Relevant bibliographies by topics / Costs of in-action

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Costs of in-action'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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Khandelwal, Piyush, Fangkai Yang, Matteo Leonetti, Vladimir Lifschitz, and Peter Stone. "Planning in Action Language BC while Learning Action Costs for Mobile Robots." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 24 (May 11, 2014): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v24i1.13671.

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The action language BC provides an elegant way of formalizing dynamic domains which involve indirect effects of actions and recursively defined fluents. In complex robot task planning domains, it may be necessary for robots to plan with incomplete information, and reason about indirect or recursive action effects. In this paper, we demonstrate how BC can be used for robot task planning to solve these issues. Additionally, action costs are incorporated with planning to produce optimal plans, and we estimate these costs from experience making planning adaptive. This paper presents the first application of BC on a real robot in a realistic domain, which involves human-robot interaction for knowledge acquisition, optimal plan generation to minimize navigation time, and learning for adaptive planning.
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Gregory, Peter, and Alan Lindsay. "Domain Model Acquisition in Domains with Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13762.

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This paper addresses the challenge of automated numeric domain model acquisition from observations. Many industrial and commercial applications of planning technology rely on numeric planning models. For example, in the area of autonomous systems and robotics, an autonomous robot often has to reason about its position in space, power levels and storage capacities. It is essential for these models to be easy to construct. Ideally, they should be automatically constructed. Learning the structure of planning domains from observations of action traces has produced successful results in classical planning. In this work, we present the first results in generalising approaches from classical planning to numeric planning. We restrict the numeric domains to those that include fixed action costs. Taking the finite state automata generated by the LOCM family of algorithms, we learn costs associated with machines; specifically to the object transitions and the state parameters. We learn action costs from action traces (with only the final cost of the plans as extra information) using a constraint programming approach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on standard benchmarks.
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Török, Georgina, Barbara Pomiechowska, Gergely Csibra, and Natalie Sebanz. "Rationality in Joint Action: Maximizing Coefficiency in Coordination." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2019): 930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619842550.

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When people perform simple actions, they often behave efficiently, minimizing the costs of movement for the expected benefit. The present study addressed the question of whether this efficiency scales up to dyads working together to achieve a shared goal: Do people act efficiently as a group (i.e., coefficiently), or do they minimize their own or their partner’s individual costs even if this increases the overall cost for the group? We devised a novel, touch-screen-based, sequential object-transfer task to measure how people choose between different paths to coordinate with a partner. Across multiple experiments, we found that participants did not simply minimize their own or their partner’s movement costs but made coefficient decisions about paths, which ensured that the aggregate costs of movement for the dyad were minimized. These results suggest that people are able and motivated to make coefficient, collectively rational decisions when acting together.
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Meagher, Benjamin R., and Kerry L. Marsh. "The costs of cooperation: Action-specific perception in the context of joint action." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 40, no. 1 (2014): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033850.

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Berry, RaJade M. "Affirmative action in higher education: costs, benefits, and implementation." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 16, no. 2 (2004): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-16-02-2004-b007.

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KLANDERMANS, BERT. "PERCEIVED COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION IN UNION ACTION." Personnel Psychology 39, no. 2 (1986): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00588.x.

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Fan, Gaojian, Martin Müller, and Robert Holte. "The Two-Edged Nature of Diverse Action Costs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 27 (June 5, 2017): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v27i1.13804.

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Diverse action costs are an essential feature of many real-world planning applications. Some recent studies have shown that diversity of action costs makes planning more difficult, and that searching using unit action costs can outperform searching the same domain with diverse action costs. In this paper, we provide experimental evidence and theoretical analysis showing that search can also benefit from action cost diversity. We show that on several IPC problems cost diversity has a positive effect (reduces search effort). We then present a theoretical analysis establishing that these positive cases are not accidental. Our main result is a "No Free Lunch" theorem showing that any negative effects of cost diversity are always perfectly counterbalanced by positive effects. Our theoretical analysis also shows that it is advantageous to have a strongly concentrated distribution of solution costs. In many domains, unit costs will give rise to a more concentrated distribution than diverse costs, but we give an example typifying domains in which the opposite is the case.
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Mohammadi, Fariborz, Shahabodin Fuladi Moghaddam, Iman Shabanzadeh, and Shahin Behdarvand. "Cost-benefit Analysis of Earthquake Costs and Building Retrofitting Costs in Iran." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 10, no. 03 (2025): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.10.3.575.1.

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Background: This article examines the cost of financial damages caused by earthquakes in the building sector and compares it with the estimation of retrofitting in Iran. This study compares the costs of two scenarios: “Action after the earthquake” and “strengthening the structures before the earthquake.” Materials and Methods: In this study, data obtained from governorates and building retrofitting engineering companies have been used. The scope of the study is earthquakes that occurred in the geographical area of ​​Iran. Among them, 8 earthquakes were specifically studied: Mianeh, Ahar and Haris, Qator, Murmori, Khorasan, Damghan and Shahroud, Goharan, Hormozgan and Ezgele. Using the time value of money method to the value of 2021, we converted the estimated and realized costs to enable comparison and aggregation. Results: The cost-benefit comparison of policies of action after the earthquake and retrofitting before the earthquake shows that Iran has suffered as much as 238 million USD in losses due to the lack of building resilience against earthquakes. The results show that the policy of retrofitting structures before an earthquake is significantly more optimal than the other scenario. Conclusion: The comparison of the two policy scenarios examined in this study shows that retrofitting buildings before an earthquake, on the one hand, prevents vast losses, and on the other hand, increasing the number of earthquake-resistant houses reduces the amount of earthquake damage.
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Schuch, Stefanie, Angelika Sommer, and Sarah Lukas. "Action control in task switching: do action effects modulate N − 2 repetition costs in task switching?" Psychological Research 82, no. 1 (2017): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0946-7.

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Eiter, T., W. Faber, N. Leone, G. Pfeifer, and A. Polleres. "Answer Set Planning Under Action Costs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 19 (August 1, 2003): 25–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1148.

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Recently, planning based on answer set programming has been proposed as an approach towards realizing declarative planning systems. In this paper, we present the language Kc, which extends the declarative planning language K by action costs. Kc provides the notion of admissible and optimal plans, which are plans whose overall action costs are within a given limit resp. minimum over all plans (i.e., cheapest plans). As we demonstrate, this novel language allows for expressing some nontrivial planning tasks in a declarative way. Furthermore, it can be utilized for representing planning problems under other optimality criteria, such as computing ``shortest'' plans (with the least number of steps), and refinement combinations of cheapest and fastest plans. We study complexity aspects of the language Kc and provide a transformation to logic programs, such that planning problems are solved via answer set programming. Furthermore, we report experimental results on selected problems. Our experience is encouraging that answer set planning may be a valuable approach to expressive planning systems in which intricate planning problems can be naturally specified and solved.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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Begg, Clive. "The 'third way' in action : inclusion at a cost /." [St Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20030422.111511/index.html.

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Mirindo, Frank. "Environmental Dispute Resolution in Tanzania and South Africa: A Comparative Assessment in the Light of International Best Practice." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9222_1263173869.

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<p>This research examines the effectiveness of these dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental disputes and what improvements should be made in order to make those mechanisms suitable for these types of disputes.</p>
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De, Koker Louise. "Differentials and disparities in the costs of major hospital procedures in South Africa: A structural analysis from the perspective of the supply side." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6850_1208774263.

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<p>The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which providers' practices affect the cost of hospital procedures incurred by patients. The spsecific objective was to explore the magnitude of variations and statistically establish the significance of relationships between admission/specialist costs incurred by patients for four major procedures and the hospital group, geographical location, employer group and demmographic realted risk profiles. The study contributes to a better understanding of the way in which managed care companies could channel beneficiaries of medical schemes to efficient providers.</p>
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Brennan, William J. "Overcoming Transaction Cost Impediments to Resolving the Dilemma of Collective Action in the New England Fisheries." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BrennanWJ2002.pdf.

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Yano, Jun-Ichi, Jean-François Geleyn, Martin Köller, et al. "Basic concepts for convection parameterization in weather forecast and climate models: COST Action ES0905 final report." MDPI AG, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12408.

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The research network “Basic Concepts for Convection Parameterization in Weather Forecast and Climate Models” was organized with European funding (COST Action ES0905) for the period of 2010–2014. Its extensive brainstorming suggests how the subgrid-scale parameterization problem in atmospheric modeling, especially for convection, can be examined and developed from the point of view of a robust theoretical basis. Our main cautions are current emphasis on massive observational data analyses and process studies. The closure and the entrainment–detrainment problems are identified as the two highest priorities for convection parameterization under the mass–flux formulation. The need for a drastic change of the current European research culture as concerns policies and funding in order not to further deplete the visions of the European researchers focusing on those basic issues is emphasized.
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Costa, Estela, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Modulation of the immune system in the mammalian intestine as an alternate explanation for the action of antimicrobial growth promoters / Estela Costa." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2627.

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The novel hypothesis that antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) function by modulating the mammalian immune system was tested. Sampling methods to characterize the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that direct plug extraction was superior to wash methods. Using T-RFLP analysis, non-therapeutic administration of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine to beef cattle did not affect the composition of bacterial communities associated with intestinal mucosa and in digesta, with exception of those associated with mucosa of the proximal jejunum. Similarly, oral administration of non-therapeutic concentrations of CTC did not affect the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine. Oral administration of nontherapeutic concentrations of CTC prevented weight loss, reduced pathologic changes, modulated transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines in C. rodentium-infected mice, and did not consistently affect the colonic microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that AGP primarily function by modulating the intestinal immune system.<br>xiv, 160 leaves ; 29 cm
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Di, Grazia Rosario. "Le recenti politiche processuali in materia di spese giudiziali civili." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3837.

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Il progetto di ricerca di Rosario Di Grazia si prefigge l obiettivo d indagare sull evoluzione della disciplina delle spese processuali (lato sensu considerate ed includenti, così, anche le fattispecie di sanzione pecuniaria per abuso del processo) e dei criteri fondanti la medesima disciplina (soccombenza, causalità, interesse, abuso del processo), tentando di individuare i limiti di compatibilità della mutata ratio di essa con i principi di rango costituzionale nazionale e sovranazionale posti a tutela del diritto di azione e di difesa. Oggetto d'indagine è anche il progressivo aumento delle voci di spesa di cui alla parte II del D.P.R. 30 maggio 2002, n. 115 (meglio conosciuto come Testo Unico in materia di spese di giustizia ).
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Tippner, Jeffrey E. "The Third World evangelical missiology of Orlando E. Costas." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3278.

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This thesis examines the missiological writings of Orlando E. Costas (1943-1987), particularly The Church and Its Mission: A Shattering Critique from the Third World (1974); Theology of the Crossroads in Contemporary Latin America (1976); Christ Outside the Gate (1982); and Liberating News: A Theology of Contextual Evangelization (1989). From the early 1970s until his death in 1987 he wrote over 130 articles and 12 books in both Spanish and English that addressed key missiological concerns. A careful reading of a selection of Costas's texts oriented around a hymn, a gospel song, a psalm, and a poem provides the shape of this thesis. This thesis argues that Costas formulated a Third World evangelical missiology. Chapter one investigates what Costas's autobiographical material expressed about his positions on conversion, Protestant evangelicalism, missiology, and those living on the ‘periphery' of life. Chapter two recognises his commitment to the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean in particular and the Third World in general. Chapter three explores Costas's analysis of the Latin American Protestant Church in a revolutionary situation in the continent and chapter four examines his survey and critical appraisal of Latin American liberation theology. Chapter five recognizes the pastoral shape of Costas's missiology. Chapter six explores his critical interaction with two more conservative evangelical missiological positions, the Church Growth Movement and Peter Beyerhaus and the Frankfurt Declaration, and chapter seven surveys the discussion within the international evangelical community regarding the relationship between evangelism and social responsibility. Chapter eight examines Costas's Liberating News as an expression of Third World evangelical missiology. Chapter nine considers the theological issue of penal substitutionary atonement and his missiology. The thesis concludes with an appraisal of the issues and contributions of Costas's Third World evangelical missiology to current missiological discussion.
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Siegert, Olaf. "Die Allianz-Initiative der Wissenschaftsorganisationen und Ihre Aktivitäten im Bereich Open Access." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-187684.

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Der Vortrag stellt zunächst die Allianz-Initiative im Bereich Digitale Information und deren verschiedene Handlungsfelder vor. Danach widmet er sich eingehender dem Handlungsfeld Open Access und beleuchtet die verschiedenen Aktivitäten der Allianz in diesem Feld. An verschiedenen Beispielen wird zudem erläutert, welchen Impact die verschiedenen Aktivitäten entfaltet haben. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick in die thematische Planung für die nächsten Jahre gegeben.
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Honsová, Marcela. "Faktoring jako moderní způsob financování podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222129.

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This master’s thesis introduces factoring as a possibility of financing business activities. It describes factoring as a form of finance business transactions, analyses selected company and proposes improvement its finance situation by means of factoring. And then master’s thesis compares financing by means of bank overdraft, which used selected company before, with financing by means of factoring, of purpose to use given finance.
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Books on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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Abagi, Okwach. Public and private investment in primary education in Kenya: An agenda for action. Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 1997.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Federal Relations Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Federal Relations Committee: Testimony on the circumstances surrounding recent flooding in New Jersey and the ongoing study and implementation of plans of action in the event of future floods [June 9, 2005, Trenton, New Jersey]. Hearing Unit, 2005.

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Management, Wisconsin Bureau of Air. Nitrogen oxide emissions in Wisconsin: Final report : an assessment of effects, costs for reduction and recommendations for action. The Bureau, 1992.

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Lee, Badgett Mary Virginia, and Simms Margaret C, eds. Economic perspectives on affirmative action. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1995.

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Davis, Paul. Costs, outputs and impacts in employment generation: Report of a research study carried out for the Castle Vale Housing Action Trust. Public Services Management Research Centre, Aston Business School, 1997.

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Thomas, Powell. The attorneys academy, or, The manner and forme of proceeding practically: Vpon any suite, plaint or action whatsoever, in any court of record whatsoever, within this kingdome : especially in the great courts at Westminster, to whose motion all other court of law or equitie ... are diurnally mooued : with the moderne and most vsuall fees of the officers and ministers of such courts. Printed for Benjamin Fisher, 1992.

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Yates, Brian T. Analyzing costs, procedures, processes, and outcomes in human services. Sage Publications, 1996.

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1839-1885, McCready Robert, and Union Bank of Lower Canada., eds. The Seath forgery case: Judgment in the Superior Court : the notes declared to be forgeries : action of the Union Bank of Lower Canada vs. Robert McCready dismissed with costs. s.n., 1993.

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Kharbanda, O. P. Project cost control in action. 2nd ed. Gower Technical, 1987.

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Smith, Jim. Building cost planning in action. Deakin University Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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Fan, Gaojian. "Diverse Action Costs in Heuristic Search and Planning." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57351-9_44.

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Burmeister, Alita R., Rachel M. Sullivan, and Richard E. Lenski. "Fitness Costs and Benefits of Resistance to Phage Lambda in Experimentally Evolved Escherichia coli*." In Evolution in Action: Past, Present and Future. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39831-6_11.

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Fairclough, Isabela. "The UK Government’s “Balancing Act” in the Pandemic: Rational Decision-Making from an Argumentative Perspective." In The Pandemic of Argumentation. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_12.

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AbstractThis chapter looks at how the “balance” between lives, livelihoods and other concerns was talked about in four main newspapers in the UK, between March 2020 and March 2021, in assessing the UK government’s performance. Different arguments were made for opposite conclusions, favouring either strict and prolonged lockdowns or, on the contrary, a speedy exit from lockdown and a resumption of normal life. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the empirical data suggests that what is being balanced or weighed together in pro/con argumentation by two opposite parties are not as much the costs and benefits of one’s own proposal, but the costs of one proposal against the costs of its alternative (a “cost-cost” analysis). Rather than defending their own proposal by arguing that the benefits outweigh the costs, each side is criticizing the opponent’s proposal by claiming that the costs of their proposal are more unacceptable than the costs of their own. An implicit minimax strategy (minimize costs in a worst-case scenario) was applied in different ways, depending on how the consequences were assessed, and how this assessment changed over time. The debate over lockdown illustrated an interesting type of pro/con argument, typical to crisis situations, in which all the intended “benefits” were in fact avoided “costs”, and contrasted a medical/epidemiological perspective with a political perspective on the best course of action.
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Corraya, Sumitra, Florian Geißer, David Speck, and Robert Mattmüller. "An Empirical Study of the Usefulness of State-Dependent Action Costs in Planning." In KI 2019: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30179-8_10.

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Katakwar, Harsh, Palvi Aggarwal, Zahid Maqbool, and Varun Dutt. "Influence of Probing Action Costs on Adversarial Decision-Making in a Deception Game." In ICT Analysis and Applications. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5655-2_62.

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Masters, William A., Elena M. Martinez, Friederike Greb, Anna Herforth, and Sheryl L. Hendriks. "The Cost and Affordability of Preparing a Basic Meal Around the World." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_33.

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AbstractAll countries have a rising burden of diet-related disease from the consumption of unhealthy foods. About three billion people around the world cannot afford the diverse foods needed for a healthy diet. This chapter aims to extend previous work on diet cost and affordability to address the hidden costs of meal preparation inside the home. Costs of a basic meal based on market prices for the most affordable items are estimated in 168 countries. Also, the hidden costs of meal preparation are considered, taking account of environmental or social externalities from the production and distribution of food, as well as the health externalities involved in food consumption. The data shown here reveal that even the simple raw ingredients for a basic plate are often unaffordable for the poorest, and the added cost of time and fuel can make such meals prohibitively expensive. Results suggest two main avenues for policy action. First, governments should use the information on the least costly way to meet dietary standards to inform poverty lines and provide targeted assistance so as to ensure that citizens can acquire safe and nutritious items in sufficient quantities for an active and healthy life, using locale-appropriate safety nets. Second, food policies should recognize the hidden costs of meal preparation that often put healthier, more sustainable diets out of reach. Overcoming the hidden barriers to preparation of healthy meals will require support for helpful forms of food processing that preserve or enhance nutritional values, while taking action to limit potentially harmful forms of ultra-processing associated with diet-related disease. Food-based safety nets and improvements in the food environment can make healthy diets affordable for all people at all times, to help every country reach global development goals.
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Hanushek, Eric A., and Bradley Strauss. "United States: The Size and Variation of the Pandemic Learning Losses." In Evaluating Education: Normative Systems and Institutional Practices. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69284-0_13.

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AbstractRecent international and national assessments point to the substantial learning losses that resulted from school disruptions during the pandemic. The United States, which entered the pandemic with achievement near the OECD average, had rather average pandemic learning losses and came out of the pandemic at roughly the same international ranking as before the pandemic. The learning losses from the pandemic foretell substantial economic costs related to the lower skills of those in the COVID-19 cohort. At the same time, there was substantial heterogeneity in achievement losses across states and across individuals, leading to disproportionate economic impacts on some individuals and states. Unlike the other economic costs of the pandemic, those from learning losses are future costs that are yet to accrue and that can be ameliorated by public action—but the time for feasibly addressing them is quickly running out.
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Serai, Suraj D., and Meng Yin. "MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Experimental Protocols." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_32.

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AbstractApplication of MRE for noninvasive evaluation of renal fibrosis has great potential for noninvasive assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD leads to severe complications, which require dialysis or kidney transplant and could even result in death. CKD in native kidneys and interstitial fibrosis in allograft kidneys are the two major kidney fibrotic pathologies where MRE may be clinically useful. Both these conditions can lead to extensive morbidity, mortality, and high health care costs. Currently, biopsy is the standard method for renal fibrosis staging. This method of diagnosis is painful, invasive, limited by sampling bias, exhibits inter- and intraobserver variability, requires prolonged hospitalization, poses risk of complications and significant bleeding, and could even lead to death. MRE based methods can potentially be useful to noninvasively detect, stage, and monitor renal fibrosis, reducing the need for renal biopsy. In this chapter, we describe experimental procedure and step by step instructions to run MRE along with some illustrative applications. We also includes sections on how to perform data quality check and analysis methods.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
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Jakob, Michael. "Social Change." In The Case Against Climate Doom. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93968-6_2.

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Abstract Successfully addressing climate change requires collective action. People need to adjust their behaviors, for example, by changing mobility patterns and dietary habits. These decisions are taken within a broader social context in which social norms and attitudes toward climate change play an important role. Social values also crucially shape the design of climate policies, in particular with regard to the distribution of their costs and benefits. Social change tends to occur gradually through discursive processes that are reflected in the media as well as culture and the arts. Manifestations of social change include rising awareness of climate issues around the globe and a growing willingness of people to actively address it, for example, by changing their lifestyle or getting involved in political action. In addition, citizens are increasingly adopting more climate-friendly investment behaviors and civil society organizations are resorting to climate litigation to push for more ambitious climate policies and to hold companies attempting to delay climate action accountable.
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"COSTS." In Civil Procedure Rules in Action. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141167-54.

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Conference papers on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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Wang, C., A. Neville, S. Ramachandran, and V. Jovancicevic. "Understanding the Action of Inhibitors in Mitigating Erosion-Corrosion in Impinging Flows." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04658.

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Abstract Erosion-corrosion is a complex mechanism of material degradation resulting from interactions between electrochemical and mechanical processes. The consequences of erosion-corrosion are severe with economic penalties resulting from premature failure of components, increased downtime and increased maintenance costs. This paper assesses the efficiency of two commercial corrosion inhibitors in reducing material damage occurring as a consequence of erosion - corrosion processes. An assessment of the damage is made using gravimetric techniques, electrochemical measurements and visual observation. This paper identifies the role that inhibitors can play in reducing damage, in addition to that caused by corrosion processes alone. The performance of inhibitors in these extremely aggressive erosion-corrosion conditions is discussed in relation to their ability to maintain carbon steel degradation at an acceptable level.
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Anderson, Thomas F., R. L. Vockel, and Larry Fraser. "Service Life Prediction of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Corrosion Resistant Equipment (By Monitoring While in Service to Determine Any Deterioration or Damage to the Corrosion Barrier)." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97348.

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Abstract The non-destructive test system called FRP Corrosion Resistant Barrier Deterioration and Damage Detection that is described can be run while the FRP equipment is in service. The system can alert chemical plant companies to changes in the chemical corrosion barrier which can allow corrective action to be taken before any leaks or releases of chemicals occur. The paper covers the fundamentals, history and development of a concept into a plant-scale working test system. Properly implemented, the system can reduce equipment inspections needed and give substantial reductions in maintenance costs and the need for confined space entries.
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Neville, A., C. Wang, S. Ramachandran, and V. Jovancicevic. "Erosion-Corrosion Mitigation Using Chemicals." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03319.

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Abstract Erosion-corrosion is a complex mechanism of material degradation resulting from interactions between electrochemical and mechanical processes. The consequences of erosion-corrosion are severe with economic penalties resulting from premature failure of components, increased downtime and increased maintenance costs. This paper assesses the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors in reducing material damage occurring as a consequence of erosion and corrosion processes. The inhibitor action is measured using gravimetric and electrochemical analysis. It has been demonstrated that the inhibitors, effective in reducing corrosion in static conditions, are not always effective in erosion-corrosion environments. Inhibitor action under erosion-corrosion in this study is through adsorption on the metal surface and effective elimination of charge transfer. Through reduction of corrosion processes the inhibitor facilitates the reduction of all corrosion-related damage. There also appears to be a role of the inhibitor in affecting the mechanical impact damage.
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Stein, Arthur. "Life Cycle Management Evaluations of Service Water Components." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94125.

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Abstract The useful life of a power plant is defined by business and economic factors. Degradation of major capital intensive systems/components that occur late in service life pose particularly difficult issues because their remaining amortization time may be insufficient to avoid a significant impact on the cost of electricity. Life cycle management (LCM) is a method of understanding and evaluating such options in order to arrive at optimum useful life of a unit. LCM is a rational decision making process which integrates economic and technical data to develop, support, and assess the economic impact of those issues which affect plant service life. The LCM cost-benefit analysis process addresses indirect and direct costs and the technical and economic uncertainties associated with maintenance, replacement, and refurbishment. It remains a dynamic program over the life of the plant. The LCM process incorporates age-related degradation into deterministic or probabilistic evaluations. Sensitivity analyses are used to illustrate the impact of uncertainties. This process allows the most cost-effective action to be determined. This paper describes the methods and presents two examples of an LCM evaluation of a service water system at a nuclear power plant which uses seawater as the cooling fluid. The full evaluation is presented in EPRI Report TR- 102204, April 1993. Cost-benefit analyses were developed by quantifying the age-related degradation for various lining and replacement materials, determining their probabilistic service life distributions, and developing repair/replacement alternatives. For each alternative, the maintenance requirements, life expectancy, and their associated costs were determined. The probabilistic approach and sensitivity analyses demonstrated the confidence in and the economic value of each alternative. To determine the effect of license renewal and to fully appreciate the value of the repair/replacement alternatives, the Present Value of Revenue Requirements (PVRR) costs were determined with and without a 20-year license renewal. The component aging evaluations and cost-benefit analyses were integrated to produce a comprehensive Life Cycle Management Plan for the service water system. This plan is supportable and provides the basis for cost-effective recommendations for improved system performance as well as justification for operating the modified system for an additional 20-year license renewal period.
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Shoyer, Eric. "Power Tool Surface Preparation in Shipyards." In Coatings+ 2021. SSPC, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2021-00029.

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Abstract Power tool cleaning has been a common method of surface preparation prior to coating application since the dawn of steel shipbuilding. Power tools are usually handheld pneumatic, or sometimes electric, devices that through impacting or abrasive action can remove coating and corrosion. Most commonly power tool cleaning has been used for re-work or coating repair associated with outfitting. Typically, power tools are limited to the touch up or repair of small areas or areas that cannot be accessed by bulkier equipment such as abrasive blasters. Despite having lower production rates and lower coating performance compared to abrasive blasting, power tools are still a valuable option and are effective in the right circumstances. However, tools and techniques are constantly evolving and there is a need to generate the necessary data to allow shipyards to optimize procedure for power tool cleaning prior to coating application. With proper guidance and optimization of newer tools and processes there is a significant opportunity to reduce costs and improve the coating quality for both shipyards and the Navy
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Björnsson, Ivar, Sven Thelandersson, Thomas Kamrad, Karl Lundstedt, and Ola Öhrström. "Resource expenditure for bridges in Sweden – do we build greener bridges now compared to 50 years ago?" In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.0825.

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&lt;p&gt;The building and construction sector is responsible for a significant portion of embodied and energy related carbon emissions. Efforts to reduce this are reflected in the need for improved sustainability in the design, construction, and operation of structures such as buildings and bridges. This issue has become more prominent in recent decades due to the ongoing climate crisis. A historical review of developments in bridge design and construction reveals an evolution in procedures, codes, and practices. The aim was often to improve something; reduce costs, reduce conservatism, optimize structural configurations, increase safety, improve durability, etc. Significant developments over the previous half century have included the now ubiquitous use of more advanced computational software and the growth in both size and complexity of design codes. A relevant question concerns how these types of developments have impacted sustainability; do we build greener than 50 years ago? This paper discusses this issue for the case of bridge construction in Sweden, where an increase in material expenditure, costs, and environmental impacts have been observed when comparing newer and older bridges. Case studies of existing bridges are provided as examples highlighting potential driving forces for the observed increases. As it stands, it is unclear whether, and to what degree, these increases are justified. Industry perspectives, obtained from interviews with bridge experts, confirm the observed trend and some of the causes for the increase. Possible strategies for dealing with this problem are discussed, highlighting the need for further action.&lt;/p&gt;
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Chimin, Roberta Q. F., Eustaquio V. R. de Castro, Tamires A. Lima, Alexandre O. Gomes, Flora G. Machado, and Regina C. L. Guimaräes. "Developing Methodology to Study the Evolution of Chlorides in a Manual Oil Distillation Unit." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4116.

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Abstract During oil refining, the equipment is constantly exposed to the action of compounds such as salts, organic and inorganic acids, sulfides, and carbonates among others, which lead to decrease in equipment service life. The presence of salts in oil poses many challenges, taking into account that corrosion problems in refining environments are very common. The oil exploration in new fields in Brazil and the growing search for productivity and the efficiency of refining processes increasingly demand more strategies to monitor the processes and minimize operational costs. This study aims at investigating the release process of chlorides by developing a method that allows assessing, comparing, and monitoring the hydrochloric acid generated during oil distillation in order to foresee oil behavior during refining and propose strategies to inhibit hydrolysis reactions and controlling the pH of the overhead system. Salinity mass data balances were obtained, as well as their respective chloride release percentage, during the distillation process. The results show that the methodology is efficient because the data obtained from the salinity mass balance showed low losses and the replicates carried out were very similar.
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Nor, A. Mohammed, M. F. Suhor, M. F. Mohamed, M. Singer, and S. Nesic. "Corrosion of Carbon Steel in High CO2 Environment: Flow Effect." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11242.

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Abstract At first glance, the need to explore and develop hydrocarbon gas fields which contain high CO2 contents (up to 80 mole %) would call for the use of expensive corrosion resistant alloys. This would have the potential to render project development costs untenable. An alternative approach would be to evaluate the technical feasibility of using carbon steels. Unlike transportation and sequestration of supercritical CO2, where the amount of water is normally negligible or comes from condensation, field development has to consider the presence of formation water. This water has the potential to contain multiple corrosive species. In addition to the action of such species during carbon steel corrosion, evaluations that involve the effect of flow on corrosion rates are required as flow has the possible effects of challenging the protectiveness of the corrosion product films and increasing the mass transfer rates close to the pipe wall. In the present study, flow-sensitive CO2 corrosion has been investigated using a high-pressure high-temperature rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) autoclave and a pipe flow loop system. Corrosion rates are measured via weight loss and by electrochemical methods at various pH’s (3 to 5), temperatures (25 to 50°C), near critical and supercritical CO2 partial pressures and at equivalent fluid velocities from 0 to 1.5 m/s.
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Fernandez, Monica, Osvaldo Mejia, and Fatih Boluk. "Use of Solid State Decouplers to Eliminate Internal Stray Current Corrosion in Electrical Isolating Devices." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-15031.

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Abstract Internal stray current corrosion of electrical isolating devices (EID) has been the cause of some documented failures in the oil and gas industry. With the aging of hydrocarbon reservoirs and increasing water cut on production fluids, the threat has also significantly increased for pipeline systems transporting untreated well fluids. When this damage mechanism was identified in the facilities, and after susceptibility review, immediate action was carried out to avoid future leaks by elimination of the isolation via cross-bonding, which triggered a surge in the current demand of the cathodic protection system due to current drainage to earthing systems. To maximize Cathodic Protection (CP) efficiency and optimize costs, the use of Direct Current (DC) solid-state decoupling devices (SSD) was explored. This was seen as an attractive solution to eliminate the need for electrical isolation, therefore eliminating the threat of stray current corrosion with negligible cost. A pilot was conducted installing SSDs in each earthing pit of a remote manifold station (RMS) where large increment in the cathodic current drain was required to keep the associated lines protected after cross-bonding the EIDs. Once SSDs were installed it was confirmed that the rectifier output could be reduced to current drain levels considered normal as before the bonding while lines still met protection criteria. Even though the trial was successful, to further implement the confirmed solution across the rest of our facilities, additional studies have to be conducted, especially the demonstration of the failure mode of SSDs at the maximum failure conditions anticipated in our facilities: 45 KV for a duration of not less than 600 ms.
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Gay, John M. "The Role of Visual Inspection in Planning for Chemical and Mechanical Cleaning." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98329.

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Abstract From the beginning, the commercial nuclear power industry has faced many difficult challenges. For the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) family, steam generator maintenance and repair costs are paramount. Worldwide, utilities have spent billions of dollars on steam generator inspection and repair due to tube corrosion. Several utilities have replaced steam generators. Recent history has shown that most of the corrosion and fouling takes place on the secondary side of steam generators. Visual inspection tools are now providing much of the information necessary to plan when and what methodology should be used to remove the corrosion drivers. Prior to 1989, visual inspection was mainly used to look for foreign objects or assess component damage. In 1989, a USA utility visually inspected the upper internals of their PWR steam generators. The results changed the approach to steam generator maintenance adopted by the PWR commercial nuclear industry Visual inspection is now the primary method used to plan for and assess chemical and mechanical cleaning results. Rapid advancements in visual technology and the ability to deliver it to previously inaccessible locations, is aiding industry in appraising components and determining where to take action. Inspection results help decide what cleaning technology offers the best opportunity for success.
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Reports on the topic "Costs of in-action"

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CLARISSA. Inability to Bear Educational Costs. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.014.

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The Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) programme uses Action Research (AR) to understand the dynamics which drive the worst forms of child labour (WFCL), and to generate participatory innovations which help to shift these underlying dynamics and mitigate their worst effects. Through 13 Action Research Groups (ARGs) in Bangladesh and 12 groups in Nepal, the programme is generating a rich understanding – particularly through children’s lived experiences – of the complex underlying drivers of harmful work and working children and their employers are themselves defining, piloting and evaluating their own innovative actions that aim to increase children’s options to avoid WFCL. This group worked on the theme 'Inability to bear educational costs'.
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Shifter, Michael, Mayra Buvinic, and Andrew Morrison. Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Framework for Action. Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008938.

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Considering the high prevalence of domestic and social violence and their linkages, the focus of this analysis is the broader subject of violence rather than the narrower one of criminal violence. A violent act may or may not contravene existing legislation and consequently may or may not be labeled as "criminal" by the criminal justice system. What triggers violence in Latin America and the Caribbean? What can be done to curb violence, both within the home and outside it? What can be learned from the region's experience with violence? To help answer these questions, this paper presents a classification of types of violence, charts some of the principal socio-economic costs that result from violence, and identifies the principal contributing or risk factors. It also attempts to link policy recommendations for reducing violence to the factors that generate it. Finally, the paper outlines broad priority areas for future action to reduce violence in the region.
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Sturzenegger, Germán, Cecilia Vidal, and Sebastián Martínez. The Last Mile Challenge of Sewage Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Anastasiya Yarygina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002878.

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Access to piped sewage in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) cities has been on the rise in recent decades. Yet achieving high rates of end-user connection between dwellings and sewage pipelines remains a challenge for water and sanitation utilities. Governments throughout the region are investing millions in increasing access to sewage services but are failing in the last mile. When households do not connect to the sewage system, the full health and social benefits of sanitation investments fail to accrue, and utilities can face lost revenue and higher operating costs. Barriers to connect are diverse, including low willingness to pay for connection costs and/or the associated tariffs, liquidity and credit constrains to cover the cost of upgrades or repairs, information gaps on the benefits of connecting, behavioral obstacles, and collective action failures. In contexts of weak regulation and strong social pressure, utilities typically lack the ability to enforce connection through fines and legal action. This paper explores the scope of the connectivity problem, identifies potential connection barriers, and discusses policy solutions. A research agenda is proposed in support of evidence-based interventions that have the potential to achieve higher effective sanitation coverage more rapidly and cost-effectively in LAC. This research agenda must focus on: i) quantifying the scope of the problem; ii) understanding the barriers that trigger it; and iii) identifying the most cost-effective policy and market-based solutions.
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Gómez Mont, Constanza, Svante Persson, and César Buenadicha Sánchez. Digital Tokens for Climate Action and Nature-Based Solutions: Exploration of Opportunities and Considerations. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004834.

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This report on digital tokens for climate action and nature-based solutions forms a valuable addition to the emerging body of knowledge and is specially intended to inform, inspire, and spur action for new, innovative, and potentially effective ways of providing financial resources and effective action for climate action and the conservation and regeneration of our natural capital. Using technology to lower costs and barriers to access, as well as a tool to generate social inclusion and democratize opportunities, is at the core of the intersection that we will be presenting in this document. Latin America and the Caribbean need to combine the opportunity that natural capital and biodiversity bring, with the acceleration of ecosystems of innovation and entrepreneurship aiming at inclusion and diversity. This report aims to add value in the understanding of how the harnessing of these digital tools can help untap opportunities in Latin America for climate action and the protection of its rich natural ecosystems.
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Gischler, Christiaan, Camila Gonzalez Torres, Lars Olson, Gianmarco Servetti, Laura Rojas Sánchez, and Enrique Rodriguez. The Energy Sector in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009233.

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Belize faces declining petroleum production as well as electricity costs that are among the highest in Central America. Although it is dependent on Mexico for over 30 percent of electricity supply, Belize has significant renewable energy resources of its own that can help reduce this need (and the high costs to fill it) and increase energy security. The country also has the opportunity to consume energy more efficiently by using innovative technologies. To realize these opportunities, Belize, with the support of a Sustainable Energy Action Plan developed with technical assistance from the Inter-American Development Bank, has developed an energy policy and a strategic plan for the ministry responsible for energy. Collectively, the policy and strategic plan aim to address the barriers that prevent public and private sector entities from using energy more efficiently, as well as those that restrict the development of renewable energy.
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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Trade Costs and the Economic Fundamentals of the Initiative for Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA). Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011053.

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In October 2000, the twelve countries of South America launched, a multinational, multisectoral and multidisciplinary initiative, whose main objective is to develop the region's infrastructure within a context of environmental sustainability. Supported by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Andean Development Corporation, and the Financial Fund for the Development of the River Plate Basin, the Initiative is based on a hub strategy and its action plan calls for (1) strengthening national investment planning and coordination among countries, (2) standardizing and harmonizing regulatory and institutional aspects and (3) developing a portfolio of projects that encourage private sector participation and innovative financing schemes. This paper revisits IIRSA's economic fundamentals, looking at: the motivation behind regional integration; the importance of transport versus policy related trade costs; and the likely impact of the initiative on regional disparities and growth.
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Muñoz, Ernesto, Iván Hernández, Francisco González, Nathalie Cely, and Iván Prieto. The Discovery of New Export Products in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010828.

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This paper examines export diversification in Ecuador in the cases of fresh cut flowers, canned tuna, palm heart, broccoli and mangoes, using the theoretical framework on pioneers and discoveries developed by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003), as well as work by Sánchez and Butler (2006) on export costs and related uncertainties. It is found that the discoveries were mainly of traditional competitive advantage, with various degrees of technology adoption. The following policy implications are derived: i) innovative mechanisms to share the costs of new discoveries must be found and intellectual property rights strengthened; ii) cooperation among industry experts needs to improve; iii) deeper collective action to promote public-private partnerships should be undertaken; iv) relevant information and knowledge should be made available to all interested parties; and v) a national-level agenda should be undertaken to increase private investment in promising sectors while promoting the creation of public goods and minimizing rent-seeking behavior.
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Secretariat, Commonwealth. Strategy to Enhance Private Sector Engagement in Eswatini NDC Actions. Commonwealth Secretariat, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.989.

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The private sector in Eswatini is not currently well engaged in NDC action. Barriers limiting Eswatini’s private sector mass engagement towards green investments are largely the result of a lack of enabling policy and financial incentives to reduce investment risks and increase the willingness of the private sector. The Government of Eswatini thus needs to create an enabling policy and regulatory environment to enable private sector innovation and investment in NDC actions. Providing a robust framework for public-private partnerships and creating investment incentives will help minimise unnecessary costs and reduce risks and therefore attract private sector investment.
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Darling, Arthur H., and William J. Vaughan. The Optimal Sample Size for Contingent Valuation Surveys: Applications to Project Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008824.

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One of the first questions that has to be answered in the survey design process is "How many subjects should be interviewed?" The answer can have significant implications for the cost of project preparation, since in Latin America and the Caribbean costs per interview can range from US$20 to US$100. Traditionally, the sample size question has been answered in an unsatisfactory way by either dividing an exogenously fixed survey budget by the cost per interview or by employing some variant of a standard statistical tolerance interval formula. The answer is not to be found in the environmental economics literature. But, it can be developed by adapting a Bayesian decision analysis approach from business statistics. The paper explains and illustrates, with a worked example, the rationale for and mechanics of a sequential Bayesian optimization technique, which is only applicable when there is some monetary payoff to alternative courses of action that can be linked to the sample data.
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Dumas, Nathalie, Flourentzou Flourentzos, Julien BOUTILLIER, Bernard Paule, and Tristan de KERCHOVE d’EXAERDE. Integration of smart building technologies costs and CO2 emissions within the framework of the new EPIQR-web application. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541616188.

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The EPIQR method was developed between 1996 and 1998 within the framework of the European research programme JOULE II and with the support of the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science. In its first versions, the EPIQR software and EPIQR+ that succeeded it, were desktop tools, allowing a precise diagnosis of the state of deterioration of an existing building and the elaboration of renovation scenarios including the different costs of the necessary works. However, deep refurbishment rate is still low. Climatic emergency state declared by most of the Swiss Cantons makes it necessary to search also for other strategies for urgent reduction of CO2 emissions. As part of the PRELUDE project, a web version of this tool has been developed to integrate both smart technologies and energy optimization actions. Some of them can be considered as soft actions, making it possible to develop a soft renovation roadmap for buildings that are not scheduled for renovation in the short term. As examples, the costs of optimization contracts, intelligent heating control, demand-controlled ventilation, abandonment of heat production from fossil fuels, integration of renewable energies into the building, and communities’ creation for self-consumption of photovoltaic production have now been modelled. Το help the residential building stock fit with the CO2 reduction of 60% by 2030 compliance and the “2000 W society” energy sobriety target by 2050, the EPIQR-WEB database includes the CO2 indirect emissions of each refurbishment action. Hence, this updated version enables the building diagnosis expert to evaluate and optimise deep refurbishment scenarios, from both financial and environmental point of view. Parallel calculation of CO2 indirect emissions with the calculation of refurbishment cost is done without extra time cost for the user. The paper will show the software new functions, the EPIQR-WEB database expansion and how its overall results can be used to meet the European Union Climate Target through a realistic and comprehensive investment plan.
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