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1
Santos, Ricardo, J. C. O. Matias, and Antonio Abreu. "Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Achieve Sustainable Solutions through Household Appliances." Journal of Modeling and Optimization 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jmo.2019.11.2.69.
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In order to reach a sustainable planet, there is a permanent need by the consumer (decision- agent), to achieve sustainable solutions, with its decisions. Given the importance of the buildings, as a sector to achieve such solutions, as well as the diversity of household appliances existent on the market, with all its different issues, there are several tradeoffs to consider (e.g. energy and water consumption vs initial investment), which difficult the consumer’s choices from the market. The problem increases, since nowadays, the consumer tries to get a solution from the market, with a good compromise between the Economic, Social and Environmental dimensions, and according to its specific needs, which can be different from other consumers. By considering a multicriteria approach, combined with an optimization technique, based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), it’s provided a set of sustainable solutions from the market to the consumer that respects the compromise referred before. In this work, it is presented an approach to support a decision-agent (DA) (consumer), by performing a set of sustainable choices based on household appliances from the market and suitable to its needs. Based on the obtained solutions, several savings are achieved (electrical and water consumption, CO2 emissions), by considering the consumer’s relative importance, regarding its Economics, Environmental and Social concerns.
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Jacobsen, Mette Hove. "Social bases of material consumption: The relationship between social groups and possession of household appliances in Denmark." Journal of Consumer Culture 19, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540516684190.
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In this article, possession of household appliances in Denmark is used to address the role of social groups in reproducing social norms of material consumption practices. This has been down-played in studies engaging with the ‘practice turn’, especially within the sociology of sustainable consumption. Using latent class analysis, four distinct latent subgroups with similar patterns of material consumption are identified and analysed. On the basis of the possession of appliances, these groups are characterised and labelled unlimited, outdated, limited and updated. After assigning the households to the latent group to which they have the highest probability of belonging, the social character of these groups is examined using logit models, thus making explanations of differences in material consumption practices possible. As identified in other domains of consumption, this study found that patterns of material consumption are socially structured. Researchers within the sociology of sustainable consumption have been particularly interested in studying the role of material arrangements and infrastructures in reproducing shared understandings and common procedures. This article argues that, in order to fully understand the dynamic mechanisms of consumption patterns and the possibilities for sustainable development, the field should equally engage with shared understandings generated and reproduced by social groups.
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Santos, Ricardo, António Abreu, José Soares, Fernanda Mendes, and João M. F. Calado. "A Soft Computing Framework to Support Consumers in Obtaining Sustainable Appliances from the Market." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093206.
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Currently, sustainability is considered a priority by society, with the household appliances being one of the economic sectors involved in achieving sustainability. However, the existence of several issues (e.g., energy and water consumption, reliability, initial cost, and illuminance, among others) together with the diversity of brands and models on the market, make the consumer’s decisions regarding sustainable options difficult, according to their concerns and related to each sustainability dimension (economic, environmental, and social). By combining evolutionary algorithms (EA) with multicriteria techniques, it is possible to achieve sustainable solutions for the consumer based on their requirements. In this paper, a method is presented to support the consumer by obtaining a set of sustainable household appliances on the market that suit their preferences, concerns, and needs. By using a case study to apply the approach developed here, a set of sustainable appliances from the market is obtained, where several benefits are achieved (e.g., energy and water consumption savings, avoidance of CO2 emissions) during the lifecycle of each appliance, chosen from the appliance’s industry.
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Sena, Boni, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Jorge Alfredo Ardila-Rey, Nelidya Md Yusoff, Fitri Yakub, Mohammad Kholid Ridwan, and Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki. "Determinant Factors of Electricity Consumption for a Malaysian Household Based on a Field Survey." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020818.
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Electricity-saving strategies are an essential solution to overcoming increasing global CO2 emission and electricity consumption problems; therefore, the determinant factors of electricity consumption in households need to be assessed. Most previous studies were conducted in developed countries of subtropical regions that had different household characteristic factors from those in developing countries of tropical regions. A field survey was conducted on electricity consumption for Malaysian households to investigate the factors affecting electricity consumption that focused on technology perspective (building and appliance characteristics) and socio-economic perspective (socio-demographics and occupant behaviour). To analyse the determinant factors of electricity consumption, direct and indirect questionnaire surveys were conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 among 214 university students. Direct questionnaire surveys were performed in order to obtain general information that is easily answered by respondents. On the other hand, some questions such as electricity consumption and detailed information of appliances must be confirmed by the respondents’ parents or other household members through an indirect questionnaire survey. The results from multiple linear regression analyses of the survey responses showed that appliance characteristic factors were the main variables influencing electricity consumption and house characteristics were the least significant. Specifically, air conditioners, fluorescent lamps, and flat-screen TVs emerged as appliances with the most significant effect on electricity consumption. Occupant behaviour factors had a more significant influence than socio-demographic factors. The findings in this study can be used by policymakers to develop electricity-saving strategies in Malaysia.
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Gayathree, Poornima K., and Dinesh Samarasinghe. "Green Stimuli Characteristics and Green Self-Identity Towards Ethically Minded Consumption Behavior with Special Reference to Mediating Effect of Positive and Negative Emotions." Asian Social Science 15, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n7p77.
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Research studies related to ethical consumerism has been gaining increasing attention in the last decade due to growing importance with environmental pollution. Research studies pointed out a gap between ethical consumers’ behavior and intention which is common in Sri Lanka as well. Hence the study used emotions and self-identity as two key drivers which assist in exploring the intention-behavior gap that has not been researched so far. Therefore the research problem addressed is “whether the positive and negative emotions aroused as a result of consumer subjective evaluation to stimuli, impact on the ethically minded consumption behavior?”.
The study focused only on environmental friendly electrical household appliances and the population is the academics and professionals who reside Gampaha and Colombo suburbs and who bought environmental friendly electrical household appliances within the last one year of duration. The unit of analysis is individual consumers and the convenience sampling method used. 200 individual respondents contributed to the study and the data collection was done through a self-administered questionnaire. The study has used Smart PLS 3.2 software and the results showed that the green stimuli characteristics and green self-identity significantly influence ethically minded consumer behavior and only positive emotions act as a significant mediator. Most importantly if the consumer’s perceived effectiveness is high, despite the presence of emotions ethically minded consumer behavior will be triggered more. In conclusion, marketers have to use positive emotions when creating the stimuli and should give more priority for assuring the individuals small step for protecting the environment.
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Vieira, P., M. do C. Almeida, J. M. Baptista, and R. Ribeiro. "Household water use: a Portuguese field study." Water Supply 7, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2007): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.098.
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Household water use structure can vary significantly depending on several factors like personal habits, socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. In the absence of Portuguese data on domestic water consumption, a field study was carried out in order to obtain information that could help support the definition of water conservation measures within the scope of the Portuguese National Program for the Efficient Use of Water. The paper describes the methodology and results obtained in this study, which involved approximately 100 participants that made a characterization of their appliances and detailed recordings of all water uses. Results allowed for the determination of average values of usage duration and frequency for each appliance, total volume consumed per water appliance and per capita water consumption. In terms of consumption structure, it was found that showering and bathing were the main components (36±13%) followed by taps (29±10%) and toilet flushing (21±7%).
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Rinkinen, Jenny, Elizabeth Shove, and Mattijs Smits. "Cold chains in Hanoi and Bangkok: Changing systems of provision and practice." Journal of Consumer Culture 19, no. 3 (July 12, 2017): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517717783.
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We know that patterns of domestic consumption are situated within broader systems of provision and that home appliances like the fridge freezer bridge between practices of cooking, shopping and eating, on one hand, and increasingly global systems of food production, distribution and diet on the other. In analysing the uses of fridge freezers in Hanoi and Bangkok as expressions, in microcosm, of complex and evolving processes of urbanisation and food provisioning, this article provides new insight into how specific configurations, dependencies and patterns of consumption take hold and how they vary and change. Our analysis of systems and practices in flux has the dual function of showing how household strategies reflect and contribute to more extensive transformations, and of demonstrating how these are shaped by ongoing tensions and relations between new and established forms of urban food supply and associated concepts of freshness and safety. The result is a subtle account of the multiple routes through which consumer ‘needs’ evolve.
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Jiang, Wei Fan. "Research on the Selection of Modes of Recycling End-of-Life Appliances Based on AHP." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2519.
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As the number of household appliance increasing, and the number of waste products has increased dramatically, these waste electrical appliances’ processing not only bring huge economic expense, and a lot of waste electrical appliances influence ecological environment and the human health. Recycling economy requirements enterprise to reduce energy consumption, and improve the utilization of the resources Focused on the issue of recycling end-of-life appliances, this paper presents three modes of recycling end-of-life appliances, which are self-supporting mode, outsourcing mode and joint management mode, and analyzed the characteristics and application areas respectively. According to the characteristics of the three modes, this paper presents the evaluation index system, and compares each evaluation index. At last, this paper uses the AHP method to choose the mode of recycling end-of-life appliances.
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Auffhammer, Maximilian, and Catherine D. Wolfram. "Powering up China: Income Distributions and Residential Electricity Consumption." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.575.
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Current forecasts suggest that the vast majority of growth in energy demand will come from the developing world, and that China will play a major part in that growth. This paper presents evidence suggesting that the shape of the income distribution, which is typically omitted from forecasting models, plays a major role in driving household acquisition of energy-using durable goods in rural China. We use province-level data for rural households to show that the share of the population living above the poverty line is an important determinant of household appliance holdings even controlling for average household income.
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Garcia, Janine, Luis Ricardo Salfer, Andreza Kalbusch, and Elisa Henning. "Identifying the Drivers of Water Consumption in Single-Family Households in Joinville, Southern Brazil." Water 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101990.
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This study aims to identify the factors that may influence water consumption in single-family households in the city of Joinville, Southern Brazil. Through questionnaires, data were collected from 108 households in several neighborhoods of the city. The questionnaires contained open-ended and closed-ended questions involving the surrounding infrastructure, socio-economic and demographic characteristics, constructive characteristics, installed plumbing fixtures, and water-use habits, totaling 57 variables. The independent variables were correlated to monthly water consumption (m3/month/household) and per capita consumption (liters/person/day) of each household. The statistically significant variables that affected households water consumption were related to demographic characteristics such as number of residents and educational level, construction features (i.e., number of bathrooms, building age, and built area), the presence of water-efficient appliances and water conservation habits. The results obtained can contribute to the development of new studies on water consumption and sustainable policies and awareness on the importance of water conservation.
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Ahmed, Nauman, and Uzma Nisar. "Electricity Demand in Pakistan: A Household Analysis." Journal of Economic Impact 1, no. 2 (May 2, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei0102191.
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Availability of electricity is essential in modern age because it becomes a necessity of life. The present study used some economic and non-economic determinants that affect household demand for electricity. This study used PSLM survey data for the year 2013-14. The amount of electricity consumed by household was used as dependent variable whereas electricity price, household income, appliances, heating days, region, awareness, and rooms were taken as explanatory variables. Ordinary least square technique (OLS) was used for analysis. The findings of the study showed that Economic and demographic factors are important in determining electricity expenditure. In micro level analysis prices has strong and positive effect on electricity expenditures and it didn’t represent traditional behavior of demand with price. Price and income had positive impact during the period of study with demand for electricity. Expenditure on electricity is fairly higher during summer season. Positive and significant effect is estimated for stock of electricity appliances. Household members have significant effect on electricity expenditure but shows very smaller influence. The dummy variable for region indicates that electricity expenditure is higher for those households who are living in urban areas as compared to rural. Over the time period residential demand of electricity is increasing in Pakistan. As Pakistan is consumption oriented society and demand for appliances is increasing so government should take necessary measures to shift appliances on other resources other than electricity. Increasing use of the appliances increases demand for electricity therefore generation of electricity resources should be increased to meet this increasing demand.
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Siedlecka, Agnieszka. "PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE SCOPE OF REDUCING ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1385.
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The aim of the article is to provide examples of activities undertaken by rural households in the pursuit of reducing electricity use. Households are one of the economic entities of the economic system that significantly use electricity to meet the needs of their members. Expenses incurred for the purchase of energy constitute one of the significant elements in the structure of total expenses. Households, by limiting the consumption of electricity, firstly, reduce expenses, and secondly, undertake pro-environmental activities. The article uses the results of surveys carried out in a group of 404 households located in rural areas of Poland. In addition, the analysis of primary data was expanded to include data from the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office. The conducted research has shown that the most common activities aimed at reducing energy consumption were turning off the light in unused rooms as well as the use of energy-saving light bulbs and home appliances. Activities were mainly influenced by the level of ecological awareness, level of education and age.
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Davis, Lucas W., Alan Fuchs, and Paul Gertler. "Cash for Coolers: Evaluating a Large-Scale Appliance Replacement Program in Mexico." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.4.207.
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This paper evaluates a large-scale appliance replacement program in Mexico that from 2009 to 2012 helped 1.9 million households replace their old refrigerators and air conditioners with energy-efficient models. Using household-level billing records from the universe of Mexican residential customers, we find that refrigerator replacement reduces electricity consumption by 8 percent, about one-quarter of what was predicted by ex ante analyses. Moreover, we find that air conditioning replacement actually increases electricity consumption. Overall, we find that the program is an expensive way to reduce externalities from energy use, reducing carbon dioxide emissions at a program cost of over $500 per ton. (JEL L68, L94, O12, O13, Q41, Q54)
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Du, Shengli, Mingchao Li, Shuai Han, Jonathan Shi, and Heng Li. "Multi-Pattern Data Mining and Recognition of Primary Electric Appliances from Single Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Data." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12060992.
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The electric power industry is an essential part of the energy industry as it strengthens the monitoring and control management of household electricity for the construction of an economic power system. In this paper, a non-intrusive affinity propagation (AP) clustering algorithm is improved according to the factor graph model and the belief propagation theory. The energy data of non-intrusive monitoring consists of the actual energy consumption data of each electronic appliance. The experimental results show that this improved algorithm identifies the basic and combined class of home appliances. According to the possibility of conversion between different classes, the combination of classes is broken down into different basic classes. This method provides the basis for power management companies to allocate electricity scientifically and rationally.
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Chahine, Khaled. "Towards automatic setup of non intrusive appliance load monitoring – feature extraction and clustering." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp1002-1011.
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<p style="-qt-block-indent: 0; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px;">Given climate change concerns and incessantly increasing energy demands of the present time, improving energy efficiency becomes of significant environmental and economic impact. Monitoring household electrical consumption through a non-intrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM) system achieves significant efficiency improvement by providing appliance-level energy consumption and relaying this information back to the user. This paper focuses on feature extraction and clustering, which constitute two of the four modules of the proposed automatic-setup NIALM system, the other two being labeling and classification. The feature extraction module applies the Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT), a well-known parametric estimation technique, to the drawn electric current. The result is a compact representation of the signal in terms of complex numbers referred to as poles and residues. These complex numbers are then used to determine a feature vector consisting of the contribution of the fundamental, the third and the fifth harmonic currents to the maximum of the total load current. Once a signature is extracted, the clustering module applies distance-based rules inferred off-line from various databases and decides either to create a new class out of the new signature or to discard it and increase the count of an existing signature. As a result, the feature space is clustered without the a priori knowledge of the number of appliances into singleton clusters. Results obtained from a set of appliances indicate that these two modules succeed in creating an unlabeled database of signatures.</p>
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Amankwah, Desmond. "Analysis of Household Energy Efficiency in developing countries using the Long Energy Alternative Planning System (Case Study: Ghana)." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 3, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v3i2.59.
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Ghana continues to face periodic energy crisis particularly in the power sector. The dominant household energy fuels in Ghanaare mainly biomass, oil products and hydropower. Efficient and wise use of available resources would consequently reduce theeffects and scarcity of these energy resources and make energy more accessible to many households in future. The objective ofthis paper is to use the LEAP model to develop three scenaria to depict a business as usual, assumed lower (10%) and higher(30%) energy savings on household energy intensities by 2030. Key factors relevant in the analysis included current and futurehousehold size, economic growth and saturation of household energy appliances. The results of this research shows a 30%reduction in total household energy consumption thus, higher energy saving scenario which would save about 1,552 ktoe andreduce GHG emission by 1,077.2 ktCO2 equivalent as compared to the baseline scenario by 2030. This scenario would reducehealth risk associated with biomass use and save households income on fuel. Effective implementation of policies and lawsbanning inefficient household electrical devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioners and lighting bulbs is necessary. In addition,awareness on energy savings on improved cooking stoves and automatic lighting control systems in buildings is beneficial inachieving this target. Meanwhile programs and policies in Ghana should aim at barriers in renewable energy technologies toensure its significance in the household energy mix.
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Le, Thi-Thu-Huong, and Howon Kim. "Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Based on Novel Transient Signal in Household Appliances with Low Sampling Rate." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123409.
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Nowadays climate change problems have been more and more concerns and urgent in the real world. Especially, the energy power consumption monitoring is a considerate trend having positive effects in decreasing affecting climate change. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is the best economic solution to solve the electrical consumption monitoring issue. NILM captures the electrical signals from the aggregate energy consumption, feature extraction from these signals and then learning and predicting the switch ON/OFF of appliances used these feature extracted. This paper proposed a NILM framework including data acquisition, data feature extraction, and classification model. The main contribution is to develop a new transient signal in a different aspect. The proposed transient signal is extracted from the active power signal in the low-frequency sampling rate. This transient signal is used to detect the event of household appliances. In household appliances event detection, we applied to Decision Tree and Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) models. The average accuracies of these models achieved 92.64% and 96.85%, respectively. The computational and result experiments present the solution effectiveness for the accurate transient signal extraction in the electrical input signals.
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Li, Chuan-Zhong, Chu Wei, and Yang Yu. "Income threshold, household appliance ownership and residential energy consumption in urban China." China Economic Review 60 (April 2020): 101397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101397.
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Ali, Ahmed Mustofa. "Household Energy Use Among Female-Headed Households in Urban Ethiopia: Key Issues for the Uplift of Women." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020967897.
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This article examines the linkages between cooking energy and gender based on a study conducted in Arba Minch town of southwestern Ethiopia. It primarily investigates cooking energy end-use within female-headed households (FHHs) residing in the town and specifically focuses on women who disproportionately suffer the impacts of energy accessibility. This study reveals that commercial cooking fuels are increasingly scarce and expensive, and the costs of modern cooking appliances are beyond the purchasing ability of most urban FHHs. Meeting the energy requirements in sustainable manner, thus, continues to be a major challenge that hinders FHHs’ efforts to improve their living situations. The results further show that though the income is an important factor, it is not the only powerful determinant in the consumption of cooking fuels within FHHs. Other socioeconomic characteristics were found to have a significant impact too. This study further examines the relevance of the “fuel stacking” model and finds that the majority of the FHHs, regardless of their economic status, depend on wood fuels as their primary cooking energy source. Even when family incomes rose, complete transition to cleaner fuels has not taken place; instead, it added fuels in the fuel stacking process.
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Lancheros-Cuesta, Diana Janeth, Diego Perez Lara, Maximiliano Bueno Lopez, and Geovanny Marulanda García. "Monitoring platform for the consumption of electricity in a home." International Journal of Web Information Systems 13, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose Nowadays, an extra consumption of electric energy in the Colombian houses is generated due to electric or electronic elements plugged into the electric network. This fact produces a cost overrun in the user’s electricity bills. To reduce this extra cost, and also with a plus of reducing greenhouse gas emission, a monitoring system for the consumption of electric energy in a household will be designed and implemented to make electricity users realize how much money and energy is being wasted due to the unnecessary electric elements plugged into the network. This paper aims to show a monitoring system that allows the client to supervise the consumption of some appliances inside his/her home, remotely. It is also considered the HMI to be able to log in, choose the intervals of data and generate reports and graphics. The monitoring system is based on the integration of several technologies that are already used and implemented in houses and buildings, such as: measuring and treatment of data electronically using microcontrollers, Wi-Fi technology and dynamic graphic interface (website). Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of several tasks, starting from documentation of the variables, instrumentation and methods for getting to the solution; the first part of the methodology focuses on selecting the electric and/or electronic elements to be monitored, so the instrumentation is able to monitor. Then, the power stage was implemented in this stage to measure signals from the sensors while sensing the electric nodes are adjusted, so does the transmission and reception. In the third stage, the design information system was implemented; this is where the received data from the sensors are stored and managed for further organization and visualization. Activities included the following: Analysis of the model of use cases: Identification of actors and actions that are involved in the system. Server selection: Study of the different server to manage the database. Design of the database: The variables, tables, fields, profiles are determined for managing the information. Connection between sensors and database: Correct data transmission and managing to the database from the sensors. Finally, the system is validated in a rural house for a month. Findings The monitoring system satisfies the main objective of making a tracing of the behavior of some appliances inside a house, showing graphically the instant current generated while connected, the cumulated energy consumed and the cost in Colombian pesos of the energy consumed so far, in real time. Research limitations/implications The monitoring system requires the correct functioning of the sensors connected to each household appliance in the home. Practical implications The main approach in the monitoring platform is the real-time measurement of energy consumption by nodes (in each appliance) that allows the user to control the money. The innovative impact of the project will be based on the use of hardware and information systems in the measurement of electrical consumption. Social implications This research has a direct impact on the economic aspects of the low-income population by allowing them to manage their energy consumption through the proposed system. Originality/value The main approach in the monitoring platform is the real-time measurement of energy consumption by nodes (in each appliance) that allows the user to control the money.
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Angrisani, Leopoldo, Francesco Bonavolontà, Annalisa Liccardo, Rosario Moriello, and Francesco Serino. "Smart Power Meters in Augmented Reality Environment for Electricity Consumption Awareness." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092303.
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Reducing or optimizing electrical power consumption is one of the most fundamental goals within the current frameworks of smart energy management. This approach would be spread from the industrial plants, characterized by high consumptions often well distributed throughout the day, down to the domestic utilities, typically discontinuous and with limited consumption at the single user level. More specifically, it is desirable for the latter case to be able to control in a simple and effective way the power consumption of typical household appliances by means of technologies that are already used and spread (such as tablets and smartphones) to become aware of their actual impact, both economic and environmental. To this aim, the authors present the proof-of-principle of user-friendly monitoring system for power consumption awareness based on the recent technologies of Internet of Things (IoT) and Augmented Reality (AR). In particular, common devices such as smartphones associated along with appropriate measurement nodes and a suitable app, developed to the purpose, allow consumers to view in AR environment electrical consumption of their domestic electrical loads to consciously decide whether to switch them off. Performance of both sensor nodes and AR environment were preliminarily assessed in either laboratory experiments or actual household context, highlighting the promising effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Chaponda, T., and M. Stern. "Trade and Poverty Case Study: Small Household Appliances." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2007.12106431.
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Rocchi, Rueda-Cantuche, Boyano, and Villanueva. "Macroeconomic Effects of EU Energy Efficiency Regulations on Household Dishwashers, Washing Machines and Washer Dryers." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224312.
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Testing the relationship between economic performance and energy consumption is of utmost importance in nearly all countries. Taking the European Union as scope, this paper analyses the impacts of energy efficiency legislation on a selection of household appliances. In particular, it analyses the employment and value added impacts of the stricter energy efficiency requirements for dishwashers, washing machines, and washer dryers. To do so, this paper combines a bottom-up stock model with a macro-econometric dynamic general equilibrium model (FIDELIO) to quantify the direct and indirect value added and employment impacts in the European Union. The analysis shows that stricter energy efficiency requirements on household dishwashers, washing machines, and washer dryers have a net negative macroeconomic impact on value added (roughly 0.01 % of the total European Union value added) and a slightly net positive impact on employment. In fact, the regulations cause a shift in the composition of the household consumption basket that seems to favor labor-intensive industries.
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Bowden, Sue, and Avner Offer. "Household appliances and ‘systems of provision’: a reply." Economic History Review 52, no. 3 (August 1999): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00138.
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Wolfram, Catherine, Orie Shelef, and Paul Gertler. "How Will Energy Demand Develop in the Developing World?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.119.
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Over the next 25 to 30 years, nearly all of the growth in energy demand, fossil fuel use, associated local pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions is forecast to come from the developing world. This paper argues that the world's poor and near-poor will play a major role in driving medium-run growth in energy consumption. As the world economy expands and poor households' incomes rise, they are likely to get connected to the electricity grid, gain access to good roads, and purchase energy-using assets like appliances and vehicles for the first time. We argue that the current forecasts for energy demand in the developing world may be understated because they do not accurately capture growth in demand along the extensive margin, as low-income households buy their first durable appliances and vehicles. Within a country, the adoption of energy-using assets typically follows an S-shaped pattern: among the very poor, we see little increase in the number of households owning refrigerators, vehicles, air conditioners, and other assets as incomes go up; above a first threshold income level, we see rapid increases of ownership with income; and above a second threshold, increases in ownership level off. A large share of the world's population has yet to go through the first transition, suggesting there is likely to be a large increase in the demand for energy in the coming years.
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Williams, Stephanie Paige, Gladman Thondhlana, and Harn Wei Kua. "Electricity Use Behaviour in a High-Income Neighbourhood in Johannesburg, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114571.
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Worldwide, households’ consumption of electricity contributes to a substantial proportion of total national energy demand. Thus, the residential sector is a major entity in efforts to define and achieve global sustainability goals. Understanding electricity use behaviour and factors underlying behaviour is critical for designing behaviour change interventions, particularly in contexts characterised by fast-growing economies, burgeoning number of high-income households, and consumption growth. However, relative to developed economies, very little is known on this subject in South Africa. Using structured questionnaires, this study examines electricity use behaviour among high-income households in Johannesburg, South Africa. Findings indicate evidence of electricity-saving behaviour, but the proportion of households doing so was less than 50% for many actions, indicative of widespread wasteful habits. Other particular wasteful electricity use habits include leaving electronic gadgets and appliances on ‘standby’ mode, not turning off electric water heaters and not defrosting fridges without automatic settings. The findings lend support to the positive and negative influence of self-transcendence and egoistic values respectively on environmental behaviour, but other value orientations did not yield significant relationships. The implications of the findings on practical interventions for and theoretical constructs underlying strategies for environmentally-sustainable behaviour are discussed.
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Moeen, Muhammad Saad, Asjad Tariq Sheikh, Muhammad Saqib Shahzad Saleem, and Shehryar Rashid. "Factors Influencing Choice of Energy Sources in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.905-920.
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Modernisation of the agricultural and industrial sectors in Pakistan over the last thirty years, increased village electrification, increasing use of energy appliances by domestic users, and the usage of modern technology in all sectors, caused energy demand to increase more rapidly than energy supply. Sources of energy vary between urban and rural populations, across income groups, and by type of households. Pakistanis consume energy from both modern and traditional sources for different purposes, such as lighting, cooking, heating, and transportation. Modern sources of energy include electricity, oil, gas and coal, while traditional sources consist of animal/plant residue (firewood, crop residue and animal waste). Using a multinomial logit regression model, this study analyses how rural households make choices among different energy alternatives. The results suggest that because of the limited access to modern energy sources, households rely on traditional sources excessively, which may have a negative impact not only on human and animal health but also on the environment. These results suggest that the conversion of traditional energy sources into modern ones, such as, biogas, use of energy efficient appliances, etc. can have a positive impact on the environment and sustainable economic growth. JEL Classification: R20, D11, Q43, Q42, Q5 Keywords: Rural, Households, Energy Consumption, Energy Sources, Environment
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Paranita Kartika, Kurnia, and Riska Dhenabayu. "THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEM WITH SWITCHING METHOD ON HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY SCALE." Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34006/jmbi.v9i2.222.
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This study aims to design a Solar Home System with an Arduino-based Smart Switching system so that the use of electrical energy generated by solar panels can be adjusted without adding power from other electricity sources, such as PLN. Calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE) is used as the basis for the switching process that will be carried out to regulate the use of household appliances that are routinely used, regulate electricity consumption automatically, minimize usage, and calculate the effectiveness of electric power usage. The way SHS works is to collect electrical energy from sunlight, then convert DC voltage to AC so that it can be used to run household electronic equipment. To accommodate the adequacy of electrical power, an automatic adjustment is made for household appliances that are routinely used, namely house lights, which includes setting the lights on and off and the number of lights that can be activated. The advantage of this research is that the SHS system is integrated with the automatic setting of the lights installed in the house so that the number of lights on will adjust the availability of electrical energy in the battery. In addition, with the LCOE method, the level of usage can be calculated so that users can save electricity. From the results of usage testing, it is found that the application of this switching technology provides benefits for users because it is no longer dependent on PLN supply. From an economic point of view, based on the calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE), there is a kWh value savings of Rp. 77, - for each kWh price or about 4.53% compared to purchasing electricity with prepaid mode.
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Iqbal, Sajjad, Amin, Haroon, Liaqat, Khan, Waseem, and Shah. "Optimal Scheduling of Residential Home Appliances by Considering Energy Storage and Stochastically Modelled Photovoltaics in a Grid Exchange Environment Using Hybrid Grey Wolf Genetic Algorithm Optimizer." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (December 1, 2019): 5226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235226.
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The transformation of a conventional power system to a smart grid has been underway over the last few decades. A smart grid provides opportunities to integrate smart homes with renewable energy resources (RERs). Moreover, it encourages the residential consumers to regulate their home energy consumption in an effective way that suits their lifestyle and it also helps to preserve the environment. Keeping in mind the techno-economic reasons for household energy management, active participation of consumers in grid operations is necessary for peak reduction, valley filling, strategic load conservation, and growth. In this context, this paper presents an efficient home energy management system (HEMS) for consumer appliance scheduling in the presence of an energy storage system and photovoltaic generation with the intention to reduce the energy consumption cost determined by the service provider. To study the benefits of a home-to-grid (H2G) energy exchange in HEMS, photovoltaic generation is stochastically modelled by considering an energy storage system. The prime consideration of this paper is to propose a hybrid optimization approach based on heuristic techniques, grey wolf optimization, and a genetic algorithm termed a hybrid grey wolf genetic algorithm to model HEMS for residential consumers with the objectives to reduce energy consumption cost and the peak-to-average ratio. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated through simulations performed for a residential consumer with several domestic appliances and their scheduling preferences by considering real-time pricing and critical peak-pricing tariff signals. Results related to the reduction in the peak-to-average ratio and energy cost demonstrate that the proposed hybrid optimization technique performs well in comparison with different meta-heuristic techniques available in the literature. The findings of the proposed methodology can further be used to calculate the impact of different demand response signals on the operation and reliability of a power system.
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Bintoudi, Angelina D., Napoleon Bezas, Lampros Zyglakis, Georgios Isaioglou, Christos Timplalexis, Paschalis Gkaidatzis, Athanasios Tryferidis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, and Dimitrios Tzovaras. "Incentive-Based Demand Response Framework for Residential Applications: Design and Real-Life Demonstration." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144315.
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In 2020, residential sector loads reached 25% of the overall electrical consumption in Europe and it is foreseen to stabilise at 29% by 2050. However, this relatively small increase demands, among others, changes in the energy consuming behaviour of households. To achieve this, Demand Response (DR) has been identified as a promising tool for unlocking the hidden flexibility potential of residential consumption. In this work, a holistic incentive-based DR framework aiming towards load shifting is proposed for residential applications. The proposed framework is characterised by several innovative features, mainly the formulation of the optimisation problem, which models user satisfaction and the economic operation of a distributed household portfolio, the customised load forecasting algorithm, which employs an adjusted Gradient Boosting Tree methodology with enhanced feature extraction and, finally, a disaggregation tool, which considers electrical features and time of use information. The DR framework is first validated through simulation to assess the business potential and is then deployed experimentally in real houses in Northern Greece. Results demonstrate that a mean 1.48% relative profit can be achieved via only load shifting of a maximum of three residential appliances, while the experimental application proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in successfully managing the load curves of real houses with several residents. Correlations between market prices and the success of incentive-based load shifting DR programs show how wholesale pricing should be adjusted to ensure the viability of such DR schemes.
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Wang, Bo, Nana Deng, Xiangxiang Liu, Qingyu Sun, and Zhaohua Wang. "Effect of energy efficiency labels on household appliance choice in China: Sustainable consumption or irrational intertemporal choice?" Resources, Conservation and Recycling 169 (June 2021): 105458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105458.
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Clements, William, Surendra Pandit, Prashanna Bajracharya, Joe Butchers, Sam Williamson, Biraj Gautam, and Paul Harper. "Techno-Economic Modelling of Micro-Hydropower Mini-Grids in Nepal to Improve Financial Sustainability and Enable Electric Cooking." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144232.
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In rural Nepal, micro-hydropower plant mini-grids provide renewable electricity to thousands of communities but the plants often have poor financial sustainability. Widespread uptake of electric cooking in such communities is currently not feasible due to high peak loads and limited capacity. In this paper, we develop a Remote-Areas Multi-Energy Systems Load Profiles (RAMP)-based stochastic techno-economic model for evaluating the economic viability of off-grid communities and improving their financial sustainability by introducing new appliances, productive end uses, and demand-side management measures. The model can be used to understand community electricity demand, assess economic status, determine equitable and profitable tariff structures, and plan new connections including electric cooking promotion or new industrial machines. Detailed electric cooking load modelling functionality was developed to represent Nepali cooking practices, scalable to approximate widespread uptake of electric cooking, and adaptable to other cookers and contexts. The model showed that a payment structure based on electricity consumption rather than a flat tariff could increase the income of a case study community in Eastern Nepal by 400%, although increased monthly payments for certain households from NPR 110 (USD 0.93) to NPR 500–1100 (USD 4.22–9.29) could present difficulty. However, households could reduce their electricity consumption and a more equitable tariff structure could be chosen while preserving plant profitability. The number of industrial machines such as mills could be doubled and up to 40 households provided with electric cookers if demand-side management measures were introduced.
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Adambayev, Daniyorbek, and Alexander Titlov. "Analysis of test results of a household absorption refrigerating appliance on an electric and gas source of thermal energy." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 1(60) (June 30, 2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237173.
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One of the biggest challenges for refrigeration systems is their conversion to environmentally friendly refrigerants. This attracts the attention of developers of household refrigeration equipment to absorption refrigeration devices (ARD), which include an absorption refrigeration unit (ARU). ARD working fluid consists of natural components - ammonia water solution with the addition of an inert gas (hydrogen). Therefore, the use of ARU can be considered as one of the options for transferring to environmentally friendly refrigerants. In recent years, in connection with the rapidly developing gasification of the population of Europe, an alternative has arisen - the operation of household ARD on natural gas. Natural gas can become an alternative to electrical energy in stationary operating conditions of household refrigeration appliances. Thus, the object of the study was a single-chamber household refrigerator with a low-temperature compartment "Kiev-410" (Ukraine). In this paper, the study is aimed at comparing the thermal modes of operation and the costs of operating a household ARD on electric energy and natural gas. To solve this, it was necessary to determine the temperatures at the characteristic points of the refrigeration apparatus and in the chamber, as well as the energy consumption of the absorption-type apparatus in accordance with regulatory documents, at various values of the thermal load on the thermosyphon and various ambient temperatures. The studies were carried out at elevated outdoor temperatures: 28–33 ° С. The range of thermal loads on the ARU thermosyphon electric heater was 50–130 W. The range of numerical values of natural gas consumption in the burner was (2.8–8.8) • 10-6 m3/s. In the process of conducting experimental studies of household ARD, results were obtained showing the economic prospects of working in stationary conditions on natural gas. At the same time, ARD of increased useful volume (200 dm3 and above) has the greatest prospects. The daily operating costs in them are 0.078...0.084 USD, which is 23...27 % lower than the case of using electricity. When the ARU thermosyphon is built into the heating and hot water supply system, it becomes possible to use the temperature potential of the waste products of combustion and completely eliminate operating costs.
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Bayus, Barry L., and Raj Mehta. "A Segmentation Model for the Targeted Marketing of Consumer Durables." Journal of Marketing Research 32, no. 4 (November 1995): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379503200408.
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The authors use finite mixture distribution theory to develop a segmentation model for targeting potential consumer durable buyers. The model enables them to identify simultaneously durable replacer segments on the basis of household characteristics and product ages and determine which of the household characteristics are significant predictors of segment membership. Using household data for five home appliances, the authors present an empirical application of the model. They also discuss managerial implications and uses of this approach.
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Mayya, Venera, and Alexander. "Modeling of the Deferred Demand on the Market of Household Appliances." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XX, Issue 2B (November 1, 2017): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/671.
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Szulc, Adam. "Social transfers in Poland in the context of monetary and multidimensional poverty." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8519.
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The article examines the impact of the social transfers on well-being distribu-tion in Poland in 2010 and 2014. The main purpose is to assess the relationship between the distribution of benefits and of well-being, the impact of benefits on social indicators (i.e. the incidence and intensity of monetary and multidimensional poverty) as well as the influence of benefits on the behaviour of beneficiaries. The individual well-being is measured by means of equivalent income as well as by multidimensional indicator, including also consumption, dwelling quality, household appliances and subjective evaluations of the economic position. The study is based on data for 2010 and 2014 from the household budget survey of Statistics Poland. The comparison of the distribution of transfers and well-being indicates that the benefits are definitely pro-poor, irrespectively to the method of comparison and well-being measure. In 2014, as compared to 2010, higher reduction of poverty due to the transfers took place, in spite of the reduced number of recipients. However, the estimation of the net effect of the benefits including behavioural responses suggests strong demotivation effect.
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Elbaz, Shimon, and Adriana Zaiț. "Effect of Monetary Incentives on the Demand for Electricity of Domestic Consumers – Case of Israel." Review of Economic and Business Studies 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2018-0068.
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AbstractThis research, based on a pilot study performed by the Israeli Electricity Company (IEC) in the framework of a demand management arrangement, focused on an economic approach for influencing domestic customers’ electricity consumption. The main objectives were to find out if monetary incentives in the form of a constant discount in the household consumer’s electricity bill (with no connection to consumption levels) influence consumers participating in a demand management arrangement with their electricity provider (here the IEC) and if such an incentive will lead to a decrease in the participants’ electricity consumption and/or a shift in their consumption from peak to low demand hours. The study examined also the monetary incentive’s influence on the participants’ willingness to join a future arrangement. The findings show that the participants who received a constant incentive increased their consumption, contrary to the expected behaviour, suggesting the presence of a “rebound effect”. One of the incentives that predicted a tendency to save electricity was the pro environmental attitude of the consumer, whereas financial incentives did not predict a tendency to save electricity. Damage to consumer comfort caused by load shedding exerted no significant influence. The economic incentive of a discount in the electricity bill increased the consumers’ willingness to join a future arrangement, even at the cost of compromising their privacy, although the possibility that this arrangement would lead to the loss of their control of home electric appliances as a result of load shedding drastically decreased this willingness. A positive financial incentive was found to have a minor influence on consumers’ willingness to participate in a demand management arrangement, while a negative incentive (the wish to avoid fines) was found to be very influential. Comparing to previous studies, the results are mixed, confirming some previous findings and contradicting others – and they offer an important contribution for the worldwide debate on energy conservation and household electricity reduction, through the Israeli dimension in a complex puzzle.
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Roth, Lucas, Jens Lowitzsch, and Özgür Yildiz. "An Empirical Study of How Household Energy Consumption Is Affected by Co-Owning Different Technological Means to Produce Renewable Energy and the Production Purpose." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133996.
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The transition from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources is one of the main economic and social challenges of the early 21st century. Due to the volatile character of wind and solar power production, matching supply and demand is essential for this transition to be successful. In this context, the willingness of private consumers to use energy flexibly has gained growing attention. Research indicates that a viable driver to motivate consumers to be demand flexible is to make them (co-)owners of renewable energy production facilities. However, existing research has only analyzed this question from an aggregated perspective. This article analyses whether behavioral changes triggered by (co-)ownership in renewables differ according to the type of installation; be it solar, wind, or bioenergy. In addition, the prosumption options self-consumption/self-consumption and sale/sale are considered. To do so, we collected 2074 completed questionnaires on energy consumption that entered an econometric model using propensity score matching to control for estimation biases. We find significant differences in the willingness to consume electricity in a flexible manner for (co-)owners of solar installations. However, only the usage of household appliances proves to be statistically significant (p-value = 0.04). Furthermore, the results show that within the group of (co-)owners of solar installation, the choice between self-consumption and sale of the produced energy has a significant effect on the inclination to become demand flexible (p-value ≤ 0.001; p-value = 0.003).
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Chugh, Randy C., Nathan G. Goldstein, Eric K. Lewis, Jeffrey S. Lien, Deborah Minehart, and Nancy L. Rose. "Economics at the Antitrust Division 2015–2016: Household Appliances, Oil Field Services, and Airport Slots." Review of Industrial Organization 49, no. 4 (November 12, 2016): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-016-9550-z.
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Wang, Zhanle, Raman Paranjape, Zhikun Chen, and Kai Zeng. "Multi-Agent Optimization for Residential Demand Response under Real-Time Pricing." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152867.
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Demand response (DR) programs encourage consumers to adapt the time of using electricity based on certain factors, such as cost of electricity, renewable energy availability, and ancillary request. It is one of the most economical methods to improve power system stability and energy efficiency. Residential electricity consumption occupies approximately one-third of global electricity usage and has great potential in DR applications. In this study, we propose a multi-agent optimization approach to incorporate residential DR flexibility into the power system and electricity market. The agents collectively optimize their own interests; meanwhile, the global optimal solution is achieved. The agent perceives its environment, predicts electricity consumption, and forecasts electricity price, based on which it takes intelligent actions to minimize electrical energy cost and time delay of using household appliances. The decision-making action is formulated into a convex program (CP) model. A distributed heuristic algorithm is developed to solve the proposed multi-agent optimization model. Case studies and numerical analysis show promising results with low variation of the aggregated load profile and reduction of electrical energy cost. The proposed approaches can be utilized to investigate various emerging technologies and DR strategies.
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Coen-Pirani, Daniele, Alexis León, and Steven Lugauer. "The effect of household appliances on female labor force participation: Evidence from microdata." Labour Economics 17, no. 3 (June 2010): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.008.
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Liu, Junli, Hongtao Bai, Huiting Liang, Yatao Wang, and He Xu. "How to recycle the small waste household appliances in China? A revenue- expenditure analysis." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 137 (October 2018): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.06.015.
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Fine, Ben. "Household appliances and the use of time: the United States and Britain since the 1920s: a comment." Economic History Review 52, no. 3 (August 1999): 522–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00137.
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Lin, Chinho, ZhiFeng Wang, and WannYih Wu. "A Study of Market Structure: Brand Loyalty and Brand Switching Behaviours for Durable Household Appliances." International Journal of Market Research 42, no. 3 (May 2000): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078530004200302.
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Sonnenberg, Nadine C., Alet C. Erasmus, and Suné Donoghue. "Significance of environmental sustainability issues in consumers' choice of major household appliances in South Africa." International Journal of Consumer Studies 35, no. 2 (February 14, 2011): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00964.x.
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Clement Mulamba, Kabeya. "Relationship between education and households' electricity-saving behaviour in South Africa: A multilevel logistic analysis." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 2 (May 2021): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2020-002003.
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This paper examines the relationship between the education level of household heads and households' energy-saving practices at the micro-level in South Africa. It uses the community survey of 2016 as data source. Multilevel logistic models are estimated to account for similari-ties between households in same municipalities. The results point to a significant and positive relationship between the education level of household heads and households' energy-saving practices. One can therefore infer that a household whose head is educated is more likely to have light bulbs, switch off lights in the house when not in use, and switch off appliances at the wall (not with remotes) when not in use than households whose heads have no education. Therefore, education offers a tool to incentivise households to save electricity, which will also contribute indirectly to the effort of addressing the challenges of climate change, amongst oth-ers.
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del Mar Solà, M., A. de Ayala, and I. Galarraga. "The Effect of Providing Monetary Information on Energy Savings for Household Appliances: A Field Trial in Spain." Journal of Consumer Policy 44, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-021-09483-3.
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Dun, R., and C. Morgans. "NATURAL GAS SUPPLY TO A SMALL MARKET: A DISTRIBUTOR'S PERSPECTIVE." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88005.
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A decision to introduce natural gas supply to a small market requires a thorough examination of the economic and technical factors that a gas distributor will encounter in such a project. This paper identifies the important factors to be considered in the feasibility stage and in the construction and implementation phases of the project. The experience of the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria supplying natural gas to the city of Warrnambool is described through all these stages.A feasibility study for natural gas to a small market requires the preparation of a reliable forecast of end- user demand and an assessment of demand/price elasticities for major market sectors, such as household uses and large industrial uses. Where gas is to be supplied from new gas fields any assessment of proven gas reserves must be made. The assessed level of reserves can be measured against forecast demand to identify an expected project life over which the producer and distributor will need to earn a fair return.A producer and a distributor have a common interest in the level of recoverable reserves, the price between producer and distributor, the market demand and the price payable by end- users. A price agreed between a producer and a distributor will be at a level where both parties are satisfied with the expected returns. A higher price would increase returns to the producer, but would deter the distributor from the project.Natural gas supply to Warrnambool involved the planning and construction of a pipeline and an upgrading and expansion of the local reticulation system. In addition, conversion of nearly 13 000 household appliances was undertaken. This work was successfully completed at a cost of about $10 million. The planning and design of these facilities is a balance between short- term cost minimisation, and cost levels that will achieve long- term economies of scale.To achieve a fast development of the end- use consumption, a strong marketing effort was undertaken to ensure connection of large- use industrial customers was achieved without delay. This quick development of load was essential to provide good cash inflows to the distributor and the producer at an early stage of project development.
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Yasmeen, Kausar, Tanveer Hussain, and Shakeel Sarwar. "Government Policy Regarding Agricultural Loans and Its Impact upon Farmers’ Standards of Living in Developing Countries." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 1, no. 1 (June 2, 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v1i1.687.
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Orientation-This empirical research explores the impact of agricultural loans provided by the Government on the standard of living of the small farmers in developing countries where the Pakistan is taken as a case.Purpose – The aim of the researchers in this endeavor is to identify the role of agricultural loans provided to the small farmers in the developing countries and the outcomes of these loans with respect to the standard of livings of the farmers. Design/ Methodology- Researchers have interviewed the 300 small farmers who are all the clients of an agricultural bank (ADBP) and collect the primary data. Data was analyzed in terms of percentages and researchers investigate the impact of credit facility on the purchasing patterns of these small farmers.Findings- Researchers analyzed the consumption patterns of the farmers in 4 sectors i.e. Structure of households before and after availing the credit facility,Change in consumption of electricity and electronic appliances, Change in education of farmer’s child, Transportation and assets and change in food and health. Research results indicate that there is increased trend in all of these 4 sectors after availing the credit facility by the small farmers.Practical implications- Current research may be use by the other developing countries to investigate the role of agricultural loans on the well being of their farmers. It also elaborates the role of agricultural banks in enhancing the standard of living of the farmers.Keywords: Agricultural loans, economic well being, farmers, developing countries
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Perona, Marco, and Nicola Saccani. "Integration techniques in customer–supplier relationships: An empirical research in the Italian industry of household appliances." International Journal of Production Economics 89, no. 2 (May 2004): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(03)00012-4.
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