Relevant bibliographies by topics / Constraints in Production and Marketing

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Constraints in Production and Marketing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Inbathamizhan, M., Madhusudan Tiwari, and Sanjay Kumar. "An Economic Analysis of Marketing of Maize and Constraints Faced by the Maize Growers in Production and Marketing in Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu in India." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 7 (2023): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i72145.

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The present study was conducted in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. Totally 100 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from the district. The data was gathered in the form of pre-structured interview schedule. The study shows that different marketing channels with their marketing efficiency and major constraints faced by the maize growers in production and marketing of maize in the district. Totally three channels are shown in the study channel I with marketing efficiency 10.15, channel II with marketing efficiency 6.72 and channel III with marketing efficiency 3.84. For production the major constraints were eccentric rainfall, high input cost required for cultivation, high wage rate for labours, drastic pest occurrence and birds that eats the crop in budding stage, especially peacocks. From the above constraints, disturbance of birds was a major constraint. While discussing about marketing constraints, price fluctuation, distant market location, commission for middlemen, lack of timely credits and high transport cost. From the above marketing constraints, price fluctuations were a major constraint identified in Ariyalur district.
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S. Y, Ajaykumar, S. S. Guledagudda, G. N. Kulkarni, and G. Somanagouda. "Constraints in the Production and Marketing of Soybean." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 4 (2024): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2024/v17i4551.

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The production pattern as well as the consumption pattern of India has dramatically changed in the recent past. Soybean, a miracle crop with 40 per cent protein and 20 per cent oil has gained demand for consumption as well as oil extraction leading to increase in area under production. This paper has made an attempt to decode the constraints faced by farmers in the production and marketing of soybean in the study region so as to draw the attention of concerned authorities to come up with possible solution. The data related to agricultural year 2021-22 is extracted for present research. the primary data is collected by the personal interview method with the pre-tested schedule. Garrett’s ranking technique is used to interpret the data. It is inferred from the results that among production constraints non-availability or Inadequacy of required improved variety seeds in adequate quantities at the right time is the major constraint with the highest mean Garrett score of 74.34 followed by scarcity of labour during peak periods (Garrett score 51.12). Among various marketing constraints encountered by farmer respondents in soybean marketing in the study region. It was inferred that high price fluctuation was the major constraint with the highest mean Garrett score of 92.29 followed by untimely payment of sale proceeds (Garrett score 72.82). This article highlights the important constraints to be addressed to help farmers prosper in soybean production and marketing.
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Jayaraman, R. "Production and marketing constraints of fisherwomen self help groups in Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu." Indian Journal of Fisheries 64, no. 1 (2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2017.64.1.41896-20.

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A study was conducted to identify the constraints faced by fisherwomen self help groups (SHGs) especially with respect to production and marketing. A sample of 40 fisherwomen from the SHGs in Tharuvaikulam fishing village in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu was selected randomly and the required data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule in the year 2013. Garrett ranking technique was used to analyse the constraints ranked by the fisherwomen according to their perception of importance. Seven production constraints were identified and among them, high cost of inputs (raw material) was ranked first. They identified five financial constraints, of which lack of funds for starting and running business activities was the single most important constraint. Among the five constraints that influenced cohesion of the SHGs, lack of leadership and guidance affected the performance of the SHGs including their business activities. Among the 14 marketing constraints identified, lack of marketing skills was found the most important. With regard to performance constraints, it was observed that less profits brought down their performance. Among the six extension constraints that affected market access, lack of contact between producer and consumer was identified as most important. Lack of lateral thinking and innovation among the seven entrepreneurship constraints, was identified to deny them success in their business.
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ROSAASEN, K. A., and J. S. LOKKEN. "ECONOMIC, MARKETING AND POLICY CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (1986): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-095.

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The current economic, marketing and policy constraints facing the animal production industry in Canada are examined. An historical review indicates the consequences (sometimes unintended) of economic or policy changes in the past in the areas of land settlement, marketing and grading. Natural factors constraining production such as gestation periods and climate and human factors such as consumption potential both physically and socially are considered. Government policy is identified as a key determinant in the animal production industry and an alternative explanation of the activity of government in the economy is outlined. The effect of economic and policy variables including interest rates, feed prices, economies of scale, productivity gains, trade policy, tax policy, grain and livestock marketing and stabilization on animal production are described. Throughout, the importance of government policy in determining the development of the animal production industry is emphasized. The major areas of tax policy and grain support programs in Western Canada are key determinants of regional livestock production patterns. The future of these policies is uncertain and this uncertainty is a major constraint to animal production in Canada. Uncertainty has always been a major constraint on animal production. Producers have developed mechanisms to deal with market variation, biological factors such as disease, fluctuating interest rates and the whims of the environment. However, a major source of uncertainty has not been addressed: — government policy. In part, this uncertainty is due to the on-again, off-again policies governments have followed. But history indicates it is foolish to believe that all important variables are within the control of government. Policy evolves through a political process that often reflects the interests of special interest groups rather than the long-term interests of producers or consumers. Change occurs slowly, impeded by resistance from those in favored positions within the current system. Policy uncertainty remains as a key variable to be addressed by the livestock industry in Canada. Key words: Animal production, economic constraints, policy constraints, policy uncertainty
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Goyal, Nitin. "Major Constraints in Production and Marketing of Onion in Haryana." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 2 (2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/apr_jun/38-43.

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Onion is an inevitable item in all Indian kitchens. As onion is an important and obligatory item of consumption basket, fl uctuation in its prices will have great impact on food consumption pattern of the Indian consumers. The present study was conducted to identify the major constraints in the production and marketing of onion in Haryana. Ambala and Mewat districts were selected purposively based on the largest area under onion in the state. In total 200 onion growers were randomly selected for collecting the required information. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to analyze the results. The study revealed that the high labour cost was the major constraint in the production of onion in Ambala district followed by high incidence of pest and disease and viability of seed. As regards to major constraints reported by the respondents during the marketing of onion were frequent price fl uctuation, non-availability of storage facility and lack of awareness of BBY/government procurement (NAFED). Regarding the production of onion in Mewat district, major constraints observed were poor quality and inadequate underground water, high cost of onion seed, non availability of quality seed, etc. The study further found that the major constraints observed during the marketing of onion in Mewat district were distance market, non-availability of storage facility, high transportation cost. Adequate storage facility needs to be created enabling the producers to spread the sale throughout the year. Eff orts may be made to supply quality seeds and also to safeguard the producers against the low prices during the peak season.
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Kumar, Manoj, S. N. Ojha, Arpita Sharma, and Raushan Kumar. "A study on constraints in adoption of scientific aquaculture practices." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 2 (2014): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.520.

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A study was undertaken to ascertain constraints faced by fish farmers in adoption of scientific aquaculture practices in East Champaran and West Champaran districts of Bihar. Information from 144 respondents was collected and analysed by calculating the Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) values. RBQ value for constraint faced by farmers were extreme climatic conditions (84.03), less extension programs and technical support (78.47), lack of contact with extension personnel’s (71.33), lack of awareness about scientific culture practices (65.28), inadequate credit facility (60.42), labour scarcity (57.64) and higher cost of material input (52.08).These constraints could be categorised under five heads namely extension constraints, financial constraints, production constraints, marketing constraints and social constraints. Average RBQ value for constraints related to extension was found to be 71.76 and ranked first. This was followed by financial constraint with RBQ value of 52.78. Production related constraint ranked third with an average RBQ value of 49.3 followed by marketing (32.87) and social constraints(27.08). Hypothesis that there is no significant difference with reference to rankings of constraints was tested by single factor ANOVA. Null hypothesis was rejected as Ftab=3.48>FNcal=2.61 with df=4 at 5% level of significance. There was a significant difference with reference to rankings of constraints. As the extension related constraints had the highest average RBQ value, it is clear that there is an urgent need of making effective strategy, engaging more fisheries extension professionals in this field along with capacity development of the existing extension professionals.
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Akhtar, Shoaib, Muhammad Faisal, Muhammad A. R. Naseer, Iqbal Javed, Adnan` Nazir, and Muhammad H. Raza. "Revitalizing olive agriculture in Punjab, Pakistan: unleashing potential beyond marketing and production constraints." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 11, no. 3 (2023): 253–58. https://doi.org/10.33687/ijae.011.03.4956.

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The purpose of this research is to find the foremost constraints that were involved in olive production as well as marketing. The present study is carried out in four districts of Punjab province, Pakistan with a focus on olive growers using cross-sectional data of 112 farmers. Our research findings showed that high nursery prices, high labour wages, limited access to the latest production technology, lack of technical workers and lack of water availability to olive growers were found most important production constraints in Pothohar, Punjab Pakistan. In the process of marketing olives, Lack of proper olive market information, lack of storage facilities, and high percentage of fruit losses during collection were the utmost marketing constraints of olive growers. The research put forward that to overcome these production and marketing constraints, to train the farmers and researchers/ extension agents with the production and marketing techniques, provide irrigation facilities at a subsidy rate and open information centres for prices should be available to them at the district level.
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VIJAYAKUMAR, J. S., B. R. JAMAKHANDI, G. N. KULKARNI, and V. S. PATIL. "Comparative analysis of production and marketing constraints of tomato growers inKarnataka - with special reference to Kolar and Belagavi districts." Journal of Farm Sciences 36, no. 01 (2023): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.61475/jfm.v36i01.324.

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The present study was conducted to identify the constraints in production and marketing of tomato in the studydistricts.The study was conducted during the agricultural year 2020-21. The multi-stage purposive sampling procedure wasadopted to select the tomato growing farmers in the study districts. The study was purely based on primary data related toboth production and marketing constraints, were identified based on the opinion survey from 96 sample respondents.Garett’s rankingtechnique was used to evaluate the problems encountered by respondents of tomato growers. In thismethod, the farmers were asked to rank the given constraint according to the magnitude of the problem. In Belagavi district,major production constraints were requirement of better management practices (I) followed by high expenditure on plantprotection chemicals (II) and severe incidence of pest and disease (III). While, in case of Kolar district severe incidence ofpest and disease ranked first with mean garret score of 66.64 followed by high expenditure on plant protection chemicalswith mean garret score of 60.79 and timely non-availability of labours and high wage rates with mean garret score of 57.79.Whereas, in case of marketing constraints high price fluctuations stood first in both the districts.
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Osti, Rajani, Dinesh Bhattarai, Harshika Chaudhary, and Virendra Singh. "Poultry Production in Nepal: Characteristics, Productivity and Constraints." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (2017): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i2.17616.

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Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal. The objective of this research was to analyze the prevailing production constraints, characterization of poultry farming and its economic analysis using questionnaire-based survey and on-site investigation. 180 farms were selected from 3 major districts. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to analyze the constraints. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) in size of poultry farm was found. We found significant difference in feeding, housing and drinking system for the chicken. Un-organized chicken marketing channel was observed in the study area. High chicks’ mortality, wastage of feed, insecure vaccination and frequent drop in egg production were characteristic of laying hens. Newcastle disease and Chronic Respiratory Disease were acknowledged as the biggest constraint of chicken production. Government and concerned agencies need to take active part for the extension service to strengthen the health of chicken and organized marketing channel is essential for selling of poultry products which can improve the profit to the farmers.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 222-226
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Ngbede, S.O., H.N. Ibekwe, S.C. Okpara, U.N. Onyegbule, and L. Adejumo. "An Overview of Okra Production, Processing, Marketing, Utilization and Constraints in Ayaragu in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 4 (2014): 136–43. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2014.4.040714180.

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The study was carried out into the production, processing, marketing, utilization and constraints of Okra in Ayaragu in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data was collected through the use of a well structured questionnaire and Field observations from 60 Okra farmers using simple random sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result reveals that majority of the respondents are within their active productive age, with a mean age of 30.5 years, the male sex dominated the production process while 76.7% are married acquiring at least secondary education (41.7%) which aided their ability to understand and adopt new innovation meant to increase productivity. Production was small – scale carried out majorly on farm size of 0.5ha. Processing was carried out using traditional technique of slicing, crushing and grating. Okra utilization was fresh and dried mostly to make draw soup. Marketing was carried out at the farm gate and local market. Among the noteable constraints to increase production and marketing are fluctuation of prices and bad roads. If these constraints are adequately cater for it will positively enhance productivity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Mphahama, Litsoanelo Evodiah. "Institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/428.

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Lesotho has a land area of about 30.340 square kilometers and is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. Much of the country is mountainous. Its agricultural sector is characterized by low productivity due to erratic climatic conditions, limited arable land and fragile soils with a low water holding capacity. These conditions have proved very detrimental to crop production, rendering agriculture a risky economic activity. Numerous efforts have been made over the years to address the technical constraints confronting the sector, but nothing seems to be changing. The implication is that the technical/climatic factors mentioned above may be only part of the problem. The current situation whereby Lesotho imports nearly 95% of its domestic food requirements is unsustainable, but this desperate picture looks set to worsen with the continuing threats of contracting farm sizes and further declines in farmer participation rates. But this sector has continued to be an important source of household survival and existence. A study was designed and conducted during 2008 and 2009 to identify the institutional constraints to horticulture production in Lesotho, looking specifically at the obstacles to effective production and marketing of horticultural products. A total of 100 farming households were enumerated in four districts of the country, namely Butha Buthe, Berea, Mafeteng, and Thaba-Tseka. A range of institutional and non-price factors in the farming and marketing environment were incorporated in a binary choice model to investigate the degree of satisfaction of the farming households with their previous year’s farming results. To avoid selection bias in the sample, a probit model was chosen, and the Stata-10 software was used to estimate probit coefficients. The results provide indications that property rights, the agricultural extension service, the condition of the physical infrastructure, and distance to markets may be crucial elements threatening the existence of this sector in Lesotho. The difficulties in accessing markets and land remain important institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing in Lesotho. Recommendations made on these issues include providing more policy support to homestead gardening and for these issues to be incorporated into the Vision 2020 process. Also to be included is the issue of addressing the growing national food insecurity and enhancing Basotho livelihoods in general.
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Khushk, Ali Muhammed. "The mango production and marketing system in Sindh, Pakistan : constraints and opportunities." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267809.

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Smith, William Corbett. "Production costing with transmission constraints." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182517746.

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Pappu, Suguna. "Production planning with due-date constraints." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13160.

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Borsi, John Joseph. "Cyclic scheduling with spacing constraints." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25475.

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Godber, Olivia Florence. "Livestock production : sustainable development and environmental constraints." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723443.

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Qutub, Saleh. "Dark matter production after inflation and constraints." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/87382/.

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A multitude of evidence has accumulated in support of the existence of dark matter in our Universe. There are already plenty of dark matter candidates. However, we do not know yet whether any of these candidates constitutes the whole or a part of the dark matter population despite the tremendous experimental efforts. In this thesis, we study several possible dark matter production mechanisms and the corresponding observational and theoretical constraints in the context of inflationary cosmology. Adopting a model-independent approach, we explore the parameter space for dark matter with a mass of order MeV and above showing that only small regions of the parameter space for the popular freeze-out mechanism are still viable. Nevertheless, the regions of the parameter space corresponding to the freeze-in and non-thermal dark matter scenarios are mostly unexplored. We, therefore, zoom into these regions and show that a connection to the inflationary observables can be established, which can help constrain these scenarios. We then consider the parameter space of a sub-eV dark matter candidate, the axion. We show that using the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation constraint on the effective number of relativistic species, an interesting constraint can be placed. This bound arises from the fact that the field whose angular excitations are the axions can be displaced from its minimum during inflation and later decays dominantly into ultra-relativistic, axions which contribute to the effective number of relativistic species. We finally consider the possible production of axion-like particle via non-perturbative effects due to their coupling to inflatons or moduli. We show that this mechanism is efficient only if the amplitude of inflaton/moduli oscillations is initially much larger than the mass scale associated with the axion-like particles. In this case, bounds can be placed on the corresponding parameter spaces.
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Mingard, P. "Design constraints : An historical approach." Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378449.

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Slifka, Janet Louise Khoenle 1964. "Respiratory constraints on speech production at prosodic boundaries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9027.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard--Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-137).<br>This research characterizes the respiratory system dynamics at the initiation and termination of utterances and determines correlations of physiological measures with acoustic cues for these prosodic boundaries. The analysis includes boundaries within a breath as well as boundaries that are aligned with the initiation and termination of exhalation. Simultaneous recordings of the acoustic signal, airflow, esophageal pressure and lung volume were collected during read isolated utterances and short paragraphs. These measures were used to derive estimates of recoil forces of the chest wall, net muscular forces, and the area of the airway constriction. Data are presented from four subjects (two men, two women), all native speakers of American English. Perceptual ratings for initial and final prominent syllables and the locations of pauses within the utterance were also collected. For speech boundaries th.i.t are aligned with breath boundaries, utterance initiation occurs during a rapid transition in muscular effort. Sound begins as soon as conditions permit and these conditions consistently occur during net inspiratory muscular force. Alveolar pressure reaches an initial peak (PpI) that is, in most cases, correlated to the relaxation characteristic of the chest wall. The timing of Pp1 generally coincides with a prominent syllable if that syllable is the first or second syllable in the utterance and precedes later prominences. Pressure at phonation onset is, on average, near 0.3PpI for utterances initiated with a voiced sonorant and is near 0. 8Pp1 for utterances initiated with a voiceless fricative. Phonation termination results from an approximately 3-fold increase in glottal area and a J-3 cm H20 fall in pressure. Irregular fundamental frequency (FO) at the end of voicing, in many cases, does not fit the classical definition of glottalization. Instead, voicing terminates with increasing glottal area, and FO becomes irregular during the increase. In some cases, regular FO resumes as glottal area continues to increase. Distinct respiratory gestures are made at pauses within a breath. The pressure is reduced by 2-3 cm H20, on average, during a period of relatively little volume change. The findings in this research show that the role of the respiratory system in speech production goes beyond a more traditional view of this role as one of simply providing a relatively constant driving pressure during speech.<br>by Janet Slifka.<br>Ph.D.
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Castelo, Daniela Pio Quinto. "Physiological constraints on sound production in Lusitanian toadfish." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10460.

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Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada<br>O Sucesso reprodutivo dos machos territoriais do xarroco dependem da sua capacidade vocal. Para a produção de vocalizações são utilizados músculos sónicos intrínsecos à parede da bexiga-natatória, cuja frequência de contração pode atingir valores superiores a 100 Hz e são por isso conhecidos como os músculos mais rápidos entre todos os vertebrados. Com este estudo pretendese averiguar se a capacidade fisiológica de produção de som é diferente no inverno e na época reprodutiva, assim como entre juvenis e adultos. Para este efeito estimulámos o nervo sónico de indivíduos jovens e adultos, no inverno e na época reprodutiva, com uma sequência de sirenes artificiais simulando a frequência, duração e taxa de vocalizações naturais. O movimento de contração do músculo sónico foi registado recorrendo a um transdutor de força e, simultaneamente foi registado o som produzido. Esperávamos que machos adultos de verão produzissem sons de maior amplitude e fossem mais resistentes à fadiga do que machos adultos de Inverno. Não esperávamos encontrar estas diferenças sazonais em juvenis pré-reprodutivos. No entanto, esperávamos que machos juvenis no geral produzissem sons de menor amplitude e fossem menos resistentes à fadiga. Em paralelo à estimulação do nervo sónico para produção de som, foi realizada a caracterização histológica e histoquímica das fibras do músculo sónico para cada um destes grupos de modo a procurar eventuais diferenças estruturais que justificassem as diferenças esperadas. Machos de verão, tanto adultos como juvenis demonstraram ter uma melhor performance vocal em termos amplitude de som. A fadiga muscular parece não variar com a estação do ano mas é, no entanto, mais acentuada em juvenis. Os resultados referentes ao movimento de contração do músculo sónico mostram que, para além da contração rápida correspondente à frequência de estimulação, este músculo apresenta uma contração lenta e sustida não descrita para outras espécies deste género. Os cortes histológicos apresentam uma distribuição heterogénea das fibras. Machos de verão apresentam mais sarcoplasma na época reprodutiva que os indivíduos de inverno, fêmeas e juvenis. Machos de inverno e verão apresentam fibras de maior diâmetro que juvenis. As fibras do músculo sónico têm uma forma poligonal e um centro de sarcoplasma rodeado de miofibrilhas. A presença de fibras em remodelação e possível divisão em xarrocos adultos nunca tinha sido descrita nesta espécie. Machos adultos de inverno, assim como machos adultos de verão que não apresentam uma alta taxa de vocalizações naturais, aparentam ter fibras mais lentas que machos adultos de verão com grande performance vocal. Não foi possível determinar o mecanismo responsável pela contração lenta e sustida do músculo sónico. No entanto, postulamos que este fenómeno terá um papel importante na ampliação e radiação do som produzido.<br>Male territorial Lusitanian toadfish depend on their vocal capability for reproductive success. Sound is produced by a pair of sonic muscles intrinsic to the swimbladder walls, which contract as fast as 100Hz. and are therefore considerate to be among the fastest muscles in vertebrates. In this study we aimed to investigate if the physiological ability for sound production is different in the winter and in the breeding season, as well as in juveniles and adults. In that vein we have stimulated the sonic nerve of both adults and juveniles, during the winter and breading season, with sequences of artificial boatwhistles simulating the frequency, duration and rate of natural calls. The sonic muscle contraction movement was recorded using a force transducer. Simultaneously, we have recorded the produced sound. We expected that the breading adult males would be able to produce sound of higher amplitude and to be more resistant to fatigue then the non reproductive winter adult males, however we didn’t expect to find seasonal differences in pre-reproductive juveniles males. However, it was expected for juvenile males to produce sounds of lower amplitude and to be less resistant to fatigue than adult males in general. We have also examined the histology and histochemistry of sonic muscle fibers to search for eventual morphological differences between these groups in order to justify the expected differences in physiological ability for muscle contractions. Summer males, both adults and juveniles, showed a better performance in terms of a higher sound amplitude. The muscle fatigue didn’t seem to change between seasons but is more pronounced in juveniles than adults. The contraction movement of the sonic muscle results shows the expected fast contractions that follow the stimulation frequency and also a slow and sustained contraction that hasn’t been described in any other toadfish specie. Histological sections of the sonic muscle show fibers that are arranged in several orientations. Summer males sonic muscle fibers have higher sarcoplasm area than winter individuals, females and juveniles. Winter and summer males showed a larger sonic muscle fibers diameter than juveniles. The fibers were found to have a polygonal shape and a central core of sarcoplasm surrounded by myofibrils. The presence of remodeling and possible division fibers in sonic muscle in adult males has never been described in this species. The sonic muscle of both winter and summer adult males that did not vocalize at high rates in a natural environment presented slower fibers than summer adult males that were previously found to be strongly vocal. It was not possible to determinate the mechanism responsible for the slow and sustained contraction of the sonic muscle but we postulate that this phenomenon has an important role in sound amplitude and radiation.
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Books on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Malawi. Salima Agricultural Development Division. Informal survey, Salima Agricultural Development Division: Factors affecting "dambo" crop producers : constraints to agricultural production, consumption, and marketing. The Division, 1989.

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South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing-- Opportunities and Constraints (2001 Anand, India). South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing: Opportunities and constraints : held at National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Anand, India, 13-16 March 2001. NDDB, 2002.

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Thorpe, W., and D. V. Rangnekar. Smallholder dairy production and marketing-- opportunities and constraints: Proceedings of a South-South workshop held at National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Anand, India, 13-16, March 2001. Edited by National Dairy Development Board of India, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and International Livestock Research Institute. National Dairy Development Board, 2002.

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Oliveira, Teogenes Senna de, and Richard Willian Bell, eds. Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00317-2.

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F, Cox James. The constraints management handbook. St. Lucie Press, 1998.

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Covas, Francisco. Uninsured idiosyncratic production risk with borrowing constraints. Bank of Canada, 2005.

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Elias, S. M. Constraints to production of pulses in Bangladesh. CGPRT Centre, Regional Co-ordination Centre for Research and Development of Coarse Grains, Pulses, Roots, and Tuber Crops in the Humid Tropics of Asia and the pacific, 1988.

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O, Omolo Jacob, and Manyengo John U, eds. Policy constraints in vegetable marketing in Kenya. Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 2004.

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Chicago Board of Trade. Education and Marketing Services Dept., ed. Grains: Production, processing, marketing. Chicago Board of Trade, 1992.

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Ball, Carleton R. Wheat production and marketing. Govt. Print. Off., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Obi, Ajuruchukwu, and Litsoanelo Mphahama. "Obstacles to the profitable production and marketing of horticulture products in Lesotho: an offset-constrained probit modelling of farmers’ perception." In Institutional constraints to small farmer development in Southern Africa. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-704-2_8.

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McDonald, Miller B., and Lawrence O. Copeland. "Seed Marketing." In Seed Production. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4074-8_11.

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Thompson, Jay Daniel, and John Weldon. "Digital Marketing." In Content Production for Digital Media. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9686-2_4.

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King, Neal. "Production and Marketing." In The Passion of the Christ. Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34498-3_1.

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Sethi, Suresh P., and Qing Zhang. "Production-marketing systems." In Hierarchical Decision Making in Stochastic Manufacturing Systems. Birkhäuser Boston, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0285-1_11.

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Pattiss, Jörg. "Pre-Production." In Praxisratgeber Video-Marketing. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18658-6_3.

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Pattiss, Jörg. "Post-Production." In Praxisratgeber Video-Marketing. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18658-6_6.

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Diefenbach, Donald L., and Anne E. Slatton. "Marketing and distribution." In Video Production Techniques. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351051705-10.

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Pattiss, Jörg. "Production – Der Dreh." In Praxisratgeber Video-Marketing. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18658-6_5.

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Borgblad, Hanna. "Researching Artistic Production." In Marketing the Arts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003021766-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Jyoti and V. M. Tripathi. "Improving Strawberry Production and Marketing Strategies: Leveraging Technology and Innovation." In 2024 International Conference on Cybernation and Computation (CYBERCOM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cybercom63683.2024.10803149.

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Yifan, HU, and FENG Liangqing. "Research on Risk Propagation in Production and Marketing Supply Chain based on SIR Model." In The 14th International Conference on Logistics and Systems Engineering. Aussino Academic Publishing House, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52202/078960-0074.

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"Dragon fruit production and marketing in the Phillipines: its status, constraints and prospects." In Improving pitaya production and marketing. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 2015. https://doi.org/10.56669/hkae4747.

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Wenlan Feng. "Using genetic algorithms bounded by dynamic linear constraints for marketing/production joint decision making." In Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971203.

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Mittal, Mandeep. "Sustainable and Cost-Efficient Supply Chains under Carbon Policy Constraints." In 7th World Conference on Business, Management, Finance, Economics, and Marketing. Eurasia Conferences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62422/978-81-981590-7-6-006.

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In light of increasing global concern over climate change, this study presents a green supply chain inventory model that incorporates carbon emission considerations into traditional supply chain cost structures. The model focuses on deteriorating and imperfect items and explores the effectiveness of various carbon policies—namely, carbon tax, carbon cap-and-trade, and carbon offset—in managing emissions while minimizing overall costs.The integrated supply chain consists of a manufacturer, a third-party logistics provider (3PL), and a buyer. The manufacturer performs 100% quality inspections to filter out defective items, while the 3PL manages transportation and storage. The model accounts for emissions generated during production, transportation, warehousing, deterioration, and disposal. These emissions are translated into costs based on the selected carbon policy framework. A numerical analysis is conducted to compare total costs under each policy. Sensitivity analysis further explores how variables like product weight, deterioration rate, and warehouse emissions affect the overall performance of the supply chain. Results indicate that the carbon cap-and-trade policy is the most cost-effective and environmentally efficient option among those studied. The study also provides recommendations for stakeholders. Manufacturers can reduce emissions by optimizing energy use and switching to renewable sources, 3PLs can adopt fuel-efficient logistics practices, and buyers can support green products. The proposed model offers a realistic and practical tool for designing sustainable supply chains under regulatory constraints and can be extended to multi-supplier, multi-retailer systems in future research. Keywords: Green Supply Chain, 3PL, Supplier, Retailer, Carbon polices, cap=and-trade, emission.
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Kibara Manyeki, John, Izabella Szakálné Kanó, and Balázs Kotosz. "Livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.9.

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Despite there being incredible challenges in enhancing livestock development in Kenya, this article isolates product supply and factors input demand responsiveness as the main constraints facing the smallholder. A flexible-Translog profit function permits the application of dual theory in the analysis of livestock product supply and factor demand responsiveness using farm-level household data. The results indicate that own-price elasticities were elastic for cattle, while goat and sheep were inelastic. Cross-price and scale elasticities were found to be within inelastic range in all cases, with the goat being a preferred substitute for cattle. All factor inputs demand elasticities were inelastic with the exception of elastic cattle output prices and labour cost. Thus, the recommended policy option would be supportive pro-pastoral price policies, enhanced investment in pastureland improvement and an increasing wage rate, since these assume key significance in improving the livestock production/marketing.
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Mardhiyah, Ainun. "Rubber Production Marketing Strategy." In International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010097517361740.

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Fehr, Walter R. "Production and Marketing of Specialty Soybeans." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-472.

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Bahorka, М. O., and N. I. Yurchenko. "MARKETING STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ECOLOGYZATION." In Modern transformations in economics and management. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-064-3-21.

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"Pig production and marketing in Vietnam." In Recent progress in swine breeding and raising technologies and cutting-edge reproductive technologies and perspectives for their usage in swine. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 2014. https://doi.org/10.56669/dcuz7548.

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Reports on the topic "Constraints in Production and Marketing"

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Mikkelsen, Lene. Good Practices in Marketing for Micro and Small Enterprise Products: Cases from Latin-America. Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008889.

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It has been established that access to profitable markets is a key factor which determines the long-term success for all businesses. For small and microenterprises, however, various constraints limit this access, such as inadequate technology, geographic isolation, lack of raw materials and inefficient production. By providing ways to overcome these constraints, marketing service providers play an essential role in developing the businesses of small and micro producers. Based on three case studies of marketing service providers -from Colombia, Nicaragua and El Salvador- dealing with handicrafts, nontraditional agricultural products, and household goods, this study focuses on the possibility for short and long-term sustainability of marketing services. The study discusses the impact ancillary services have on the ability for partial or full cost-recovery and for institutional sustainability, and the business strategies adopted by each marketing service provider.
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Lowe, Nichola J. Overcoming the Challenges of Cooperation: The Case of Joint Upgrading in Guadalajara's Apparel Industry. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008903.

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This paper examines local efforts to facilitate interactive learning and knowledge sharing among small and medium-sized apparel manufacturers in Guadalajara, Mexico. It focuses on a government-sponsored training program that gets design-oriented and technologically-advanced producers (most of which are of medium size) to team up with their less experienced local counterparts. Under the close supervision of skilled mentor firms, smaller-sized and bare bones manufacturers from Guadalajara's historic apparel cluster are experimenting with higher-valued added processes, like product design, marketing and full-package production. Close attention is paid to the innovative planning practices of and adaptive problem-solving techniques used by program administrators as they attempt to secure a commitment to mentoring from local firms, help those active in mentoring over-come the real challenges and constraints of cooperation and sustain joint upgrading efforts by helping participants realize the larger developmental value of this form of dynamic collective action.
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Moore, Terry F. Production Team Maintenance: Systemic Constraints Impacting Implementation. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326984.

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Opie, Hellen, Essegbemon Akpo, Haile Desmae, Patrick Okori, Jane Ininda, and Chris O. Ojiewo. Business models for early generation seed production and marketing. Wageningen University & Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/579986.

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Brock, William, and Blake LeBaron. Liquidity Constraints in Production Based Asset Pricing Models. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3107.

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Asamoah, B., J. Nikiema, S. Gebrezgabher, E. Odonkor, and M. Njenga. A review on production, marketing and use of fuel briquettes. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2017.200.

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Elcock, D. Environmental policy and regulatory constraints to natural gas production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837434.

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Kogan, Leonid, Dmitry Livdan, and Amir Yaron. Futures Prices in a Production Economy with Investment Constraints. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11509.

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Gyimah-Brempong, Kwabena, Michael E. Johnson, and Hiroyuki Takeshima, eds. The Nigerian rice economy: Policy options for transforming production, marketing, and trade. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780812248951.

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Vigneri, Marcella, Shashidhara Kolavalli, John Agandin, Gracie Rosenbach, and Qondi Moyo. Production and marketing of chili in the Brong-Ahafo area of Ghana. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134415.

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