Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test.

Journal articles on the topic 'Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 40 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

Falla, Deborah L., Carolyn D. Campbell, Amy E. Fagan, David C. Thompson, and Gwendolen A. Jull. "Relationship between cranio-cervical flexion range of motion and pressure change during the cranio-cervical flexion test." Manual Therapy 8, no. 2 (2003): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1356-689x(03)00008-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Malik, Robina, Kinza Anwar, Hafsah Arshad, et al. "Effects of Sub-Occipital Muscles Inhibition Technique and Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise for Mechanical Neck Pain." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 4 (2023): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs202317449.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim: To compare the effects of Suboccipital muscle Release (SMI) techniques and Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise (CCFE) for Range of motion, pain, neck disability and forward head posture (FHP) in mechanical neck pain patients. Methodology: This Randomize Clinical Trial was conducted in Railway General Hospital Rawalpindi, within a duration of 6 months.Total 28 patients who fullfilled inclusion criteria such as were randomly allocated equall into two treatment groupthrough lottery method. Group A received suboccipital muscle inhibition technique while Group B received craniocerviacal flexion exercises. Both groups were evaluated at baseline and after four weeks through numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Goniometer, and craniovertebral angle. IBM SPSS 24 was used for statistical analysis.Parametric test i.e., independent t test was applied on normal distributed data for between group analysis and Paired t test was applied for within group analysis for NDI. Non-parametric test i.e., Mann- Whitney U test was applied for between group analysis and Wilcoxon test were applied for within group analysis for FHP, NPRS and ROM. Results: Groups A and Group B showed significant improvement (p˂0.05) in within group analysis in Numeric Pain Rating Scale, forward head posture, neck disability index and cervical range of motion. Practical implication: Mechanical neck pain accounts approximately 50% to neck pain and may induce functional disability in many patients. The current study findings can be used to formulate effective, accessible andeconomical treatment strategies for Mechanical neck pain, so it may be interesting to the readers ofyour journal. Conclusion: Sub occipital muscle inhibition technique and cranio cervical flexion exercises areequally effective techniques to increase cervical range of motion, decrease neck disability, decrease pain intensity, and improvecranio-vertebral angle in patients with mechanical neck pain. Keywords: Cranio-cervical flexion exercises, Cranio-vertebral angle, Neck Disability Index, Range of Motion,

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Peterson, Gunnel, Emma Nilsing Strid, Margaretha Jönsson, Jesper Hävermark, and Anneli Peolsson. "Effect of neck-specific exercises with and without internet support on cervical range of motion and neck muscle endurance in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: analysis of functional outcomes of a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 56 (July 29, 2024): jrm34785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v56.34785.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: To compare the effects of a neck-specific exercise programme with internet support and 4 physiotherapist sessions (NSEIT) and the same neck-specific exercises supervised by a physiotherapist (NSE) on neck muscle endurance and cervical range of motion. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Patients: A total of 140 participants with chronic whiplash-associated disorders grade II or grade III were randomly assigned to the NSEIT or NSE groups. Methods: Outcomes were changes in active cervical range of motion, cranio-cervical flexion test, neck muscle endurance, and neck pain, at 3- and 15-month follow-ups. Results: There were no significant differences between the NSEIT and NSE groups. There was a significant group-by-time inter-action effect in active cervical range of motion flexion/extension where the NSEIT group improved to 3-month follow-up, but the NSE group did not. Both groups were significantly improved over time in all other outcomes (p < 0.001) at 3- and 15-month follow-ups, with effect size between 0.64 and 1.35 in active cervical range of motion, cranio-cervical flexion test, dorsal neck muscle endurance, and neck pain, and effect size between 0.22 and 0.42 in ventral neck muscle endurance. Conclusion: Both NSE and NSEIT led to improved neck function. Depending on the patients’ needs, either NSE or NSEIT could be used as treatment for patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Lalu, Manuela, Petru Mihancea, and Olivia Andreea Marcu. "The benefits of manual therapy and active cervical exercises in pacients with cerviogenic headache." Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica 67, no. 3 (2021): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2021-0022.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Introduction: Cervicogenic headache stems from a dysfunctional mechanism that frequently affects the upper region of the cervical spine, often involving multiple tissues connected with the occipital, submandibular, and orofacial region. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of a personalized program of manual therapy and specific exercises in patients with cervicogenic headaches. Material and Methods: The study included 44 patients. Specific functional tests of the cranio-cervical-mandibular complex, namely the evaluation of the cranio-cervical-mandibular complex (according to Rocabado), cervical flexion-rotation test, cervical flexor endurance test, cervical extensors endurance test, and palpation of trigger points and cervical spine dynamics, were employed. Results: The analysis of demographic data shows a significantly increased prevalence of headache among women. The symptomatology that almost always accompanies episodes of cervicogenic headache is localized neck pain. The intensity and frequency of the symptoms are strongly associated with alterations in the dynamics of the upper cervical spine and chronic sleep disorders. Conclusion: Cranio-cervical manual therapy has proven effective in patients with cervicogenic headaches. The implementation of a strategy based on manual therapy and active exercise had a superior statistical and clinical result compared to the exclusively manual therapeutic approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Lluch, Enrique, Jochen Schomacher, Leonardo Gizzi, Frank Petzke, Dagmar Seegar, and Deborah Falla. "Immediate effects of active cranio-cervical flexion exercise versus passive mobilisation of the upper cervical spine on pain and performance on the cranio-cervical flexion test." Manual Therapy 19, no. 1 (2014): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2013.05.011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Morrison, Fiona. "Immediate Effects of Active Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise versus Passive Mobilisation of the Upper Cervical Spine on Pain and Performance on the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test." manuelletherapie 17, no. 04 (2013): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356786.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Rajalaxmi, V., S. Kotteswari, R. Nithya Nisha, and Mohan Nallathambi. "Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of cranio cervical flexion test in symptomatic subjects of neck pain using pressure biofeedback." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 22, no. 3 (2023): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65335.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the intra – rater and inter – rater reliability of cranio cervical flexion test in symptomatic subjects. Background of study: Neck flexor muscles endurance was negatively correlated with cervical pain and dysfunction. Cranio cervical flexion test protocol has been advocated to train cranio cervical flexor muscle performance at present there is no consensus to the most effective method. The CCFT is a clinical test of neuromotor control of deep flexor of the cervical spine. Methodology: This was an observational study design with test-retest type and conducted in the ACS medical college and hospital. 50 samples were selected based on inclusion criteria. The CCFT was measured by one tester twice for intra rater reliability and two testers for inter-rater reliability were again tested after 24 Hours (Next day) by keeping time and environment optimal. In this CCFT, the activation pressure score and highest-pressure score was measured using Pressure Biofeedback unit. Result: The mean score for Activation Pressure by intra-rater tester one was found to be 2.24 (1.69) and 2.64 (1.48) in retest. The ICC intrarater score for Highest pressure value by tester one was 23.92 (2.17) and 24.32 (1.99) in retest. The mean score for activation pressure by Inter – rater examiners was found to be 2.92(1.15) by examiner - 1 and 2.72(1.19) by examiner - 2. The ICC Inter – rater score for highest pressure value by examiner - 1 was 24.32(1.95) and 24.4(2.33) by examiner - 2. The ICC value of the study indicated high reliability of the activation pressure and highest-pressure value among the intra and inter-raters. Conclusion: The CCFT has high inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities in symptomatic subjects. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 617-622

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Uthaikhup, Sureeporn, and Gwendolen Jull. "Performance in the cranio-cervical flexion test is altered in elderly subjects." Manual Therapy 14, no. 5 (2009): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.12.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Luedtke, Kerstin, Wiebke Starke, and Arne May. "Musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine patients." Cephalalgia 38, no. 5 (2017): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102417716934.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective The aim of this project was to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in migraine patients using a rigorous methodological approach and validating an international consensus cluster of headache assessment tests. Methods A physiotherapist, blinded towards the diagnosis, examined 138 migraine patients (frequent episodic and chronic), recruited at a specialised headache clinic, and 73 age and gender matched healthy controls following a standardised protocol. Eleven tests, previously identified in an international consensus procedure, were used to evaluate cervical and thoracic musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Results Primary analyses indicated statistically significant differences across groups for the total number of trigger points, flexion-rotation test, thoracic screening, manual joint testing of the upper cervical spine, cranio-cervical flexion test, and reproduction and resolution. Ninety three percent of the assessed patients had at least three musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Post-hoc tests showed significant differences between episodic or chronic migraine patients and healthy controls, but not between migraine groups. Conclusions A standardised set of six physical examination tests showed a high prevalence of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in migraine patients. These dysfunctions support a reciprocal interaction between the trigeminal and the cervical systems as a trait symptom in migraine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Hudswell, Sue, Michael von Mengersen, and Nicholas Lucas. "The cranio-cervical flexion test using pressure biofeedback: A useful measure of cervical dysfunction in the clinical setting?" International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 8, no. 3 (2005): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2005.07.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kaur, Amrit, Komal Mali, and Mahesh Mitra. "To Compare the Immediate Effects of Active Cranio Cervical Flexion Exercise Versus Passive Mobilization of Upper Cervical Spine on Pain, Range of Motion and Cranio Cervical Flexion Test in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 12, no. 3 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-5674.2018.00050.3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Jull, G., C. Barrett, R. Magee, and P. Ho. "Further Clinical Clarification of the Muscle Dysfunction in Cervical Headache." Cephalalgia 19, no. 3 (1999): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.1903179.x.

Full text

Abstract:

The Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society listed impairments in cervical muscle function as criteria for headaches of cervical spine origin. Fifteen subjects with cervical headache and 15 controls were tested for the frequency of abnormal responses to passive stretching and abnormal muscle contraction. A new test of cranio-cervical flexion was used to assess the contraction of the deep neck flexors. Results indicated a trend towards a higher frequency of abnormal response to passive stretching of the muscles examined in the cervical headache group but only the upper trapezius proved significantly different to the control group. Deep neck flexor muscle contraction was significantly inferior in the cervical headache group. From the perspective of physical characterization of cervical headache, it appears mat response from passive stretch of muscle may not be a strong criterion for cervical headache but deep neck flexor performance may have potential to identify musculoskeletal involvement in headache. The finding may also provide positive directions for conservative treatment of cervical headache.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Grondin, Francis, Sébastien Freppel, Gwendolen Jull, Thomas Gérard, Teddy Caderby, and Nicolas Peyrot. "Fat Infiltration of Multifidus Muscle Is Correlated with Neck Disability in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 19 (2022): 5522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195522.

Full text

Abstract:

Chronic non-specific neck pain (CINP) is common, but the etiology remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between cervical muscle composition (cervical multifidus and longus capitis/longus colli), morphometry, range of movement, muscle function, and disability severity (Neck Disability Index) in patients with CINP. Methods: From September 2020 to July 2021, subjects underwent cervical MRI and clinical tests (cervical range of motion, cranio-cervical flexion test, neck flexor, and extensor muscle endurance). MRI analysis comprised muscle cross-sectional area, volume, and fat infiltration of multifidus and longus colli between C4 and C7 levels. Results: Twenty-five participants were included. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that NDI was positively correlated with the volume percentage of fat infiltration of the multifidus (B = 0.496), negatively correlated with fat-free muscle volume of the multifidus normalized by subject height (B = −0.230), and accounted for 32% of the variance. There was no relationship between neck disability and longus capitis/longus colli morphology. We also found no relationship between neck disability scores, neck flexor or extensor muscle endurance, or the outcome motor control test of craniocervical flexion (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Neck disability was moderately correlated with the percentage of fat volume in the multifidus muscle and fat-free volume of the multifidus. There was no relationship between NDI scores and muscle function test outcomes or any fat or volume measures pertaining to the longus colli muscle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Takasaki, Hiroshi, and Scott Herbowy. "Immediate improvement in the cranio-cervical flexion test associated with MDT-based interventions: a case report." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 24, no. 5 (2016): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2042618614y.0000000081.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Beer, Alexi, Julia Treleaven, and Gwendolen Jull. "Can a functional postural exercise improve performance in the cranio-cervical flexion test? – A preliminary study." Manual Therapy 17, no. 3 (2012): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.12.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Researcher. "A CASE REPORT - A 27-YEAR-OLD FEMALE WITH MECHANICAL NECK PAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT APPROACH UTILIZING NECK FLEXION KINEMATIC DATA, CRANIO-CERVICAL FLEXION TEST, AND POSTURAL ANALYSIS." International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (IJSB) 2, no. 1 (2024): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14051176.

Full text

Abstract:

An abridged outline of the case report. A 27-year-old female subject had a 6-month history of mechanical neck pain, which she described as a dull ache in the right side of her neck, radiating to her right shoulder and arm. She reported that the pain was exacerbated by prolonged sitting, working on computer persistently, and heavy lifting. The subject had tried various treatments, including physical therapy, chiropractic care, medication, and other home remedies. Her symptoms were not relieved and hence forth she visited our Harsha Institute of Physiotherapy Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy & Movement science for further assessment and management. We received a consent from the subject and further investigated her symptoms through assessment tools such as movement analysis of neck flexion specifically kinematic data through KINOVEA software and postural analysis through postural grid with photographic and videographic documentation followed by Cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) for mechanical dysfunction of neck and posture due to poor ergonomics. So, further management we imposed are postural correction (Forward head posture and round shoulder) and movement patterns of nodding and deep cervical flexors endurance training followed by ergonomics modification, improvised, and focused performance index and activation score of neck.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Cagnie, Barbara, Lieven Danneels, Ann Cools, Nele Dickx, and Dirk Cambier. "The influence of breathing type, expiration and cervical posture on the performance of the cranio-cervical flexion test in healthy subjects." Manual Therapy 13, no. 3 (2008): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.01.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zargoosh, Maryam, Mohsen Amiri, Iraj Abdollahi, Leila Rahnama, and Rezvan Lak. "Reliability of Longus Colli and Capitis Muscles Cross Sectional Area Measurement During Cranio Cervical Flexion Test Using Ultrasonography." Journal of Rehabilitation 18, no. 1 (2017): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jrehab-180143.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Park, Jun-Hyung. "Intra-rater and inter-rater Reliability of Ultrasonography with Modified Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test(CCFT) in Asymptomatic Subjects." Korean Society of Medicine & Therapy Science 13, no. 2 (2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31321/kmts.2021.13.2.21.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Jull, G., M. Amiri, J. Bullock-Saxton, R. Darnell, and C. Lander. "Cervical Musculoskeletal Impairment in Frequent Intermittent Headache. Part 1: Subjects With Single Headaches." Cephalalgia 27, no. 7 (2007): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01345.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Musculoskeletal disorders are considered the underlying cause of cervicogenic headache, but neck pain is commonly associated with migraine and tension-type headaches. This study tested musculoskeletal function in these headache types. From a group of 196 community-based volunteers with headache, 73 had a single headache classifiable as migraine ( n = 22), tension-type ( n = 33) or cervicogenic headache ( n = 18); 57 subjects acted as controls. Range of movement, manual examination of cervical segments, cervical flexor and extensor strength, the cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT), cross-sectional area of selected extensor muscles at C2 (ultrasound imaging) and cervical kinaesthetic sense were measured by a blinded examiner. In all but one measure (kinaesthetic sense), the cervicogenic headache group were significantly different from the migraine, tension-type headache and control groups (all P < 0.001). A dicriminant function analysis revealed that collectively, restricted movement, in association with palpable upper cervical joint dysfunction and impairment in the CCFT, had 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity to identify cervicogenic headache. There was no evidence that the cervical musculoskeletal impairments assessed in this study were present in the migraine and tension-type headache groups. Further research is required to validate the predictive capacity of this pattern of impairment to differentially diagnose cervicogenic headache.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Bonilla-Barba, Laura, Lidiane Lima Florencio, Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez, Deborah Falla, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, and Ricardo Ortega-Santiago. "Women with mechanical neck pain exhibit increased activation of their superficial neck extensors when performing the cranio-cervical flexion test." Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 49 (October 2020): 102222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102222.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

MSP, Ganesh, and Komal Mali. "Effect of Active Cranio Cervical Flexion Exercise of Upper Cervical Spine on Pain, Cervical Range of Motion and Craniocervical Flexion Test (CCFT) in Patients with Age Group 20–40 Years of Chronic Neck Pain." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-5674.2019.00047.9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Almeida, Manuel Barbosa de, Marion Moreira, Paulo Miranda-Oliveira, et al. "Evolving Dynamics of Neck Muscle Activation Patterns in Dental Students: A Longitudinal Study." Sensors 24, no. 17 (2024): 5689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175689.

Full text

Abstract:

Cervical pain has been linked to increased motor unit activity, potentially associated with the initiation and progression of chronic neck pain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the time-course changes in cervical superficial muscle activation patterns among dental students with and without neck pain throughout their initial semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation between neck pain (NP) (n = 21) and control group (CG) (n = 23). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the sternocleidomastoid and upper bilateral trapezius was recorded before starting their clinical practice and after their first semester while performing a cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) in five increasing levels between 22 mmHg and 30 mmHg. After the first semester, both the CG (p < 0.001) and NP (p = 0.038) groups showed decreased sternocleidomastoid activation. The NP group exhibited a concomitant increase in upper trapezius coactivation (p < 0.001), whereas the muscle activation pattern in asymptomatic students remained unchanged (p = 0.980). During the first semester of clinical training, dental students exhibited decreased superficial flexor activity, but those with neck pain had increased co-contraction of the upper trapezius, likely to stabilize the painful segment. This altered activation pattern could be associated with further dysfunction and symptoms, potentially contributing to chronicity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

O’Leary, Shaun, Deborah Falla, and Gwendolen Jull. "The relationship between superficial muscle activity during the cranio-cervical flexion test and clinical features in patients with chronic neck pain." Manual Therapy 16, no. 5 (2011): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.02.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kosova, Altay, and Omer Osman Pala. "Does Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation-Based Hamstring Stretching Influence Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Endurance?" Life 15, no. 7 (2025): 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071019.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim: To assess the acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), stretching was applied to the hamstring muscles to evaluate deep cervical flexor endurance. Potential variables correlating with endurance adaptations were examined. Methods: This randomized controlled trial performed between September 2023 and June 2024 included healthy female university students aged 18–25 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or the PNF group. Variables included age, height, weight, body mass index, Beighton score, hamstring flexibility, and deep cervical flexor muscle endurance; correlations between changes in hamstring flexibility and DCF endurance were explored. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using the Passive Knee Extension Test, and deep cervical flexor endurance was assessed using the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test. The PNF group received hold–relax exercises while controls did not receive any intervention. Results: The study included 32 control participants and 32 individuals in the PNF group. The PNF group was marginally but significantly older than the control group [22 (21–23) vs. 21 (21–22); p = 0.038]. At baseline, the PNF group showed greater hamstring flexibility (p = 0.010). Both groups showed significant improvements in hamstring flexibility (p < 0.001 for both), but the improvement in the PNF recipients was far greater (p < 0.001). Regarding deep neck flexor endurance, no significant difference was observed between the groups at baseline (p = 0.958) or in final measurements (p = 0.244), although both groups showed significant improvements from baseline (p < 0.001 for both). There were no significant correlations between the change in deep neck flexor endurance and any of the examined variables. Conclusions: Our study found that a single session of PNF stretching significantly improved hamstring flexibility but did not immediately enhance deep neck flexor endurance. This emphasizes the need for further research into longer-term interventions to assess whether interventions on hamstring flexibility can improve cervical function.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Becker, Jordan J., Tara L. McIsaac, Shawn L. Copeland, and Rajal G. Cohen. "Alexander Technique vs. Targeted Exercise for Neck Pain—A Preliminary Comparison." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (2021): 4640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104640.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Alexander technique private lessons have been shown to reduce chronic neck pain and are thought to work by different mechanisms than exercise. Group classes may also be effective and would be cost-effective. Design: A two-group pre-test/post-test design. Participants were assigned to either a general Alexander technique class or an exercise class designed to target neck pain. Both groups met over 5 weeks for two 60 min sessions/week. Participants: A total of 16 participants with chronic neck pain (aged 50+/−16 years) completed this study. Interventions: The Alexander class used awareness-building methods to teach participants to reduce habitual tension during everyday activities. The exercise class was based on physical therapy standard of care to strengthen neck and back muscles thought to be important for posture. Measures: We assessed neck pain/disability, pain self-efficacy, activation of the sternocleidomastoid muscles during the cranio-cervical flexion test, and posture while participants played a video game. Results: Both groups reported decreased neck pain/disability after the interventions. Sternocleidomastoid activation decreased only in the Alexander group. Conclusion: In this small preliminary study, Alexander classes were at least as effective as exercise classes in reducing neck pain and seemed to work via a different mechanism. Larger, multi-site studies are justified.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Ris, Inge, Birgit Juul-Kristensen, Eleanor Boyle, Alice Kongsted, Claus Manniche, and Karen Søgaard. "Chronic neck pain patients with traumatic or non-traumatic onset: Differences in characteristics. A cross-sectional study." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.08.008.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractBackground and aimsPatients with chronic neck pain can present with disability, low quality of life, psychological factors and clinical symptoms. It is unclear whether patients with a traumatic onset differ from those with a non-traumatic onset, by having more complex and severe symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical presentation of chronic neck pain patients with and without traumatic onset by examining cervical mobility, sensorimotor function, cervical muscle performance and pressure pain threshold in addition to the following self-reported characteristics: quality of life, neck pain and function, kinesiophobia, depression, and pain bothersomeness.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 200 participants with chronic neck pain:120 with traumatic onset and 80 with non-traumatic onset. Participants were recruited from physiotherapy clinics in primary and secondary health care. For participants to be included, they were required to be at least 18 years of age, have had neck pain for at least 6 months, and experienced neck-related activity limitation as determined by a score of at least 10 on the Neck Disability Index. We conducted the following clinical tests of cervical range of motion, gaze stability, eye movement, cranio-cervical flexion, cervical extensors, and pressure painthreshold.The participants completed the following questionnaires: physical and mental component summary of the Short Form Health Survey, EuroQol-5D, Neck Disability Index, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, Pain Bothersomeness, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and TAMPA scale of kinesiophobia. The level of significance for all analyses was defined as p < 0.01. Differences between groups for the continuous data were determined using either a Student’s, t-test or Mann Whitney U-test.ResultsIn both groups, the majority of the participants were female (approximately 75%). Age, educational level, working situation and sleeping patterns were similar in both groups. The traumatic group had symptoms for a shorter duration (88 vs.138 months p = 0.001).Participants in the traumatic group showed worse results on all measures compared with those in the non-traumatic group, significantly on neck muscle function (cervical extension mobility p = 0.005, craniocervical flexion test p = 0.007, cervical extensor test p = 0.006) and cervical pressure pain threshold bilateral (p = 0.002/0.004), as well on self-reported function (Neck Disability Index p = 0.001 and Patient-Specific Functional Scale p = 0.007), mental quality of life (mental component summary of the Short Form Health Survey p = 0.004 and EuroQol-5D p = 0.001) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II p = 0.001).ConclusionsThis study showed significant differences between chronic neck pain patients when differentiated into groups based on their onset of pain. However, no specific clinical test or self-reported characteristic could differentiate between the groups at an individual patient level.ImplicationsPressure pain threshold tests, cervical muscle performance tests and patient-reported characteristics about self-perceived function and psychological factors may assist in profilingchronic neck pain patients. The need for more intensive management of those with a traumatic onset compared with those with a non-traumatic onset should be examined further.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Lee, Byoung-Kwon, and Dong-Kwon Seo. "The Importance of Optimal Gaze Direction on Deep Neck Flexor Activation in Chronic Neck Pain." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040449.

Full text

Abstract:

Chronic neck pain (CNP) patients have weak deep neck flexors (DNF) and a hyperactive sternocleidomastoid (SCM). The cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) promotes activation of the DNF and decreases activity of the SCM, promoting pain recovery, but research suggests SCM activation increases with increasing gaze direction. We aimed to investigate how DNF and SCM activation varies according to gaze direction in the CCFT, and to prescribe the appropriate gaze direction for CNP. Twenty-eight CNP subjects had their maximum strength pressure level determined by CCFT for strength (20–~30 mmHg) and at each of the measured pressures, DNF and SCM thickness in each of four gaze directions (0°, 20°, 40°, and 60°) was measured by ultrasound imaging. The DNF to SCM ratio varied significantly according to gaze direction (p < 0.05), with gaze directions of 20° and 0° being significantly different from 40° (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in DNF activation according to gaze direction, there was in SCM activation (p < 0.05), with SCM 60° significantly different from SCM 20° and SCM 40° (p < 0.05). In order to increase DNF activation efficiency during the CCFT, SCM activation should be controlled, and a gaze direction below 20° is the most efficient. This can inform DNF training of CNP patients in a clinical environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Araujo, Lucele Gonçalves Lima, Guilherme José Pimentel Lopes de Oliveira, and Vandilson Pinheiro Rodrigues. "RISK FACTORS AND INTERVENTION MEASURES FOR POSTURAL CHANGES AND THE IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 11, no. 2 (2025): 719–27. https://doi.org/10.51891/rease.v11i2.15241.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: This study investigated risk factors and the impact of intervention measures for postural alterations on quality of life. A literature review was conducted to answer the guiding problem of this study: what are the risk factors for postural alterations and the impact of interventions on quality of life? Materials and methods: The search procedure was carried out in the following databases: MedLine via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and Lilacs. Of the 527 articles initially found, 14 met the eligibility criteria for this study. Results: Seven articles were identified which investigated risk factors associated with postural alterations, such as: musculoskeletal symptoms, pregnancy, overweight and obesity, inadequate sitting posture, axial spondyloarthritis, smoking, low back pain and neck pain. Seven articles evaluated interventions used to improve the quality of life of patients with postural alterations, including: lumbar mobility and stretching exercises + unilateral PA mobilization + hot compress, Schroth exercises, RPG ('frog on the floor' posture) / cranio-cervical flexion test, McKenzie approach and spinal stabilization exercises, evidence-based physiotherapy treatment and thoracic muscle strengthening exercises. Conclusions: The findings indicate that postural alterations have a multifactorial etiology and that clinical interventions can be effective. It is suggested that research be carried out into the early identification of risk factors and interventions tailored to the needs of each patient to promote health and improve quality of life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Park, Jun-sang, Si-jeong Song, Hee-seok Jung, and Oh-yun Kwon. "Effect of the Head Support on a Change in Muscle Thickness for Longus Colli and Sternocleidomastoid During Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test in Subjects With Forward Head Posture." Physical Therapy Korea 23, no. 3 (2016): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2016.23.3.011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Amiri, Mohsen, Leila Rahnama, Maryam Zargosh, and Aamir Abbas. "Ultrasonographic assessment of cross-sectional area of deep neck flexor muscles during a five-stage cranio-cervical flexion test in individuals with chronic neck pain and healthy controls." European Journal of Physiotherapy 20, no. 2 (2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2017.1408681.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Arvanitidis, Michail, Hon Hin Ken Mak, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes, Marco Barbero, and Deborah Falla. "Validation of a Novel device for Assessing Neck Muscle Strength." Archives of Physiotherapy, June 10, 2025, 148–57. https://doi.org/10.33393/aop.2025.3476.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The Neuromuscular Cranio-Cervical Device (NOD) was originally designed to evaluate Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test performance but can also be used as a handheld dynamometer for testing other muscle groups, including neck muscle strength. It offers a potential alternative to the Multi-Cervical Unit (MCU), a fixed dynamometer, more closely aligned with isokinetic dynamometry, the gold standard. However, its validity and reliability need to be established. This study aimed to evaluate concurrent validity compared to the MCU and inter- and intra-rater reliability of the NOD for measuring neck flexion and extension muscle strength.Methods: Twenty participants were assessed for neck flexion/extension strength whilst in a seated position, with the measurements repeated over three sessions. Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing NOD measurements to the MCU using Pearson correlation coefficients, and reliability was determined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs).Results: Concurrent validity was strong for extension (r = 0.954) but lower for flexion (r = 0.705), indicating some variability in flexion measurements. Inter-rater reliability was good to excellent for both flexion (ICC = 0.931) and extension (ICC = 0.896). Intrarater reliability for extension was good to excellent (ICC = 0.893), while flexion ranged from moderate to excellent (ICC = 0.844).Conclusions: The NOD is a valid tool, particularly for extension measurements, although further refinement of testing is needed to improve the accuracy for flexion strength measurements. It is also reliable for both extension and flexion, showing promise as a practical, affordable, portable tool with real-time feedback for the assessment of neck muscle strength in clinical settings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Anarte-Lazo, E., G. F. Carvalho, A. Schwarz, K. Luedtke, and D. Falla. "Differentiating migraine, cervicogenic headache and asymptomatic individuals based on physical examination findings: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 22, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04595-w.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Migraine and cervicogenic headache (CGH) are common headache disorders, although the large overlap of symptoms between them makes differential diagnosis challenging. To strengthen differential diagnosis, physical testing has been used to examine for the presence of musculoskeletal impairments in both conditions. This review aimed to systematically evaluate differences in physical examination findings between people with migraine, CGH and asymptomatic individuals. Methods The databases MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE were searched from inception until January 2020. Risk of bias was assessed with the Downs and Black Scale for non-randomized controlled trials, and with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool for diagnostic accuracy studies. When possible, meta-analyses with random effect models was performed. Results From 19,682 articles, 62 studies were included in this review and 41 were included in the meta-analyses. The results revealed: a) decreased range of motion [°] (ROM) on the flexion-rotation test (FRT) (17.67, 95%CI:13.69,21.65) and reduced neck flexion strength [N] (23.81, 95%CI:8.78,38.85) in CGH compared to migraine; b) compared to controls, migraineurs exhibit reduced flexion ROM [°] (− 2.85, 95%CI:-5.12,-0.58), lateral flexion ROM [°] (− 2.17, 95% CI:-3.75,-0.59) and FRT [°] (− 8.96, 95%CI:-13.22,-4.69), reduced cervical lordosis angle [°] (− 0.89, 95%CI:-1.72,-0.07), reduced pressure pain thresholds over the cranio-cervical region [kg/cm2], reduced neck extension strength [N] (− 11.13, 95%CI:-16.66,-5.6) and increased activity [%] of the trapezius (6.18, 95%CI:2.65,9.71) and anterior scalene muscles (2.87, 95%CI:0.81,4.94) during performance of the cranio-cervical flexion test; c) compared to controls, CGH patients exhibit decreased neck flexion (− 33.70, 95%CI:-47.23,-20.16) and extension (− 55.78, 95%CI:-77.56,-34.00) strength [N]. Conclusion The FRT and neck flexion strength could support the differential diagnosis of CGH from migraine. Several physical tests were found to differentiate both headache types from asymptomatic individuals. Nevertheless, additional high-quality studies are required to corroborate these findings. Study registration Following indications of Prisma-P guidelines, this protocol was registered in PROSPERO on 21/05/2019 with the number CRD42019135269. All amendments performed during the review were registered in PROSPERO, indicating the date and what and why was changed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Jung, Mareile, Annika Zind, and Markus Ernst. "A new test protocol and device for measuring the cranio-cervical flexion test in participants with bruxism." Archives of Physiotherapy, June 6, 2025, 138–47. https://doi.org/10.33393/aop.2025.3448.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: The craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) has been proposed to assess muscular stabilization using deep neck flexors. Reliability of the CCFT using a pressure biofeedback unit has been regarded as doubtful, and the level of evidence is reportedly low.The aim of the current study is to pilot test an alternative measurement protocol by using a new digital device during the staged CCFT when compared to surface electromyography (sEMG) of neck flexor muscles in participants with bruxism.Methods: Cross-sectional pilot study including five participants with bruxism and five controls. Measuring five incremental stages (20-100%), from a maximum force of 17 N for the CCFT and parallel to sEMG measurements of bilateral sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) and masseter muscles. SEMG data were normalized to their activity during maximal voluntary contraction. Performance during the staged CCFT was fed back via a smartphone screen.Results: A two-way repeated measures ANOVA found a significant stage (F = 32.56, df = 4, p = 0.001) but not group (0.30, df = 1, p = 0.65) main effect for SCM activity, with both groups demonstrating higher normalized sEMG activity for incremental stages of the CCFT. Neither group nor stage effects were found for normalized masseter activity during the staged CCFT.Conclusion: A new measurement protocol and test device for the CCFT were examined in participants with and without bruxism. In parallel, sEMG used showed differences in SCM activity for incremental test stages. Group differences could not be found.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Jeong, Eun-Dong, Chang-Yong Kim, Nack-Hwan Kim, and Hyeong-Dong Kim. "Immediate effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of hamstring muscles on straight leg raise, craniovertebral angle, and cervical spine range of motion in neck pain patients with hamstring tightness: A prospective randomized controlled trial." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, June 18, 2021, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-201840.

Full text

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The cranio-cervical flexion exercise and sub-occipital muscle inhibition technique have been used to improve a forward head posture among neck pain patients with straight leg raise (SLR) limitation. However, little is known about the cranio-vertebral angle (CVA) and cervical spine range of motion (CROM) after applying stretching methods to the hamstring muscle. OBJECTIVE: To compare the immediate effects of static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on SLR, CVA, and CROM in neck pain patients with hamstring tightness. METHODS: 64 subjects were randomly allocated to the static stretching (n1= 32) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (n2= 32) stretching group. The SLR test was performed to measure the hamstring muscle’s flexibility and tightness between the two groups, with CROM and CVA also being measured. The paired t-test was used to compare all the variables within each group before and after the intervention. The independent t-test was used to compare the two groups before and after the stretching exercise. RESULTS: There were no between-group effects for any outcome variables (P> 0.05). However, all SLR, CVA, and CROM outcome variables were significantly improved within-group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were no between-group effects for any outcome variable; however, SLR, CVA, and CROM significantly improved within-group after the one-session intervention in neck pain patients with hamstring tightness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Coutinho, Alexandra Daniele de Fontes, Ana Izabela Sobral de Oliveira-Souza, Lais Ribeiro Sales, and Daniella Araújo de Oliveira. "Immediate effect of a motor control exercise target to the neck muscles on upper cervical range of motion and motor control in patients with temporomandibular disorder." Headache Medicine, October 13, 2021, 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48208/headachemed.2021.18.

Full text

Abstract:

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a single specific motor control training session for the neck flexor and deep extensor muscles improves upper cervical range of motion and neck motor control in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and compare them to a group without TMD. MethodsThis is a before and after, controlled study. The TMD group included women aged between 18-45 years old, complaining of pain in the orofacial region in the last 6 months and diagnosed with masticatory myofascial pain according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/MD). The control group included match-controls without TMD. The participants were evaluated to global and upper (Flexion Rotation Test - FRT) neck range of motion (ROM) and to neck motor control (Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test - CCFT). They were treated with a protocol of specific motor control exercises targeted to flexor and extensor neck muscles for 30 minutes. One day after the protocol the patients were reevaluated. ResultsA total of 23 volunteers were evaluated. The TMD group showed immediate improvement in left cervical rotation (p=0.043) and right FRT (p=0.036), while the control group did not show any improvement. There was no difference between the groups before and after treatment in relation to cervical movements. Regarding cervical motor control in both groups, the highest prevalence was of results between 24 and 26 mmHg after treatment, different from before the intervention (20 and 22 mmHg) in both groups.ConclusionA single session of specific neck motor control training only improved the left cervical rotation and upper right rotation in the TMD group, but not in the control group. There is no difference at the end of treatment between the groups. Volunteers with TMD showed improvement in the pattern of motor control of the neck when compared to volunteers without TMD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Mendes, Luana Maria Ramos, Amanda Rodrigues, Marcela Mendes Bragatto, et al. "Differences in the electrical activity and the clinical performance of superficial neck flexors and extensors during the CCFT in women with migraine." Headache Medicine, October 27, 2022, 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48208/headachemed.2022.supplement.11.

Full text

Abstract:

IntroductionMusculoskeletal disorders in the cervical spine have been increasingly investigated and observed in patients with migraine. One of them is a poorer cervical muscle performance as assessed by the cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT). In addition, patients with migraine have alterations in the recruitment of muscle motor units observed by surface electromyography during CCFT. ObjectiveThe aim was to verify if there are differences in the electrical activity and the clinical performance of superficial neck flexors and extensors during the CCFT in women with migraine considering the presence or absence of concomitant neck pain symptoms. MethodsA total of 100 women were assessed: 25 with migraine without neck pain, 25 with migraine and neck pain, 25 with mechanical neck pain and 25 pain-free control. Clinical and demographic data were collected, The CCFT was performed in all groups. The test assessed the deep flexors muscle by a pressure unit biofeedback placed in the posterior region of the neck and initially inflated to 20 mmHg composed by 5 stages, with increase pressure by 2 mmHg at each stage, reaching 30 mmHg, keeping the pressure for 10 seconds without resorting to compensation. Electromyography data were collected with TrignoTM Wireless System wireless surface sensors. The sensors were firmly attached bilaterally on: sternocleidomastoid (SCM); splenius capitis, anterior scalene and upper trapezius. Electromyographic activity evaluated during the CCFT was normalized by the average the root mean square (RMS) calculated for the reference voluntary contraction and expressed as a percentage. Groups comparisons were performed with non-parametric tests adopting a level of significance of 0.05. To analyze the between-groups differences on the proportion of clinical targeted performance stages reached by each participant within the CCFT, the chi-square (X2) test was calculated, and the data were submitted to a post-hoc proportion test. (To see the complete abstract, please, check out the PDF).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Yan, Zhi-Wei, Zhen Yang, Feng-Long Zhao, et al. "Effect of sling exercise therapy on surface electromyography and muscle thickness of superficial cervical muscle groups in female patients with chronic neck pain." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, October 1, 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-220030.

Full text

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The persistence of symptoms in patients with chronic neck pain is considered to be associated with variation in the neck muscle structure and associated neuromuscular control. Sling exercise therapy (SET) has been demonstrated to relieve the symptoms of chronic neck pain, whereas it is controversial whether this benefit is correlated to altered neck muscle structure and associated neuromuscular control in the patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of SET on cervical muscle structure (thickness) and associated neuromuscular control in patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with chronic neck pain were randomly assigned to the SET group (n= 12) or the control group (n= 13). The SET group received the SET intervention for 4 weeks, while the control group maintained normal activities of daily living. At baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention, Visual analogue scale and neck disability index were measured in both groups, and changes in the thickness of the superficial cervical muscles were assessed using musculoskeletal ultrasound. Surface electromyography (EMG) was adapted to assess the neuromuscular control of the neck while the participant was performing the cranio-cervical flexion test. RESULTS: At 4 weeks, the SET group had a significant reduction of RMS in both UT and SCM of EMG compared to the control group (p< 0.05). Regarding ultrasound, the SET group had significantly lower muscle thickness compared to the control group in both the rest position and the MVIC position (p< 0.05). There were no within-group differences in the control group (p> 0.05), while the SET group showed significant reductions in both RMS and muscle thickness (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: 4-week SET was effective in reducing pain and dysfunction in patients with chronic neck pain, which may be related to improved neck muscle thickness and neuromuscular control of the neck.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Broisler, Camila N., Giovanna L. N. A. Gaban, Maria R. S. Vivaldini, Giovanna S. Nunes, and Luiz F. A. Selistre. "INTRA- AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY, STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT, AND MINIMAL DETECTABLE CHANGE OF THE CRANIO-CERVICAL FLEXION TEST IN INDIVIDUALS WITH NON-SPECIFIC CHRONIC NECK PAIN." Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, January 2025, 103258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2025.103258.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Anarte‐Lazo, Ernesto, Bernard X. W. Liew, Valter Devecchi, Carlos Bernal‐Utrera, Cleofas Rodriguez‐Blanco, and Deborah Falla. "Network analyses reveal the interaction between physical features, fear of movement and neck pain and disability in people with acute and chronic whiplash‐associated disorders." European Journal of Pain, September 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.2184.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveA network analysis can be used to quantitatively assess and graphically describe multiple interactions. This study applied network analyses to determine the interaction between physical and pain‐related factors and fear of movement in people with whiplash‐associated disorders (WAD) during periods of acute and chronic pain.MethodsPhysical measurements, including pressure pain‐thresholds (PPT) over neural structures, cervical range of motion, neck flexor and extensor endurance and the cranio‐cervical flexion test (CCFT), in addition to subjective reports including the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK‐11), Neck Disability Index (NDI) and neck pain and headache intensity, were assessed at baseline in 47 participants with acute WAD. TSK‐11, NDI and pain intensity were assessed for the same participants 6 months later (n = 45). Two network analyses were conducted to estimate the associations between features at baseline and at 6 months and their centrality indices.ResultsBoth network analyses revealed that the greatest weight indices were found for NDI and CCFT at baseline and for neck pain and headache intensity and NDI and TSK‐11 at both time points. Associations were also found betweeen cervical muscle endurance and neck pain intensity in the acute phase. Cervical muscle endurance assesssed during the acute phase was also associated with NDI after 6 months ‐ whereas PPT measured at baseline was associsated with headache intensity after 6 months.ConclusionThe strongest associations were found for headache and neck pain intensity and neck disability and fear of movement, both during acute pain and when mesured 6 months later. The extent of neck endurance and measures of PPT at baseline may be associated with neck disability and headache, respectively, 6 months after a whiplash injury.SignificanceThrough two network analyses, we evaluated the interaction between pain‐related factors, fear of movement, neck disability and physical factors in people who had experienced a whiplash injury. We demonstrated that physical factors may be involved in the maintenance and development of chronic pain after a whiplash injury. Nevertheless, the strongest associations were found for headache and neck pain intensity and neck disability and fear of movement, both during acute and chronic phases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!