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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost curves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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1

Ab Ghani, Hartini. "Different Variations of Cost Curve in Economics." Number-2, February 2019 2, no. 2 (2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/22.2819.

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In economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve; and profit maximizing firms use cost curves to decide output quantities. There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves; marginal ("for each additional unit") cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves; and variable cost curves. Some are applicable to the short run, others to the long run.

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2

Szóstak, Mariusz. "Best Fit of Cumulative Cost Curves at the Planning and Performed Stages of Construction Projects." Buildings 13, no. 1 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010013.

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The correct planning of investment costs and the effective monitoring of implementation process are significant problems in the management of investment projects. At the stage of construction works, it is worth determining the trend of the performed cost curve and periodically testing the fitting to the scheduled course of the budgeted cost curve. The aim of this research was to determine the shape and course of the cost curves for selected construction projects. A procedure was developed to forecast the distribution of cumulative costs at the planning stage of construction projects using envelopes (spaces) and cost curves for three different types of buildings and construction sectors: collective residential buildings, hotel buildings, and commercial and service buildings. An assessment of the actual costs incurred of investment tasks was carried out, the trend of which the cumulative cash flow curves can be estimated with a large match by forecasting the construction process. The article determines the best fit curves and the spaces of cost curves (the banana envelope of the S-curve) using mathematical formulas (third-degree polynomials), along with developed graphs for various construction projects. The analysis of the author’s own research was used to determine the best-fit curve and the curve’s area, which indicates the area of the correct planning of cumulative costs of construction investments.

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Hong, Chong-Sun, and Hyun-Sang Yoo. "Cost Ratios for Cost and ROC Curves." Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 17, no. 6 (2010): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2010.17.6.755.

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4

SZÓSTAK, Mariusz. "FORECASTING THE COURSE OF CUMULATIVE COST CURVES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 33, no. 1 (2023): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.59440/ceer-2023-0005.

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Planning the course of cumulative cost curves and effectively monitoring the implementation process and the incurred financial outlays are still significant problems in the management of construction projects. This is particularly noticeable during the execution phase of construction works. Therefore, it is worthwhile to correctly determine the shape of the cost curve before starting this stage and to periodically examine its fitting to the scheduled course of the budgeted cost curve, the envelope of cost curves characterised by the best-fit curve. There are many methods of forecasting and estimating the costs of construction works, but they are very often complicated and require the decision-maker to use and elaborate mathematical tools. The aim of the research was to determine the shape and course of the cost curves for selected construction projects. Based on the analysis of the collected data on investment projects in 3 facilities research groups (collective housing, hotels and retail service facilities), an original attempt was made to determine the best fit curve and the area of the curve, which in turn indicates the limits of the correct planning of the cumulative costs of construction projects. The Three Sigma rule was applied, correlations and determinants were determined, and the area of the cost curves was described with a third degree polynomial. The conducted research showed that: 1. the optimal formula for determining the best-fit curve, which allow to determine the cost and time of construction works, is a 3-degree polynomial; 2. cost curves, within a certain bounding box, determine the area of the most likely cash flow; 3. when planning the course of a cost curve, it is advisable to use the bounding box of cost curves rather than a single, model, theoretical, or empirical mathematical expression describing the cost curve.

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Farashahi, Reza Rezaeian, Mojtaba Fadavi, and Soheila Sabbaghian. "Faster Complete Addition Laws for Montgomery Curves." IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems 2024, no. 4 (2024): 737–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i4.737-762.

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An addition law for an elliptic curve is complete if it is defined for all possible pairs of input points on the elliptic curve. In Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a complete addition law provides a natural protection against side-channel attacks which are based on Simple Power Analysis (SPA). Montgomery curves are a specific family of elliptic curves that play a crucial role in ECC because of its well-known Montgomery ladder, particularly in the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (ECDHKE) protocol and the Elliptic Curve factorization Method (ECM). However, the complete addition law for Montgomery curves, as stated in the literature, has a computational cost of 14M+ 2D, where M,D denote the costs of a field multiplication and a field multiplication by a constant, respectively. The lack of a competitive complete addition law has led implementers towards twisted Edwards curves, which offer a complete addition law at a lower cost of 8M+ 1D for appropriately chosen curve constants.In this paper, we introduce extended Montgomery coordinates as a novel representation for points on Montgomery curves. This coordinate system enables us to define birational multiplication-free maps between the extended twisted Edwards coordinates and extended Montgomery coordinates. Using this map, we can transfer the complete addition laws from twisted Edwards curves to Montgomery curves without incurring additional multiplications or squarings. In addition, we employ a technique known as scaling to refine the addition laws for twisted Edwards curves, which results in having i) Complete addition laws with the costs varying between 8M+1D and 9M+1D for a broader range of twisted Edwards curves, ii) Incomplete addition laws for twisted Edwards curves with the cost of 8M. Consequently, by leveraging our birational multiplication-free maps, we present complete addition laws for Montgomery curves with the cost of 8M+1D. This shows a significant improvement for complete addition law for Montgomery curves by reducing the computational cost by 6M+ 1D. This improvement makes Montgomery curves a more attractive option for applications where an efficient complete addition law is essential.

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6

LOMAX., K. S. "COST CURVES FOR GAS SUPPLY1." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 13, no. 8 (2009): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1951.mp13008002.x.

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7

Al, Maiwenn J. "Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves Revisited." PharmacoEconomics 31, no. 2 (2012): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-012-0011-8.

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8

Hernández-Orallo, José, Peter Flach, and César Ferri. "ROC curves in cost space." Machine Learning 93, no. 1 (2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-013-5328-9.

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9

Talarico, R. J., and J. F. Morrall. "The cost-effectiveness of curve flattening in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (1994): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-030.

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Rehabilitation and restoration improvements on highways typically involve widening lane and shoulder widths, as well as revisions to the superelevation rate. This upgrading approach may sometimes neglect the possibility of flattening horizontal curves, which may result in safer, more cost-effective designs. Aside from the obvious safety benefits for highway travellers, additional benefits may occur in terms of improved traffic operations of intersections on curves. This paper describes the findings of a research project which was conducted to determine the maximum side friction available for a range of roadway curvatures, vehicle speeds, and vehicle types.A three-axis accelerometer and a ball bank indicator were installed in seven test vehicles. Lateral accelerations and ball bank readings were recorded as test vehicles traversed test curves at constant speeds. These data were used to determine the margin of safety provided on dry, wet, and icy pavements.It was found that motorists demand high levels of side friction on sharp curves. In fact, curvatures sharper than 500 m provide very low margins of safety against skidding. Since improved superelevation rates are unlikely to increase the margin of safety to a sufficient level, the cost-effectiveness of curve flattening for rural highways in Alberta was estimated for a range of traffic volumes and central angles. Key words: side friction, margins of safety, horizontal curves, 3-R projects, cost-effectiveness of curve flattening.

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10

Bessalov, A. V., L. V. Kovalchuk, and N. V. Kuchynska. "Evaluation of the efficiency of differential addition of points of curves in the generalized Edwards form." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.05.

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A survey of the main properties of three classes of curves in the generalized Edwards form is given: complete, quadratic and twisted Edwards curves. The analysis of the Montgomery algorithm for differential addition of points for the Montgomery curve is carried out. An estimation of the record low cost of computing the scalar product kP of a point P is given, which is equal to 5M+4S+1U on one step of the iterative cycle (M is the cost of finite field multiplication, S is the cost of squaring, U is the cost of field multiplication by a known constant). A detailed derivation of the formulas for addition-subtraction and doubling points for the curve in the generalized Edwards form in projective coordinates of Farashahi-Hosseini is carried out. Moving from three-dimensional projective coordinates (X: Y: Z) to two-dimensional coordinates (W: Z) allows achieving the same minimum computational cost for the Edwards curves as for the Montgomery curve. Aspects of the choice of an Edwards-form curve acceptable for cryptography and its parameters optimization in the problem of differential addition of points are discussed. Twisted Edwards curves with the order of NE=4n (n is prime) at p≡5mod8 are recommended, minimizing the parameters a and d allows achieving the minimum cost estimation 5M+4S for one step of computing the point product. It is shown that the transition from the Weierstrass curves (the form used in modern cryptographic standards) to the Edwards curves makes it possible to obtain a potential gain in the speed of computing the scalar product of the point by a factor of 3.09.

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11

Mixon, J. Wilson, and Soumaya M. Tohemy. "Cost Curves and How They Relate." Journal of Economic Education 33, no. 1 (2002): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596128.

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12

Amit, Raphael. "Cost leadership strategy and experience curves." Strategic Management Journal 7, no. 3 (1986): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250070308.

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13

Jakubczyk, Michał, and Bogumił Kamiński. "Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves - caveats quantified." Health Economics 19, no. 8 (2009): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1534.

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14

Shen, Yong Luo, Jun Zhang, Di Wei Yang, and Lin Bo Luo. "A Bezier Curve Based Key Management Scheme for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2979.

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In this paper, we propose a novel key management scheme based on Bezier curves for hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The design of our scheme is motivated by the idea that a Bezier curve can be subdivided into arbitrarily continuous pieces of sub Bezier curves. The subdivided sub Bezier curves are easily organized to a hierarchical architecture that is similar to hierarchical WSNs. The subdivided Bezier curves are unique and independent from each other so that it is suitable to assign each node in the WSN with a sub Bezier curve. Since a piece of Bezier curve can be presented by its control points, in the proposed key management scheme, the secret keys for each node are selected from the corresponding Bezier curve’s control points. Comparing with existing key management schemes, the proposed scheme is more suitable for distributing secret keys for hierarchical WSNs and more efficient in terms of computational and storage cost.

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15

Li, Zeqian. "Research on the Application Strategies of Short-Term Cost Curves in the Field of Economics." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 8, no. 2 (2025): 141–47. https://doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v8i2.10301.

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This paper deeply explores the application strategies of short-term cost curves in the field of economics. Firstly, it elaborates on the basic theories and constituent elements of short-term cost curves. By drawing and analyzing the short-term cost curve graphs, it presents the internal relationship between costs and output. Then, it focuses on researching its application strategies in multiple aspects such as enterprise production decisions, market pricing, and industry competition analysis.

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16

Hoornweg, Daniel, Mehdi Hosseini, and Christopher Kennedy. "Sustainability cost curves for urban infrastructure planning." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 171, no. 6 (2018): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.18.00005.

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17

Fenwick, Elisabeth, and Sarah Byford. "A guide to cost-effectiveness acceptability curves." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 2 (2005): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.2.106.

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SummaryUse of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, as a method for summarising information on uncertainty cost-effectiveness, has become widespread within applied studies. This includes several studies in the mental health field. This editorial uses examples from recent papers to illustrate how cost effectiveness acceptability curves are constructed, what they represent and how they should be interpreted.

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18

Yarbro, Jessica L., and Patrick E. McKnight. "An introduction to cost-effectiveness acceptability curves." Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 6, no. 2 (2018): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000243.

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19

Reid, Stuart G. "Frequency-Cost Curves and Derivative Risk Profiles." Risk Analysis 7, no. 2 (1987): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00986.x.

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20

Fenwick, Elisabeth, and Andrew Briggs. "Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves in the Dock." Medical Decision Making 27, no. 2 (2007): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x07300071.

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21

Liu, Guanli, Lars Kulik, Christian S. Jensen, Tianyi Li, Renata Borovica-Gajic, and Jianzhong Qi. "Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-Filling Curves." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 13 (2024): 4773–85. https://doi.org/10.14778/3704965.3704982.

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A space-filling curve (SFC) maps points in a multi-dimensional space to one-dimensional points by discretizing the multi-dimensional space into cells and imposing a linear order on the cells. This way, an SFC enables computing a one-dimensional layout for multidimensional data storage and retrieval. Choosing an appropriate SFC is crucial, as different SFCs have different effects on query performance. Currently, there are two primary strategies: 1) deterministic schemes, which are computationally efficient but often yield suboptimal query performance, and 2) dynamic schemes, which consider a broad range of candidate SFCs based on cost functions but incur significant computational overhead. Despite these strategies, existing methods cannot efficiently measure the effectiveness of SFCs under heavy query workloads and numerous SFC options. To address this problem, we propose means of constant-time cost estimations that can enhance existing SFC selection algorithms, enabling them to learn more effective SFCs. Additionally, we propose an SFC learning method that leverages reinforcement learning and our cost estimations to choose an SFC pattern efficiently. Experimental studies offer evidence of the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed means of cost estimation and SFC learning.

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22

Tsai, Yichang (James), and Chengbo Ai. "Automated Superelevation Measurement Method Using a Low-Cost Mobile Device: An Efficient, Cost-Effective Approach Toward Intelligent Horizontal Curve Safety Assessment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2621, no. 1 (2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2621-08.

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The horizontal curve is one of the focal points of roadway safety because this curve plays a critical role in transitioning vehicles between tangent roadway sections; moreover, car crashes are frequently concentrated on horizontal curves despite their disproportionate length in the road network. As a critical safety property of horizontal curves, superelevation is crucial to vehicle safety because it counteracts the lateral acceleration produced in vehicles when they travel the curves. Despite the emergence of several sensing-based methods in recent years, labor-intensive and time-consuming manual superelevation evaluation is often carried out by transportation agencies because the newer methods usually demand expensive equipment and complicated operations. Transportation agencies are in urgent need of low-cost, reliable alternatives to improve their data collection practices. This paper proposes an automated superelevation measurement method using inexpensive mobile devices. The proposed method integrates and processes sensing data from a mobile device and derives superelevation by using fundamental vehicle kinematics at a horizontal curve. Kalman filtering–based noise reduction, regression-based radius computation, and complementary-filtering-based rolling angle computation methods are introduced to achieve accurate results despite low-frequency, noisy signals from the inexpensive devices. An experimental test on SR-2 in Georgia demonstrates that the proposed method delivers results with accuracies comparable to those of a lidar-based method. A case study of high friction surface treatment site selection using a ball bank indicator shows that the proposed method is a promising alternative for transportation agencies to achieve low-cost yet reliable data collection for safety analysis and improvement.

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23

Meckley, Lisa M., Dan Greenberg, Joshua T. Cohen, and Peter J. Neumann. "The Adoption of Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves in Cost-Utility Analyses." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 3 (2009): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09344749.

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Background. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) plot the probability that one health intervention is more cost-effective than alternatives, as a function of societal willingness to pay for additional units of health (e.g., life-years or quality-adjusted life-years gained). Objectives. To quantify the adoption of CEACs in published cost-utility analyses (CUAs), and to identify factors associated with CEAC use. Methods. Data from the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry (www.cearegistry.org), a database with detailed information on approximately 1,400 CUAs published in the peer reviewed literature through 2006, was analyzed. The registry includes data on study origin, study methodology, reporting of results, whether CEACs were presented, and a subjective quality score. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors predicting CEAC use, from their introduction in 1994 through 2006. Results. Approximately 15% of CUAs published since 1994 present a CEAC. The use of CEACs has increased rapidly in recent years, from 2.1% of published CUAs in 2001 to 32.6% in 2006 (P < 0.0001). The most significant predictors of CEAC use were study quality (odds ratio [OR]: 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80, 2.85), recent publication (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.29), and whether studies pertain to the UK (OR: 5.66; 95% CI: 3.67, 8.72) or Sweden (OR: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.67, 8.44). Conclusions. CEAC use is increasing in the published cost-effectiveness literature, especially in UK-based studies.

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Lipman, Timothy E., and Daniel Sperling. "Forecasting Cost Path of Electric Vehicle Drive System: Monte Carlo Experience Curve Simulation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1587, no. 1 (1997): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1587-03.

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The future costs of electric-drive vehicles, like those of any new technology, are uncertain. One method for forecasting cost reductions uses the concept of the experience curve. Experience curves take into account scale economies, technological improvements in production processes, improvements in product design, and improved efficiency of workers and production management. The future manufacturing cost of an innovative new technology—the synchronous, brushless permanent magnet electric vehicle drivetrain—is analyzed using experience curves and a Monte Carlo simulation technique. Based on experience curve theory and the assumptions used in the analysis, a drop in manufacturing cost is predicted—from today’s $12,000 (with low-volume, hand-built production) to a cost of about $1,200 to $1,700 when full-scale economies and manufacturing experience have been realized. This cost range implies eventual high-volume prices of $1,500 to $2,100 once corporate profit and warranty costs are included. In an ongoing study at the University of California, Davis, experience curve analyses are being integrated with a detailed vehicle cost model to develop short- and long-term cost forecasts for complete electric vehicles.

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Bessalov, A. V., O. V. Tsygankova, and S. V. Abramov. "Estimation of the computational cost of the CSIDH algorithm on supersingular twisted and quadratic Edwards curves." Radiotekhnika, no. 207 (December 24, 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.4.207.03.

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The properties of twisted and quadratic supersingular Edwards curves that form pairs of quadratic torsion with order p+1 over a prime field Fp are considered. A modification of the CSIDH algorithm based on the isogenies of these curves instead of the traditional arithmetic of curves in the Montgomery form is presented. The parameters of these two classes of supersingular Edwards curves for p=239 are calculated and tabulated. An example of the isogenies of these curves in the implementation of the CSIDH algorithm as a non-interactive secret sharing scheme based on the secret and public keys of Alice and Bob is given. It is shown that the sequences of parameters ±d(i) of isogeny chains for quadratic and twisted supersingular Edwards curves, respectively, have a reverse nature on the period of the sequence. A recurrent algorithm for calculating the coordinates of points that form the kernels of isogenies of odd degrees is proposed, and its implementation in various coordinate systems is considered. A comparative analysis of the cost of calculating the parameter d´ of the isogenic curve E´ using the Farashakhi-Hosseini (W : Z) - coordinates and classical projective coordinates (X : Y : Z) is given. It is noted that all calculations in the CSIDH algorithm necessary to calculate the shared secret dAB are reduced only to the calculation of the isogenic curve E´ parameter d´ and are performed by field operations and the scalar multiplication of the point. The controversial issue of refusal to calculate the isogenic function ϕ(R) of a curve point R in the CSIDH algorithm is discussed.

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Fan, Yubo, Yingying Zhao, Yue Tian, et al. "Application of McKinsey Curve in Building Emission Reduction Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 441 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344101001.

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In order to promote the application of McKinsey energy reduction cost curves in buildings, This paper introduces the concept of McKinsey abatement cost curves, the current application status of building abatement measures and abatement cost data, makes an analysis for the economic characteristics of different energy efficiency measures in retrofit projects, and presents the retrofit measures, annual energy savings and investment costs used in retrofit programs by taking the example of energy efficiency retrofits in office and commercial buildings in the past 2 years, discloses the data changes in abatement costs for some energysaving retrofit technologies contrastingly, and suggests that dates should be iterated based on McKinsey abatement cost curves. The McKinsey abatement cost ctuve is usefill for guiding the selection of building energy efficiency measures. The curve is economical and visualized compatibly and is a good reference for making abatement decisions through timely updating the data of retrofit technologies and influencing factors.

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27

Hogan, Dakotah, John Elshaw, Clay Koschnick, Jonathan Ritschel, Adedeji Badiru, and Shawn Valentine. "Cost Estimating Using a New Learning Curve Theory for Non-Constant Production Rates." Forecasting 2, no. 4 (2020): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast2040023.

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Traditional learning curve theory assumes a constant learning rate regardless of the number of units produced. However, a collection of theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that learning rates decrease as more units are produced in some cases. These diminishing learning rates cause traditional learning curves to underestimate required resources, potentially resulting in cost overruns. A diminishing learning rate model, namely Boone’s learning curve, was recently developed to model this phenomenon. This research confirms that Boone’s learning curve systematically reduced error in modeling observed learning curves using production data from 169 Department of Defense end-items. However, high amounts of variability in error reduction precluded concluding the degree to which Boone’s learning curve reduced error on average. This research further justifies the necessity of a diminishing learning rate forecasting model and assesses a potential solution to model diminishing learning rates.

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Kerr, Kathleen F., Marshall D. Brown, Kehao Zhu, and Holly Janes. "Assessing the Clinical Impact of Risk Prediction Models With Decision Curves: Guidance for Correct Interpretation and Appropriate Use." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 21 (2016): 2534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.65.5654.

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The decision curve is a graphical summary recently proposed for assessing the potential clinical impact of risk prediction biomarkers or risk models for recommending treatment or intervention. It was applied recently in an article in Journal of Clinical Oncology to measure the impact of using a genomic risk model for deciding on adjuvant radiation therapy for prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. We illustrate the use of decision curves for evaluating clinical- and biomarker-based models for predicting a man’s risk of prostate cancer, which could be used to guide the decision to biopsy. Decision curves are grounded in a decision-theoretical framework that accounts for both the benefits of intervention and the costs of intervention to a patient who cannot benefit. Decision curves are thus an improvement over purely mathematical measures of performance such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. However, there are challenges in using and interpreting decision curves appropriately. We caution that decision curves cannot be used to identify the optimal risk threshold for recommending intervention. We discuss the use of decision curves for miscalibrated risk models. Finally, we emphasize that a decision curve shows the performance of a risk model in a population in which every patient has the same expected benefit and cost of intervention. If every patient has a personal benefit and cost, then the curves are not useful. If subpopulations have different benefits and costs, subpopulation-specific decision curves should be used. As a companion to this article, we released an R software package called DecisionCurve for making decision curves and related graphics.

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29

Morris, William F., Diego P. Vázquez, and Natacha P. Chacoff. "Benefit and cost curves for typical pollination mutualisms." Ecology 91, no. 5 (2010): 1276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-2278.1.

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30

Mulligan, Gordon F. "Resolving Location Conflict with Standardized Space-Cost Curves." Professional Geographer 52, no. 1 (2000): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00204.

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31

Kesicki, Fabian, and Paul Ekins. "Marginal abatement cost curves: a call for caution." Climate Policy 12, no. 2 (2012): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582347.

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32

Nag, P. K., W. Maly, and H. J. Jacobs. "Simulation of yield/cost learning curves with Y4." IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 10, no. 2 (1997): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/66.572080.

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33

Parr, John B. "Spatial Cost Curves and Adjustment of the Firm." Regional Studies 27, no. 6 (1993): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409312331347735.

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VERGANO, P. J., R. F. TESTIN, W. C. NEWALL, and T. TREZZA. "DAMAGE LOSS COST CURVES FOR PEACH IMPACT BRUISING." Journal of Food Quality 18, no. 4 (1995): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1995.tb00380.x.

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35

Kim, Suhri, Kisoon Yoon, Jihoon Kwon, Seokhie Hong, and Young-Ho Park. "Efficient Isogeny Computations on Twisted Edwards Curves." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5747642.

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The isogeny-based cryptosystem is the most recent category in the field of postquantum cryptography. However, it is widely studied due to short key sizes and compatibility with the current elliptic curve primitives. The main building blocks when implementing the isogeny-based cryptosystem are isogeny computations and point operations. From isogeny construction perspective, since the cryptosystem moves along the isogeny graph, isogeny formula cannot be optimized for specific coefficients of elliptic curves. Therefore, Montgomery curves are used in the literature, due to the efficient point operation on an arbitrary elliptic curve. In this paper, we propose formulas for computing 3 and 4 isogenies on twisted Edwards curves. Additionally, we further optimize our isogeny formulas on Edwards curves and compare the computational cost of Montgomery curves. We also present the implementation results of our isogeny computations and demonstrate that isogenies on Edwards curves are as efficient as those on Montgomery curves.

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Sadek, Ahmed. "CONSTRUCTION CASH FLOW AND RISK S-CURVES DEVELOPMENT APPROACH, AND AREA METHOD ANALYSIS AT THE PRECONSTRUCTION STAGE FROM CLIENT PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 6, no. 2 (2021): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.658.

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Purpose – Understanding construction cash flow estimation is crucial for project success. Experts are concerned about project’s cash-flow and risk estimation and control. Latest construction studies concentrated on modelling and estimating construction costs and risks. Methodology – This article aims to approach pure quantitative mathematical modelling to develop the S-Curves (i.e., cash-flow and risks) and to develop the cash-flow simple area method. This research referred to the mathematical definitions of construction cash-flow and risks, integrating a clear systematic approach to develop the s-curves and to build the simple-area-method. Findings – This research paper reviled that construction cash-flow and risk s-curves can be developed at the preconstruction stage, mathematically, without the need for having cost historical data of similar completed projects. In addition, this article has provided a simple area method approach mathematically, for construction cash flow analysis, using the basic developed cash-flow s-curve and the actual cost data of, at least, 2 completed similar projects. The simple area method is proved effective to provide a better understanding of cash-flow behaviour of the analysed projects’ type. However, the s-curves development can be generalised to cover construction cost and risk simple s-curves, while the area method is restricted with the projects’ characteristics (i.e., type, size, location, etc.) used in developing the simple area. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – The significance of this study is to provide an S-Curve development approach for both cashflow and risk percentages from client perspective at the preconstruction stage, using solely the tender contract value. And to provide a simpler stochastic area method approach for project management professionals/researchers, who do not have large amount of historical similar projects’ cost data. Originality, theoretical-implications, practical-implications, and limitations are presented in the conclusion for future research.

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Melberg, Hans Olav, and Jan Sørensen. "Healthy aging and future health spending." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 6, no. 1 (2023): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.10295.

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This article examines the extent to which differences in life-expectancy are associated with shifts in average hospital costs for different age groups. The effect of increases in life expectancy on the cost curves is identified by comparing two countries with different life expectancies, but which are very similar on other variables like culture, technology and health systems (Norway and Denmark). Using data from the National Patient Registries the paper compares the ratio of average spending on individuals who die and individuals who survive in different age groups in these two countries. The best fit between the age related cost curves is achieved when the cost curve in the country with a two year longer life expectancy is also shifted by two years.

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Persaud, Bhagwant, Richard A. Retting, and Craig Lyon. "Guidelines for Identification of Hazardous Highway Curves." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1717, no. 1 (2000): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1717-03.

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Curve-warning treatment can be extremely cost-effective because of the low cost of treatments, such as curve warning signs or markings, and the potentially large number of target crashes. However, measures are needed to identify and prioritize treatment of potentially hazardous rural curves. An empirical Bayes-based procedure is presented for prioritizing potential treatment sites on the basis of crashes that may be classified as occurring because of the presence of curves. The attractiveness of the procedure is enhanced by the fact that the data and calculations are also a part of the evaluation of treatment that may be applied to sites identified. Alternative levels of the procedure can be selected, depending on the data available. Ontario data were used to calibrate supporting models. It is hoped that experience gained from using the guidelines can lead to the development of procedures that can be incorporated into the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

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Elhajj, Mohammed, and Pim Mulder. "A Comparative Analysis of the Computation Cost and Energy Consumption of Relevant Curves of ECC Presented in Literature." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53375/ijecer.2023.318.

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With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming expo-nentially more prevalent, the need for lightweight cryptography functions increases simultaneously. Namely, IoT end devices are mostly limited by their resource-constrained capabilities and therefore cannot rely on heavyweight cryptographic algorithms such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) or Diffie-Hellman (DH) for security. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) offers a more lightweight alternative by being based on a mathematical prob-lem named the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) which is not known to be solvable in sub-exponential time. Within the field of ECC, many different curve types exist following various standards for this protocol. In this paper, the energy consumption and time consumption for key generation, encryption, and decryption are measured within the ElGamal protocol using ECC for the various curves. To measure this, a Raspberry Pi 4B and a Personal Computer are used to conclude the disproval of the hypothesis that the Twisted Edwards curve performs most efficient to achieve its security strength. Namely, Brainpool curves function most efficient within this benchmark, after which Short Weierstrass curves follow. Moreover, it is concluded the performance pattern for both data processors and data providers is equal to each other for all message sizes.

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León-Celi, Christian F., Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, Francisco Javier Martínez-Solano, and Daniel Mora-Melia. "The Setpoint Curve as a Tool for the Energy and Cost Optimization of Pumping Systems in Water Networks." Water 14, no. 15 (2022): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152426.

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In water distribution networks, the adjustment of the driving curves of pumping systems to the setpoint curves allows for determining the minimum energy cost that can be achieved in terms of pumping. This paper presents the methodology for calculating the optimal setpoint curves in water networks with multiple pumping systems, pressure dependent and independent consumption, with and without storage capacity. In addition, the energy and cost implications of the setpoint curve are analyzed. Three objective functions have been formulated depending on the case study, one of minimum energy and two of costs that depend on whether or not the presence of storage tanks is considered. For the optimization process, two algorithms have been used, Hooke and Jeeves and differential evolution. There are two study networks: TF and Richmond. The results show savings of close to 10% in the case of the Richmond network.

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Ojo, Adebayo, Maurizio Collu, and Andrea Coraddu. "Parametric Curve Comparison for Modeling Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Substructures." Energies 16, no. 14 (2023): 5371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145371.

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The drive for the cost reduction of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) systems to the levels of fixed bottom foundation turbine systems can be achieved with creative design and analysis techniques of the platform with free-form curves to save numerical simulation time and minimize the mass of steel (cost of steel) required for design. This study aims to compare four parametric free-form curves (cubic spline, B-spline, Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline and cubic Hermite spline) within a design and optimization framework using the pattern search gradient free optimization algorithm to explore and select an optimal design from the design space. The best performance free-form curve within the framework is determined using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The TOPSIS technique shows the B-spline curve as the best performing free-form curve based on the selection criteria, amongst which are design and analysis computational time, estimated mass of platform and local shape control properties. This study shows that free-form curves like B-spline can be used to expedite the design, analysis and optimization of floating platforms and potentially advance the technology beyond the current level of fixed bottom foundations.

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Proaktor, G., E. J. Milner-Gulland, and T. Coulson. "Age-related shapes of the cost of reproduction in vertebrates." Biology Letters 3, no. 6 (2007): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0376.

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The shape of the association between age and the cost of reproduction varies across species. However, it is unclear whether there are any general patterns in the way the cost of reproduction varies with life history, taxon or ecological function. Using a simple theoretical method, we identified three characteristic patterns to describe the age-related survival cost of reproduction. The most frequent pattern is an approximately exponential decay (ED) with increasing age. Two additional u-shaped patterns were identified, where the cost of reproduction was higher for young and old individuals compared with intermediate-aged individuals. The majority of these u-shaped curves suggested higher costs of reproduction at older ages (RQ), with the rest suggesting a higher cost at young ages (LQ). While predators were most likely to exhibit ED-shaped cost curves, herbivores were equally likely to exhibit ED and RQ curves; birds were likely to exhibit ED-shaped curves and mammals were split equally between ED and RQ curves. These findings suggest that there may be predictable differences in the age-related shape of the cost of reproduction between species, but further research is required to identify the mechanisms generating such differences.

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Du, Xu, and Lu Yang. "A Novel Algorithm for a Low-Cost, Curvature-Continuous Smooth Path with Multiple Constraints on a Cost-Assigned Flat Map." Axioms 14, no. 6 (2025): 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14060394.

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Mobile robots are extensively utilized across various fields, with path planning consistently representing a core and pivotal area of research. Path planning is essential for enabling the efficient navigation of robots within complex environments. In reality, the terrain on which the robot operates is non-uniform, resulting in varying costs associated with different areas due to differing terrains and materials. Practical tasks often necessitate traversing a series of landmark points to fulfill specific requirements. Furthermore, considerations related to control and dynamics frequently require setting minimum line segment lengths between curves and maximum curve curvatures to ensure the successful execution of the path. The objective of this paper is to find a low-cost path with continuous curvature on a map with an assigned cost, which passes through all the given landmark points while avoiding obstacles, and satisfies the minimum length of the line segments between the curves and the maximum curvature constraints of the curves. We propose an innovative path planning method that solves the limitations of traditional algorithms by considering map cost, curvature continuity, and other factors by establishing a collaborative mechanism between global coarse search and local fine-tuning. The method is divided into two stages: In the first stage, the graph structure is constructed by generating points on the map, and uses Dijkstra’s Algorithm to obtain the connection order of the landmark points. In the second stage, which builds on the previous stage and processes landmark points sequentially, the key points of the path are generated using our proposed Smooth Beacon Reconnection (SBR) algorithm. A low-cost path meeting the requirements is then obtained through fine-tuning. The smooth path generated by this method is verified on multiple maps and demonstrates superior performance compared to traditional methods.

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Severens, Johan L., Dani??lle E. M. Brunenberg, Elisabeth A. L. Fenwick, Bernie O??Brien, and Manuela A. Joore. "Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves and a Reluctance to Lose." PharmacoEconomics 23, no. 12 (2005): 1207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200523120-00005.

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MACLEOD, M., and D. MORAN. "Integrating livestock health measures into marginal abatement cost curves." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 36, no. 1 (2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.1.2613.

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Roh, Minyoung, and Suduk Kim. "Derivation of Sectoral Marginal Abatement Cost Curves using GCAM." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 54, no. 1 (2017): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2017.54.1.020.

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Nicolaidis Lindqvist, Andreas, Shane Carnohan, Rickard Fornell, et al. "Dynamic marginal cost curves to support water resources management." Journal of Environmental Management 368 (September 2024): 122004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122004.

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Sarofim, M. C., B. J. DeAngelo, R. H. Beach, K. A. Weitz, M. A. Bahner, and A. M. Zapata Figueroa. "Marginal abatement cost curves for US black carbon emissions." Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 7, sup1 (2010): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438151003774455.

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Morthorst, Poul Erik. "Constructing CO2 reduction cost curves The case of Denmark." Energy Policy 22, no. 11 (1994): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90044-2.

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Barnett, Will, and Walter Block. "Rothbard on V shaped average and total cost curves." Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 9, no. 3 (2006): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12113-006-1015-z.

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