and Judith J. Madill. "Evaluating Social Marketing Elements in Sponsorship." Social Marketing Quarterly 13, no. 4 (2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000701662481.

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Organizations of all types increasingly recognize the importance of sponsorship as a source of revenue and as a means to achieve their objectives. This trend is driving the broader adoption of sponsorship, which has resulted in its use to pursue objectives other than those related to promotion, including those related to behavior change and, thus, social marketing. Concurrently, sponsors and sponsees are demanding the development of legitimate, reliable, and meaningful methods for the evaluation of sponsorship as investment in the area increases. For organizations whose objectives include behavior change and, thus seek to market behaviors (i.e., social marketers) this results in a need to be able to evaluate the social marketing elements of their sponsorships, distinct from other objectives that may be sought. The current research conceptualizes social marketing in sponsorship and then develops hypothetical examples for each resulting scenario to demonstrate how social marketing elements in sponsorship should be evaluated.
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Parganas, Petros, Roman Liasko, and Christos Anagnostopoulos. "Scoring goals in multiple fields." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 7, no. 2 (2017): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2016-0072.

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Purpose Professional football clubs currently strive for a number of concurrent goals, ranging from on-field success to profit maximization to fan expansion and engagement. The purpose of this paper, theoretically informed by the social penetration theory, is to analyze the economics behind such goals and examine the association between team performance, commercial success, and social media followers in professional team sports. Design/methodology/approach A data set relating to 20 European professional football clubs that combines financial (revenues and costs), sporting, and digital-reach measures for three consecutive football seasons (2013/2014 to 2015/2016) was used. In addition, to elaborate on this data in terms of a descriptive study, the study constructs a range of correlation statistical tests and linear modeling techniques to obtain quantitative results. Findings The results indicate that all the three main sources of club revenues (match-day, commercial/sponsorship, and broadcasting) are positive drivers for Facebook followers. Staff investments (staff costs) are also positively related to Facebook followers, albeit to a lesser extent, while higher-ranked clubs seem to follow a constant approach in terms of their revenues and cost structure. Originality/value This study seeks to bridge the communication and sport economic research, providing evidence that Facebook followers are part of the cyclical phenomenon of team revenues and team performance. In doing so, it initiates a debate on the relationship between the digital expansion of a football club and its sports and financial indicators.
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Larson, Daniel J., Jordan C. Wetherbee, and Paul Branscum. "CrossFit Athletic Identity’s Relationship to Sponsor Recall, Recognition, and Purchase Intent." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 7, no. 3 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.7n.3p.6.

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Background: The CrossFit Open is a physical activity competition that allows athletes from across the world to compete in fitness challenges online, whereby participants document their progress via an event website. No apparent studies have examined participant event sponsorship in a case where sponsor messages are delivered primarily via an event website. Furthermore, current research has yet to consider the differential impact of audience athletic identity on sponsor messaging in such a context. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between CrossFit Athletic Identity (CAI) and the ability to recall and recognize official sponsors of a participant event conducted on an online platform. Methodology: A cross-sectional research design was used with a convenience sample (n=170) of CrossFit Open participants from 36 affiliates in the South Central United States. A concurrent treatment validation with a subset of four participants utilized laboratory eye-tracking to evaluate the attention and viewing patterns within the CrossFit online platform. Results: CAI was not a significant predictor for sponsor recognition or recall (α = 0.05). Only one of the case study participants had a recorded brand image fixation (0.29 seconds) during the eye-tracking assessments of their typical website interaction. Conclusion: While CAI was not associated with improved sponsor recognition and recall, the assessment of the participant website interactions suggest that participants in this study were not likely exposed to sufficient sponsor images. This highlights the need for critical evaluation of event website designs using eye-tracking or some other metric of visual exposure.
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Carrillat, François A., Paul J. Solomon, and Alain d'Astous. "Brand Stereotyping and Image Transfer in Concurrent Sponsorships." Journal of Advertising 44, no. 4 (2015): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1083916.

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Fan, M., L. Xie, X. Xu, et al. "Phase I dose-escalation study of thoracic radiotherapy in combination with gefitinib in patients with IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer (NCT00497250)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (2009): e14581-e14581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e14581.

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e14581 Background: Cinical studies have confirmed that gefitinib, an EGFR-TKI, is effective for some advanced NSCLC patients. Patients with Asian ethnicity are reported to have a higher response rate with gefitinib monotherapy. However, a higher incidence of interstitial lung disease, sometimes lethal, is also found. The combination of gefitinib and radiotherapy has been observed to have a synergistic, anti-proliferative effect against NSCLC in vitro. This phase I study assessed the safety, clinical feasibility and optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) of this combination in patients with pretreated locally advanced or metastatic (IIIB/IV) NSCLC. Methods: Patients with stage IIIB or selected stage IV, failure of platinum-based chemotherapy regimen NSCLC were eligible. Four Cohorts of eight patients each were planned to be treated with escalating doses from 54 to 60 Gy of conformal or intensity- modulated radiotherapy (2Gy/Fx) administered in combination with gefitinib 250mg daily during RT and 60 days after the completion of RT to determine the OTR. Results: Since June 2007, 2 cohorts, a total of 16 patients, were enrolled and treated: 8 stage IIIB and 8 stage IV; 2 squamous-cell carcinoma and 14 adenocarcinoma; 8 smokers and 8 nonsmokers. Prior-chemotherapy regimen was consisted of NP, GP and TP for a median of 3.5 cycles (range, 1–5). Median follow-up time was seven months. Mean progression-free survival time was 5.2 months (median, 3.9; range, 1.7–12.3). Overall, adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. The most frequent grade 2 events included pneumonitis (31%) and dysphagia (19%). There were one treatment-related grade 3 event, which was nausea, and no grade 4 events. Most of the failure patterns were out-of-field (11/13) and the most common distant metastasis organ was the lungs. Three patients are progression-free to date. Conclusions: Thoracic radiotherapy up to 56 Gy concurrent with gefitinib 250 mg daily was well tolerated and clinically active in this group of pretreated Chinese NSCLC patients, including nonsmokers with adenocarcinoma. Accrual is continuing. Sponsorship: This work was partly supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET), Ministry of Education. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Hawkes, Eliza A., Geoffrey Chong, Charmaine Smith, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of Induction and Maintenance Avelumab Plus R-CHOP in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Analysis of the Phase II Avr-CHOP Study." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-136024.

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Background: Novel strategies are needed to improve upon the 60% cure rate of upfront R-CHOP in advanced DLBCL. Single-agent immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has limited efficacy in heavily pre-treated DLBCL (response rate <10%, Ansell JCO 2019), potentially due to residual immunocompromise from prior therapy. Frontline ICI, given when host immunity is relatively intact, may improve these outcomes. Concurrent ICI with R-CHOP is safe (Smith BJH 2020) but corticosteroid-related immunosuppression may negate ICI efficacy. These factors, along with evidence that ICI sensitises non-Hodgkin lymphoma to subsequent chemotherapy (Carreau BJH 2020), support a sequential treatment strategy. Avelumab (Av) is an anti-PDL1 monoclonal antibody with antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity which acts synergistically with rituximab (R) in vitro. We report the results of a phase II single arm study assessing safety of 1st line sequential AvR induction, R-CHOP & Av maintenance for DLBCL. Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years, ECOG 0-2 with untreated stage II-IV DLBCL and no active autoimmune disease were treated with AvR induction x2 cycles q2-weekly (Av 10mg/kg IV + R 375mg/m2 IV), followed by R-CHOP21 x 6 cycles then Av 10mg/kg x 6 cycles q2-weekly if in complete metabolic response (CMR) post R-CHOP. The primary endpoint was the rate of grade 3/4 immune-related adverse events (irAE). Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), failure free survival (FFS), overall survival (OS) and overall toxicity. Response was determined centrally by PET-CT (Lugano 2014 criteria). CMR rates by PET-CT post AvR induction and post C2 R-CHOP were exploratory endpoints. Genomic analysis was performed including next generation sequencing (NGS) based sequence variant detection, copy number analysis and structural variant detection. Results: 28 pts were enrolled from Dec 2017 to Oct 2019. Key baseline characteristics included median age 54 yrs (range 20-79); stage III/IV disease 68%; elevated LDH 61%; IPI ≥2 25%. Histology included 21 DLBCL NOS (75%; 14 GCB, 7 non-GCB by Hans algorithm), 6 primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL; 21%) and 1 EBV positive DLBCL (4%). The study met its pre-specified primary endpoint of G3/4 irAE <30%. Grade 3/4 irAEs included hepatitis (n=1) and rash (n=2). G1/2 irAEs occurred in 71% (20/28) as follows: rash 53%, liver dysfunction 26%, hyper/hypothyroidism 29% and diarrhoea 21%. 79% had G3/4 toxicity, predominantly haematological, related to RCHOP with febrile neutropenia/infection in 28% of pts. ORR post R-CHOP was 89% (all CR) (Figure 1). The ORR to 2 cycles of induction AvR was 60%, including 6 CMR (21%) across all diagnostic/histologic subgroups (n=1 PMBCL, n=2 non-GCB DLBCL, n=3 GCB DLBCL; Figures 1 and 2). Six pts (21%) progressed during AvR induction (with 1 pt completing only 1 x AvR cycle); all subsequently responded to R-CHOP. With a median follow-up of 16 months, 1-year FFS was 76% and OS 89%. Treatment was discontinued early in 5 pts; 2 during R-CHOP due to progressive disease and 3 during Av maintenance (n=1 immune hepatitis; n=1 pulmonary embolism initially reported as pneumonitis; n=1 progressive disease). Alterations in the CD274/PDCDLG2 locus were identified by NGS in 3 of 27 evaluable pts (n=2 PMBCL, n=1 EBV+ DLBCL). Full genomic analysis to identify factors associated with response will be presented. Conclusion: Sequential AvR induction, R-CHOP and Av maintenance in pts with newly diagnosed DLBCL is feasible with a manageable toxicity profile and a high CR rate. Responses to AvR alone were higher than expected based on the relapsed/refractory population and may suggest superior efficacy of ICI in the frontline setting. These results support ongoing sequential studies of immune priming with PD1/PDL1 inhibition prior to R-CHOP in DLBCL. Acknowledgements: Merck KgA for avelumab plus funding. Tour de Cure Scott Canning Early Career Grant (E Hawkes) and Wilson Centre for Lymphoma Genomics for biomarker testing. Disclosures Hawkes: Astra Zeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen-Cilag: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, Speakers Bureau; Merck Sharpe &Dohme: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; takeda: Speakers Bureau; Merck KgA: Research Funding. Chong:Merck Serono: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Hutchison Medipharma: Research Funding; Bayer: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company: Research Funding; Servier: Research Funding; Isofol: Research Funding. Blombery:Novartis: Consultancy; Janssen: Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy; Invivoscribe: Honoraria. Barraclough:Roche: Other: Conference sponsorship. Keane:Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Travel; BMS: Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Other: Travel, Speakers Bureau; MSD Oncology: Honoraria, Other: Travel; Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Travel, Speakers Bureau. Fong:Pfizer: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria. Manos:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Conference sponsorship. OffLabel Disclosure: Avelumab is an anti-PDL1 monoclonal antibody. Inhibition of the PD1/PDL1 pathway stimulates anti-tumour immunity.
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Bromley-Trujillo, Rebecca, and Mirya R. Holman. "Climate Change Policymaking in the States: A View at 2020." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 50, no. 3 (2020): 446–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa008.

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Abstract Climate change policymaking has stalled at the federal level in the United States, especially since Donald Trump’s election as president. Concurrently, extreme weather, rising sea levels, and other climatic effects have increased the salience of climate change in the mass public and among elected officials. In response, legislators in state governments increasingly introduce and adopt policies associated with climate change. In this article, we evaluate the state of climate change policymaking in state legislatures, with a focus on overall trends in climate mitigation and adaptation innovation and cases of policy retrenchment. We document an increased level of climate legislation introduced in U.S. states since President Trump’s election, particularly in states under Democratic Party control. We evaluate patterns of introduced legislation across the states between 2011 and 2019 and consider the factors associated with bill sponsorship. Our results demonstrate the increased partisan nature of climate change policymaking in U.S. states.
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Yassin, Mohamed A., Nader I. Al-Dewik, Abdulqadir Nashwan, and Ashraf Tawfiq Soliman. "A Vascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head Is It an Initial Presentation of CML or Consequences of Therapies (Interferon alpha and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors)." Blood 126, no. 23 (2015): 5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5143.5143.

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Abstract Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is not specific disease. It occurs as a complication or secondary to various causes. These conditions probably lead to impaired blood supply to the femoral head. The diagnosis of AVNFH is based on clinical findings and supported by specific radiological manifestations. AVNFH occurs as a complication traumatic and non-traumatic disorders. Most cases of AVNFH are non-traumatic and occur secondary to excessive corticosteroid use and alcohol abuse.Other causes include coagulopathies, hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease), chronic liver disease ,gout, idiopathic hyperlipidemia, metabolic bone disorders, pregnancy, radiation, chemotherapy, smoking, systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis syndromes. Intravascular coagulation appears to be the central event associated with nontraumatic AVNFH , Coagulation may occur secondary to extravascular compression (marrow fat enlargement), vessel wall injury (chemotherapy, radiation), or a thromboembolic event (fat emboli). Magnetic resonance imaging MRI considered the preferred method for diagnosis of occult AVN, since it is more sensitive than bone scan or plain films. Due to the high incidence of bilateral AVN, MRI may pick up AVN in opposite asymptomatic hip. MRI has 90-100% sensitivity for symptomatic disease AVNFH can be presenting Manifestation for patient with CML as illustrated in table 1 Table 1.Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Presenting with Avascular Necrosis of Femur HeadPatientAgeGendersiteNoteYearReference124MaleRt Femoral HeadLeukocytecount 96,800/mm3, Platelets count 684,000/mm3, and Hemoglobin 10.4 g/dL.2005Moon JY, et al. (7)215FemaleRt Femoral HeadLeucocyte count of 290 X 109/L,Plateletcount 250 x 109/L, Hemoglobin 10.8 g/dl2003Gupta D, et al.(8)317MaleRt Femoral HeadUnknown1984Gibson J, et al.(9)49FemaleLt Femoral HeadLeukocytecount 359,000/mm3, Platelets count 809,000/mm31988Salimi Z, et al.(10)517MaleRt Femoral HeadUnknown1996Leone J, et al.(11)612FemaleRt Femoral HeadUnknown2013Leone J, et al.(12)Or can be consequence of therapy with interferon as illustrated in table 2or TKI as illustrated in table 3 Table 2. PATIENTS TREATED WITH INTERFERON-a Summary of Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Associated AVNFH Patient Patient (yrs) Gender Interval from CML dx to development of AVNFH Platelet and WBC counts at time of AVNFH dx IFNa dose Other Rx Comment 1 22 Male 18 Platelets, 61-140x109/L; WBC, 2.5-3.5 x 109/L 5MU/q.o.d. to 2 MU 2x/week HU pegylated IFN, steroids x 1 week, anegrelide 2 45 Female 54 Platelets, 120-210 x 109/L; WBC, 15 x 109/L Varied from 10 MU/day to 5 MU/day HU, busulfan, ara-C (3 mos) 3 46 Female 6 Platelets, 160-220 x 109/L; WBC, 8.4-18 x 109/L 10 MU/day with concurrent ATRA and ara-C HU 4 17 Male Presenting symptom and symptoms recurred 1 month after starting IFNa and ara-c Platelets, 895 x 109/L; WBC, 167 x 109/L Unknown HU HU cytoreductiona/w clinical and radiographic improvement of AVNFH 5 25 Female 4 yrs Platelets, 1200 x 109/L;WBC 49 x 109/L Unknown HU ANFH developed when CML entered accelerated phase after 4 yrs of IFNa therapy Table 3. PATIENTS TREATED WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIs) Summary of Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Associated AVNFH Patient Patient (yrs) Gender Interval from CML dx to development of AVN Platelet and WBC counts at time of AVN dx TKI dose Other Rx Comment 1 12 Male 8 yrs WBC 5600/mm3 Start dose 400mg/d; escalated to 600mg/d to achieve complete cytogenetic response Dx as CML (chronic phase in 2005; started on imatinib 400mg (340mg/m2) after 20 months dose escalated to 600mg/day (continued for 1 yr) Nataraj V et al 2 34 female 3 year WBC 6000/ mm3 Failed Imatinib 400mg Then shifted to Dasatinib 100 mg Developed AVNFH18 months after Dastinib in (CHR, CCR, MMR)yassin et al Conclusion From the above mentioned review of literature; 6 patients with CML presented with AVNFH as the initial presentation prior any therapy; five in the era of interferon and two in era with TKIs; one with Imatinib and the other with Dasatinib treatment. Two issues to be considered; either the condition is rare or there is under-reporting of this side effect. Observational studies with proper reporting are required to accurately measure the incidence of this complication which could significantly affect patients' safety and quality of life. Disclosures Al-Dewik: Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF): Other: sponsorship.
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Dymond, John H. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (2005): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20057708iv.

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The 18th IUPAC International Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics (ICCT-2004), concurrent with the 12th National Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis, was held 17-21 August 2004 at the Fragrant Hill Hotel, Beijing, China. Professor Haike Yan was Conference Chair, Prof. Zhiwu Yu was Conference Co-chair, and Prof. Xibai Qiu was Secretary. The 395 participants came from 40 countries.During the official opening ceremony, there was a presentation of the first Doctorate Awards to be given by the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics, with sponsorship from Elsevier. The three recipients were Dr. Lin Chen, Tsinghua University, Beijing; Mr. Dirk Wandschneider, University of Rostock, Germany; and Mr. Weiguo Xu, Liaoning University, China. They each received a certificate plus a cash prize of USD 500.The conference began with the Rossini lecture, presented by Prof. Jean-Pierre E. Grolier on "Advanced experimental techniques in polymer thermodynamics". The conference program consisted of eight symposia and three workshops. In Symposium 1, Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solution Thermodynamics, Prof. Emmerich Wilhelm gave the plenary lecture "The fascinating world of pure and mixed nonelectrolytes". There were invited lectures by Profs. Eckhard Vogel, Fumio Hirata, and Takayoshi Kimura. In Symposium 2, New Materials, Prof. C. Richard Catlow presented the plenary lecture "Computational approaches to the catalytic activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds", and invited lectures were given by Profs. Mary Anne White and Vladimir Durov. The plenary lecture in Symposium 3, Phase Equilibrium, Supercritical Fluids, and Separation Technologies, was given by Prof. Pablo Debenedetti on "Thermodynamics of supercooled and glassy water", with invited lectures from Profs. Cornelis Peters and Ding-Yu Peng. Symposium 4, Biological, Medical, Pharmaceutical, Agricultural, and Food Thermodynamics, had as its plenary lecturer Prof. Stephan Grzesiek, who spoke on "Biomolecular interactions in solutions". Professors Lee Hansen and Ichiro Hatta were the invited lecturers.Symposium 5 was on Colloid and Interface Science. Professor Bernard Cabane presented the plenary lecture "Solid-liquid separation", and there were invited lectures from Dr. Gerd Olofsson and Profs. Watson Loh and Xueqin An. The title of Symposium 6 was Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Molecular Simulation. The plenary lecture "Non-equilibrium pattern formation" was presented by Prof. Qi Ouyang, with an invited lecture by Prof. Zhen-Gang Wang. Symposium 7 considered Thermochemistry and Molecular Energetics, with Prof. Michio Sorai, the plenary lecturer, speaking on "Entropy diagnosis for phase transitions occurring in functional materials". Professor Juliana Boerio-Goates gave the invited lecture. Symposium 8 was on Industrial Thermodynamics and Data Bases. Dr. Michael Fenkel gave the plenary lecture on "Global communications and expert systems in thermodynamics: Connecting property measurement and chemical process design". Invited lectures were given by Profs. Pertti Koukkari and Zhoulan Yin.There were three workshops. Prof. Kazuya Saito was invited lecturer for the Workshop on Thermodynamic Frontiers and Education. Professors Joan Brennecke and Andreas Heintz were invited lecturers for the Ionic Liquids Workshop. Professors Joon Won Park and Junko Morikawa gave invited lectures at the Workshop on New Experimental Techniques, including Nanotechnology.In addition, there were over 180 oral presentations, spread over the symposia and workshops, and about 280 poster presentations.The Rossini lecture and plenary lectures, with the exception of the paper by Prof. P. Debenetti where the field was recently reviewed [1,2], are published in this issue, together with the invited paper by Prof. Lee Hansen entitled "A thermodynamic law of adaptation of plants to environmental temperatures". Selected papers from individual symposia will be published in the Journal of Molecular Liquids (Symposium 1), Fluid Phase Equilibria (Symposia 3 and 6), the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics (Symposia 1, 2, and 7), Thermochimica Acta (Symposium 4), or in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data (Workshop on Ionic Liquids).After the previous weeks when it had been very hot and humid, the temperature dropped and the weather was most pleasant for the conference. This change in weather, together with the attractive setting of the hotel, the excellent hospitality, which included a welcome reception, an evening of acrobatics entertainment, a conference banquet in the Summer Palace, and the high standard of the presentations, made this conference memorable. In addition, there was a full program of tours for accompanying persons. Our thanks are extended to the Conference Chair and Co-chair, and to all members of the local Organizing Committee, the International Advisory Committee, and the International Scientific Committee. We are most grateful to IUPAC, the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics, the China Association for Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for sponsoring the conference.Thermodynamics will continue to be an important area of research for many years to come, with a wide range of applications from chemical engineering to the biosciences. We look forward to the presentation and discussion of the results of further advances in chemical thermodynamics at the next ICCT, which will take place in Boulder, Colorado in 2006.1. P. G. Debenedetti. J. Phys.: Condens. Mater. 45, R1669-1726 (2003).2. P. G. Debenedetti and H. E. Stanley. Phys. Today 56, 40-46 (2003).J. H. DymondConference Editor
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17

Kamundi, Shadrack. "Student Retention in secondary schools of Seventh-day Adventist Church in East Kenya Union Conference." African Journal of Empirical Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i2.19.

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The study assessed students’ retention in secondary schools of the SDA Church in EKUC. It employed a concurrent mixed methods research design and adopted an exploratory approach using a descriptive survey. The subjects of the study included students, principals, the Conferences/Field Education Directors and the Board of Management (BoM) chairpersons. Based on expectancy theory of motivation, the study adopted the concurrent mixed methods research design. The target population was the twenty Seventh-day Adventist Church maintained Secondary Schools in EKUC. The unit of analysis was eleven secondary school principals, five education directors and, eleven chairpersons of the school boards of management (BOM) and 335 students. Cluster sampling technique was used to get the samples. The target population was divided into five clusters (principals, students, education directors and, board chairpersons). Samples were obtained from each of these clusters. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires for students. Interview schedules were organized for education directors, the school BoM chairpersons and the principals for triangulation. Observation schedule was also organized. This targeted the school infrastructure and generally all what goes on in the school. The school learning facilities and the behavior of teachers in school was also captured here. The other instrument used was the tool for document analysis to collect data for 8 years. Students (335) were required to fill the provided questionnaire, but the eleven principals, five education directions and eleven BoM chairpersons were subjected to interviews. Documentary analysis method was used to get information on KCSE performance for the same period of eight years. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Documentary analysis was done on records about teacher retention. Content analysis was done on responses from interviews and in open-ended questions. The findings show that there were high numbers of students in Form 2 and 3 who dropped within the year and those who joined. Students were being replaced as they dropped out in some of the years. All in all, there were high annual turnover rates. This could affect the learning processes as well as students’ academic performance. The study recommends the need for schools to put in place strategies for ensuring that students learning facilities were available. Students should also be motivated to remain in school. Bursaries and sponsorships for students from poor backgrounds should be availed. Spiritual guidance, work programs and flexible fees payment mechanisms should also be instituted so as to support children from poor background to remain in school.
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Kamundi, Shadrack. "Student Retention in Secondary Schools of Seventh-day Adventist Church in East Kenya Union Conference." Science Mundi 1, no. 1 (2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/10.51867/scimundi.1.1.2021.26.

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The study assessed students’ retention in secondary schools of the SDA Church in EKUC. It employed a concurrent mixed methods research design and adopted an exploratory approach using a descriptive survey. The subjects of the study included students, principals, the Conferences/Field Education Directors and the Board of Management (BoM) chairpersons. Based on expectancy theory of motivation, the study adopted the concurrent mixed methods research design. The target population was the twenty Seventh-day Adventist Church maintained Secondary Schools in EKUC. The unit of analysis was eleven secondary school principals, five education directors and, eleven chairpersons of the school boards of management (BOM) and 335 students. Cluster sampling technique was used to get the samples. The target population was divided into five clusters (principals, students, education directors and, board chairpersons). Samples were obtained from each of these clusters. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires for students. Interview schedules were organized for education directors, the school BoM chairpersons and the principals for triangulation. Observation schedule was also organized. This targeted the school infrastructure and generally all what goes on in the school. The school learning facilities and the behavior of teachers in school was also captured here. The other instrument used was the tool for document analysis to collect data for 8 years. Students (335) were required to fill the provided questionnaire, but the eleven principals, five education directions and eleven BoM chairpersons were subjected to interviews. Documentary analysis method was used to get information on KCSE performance for the same period of eight years. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Documentary analysis was done on records about teacher retention. Content analysis was done on responses from interviews and in open-ended questions. The findings show that there were high numbers of students in Form 2 and 3 who dropped within the year and those who joined. Students were being replaced as they dropped out in some of the years. All in all, there were high annual turnover rates. This could affect the learning processes as well as students’ academic performance. The study recommends the need for schools to put in place strategies for ensuring that students learning facilities were available. Students should also be motivated to remain in school. Bursaries and sponsorships for students from poor backgrounds should be availed. Spiritual guidance, work programs and flexible fees payment mechanisms should also be instituted so as to support children from poor background to remain in school.
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19

Rodrigues, Heloisa Veasey, Prasanth Ganesan, Xiaochun Liu, and Vivek Subbiah. "Economic growth of BRIC nations and access to early-phase oncology clinical trials: An overview." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (2013): e17554-e17554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17554.

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e17554 Background: With increasing globalization we have witnessed exponential economic growth in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations. Concurrently, clinical trials have been outsourced to these countries. We sought to investigate the current status of early phase oncology clinical trials in the BRIC countries, exemplifying the impact of these emerging economies and global markets in health care. Methods: We reviewed the clinicaltrials.gov database for registered early phase trials (Phase I/II) in the BRIC countries; 2. We looked at research from these countries collectively. 3. We reviewed specific challenges and prognosticated the road ahead through a literature review. Results: We identified374 active early phase clinical trials in BRIC countries as of October 2012. China had 68% (255/374) of the trials, Brazil 14% (51/374), Russia 12% (47/374) and India 6% (21/374). Twenty-three trials were registered in more than one BRIC; therefore we analyzed 348 different trials. Gastrointestinal (20%, 70/348), lung (19%, 67/348) and breast (17%, 57/348) cancers were the most studied. Most of the trials were sponsored by universities or hospitals (51%, 176/348) and most conducted in a single country (73%, 247/348) with 70% of therapy intended to be palliative (243/348). Combined agents were most commonly studied (57%, 199/348). Among the 217 targeted-agent trials, 23% targeted the EGFR pathway, 18% the VEGFR, 11% involved multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors and 10% the PI3K-mTOR pathway. Funding mechanisms and sponsorship of studies were disparate. Industry-sponsored studies comprised 24% (62/255) in China, 96% (45/47) in Russia, 80% (41/51) in Brazil and 57% (12/21) in India. Conclusions: Despite theeconomic explosion and shift of non-oncology clinical trials to BRIC nations, USA and Europe still lead in conducting early phase clinical trials in oncology. China accounts for 19% of world’s population and has the majority (68%) of trials while India (17% of World’s population) has only 6%. A dominance of industry-sponsored studies in BRIC countries other than China was found. Significant challenges in infrastructure and trained personnel remain, but efforts to overcome them are underway.
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20

Yacoub, Abdulraheem, John Mascarenhas, Ruben A. Mesa, et al. "Final Results of Prospective Treatment with Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a for Patients with Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia in First and Second-Line Settings." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124865.

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Background Interferons are recognized as active agents in the treatment of patients with high risk essential thrombocythemia (ET) or polycythemia vera (PV), both in the upfront setting as well as beyond. Several trials have shown high rates of hematologic and molecular responses with the use of interferons, however, data on direct comparison of interferon activity in patients with early disease in comparison to patients refractory or resistant to prior therapies, such as hydroxyurea (HU) are lacking. We conducted a controlled analysis of the activity of pegylated interferon alfa-2a (PEG) in two prospective parallel clinical trials conducted in these two unique patient populations. Methods The MPD-RC 111 (NCT01259817) was an international, multicenter, phase 2 open-label clinical trial that evaluated PEG therapy in patients with high risk PV and high-risk ET who were either refractory or intolerant (R/I) to HU by modified ELN criteria. The MPD-RC 112 trial (NCT01258856) enrolled patients with high risk ET/PV who were treatment-naïve (TN) (HU <3 months) and randomized them (1:1) to PEG or HU. All patients randomized to PEG were included in this analysis. Both protocols were conducted concurrently at the MPD-RC member institutions and utilized a similar primary endpoint of overall response rate (complete and partial response rates) by ELN Criteria at 12 months confirmed by the same blinded central review committee. Both studies utilized the same PEG starting dose of 45 mcg weekly and was titrated for response to a maximum of 180 mcg weekly. Secondary endpoints included safety information, impact on disease biomarkers, bone marrow (BM) response, and quality of life data. Results Patients ET: 39 TN and 65 R/I ET patients were available for this analysis. Median disease duration was 2.9 months in TN and 37.3 months in R/I patients. Baseline characteristics and demographics were similar in the two cohorts except lower baseline hemoglobin level in RI patients. (Table1A) PV: 43 TN and 50 R/I PV patients were included. Median disease duration was 2.5 months in TN and 54.8 months in R/I patients. Baseline characteristics only differed by lower frequency of phlebotomy rate in R/I patients. (Table1B) Baseline symptoms scores and quality of life were similar in TN and RI groups (Table 2) Response ET: CR/PR/ORR at 12 months were observed in 43.1%/26.2%/69.2% in R/I ET patients and in 43.6%/25.6%/69.2% in TN ET patients (p=0.99 for ORR). (Table 3, Figure 1) PV: CR/PR/ORR at 12 months were observed in 22%/38%/60% in R/I PV patients, and in 27.9%/58.1%/86% in TN PV patients (p=0.005 for ORR). (Table 3, Figure 1) Safety PEG was equally well tolerated throughout both treatment groups with treatment discontinuation due to adverse events occurring in 14.6% in TN patients and 13.9% in R/I patients. The mean (SD) dose of PEG was 102.7 (52.3) mcg in R/I ET patients and 128.7mcg (46.4) in R/I PV patients. For TN patients, mean dose was 85.7mcg (59.7) in ET and 93.5 mcg (44.0) in PV. Adverse events were consistent with historic reports of PEG use and the distribution of events was similar in R/I and TN patients. (Table 4) Conclusion This intention to treat response analysis included TN and R/I ET and PV patients with balanced baseline characteristics who received prospective therapy with PEG. Patients with ET had a higher overall response rate at 12 months that was equivalent in patients who were treatment-naïve and in patients who were intolerant or refractory to HU. By contrast, patients with PV who were treatment-naïve had a higher ORR than patients those intolerant or refractory to HU. We conclude that treatment with PEG is an effective therapeutic option both treatment naïve PV and ET as well as those previously treated with HU, however PEG as a second line agent is especially effective in ET patients. Disclosures Yacoub: Hylapharm: Equity Ownership; Agios: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Ardelyx: Equity Ownership; Cara: Equity Ownership; Dynavax: Equity Ownership. Mascarenhas:Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Pharmaessentia: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Merus: Research Funding. Mesa:AbbVie: Research Funding; Samus: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Sierra Onc: Consultancy; Genotech: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; Celgene: Research Funding; CTI Biopharma: Research Funding; La Jolla Pharma: Consultancy. Rampal:Agios, Apexx, Blueprint Medicines, Celgene, Constellation, and Jazz: Consultancy; Constellation, Incyte, and Stemline Therapeutics: Research Funding. Silver:PharmEssentia: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. McMullin:Daiko Sanyo: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Italopharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ewing:Novartis: Honoraria, Other: Meeting attendance sponsorship ; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Other: Meeting attendance sponsorship . O'Connell:Astex: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shionogi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Mead:Bristol Myers-Squibb: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel/accommodation expenses, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CTI: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy. De Stefano:Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Baer:Astellas: Research Funding; Al Therapeutics: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Forma: Research Funding; Kite: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding. Vannucchi:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Italfarmaco: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CTI BioPharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Kremyanskaya:La Jolla: Consultancy; Incyte, Celgene, Constellation, Protagonist.: Research Funding. Hexner:novartis: Research Funding. Rambaldi:Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Italfarmaco: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Omeros: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau, travel support. Ritchie:Genentech: Other: Advisory board; Tolero: Other: Advisory board; agios: Other: Advisory board; Pfizer: Other: Advisory board, travel support; Celgene: Other: Advisory board; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Celgene, Novartis: Other: travel support; AStella, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, NS Pharma, Pfizer: Research Funding; Ariad, Celgene, Incyte, Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Celgene, Incyte, Novartis, Pfizer: Consultancy. Kiladjian:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; AOP Orphan: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy. Harrison:Promedior: Honoraria; Incyte: Speakers Bureau; Sierra Oncology: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Speakers Bureau; CTI: Speakers Bureau; AOP: Honoraria; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Honoraria; Gilead: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Hoffman:Merus: Research Funding. OffLabel Disclosure: Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a for in Patients with Polycythemia Vera or Essential Thrombocythemia
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21

Dancer, Stephanie J., and Marco-Felipe King. "Systematic review on use, cost and clinical efficacy of automated decontamination devices." Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 10, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00894-y.

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Abstract Background More evidence is emerging on the role of surface decontamination for reducing hospital-acquired infection (HAI). Timely and adequate removal of environmental pathogens leads to measurable clinical benefit in both routine and outbreak situations. Objectives This systematic review aimed to evaluate published studies describing the effect of automated technologies delivering hydrogen peroxide (H202) or ultra-violet (UV) light on HAI rates. Methods A systematic review was performed using relevant search terms. Databases were scanned from January 2005 to March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcome after use of automated devices on healthcare surfaces. Information collected included device type, overall findings; hospital and ward data; study location, length and size; antimicrobial consumption; domestic monitoring; and infection control interventions. Study sponsorship and duplicate publications were also noted. Results While there are clear benefits from non-touch devices in vitro, we found insufficient objective assessment of patient outcome due to the before-and-after nature of 36 of 43 (84%) studies. Of 43 studies, 20 (47%) used hydrogen peroxide (14 for outbreaks) and 23 (53%) used UV technology (none for outbreaks). The most popular pathogen targeted, either alone or in combination with others, was Clostridium difficile (27 of 43 studies: 63%), followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (16 of 43: 37%). Many owed funding and/or personnel to industry sponsorship (28 of 43: 65%) and most were confounded by concurrent infection control, antimicrobial stewardship and/or cleaning audit initiatives. Few contained data on device costs and rarely on comparable costs (1 of 43: 2%). There were expected relationships between the country hosting the study and location of device companies. None mentioned the potential for environmental damage, including effects on microbial survivors. Conclusion There were mixed results for patient benefit from this review of automated devices using H202 or UV for surface decontamination. Most non-outbreak studies lacked an appropriate control group and were potentially compromised by industry sponsorship. Concern over HAI encourages delivery of powerful disinfectants for eliminating pathogens without appreciating toxicity or cost benefit. Routine use of these devices requires justification from standardized and controlled studies to understand how best to manage contaminated healthcare environments.
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22

Little, C., R. Colchester, S. Noimark, G. Manmathan, R. Rakhit, and A. Desjardins. "Optical ultrasound (OpUS): a novel concept for intravascular imaging." European Heart Journal 41, Supplement_2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2457.

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Abstract Aims To evaluate whether Optical Ultrasound (OpUS), a novel method for performing ultrasound imaging, could provide compelling, real-time visualizations of coronary vasculature. Methods and results With current commercial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) devices, piezoelectric transducers are used to electrically generate and receive Ultrasound (US). With this paradigm, there are several challenges that limit further improvement in image resolution. Firstly, with increasing miniaturization of these piezoelectric transducers it can be difficult to achieve adequate sensitivity and bandwidth for high resolution imaging. Secondly, the complexities associated with fabricating and electrically connectorising broadband piezocomposite transducers can result in high manufacturing costs. Lastly, with increasing interest in identifying the molecular composition of atherosclerotic plaque, it has been challenging to achieve high resolution and high imaging depths, whilst also allowing for hybrid imaging with photoacoustics (PA) or near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). With OpUS, US is generated at the surface of a fibre optic transducer via the photoacoustic effect. Here, pulsed or modulated light from a laser source is transmitted along the fibre, absorbed in a coating on the fibre surface and converted to thermal energy. The subsequent heat rise leads to a corresponding pressure rise within the coating which propagates as ultrasound. This process is facilitated through the use of custom, engineered nanocomposite materials comprising an optical absorber with an elastomeric host. US reflections from tissue are received with optical interferometry in a method similar to optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal interrogation. For this study we included these elements into a probe and imaged ex-vivo coronary artery tissue. A novel, optically-selective nanocomposite coating enabled concurrent OpUS and PA imaging for molecular contrast using the same imaging probe. Using OpUS we demonstrated high resolution imaging (<40 microns axial), large imaging depths (>2 cm) of coronary tissue and performed a comparison with histology. Numerous features of atherosclerotic plaque were identifiable, including a lipid pool, a calcified nodule, and the different layers comprising the vessel wall. The fiber-optic transducer generated ultra-high pressures and bandwidths: 21.5 MPa and 39.8 MHz respectively. Hybrid imaging using OpUS and PA was also demonstrated, highlighting regions with high lipid content. Conclusion This new platform for intravascular imaging offers high resolution equivalent to 60 Mhz high-definition IVUS whilst maintaining deep tissue penetration. Hybrid imaging with PA can be used for directly visualizing lipid plaque. OpUS transducers are highly flexible, with small diameters (<400 microns) and have low fabrication costs, making them well suited for incorporation into interventional devices. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Wellcome Trust/EPSRC, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre - University College London
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