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Knyazeva, Helena. "The Natural Medium as Carrier of Meanings and Their Decoding by Living Beings: Biosemiotics in Action." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 23, no. 2 (2018): 192–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2018-23-2-192-218.
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The synthetic, integrative significance of biosemiotics as a modern interdisciplinary research program is under discussion in the article. Aimed at studying the cognitive and life activity of living beings, which are capable of recognizing signals and extracting the meanings, biosemiotics serves as a conceptual node that combines some important notions of theoretical biology, evolutionary epistemology, cognitive science, phenomenology, neuroscience and neurophilosophy as well as the theory of complex adaptive systems and network science. Worlds of perception and actions of living beings are built in the process of co-evolution, in structural coupling and in enactive interaction with the surrounding natural environment (Umwelt). Thereby the biosemiotic theories developed by the founders of biosemiotics (J. von Uexküll, Th. Sebeok, G. Prodi, H. Pattie) are conceptually closed to the system-structural evolutionary approach developed in synergetics by H. Haken and S.P. Kurdyumov, the conception of autopoiesis (H. Maturana and F. Varela), second-order cybernetics (H. von Foerster), the conception of enactivism in cognitive science (F. Varela, E. Thompson, A. Noë). The key to comprehending the processes of extracting and generating meanings is that every living organism lives in the subjectively built world (Umwelt), so that its Umwelt and its internal psychic organization become parts of a single autopoietic system. According to the well-known expression of G. Bateson, information is a not indifferent difference or a difference that makes a difference. Differences become information when a cognitive agent as an interpreter, acting as part of an autopoietic system, sees signs in these differences that make meanings.
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Kay, Lily E. "Who Wrote the Book of Life? Information and the Transformation of Molecular Biology, 1945–55." Science in Context 8, no. 4 (1995): 609–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002210.
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The ArgumentThis paper focuses on the opening of a discursive space: the emergence of informational and scriptural representations of life and their self-negating consequences for the construction of biological meaning. It probes the notion of writing and the book of life and shows how molecular biology's claims to a status of language and texuality undermines its own objective of control. These textual significations were historically contingent. The informational representations of heredity and life were not an outcome of the internal cognitive momentum of molecular biology; they were not a logical necessity of the unravelling of the base-pairing of the DNA double-helix. They were transported into molecular biology still within the protein paradigm of the gene in the 1940s and permeated nearly every discipline in the life and social sciences. These information-based models, metaphors, linguistic, and semiotic tools which were central to the formulation of the genetic code were transported into molecular biology from cybernetics, information theory, electronic computing, and control and communication systems — technosciences that were deeply embedded with the military experiences of world war II and the Cold War. The information discourse thus became fixed in molecular biology not because it worked in the narrow epistemic sense (it did not), but because it positioned molecular biology within postwar discourse and culture, perhaps within the transition to a post-modern information-based society.
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Page, Timothy, and Rhonda Norwood. "Attachment Theory and the Social Work Curriculum." Advances in Social Work 8, no. 1 (2007): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/130.
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Attachment theory, as developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth, represented a major departure from the current theories of human development of the time, particularly in its rejection of the major tenets of psychoanalytic theory and its integration of core ideas from evolution theory and cybernetics (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991). Attachment theory posits that a foundational human instinct, the desire to achieve safety and protection through proximity to a protective figure, is responsible for the formation of a special class of life-long affectional bonds, referred to as “attachments.” Emotional security is derived to a great extent, according to the theory, from experience with caregivers who are consistently responsive to the developing infant’s expression of attachment behavior toward them. Forty years of empirical research has shown that attachment is a universal characteristic that predicts children’s development of cognitive and social competence, emotional regulation, and positive self-image (Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 1999). Social work educators are currently challenged to better integrate the findings of attachment research into their curricula to reflect more the current state of developmental science.
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Palagin, A. V., T. V. Semikopnaya, I. A. Chaikovsky, and O. V. Sivak. "Telerehabilitation: information and technological support, experience of application." Klinical Informatics and Telemedicine 15, no. 16 (2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31071/kit2020.16.15.
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Introduction. Telerehabilitation is a complex of rehabilitation exercises and training programs provided to the patient remotely using telecommunication computer technologies, mainly at the outpatient stage of treatment. Telerehabilitation must be accompanied by appropriate software. The purpose of the work. To give an idea of the high-tech platform for telerehabilitation, which is being created at the Institute of Cybernetics named after V. M. Glushkov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Methods. Work is being carried out under a project of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, which is called «Transdisciplinary Intelligent Information and Analytical System for Supporting Rehabilitation Processes in a Pandemic (TISP)». The peculiarity of the system is that it is based on knowledge-oriented technology, ontological engineering and trans-disciplinary paradigm. The cognitive services of the system implement structuring. and classification. information, synthesize the necessary documents based on semantic analysis, identify the characteristic properties of information processes and provide support for decision-making at all stages of their life cycle. Results. The absence of specialized scales for functional assessment of the cardiorespiratory system, suitable for use during telereha-bilitation, was revealed. The proposed technology of objective functional assessment of the patient at home, based on the use of several portable devices and an innovative system for scaling small ECG changes. The technology was tested in the process of rehabilitation of patients with PTSD in the Center for Psychological Counseling and Trauma Therapy «Open Doors» as a means of control in the process of psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy. Conclusion. 1. Telerehabilitation is the most modern type of rehabilitation, which is rapidly developing. 2. The V. M. Glushkov Insti-tute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is creating a transdisciplinary intelligent information and analytical system for supporting rehabilitation processes in a pandemic (TISP), based on cognitive information technology, which fully provides the process of analyzing large volumes of information resources. 3. The technology of objective functional assessment of a patient at home, based on the use of portable devices and an original ECG scaling system, is an important component of telerehabilitation. Key words: Telerehabilitation; Novel coronavirus disease COVID-19; Post-traumatic stress disorder; Intelligent information and analytical system; Functional assessment; Scaling of the electrocardiogram and heart rate variability.
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Barrett, Louise, S. Peter Henzi, and David Lusseau. "Taking sociality seriously: the structure of multi-dimensional social networks as a source of information for individuals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1599 (2012): 2108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0113.
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Understanding human cognitive evolution, and that of the other primates, means taking sociality very seriously. For humans, this requires the recognition of the sociocultural and historical means by which human minds and selves are constructed, and how this gives rise to the reflexivity and ability to respond to novelty that characterize our species. For other, non-linguistic, primates we can answer some interesting questions by viewing social life as a feedback process, drawing on cybernetics and systems approaches and using social network neo-theory to test these ideas. Specifically, we show how social networks can be formalized as multi-dimensional objects, and use entropy measures to assess how networks respond to perturbation. We use simulations and natural ‘knock-outs’ in a free-ranging baboon troop to demonstrate that changes in interactions after social perturbations lead to a more certain social network, in which the outcomes of interactions are easier for members to predict. This new formalization of social networks provides a framework within which to predict network dynamics and evolution, helps us highlight how human and non-human social networks differ and has implications for theories of cognitive evolution.
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Chavalarias, David. "From inert matter to the global society life as multi-level networks of processes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1796 (2020): 20190329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0329.
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A few billion years have passed since the first life forms appeared. Since then, life has continued to forge complex associations between the different emergent levels of interconnection it forms. The advances of recent decades in molecular chemistry and theoretical biology, which have embraced complex systems approaches, now make it possible to conceptualize the questions of the origins of life and its increasing complexity from three complementary notions of closure: processes closure, autocatalytic closure and constraints closure. Developed in the wake of the second-order cybernetics, this triple closure approach, that relies on graph theory and complex networks science, sketch a paradigm where it is possible to go up the physical levels of organization of matter, from physics to biology and society, without resorting to strong reductionism. The phenomenon of life is conceived as the contingent complexification of the organization of matter, until the emergence of life forms, defined as a network of auto-catalytic process networks, organized in a multi-level manner. This approach of living systems, initiated by Maturana & Varela and Kauffman, inevitably leads to a reflection on the nature of cognition; and in the face of the deep changes that affected humanity as a complex systems, on the nature of cultural evolution. Faced with the major challenges that humanity will have to address in the decades to come, this new paradigm invites us to change our conception of causality by shifting our attention from state change to process change and to abandon a widespread notion of 'local' causality in favour of complex systems thinking. It also highlights the importance of a better understanding of the influence of social networks, recommendation systems and artificial intelligence on our future collective dynamics and social cognition processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations’.
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Martynyuk, I. "Motivation of training of modern student youth." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 29, no. 5 (2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.5.04.
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The article presents the results of the research of the dominant motives of studying modern students, the correlation of internal and external motivation of their educational activities, the place of knowledge and development among terminal values and education among the instrumental values of students, expressiveness of need in knowledge and the formation of their motivation component of their readiness for self-education activities. To research the motivation of studying modern students were used such techniques: technique for diagnostics the motives of learning (in the modification of A. Rean, V. Yakunin), the technique of diagnostic the internal motivation of the learning by T. Dubovytska, technique “Valuable orientations” by M. Rokich, technique “SAMOAL”, the authorʼs questionnaire “I am learning a profession”. In the process of analysis of the results, methods of descriptive statistics were used: the definition of mean value and frequency analysis. An empirical study was conducted during the 2017-2018 years. Respondets were students of I-IV courses and masterʼs degree of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (specialties: social work, psychology, agroengineering, forestry, constraction and civil engineering, economic cybernetics), Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University (specialty: psychology), National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (specialty: psychology), Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University (specialty: publishing and edition), a total of 321 persons.
 It is substantiated that the most students motivate their educational activity with the desire to become a highly skilled specialist, to ensure the success of future professional activities, to acquire deep and solid knowledge, to obtain intellectual satisfaction and receive a diploma. The dominance of internal incentives to study in students before external ones is indicated. There is described the attitude of respondents to knowledge, development, education as an average by value in term of the goals that should be sought, and ways of acting in any situation. The average level of expression of the need to know of respondents is highlighted. The high motivational component of studentʼs readiness for self-education is substantiated: the dominance of a positive attitude towards the chosen profession, an understanding of its requirements and its abilities, an awareness of the importance of improvement in activity, cognitive interest, the presence of a responsibility, the ability to set goals and make efforts for its achievement, to plan its activities. The prospects for organizing the educational process in universities are outlined, taking into account the identified peculiarities of the motivation of learning modern students: creating an atmosphere that support the internal motivation of learning, helping to obtain intellectual satisfaction from the learning process and stimulating to constant self-development in the chosen profession.
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Gelepithis, Petros A. M. "Remarks on the foundations of cybernetics and cognitive science." Kybernetes 33, no. 9/10 (2004): 1396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920410556043.
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Yingxu Wang, W. Kinsner, and Du Zhang. "Special Issue on Cybernetics and Cognitive Informatics." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 39, no. 4 (2009): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2017294.
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Ghosal, A. "Second order cybernetics ‐ implications in real life." Kybernetes 28, no. 4 (1999): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929910267707.
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Nerlich, Brigitte. "Encounters between Life and Language: Codes, Books, Machines and Cybernetics." Nottingham French Studies 59, no. 3 (2020): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0293.
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The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?
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Kay, Lily E. "Cybernetics, Information, Life: The Emergence of Scriptural Representations of Heredity." Configurations 5, no. 1 (1997): 23–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/con.1997.0004.
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Mella, Piero. "The unexpected cybernetics life of collectivities: the combinatory systems approach." Kybernetes 46, no. 7 (2017): 1086–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-02-2017-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how simple “collectivities” of non-interconnected similar agents, which the author has termed “combinatory systems” and which produce analogous micro behaviors, reveal very interesting forms of micro and macro behaviors and effects attributable to a cybernetic mechanism the author shall call “micro-macro feedback”. On the one hand, the macro behavior of the system as a whole derives from the “combination” of the analogous micro behaviors or effects of the agents, and on the other hand, the macro behavior determines, conditions or directs the subsequent micro behavior, thereby creating observable effects and patterns in the collectivity. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a new combinatory system theory (CSysT) by constructing a formal model that explains a vast group of phenomena produced by the cybernetic behavior of the collectivity as if an internal organizer were regulating the micro dynamics of agents, producing self-organization, synchronization, path dependence and chaos. Findings In addition to illustrating the CSysT, this study also proposes a new and powerful tool to simulate combinatory systems: the “combinatory automaton”. This is composed of a lattice, each of whose cells contains a variable representing the state of an agent. The value of each cell at each time depends on a synthetic global variable whose values derive from some operations carried out on the values of the cells and that represents the synthetic state of the automaton. The micro-macro feedback connects the analytical values of the cells and the synthetic state of the automaton. Practical implications The CSysT suggests how to control combinatory systems through external actions aimed at making the macro and micro behaviors conform to the desired behaviors. The control is carried out through suitable strengthening or weakening actions, which operate by acting directly on the macro behavior – the author will define this as macro or external control – or by influencing the micro behaviors; in this case, the control will be called micro or internal control. The macro-level control is achieved through strengthening or weakening actions aimed at modifying some recombining factor. Instead, the micro-level control acts on the necessitating factors. Originality/value The CSysT is original and represents an effective tool for observing collective behavior. Combinatory systems are not easily recognizable; nevertheless, they are widely diffused and produce most of the social and economic collective phenomena involving the accumulation of objects, the spread of features or information, the pursuit of a limit and the achievement of general progress as the consequence of the individual pursuit of particular interests.
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Sergeev, S. F., and N. B. Filimonov. "At the Origins of Domestic Robotics and Mechatronics: Evgeny Yurevich in Life and Science." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 21, no. 10 (2020): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.21.595-598.
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The article considers the life path of the founder of the research Institute of robotics and technical Cybernetics (RTC) Eugene Yurevich in the context of the development of Soviet and partially Russian mechatronics and robotics. It shows his personal contribution to the formation of the scientific, practical and production base of robotics in the Soviet Union and Russia.
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Yingxu Wang, W. Kinsner, and Du Zhang. "Contemporary Cybernetics and Its Facets of Cognitive Informatics and Computational Intelligence." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 39, no. 4 (2009): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2009.2013721.
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Froese, Tom. "From Second-order Cybernetics to Enactive Cognitive Science: Varela's Turn From Epistemology to Phenomenology." Systems Research and Behavioral Science 28, no. 6 (2011): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sres.1116.
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McDonough, Richard. "Bringing Cognitive Science Back to Life." Idealistic Studies 29, no. 3 (1999): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies199929310.
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Lee, JeongHyun. "Algorithmic Uses of Cybernetic Memory: Google Photos and a Genealogy of Algorithmically Generated “Memory”." Social Media + Society 6, no. 4 (2020): 205630512097896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120978968.
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When algorithmic media are becoming more independent in their ability to select, organize, and create what and how we remember daily life, this article examines the genealogical pre-condition of algorithmically generated “memory” through a case study of Google Photos. I argue that the algorithmic conceptualization of memory is rooted in the history of cybernetics, which is a contrast to the socially constructed memory. I first investigate older phenomenological questions around “memory” in the science of cybernetics and then examine a genealogy of cybernetic memory. Finally, I illustrate how cybernetic memory is animated in Google Photos. This article historically examines what “memory” is understood to be in algorithmic media and how the science of cybernetics has integrated our current understanding of memory into algorithmic memory practices—the socio-technical imaginary of the past.
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Wang, Yingxu, Witold Kinsner, Sam Kwong, et al. "Brain-Inspired Systems: A Transdisciplinary Exploration on Cognitive Cybernetics, Humanity, and Systems Science Toward Autonomous Artificial Intelligence." IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine 6, no. 1 (2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msmc.2018.2889502.
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Katz, Y. "Public Participation in the Danish Planning System—A Cybernetics Approach." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 7 (1989): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210975.
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Between 1969 and 1975 an extensive reform of planning processes was implemented in Denmark. The reform was aimed at several objectives: decentralization, increase of productivity and rationality, institutionalization of the planning processes, and improvement of life quality. This paper examines the patterns of the citizens' participation by means of a communication model, based on the cybernetics approach. Our examination will show that the reform has indeed institutionalized the formal participation channels, through which the planning can be influenced. However, as in the case of the West Zealand county, no actual influence of this participation process was recognized in the planning processes. The participation occurred mainly in the later stages of implementation and was a rather disfunctional factor, restraining and delaying the execution of the plan.
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Perko, Igor, and Raul Espejo. "Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal is awarded to Matjaž Mulej." Kybernetes 49, no. 5 (2019): 1529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2019-0459.
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Purpose The purpose of this memorandum is to share the awarding of one of the most prestigious recognitions in systems thinking and cybernetics: The World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics (WOSC) Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal was awarded in June 2019 to Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mulej for his long-life contributions. Design/methodology/approach The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal was awarded to Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mulej based on the combination of extensive literature analysis and the Delphi approach. Findings Based on Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mule’s exceptional accomplishments in the field of systems thinking and cybernetics, especially the Dialectical Systems Theory and the notion of requisite holism, combined with his visionary projects as, for instance, the development and application of social responsibility concepts, he was nominated and awarded this esteemed medal. Research limitations/implications The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal draws the focus to important work of exceptional individuals and at the same time drives researchers to follow his example in research and overall behaviour. Originality/value The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal has been awarded to 12 people during the past 50 years of WOSC’s existence. Only researchers that have provided significant imprint in systems thinking and cybernetics with their research and organisational activities in society, organisations and communities can be nominated for this prize.
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Maibom, H. L. "Review: Mind in Everyday Life and Cognitive Science." Mind 112, no. 447 (2003): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/112.447.493.
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Affifi, Ramsey. "The interspecies educator's cybernetic world." Kybernetes 43, no. 1 (2014): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2012-0080.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to interconnect pedagogy and biology via second-order cybernetics. Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken is that of a synthesis. Findings – Biology can better deal with intersubjectivity within and between species by incorporating approaches and theory from education inquiry. Conversely, educators can de-anthropocentrize their discipline by entering into learning relationships with other species. By rallying around the concept of “eduction”, second-order cybernetics plays a role in both syntheses. Practical implications – De-anthropocentrizing education could have practical value in creating ecologically relevant education for children and in developing more integrated environmental impact assessments. Originality/value – Finding convergence between the study of life and forms of practitioner inquiry in education research, and connecting these to the environmental movement.
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Еськов, В. М., В. Ф. Пятин, and Ю. В. Башкатова. "Medical and Biological Cybernetics: Development Prospects." Успехи кибернетики / Russian Journal of Cybernetics, no. 1(1) (March 31, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51790/2712-9942-2020-1-1-8.
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За последние 40-50 лет биологические науки сделали существенный прорыв в области молекулярно-клеточных исследований. При этом системный уровень за этот период претерпел существенное отставание. Со времен Н. Винера кибернетика перешла к решению частных задач, уйдя из области главных наук в изучении сложных систем. На наш взгляд, такая ситуация обусловлена общим кризисом детерминистского и стохастического подходов в изучении живых систем. Возрождение медицинской и биологической кибернетики как науки об управлении в биологических системах возможно только в связи с новым пониманием принципов регуляции и функционирования любых сложных биосистем (complexity). Это новое понимание должно базироваться на новых принципах регуляции биосистем, в которых хаос и многократные повторения одних и тех же процессов должны превалировать над детерминистской определенностью или стохастической неопределенностью. В этом возрождении интереса ко всей кибернетике особую роль должна сыграть новая теория хаосасамоорганизации, которая сейчас разрабатывается несколькими научными школами Москвы, Тулы, Самары и Сургута. В основе этого нового научного направления лежит эффект Еськова–Зинченко (отсутствие статистической устойчивости любых параметров организма человека) и новые модели поведения вектора состояния биосистемы x=x(t)=(x12, x21,…, xm) T в фазовом пространстве состояний. Life sciences advanced greatly in molecular and cell research for the last 40-50 years. However, the system-oriented approach lags behind. Since the times of N. Wiener, cybernetics switched to specific problems and ceased to be the primary science for studying complex systems. We believe the reason for this is the general crisis of deterministic and stochastic approaches to living systems. The revival of medical and biological cybernetics as a science of control in biological systems is possible only through a new understanding of the regulation and operation principles of any complex biosystems. Such a new understanding should be based on new principles of biosystem regulation, as chaos and repetitive processes shall prevail over deterministic certainty or stochastic uncertainty. A special role in this revival of interest in cybernetics is given to the new chaos-self-organization theory, which is now being developed by several teams in Moscow, Tula, Samara, and Surgut. This new area of research is based on the Eskov-Zinchenko effect (lack of statistical robustness of any human body properties) and new models of the biosystem state vector behavior x=x(t)=(x12, x21,..., xm)T in the phase state space.
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Dushkin, Roman. "To the question on identification and differentiation of a philosophical zombie." Философская мысль, no. 1 (January 2020): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.1.32079.
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This article examines the task of identification and differentiation of a so-called “philosophical zombie” in order to form a set of operational criteria for determining the agency of artificial intelligence systems. This task can be viewed as one of the possible ways towards solution of a “hard problem of consciousness”. Despite the fact that the proposed approach alone does not solve the “hard problem”, it reveals certain aspects of neurophysiology, cybernetics and information theory towards its solution. The relevance of this task results from the more extensive implementation of artificial cognitive agents in human life – the boundary that distinguishes an intelligent creature from an artificial cognitive agent, endows an object with agency. Therefore, the development of more complicated artificial cognitive agents (artificial intelligence systems) would ultimately lead to a contentious debate on the topic. The author attempts to introduce the procedure of identification of a philosophical zombie and its restrictions, as well as explores the idea whether or not the artificial cognitive agents would obtain qualia. The article is valuable of those interested in artificial intelligence in all of its aspects, as well as in the philosophy of consciousness.
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Druick, Zoë. "Operational Media: Cybernetics, Biopolitics and Postwar Education." Foro de Educación 18, no. 2 (2020): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.835.
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This article develops the concept of «operational media» to think through the deployment of utility/useful cinema in the context of cybernetically informed educational policy. The paper argues that cybernetic concepts of communication, feedback loops and homeostasis were central to the pragmatic installation of media at the center of postwar mass education. Links are made to the dominance of cybernetic ideas in postwar social science, including social psychology, sociobiology and behaviourism. A consideration of the UN’s operational media allows for a reconsideration of the agency’s communicative mandate as biopolitical and governmental. Educational policies influenced by the UN were doubly concerned with technologized classrooms: cybernetic ideas presented themselves as politically neutral, while offering efficiencies in the delivery of content. Cold war citizenship was thus conceived as a form of training that would pragmatically lead to the rebalancing of a volatile international situation. Carrefour de la vie (1949), made by Belgian filmmaker Henri Storck for the United Nations, is presented as an example of the centrality of mental health for citizenship training in postwar biopolitical regimes. In particular, the tension between the film’s humanist and cybernetic strands are considered. Au Carrefour de la vie is considered as a transitional text, presenting a humanist story of childhood in postwar life that simultaneously prefigures the operation of a controlled society.
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Bosancic, Boris, and Marta Matijevic. "Information as a construction." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52, no. 2 (2019): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000619841657.
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The purpose of this review paper is to outline the constructivist approach to the notion of information from two perspectives. The first perspective explores the role of ‘constructed’ information in the ‘constructivist niche’ – a common name for the appropriate viewpoints in different science fields, such as cognitive and neuroscience, psychology, cybernetics and biology of cognition. The second perspective considers library and information science (LIS) papers in which information is treated as a constructed entity. This paper assumed the origin of the notion of information to be a construction as defined in the ‘constructivist niche’ that is based upon communication theory and cybernetics. Conversely, the origin of the notion of information as a construction as per LIS can be found in Bateson’s definition of information as a ‘difference which makes the difference,‘ as well as in the 1970s LIS definition wherein information is associated with the direction of a cognitive viewpoint, as in a ‘cognitive turn’. The study showed that ‘information as a construction‘, except in a few cases, did not play a significant role in the constructivist theories nor in LIS. LIS researchers reduce the concept of information to a subjective, socially-constructed entity which inherently results in different interpretations.
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Hill, Terrence D., Dawn C. Carr, Amy M. Burdette, and Benjamin Dowd-Arrow. "Life-Course Religious Attendance and Cognitive Functioning in Later Life." Research on Aging 42, no. 7-8 (2020): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027520917059.
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Although several studies suggest that religious attendance is associated with better cognitive functioning in later life, researchers have generally failed to connect with any established life-course perspectives or theories of cognitive aging. Building on previous work, we examine the effects of life-course religious attendance on a range of cognitive functioning outcomes. We employ data from the religious life histories module of the 2016 Health and Retirement Study, a subsample of 516 adults aged 65 and older. Our key findings demonstrate that older adults who attended religious services for more of their life course tend to exhibit poorer working memory and mental status and better self-rated memory than older adults who attended less often. We contribute to previous research by reconceptualizing religious attendance as a cumulative life-course exposure, exploring the effects of religious attendance net of secular social engagement, and examining a wider range of cognitive functioning outcomes.
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Radenovic, Ljiljana. "Book Review: Mind in Everyday Life and Cognitive Science." Minds and Machines 14, no. 3 (2004): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mind.0000035499.10151.23.
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Wang, Yingxu. "On the Mathematical Theories and Cognitive Foundations of Information." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 9, no. 3 (2015): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2015070103.
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A recent discovery in computer and software sciences is that information in general is a deterministic abstract quantity rather than a probability-based property of the nature. Information is a general form of abstract objects represented by symbolical, mathematical, communication, computing, and cognitive systems. Therefore, information science is one of the contemporary scientific disciplines collectively known as abstract sciences such as system, information, cybernetics, cognition, knowledge, and intelligence sciences. This paper presents the cognitive foundations, mathematical models, and formal properties of information towards an extended theory of information science. From this point of view, information is classified into the categories of classic, computational, and cognitive information in the contexts of communication, computation, and cognition, respectively. Based on the three generations of information theories, a coherent framework of contemporary information is introduced, which reveals the nature of information and the fundamental principles of information science and engineering.
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Gosden, Chris. "Cognitive landscapes." Creativity, Cognition and Material Culture 22, no. 1 (2014): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.22.1.05gos.
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Human engagements with the world form the basis for their intelligent understanding of it. Such material engagements are not piecemeal but follow some broad set of regularities as activities in one area of life are picked up and developed in another. Sweeping changes in life processes, which we might see as bursts of creativity, occur across areas of life we might label as secular or pragmatic and the sacred, calling into question such distinctions. In this paper, I follow the case of the emergence of the early medieval village and parish in England from around AD 750 onwards to examine how new cognitive landscapes emerge and what their entailments are more generally. I conclude by looking at the links between material engagement, identity and novelty.
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Lombardi, Judith. "Traces left by Herbert Brün that orient my cybernetics (Maybe)." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2020): 2125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2019-0270.
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Purpose Herbert Brün was a composer of many things including electronic and computer music. His compositions were, by design, nested in his passions for designing a new society – without violence. In this article, the author attempts to address several of Brün’s concepts relevant to his desire for social change. This paper was stimulated by a panel discussion about Brün at the 2018 American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) conference “Framing a Reality and How It Matters in a Shared World.” Design/methodology/approach Herbert Brün nested his communication in what he labeled “anticommunication,” which requires a listener to generate new ways of listening. As a video ethnographer, the author had many opportunities to videotape Brün, beginning with our first encounter at the 1992 ASC Conference in Washington State. During the past several decades, the author has composed a variety of movies in which the video footage of Brün and others that the author associates with cybernetics is used. Excerpts from many of these movies are embedded in the links located in the references section of this paper. Findings Brün’s cybernetic formulations for designing social transformations explored in this paper include his ideas on floating hierarchies, anticommunication, his notions on a circularity of needs, peace as a need, articulating desires, composing as an element of daily life, and the retardation of decay. Originality/value It is the author’s desire that this paper encourages the reader to explore some of Herbert Brün’s formulations for designing social change and transformations.
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Cantor, Nancy, Julie K. Norem, Paula M. Niedenthal, Christopher A. Langston, and Aaron M. Brower. "Life tasks, self-concept ideals, and cognitive strategies in a life transition." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 6 (1987): 1178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1178.
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KOROL, DONNA L. "Enhancing Cognitive Function across the Life Span." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 959, no. 1 (2002): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02091.x.
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Nesterov, Alexander Yu, Artem V. Nikonorov, and Alexander V. Kupriyanov. "On the Work of the Samara Branch of the RAS Scientific Council on the Methodology of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Research." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 1 (2021): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-1-155-159.
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The summary presents the main results of the work of the Samara branch of the RAS Scientific Council for the Methodology of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Research, created in 2007 on the basis of S.P. Korolev Samara National Research University (Samara University). The Samara branch of the Council and the Samara University held international conferences on information technology, information society, science fiction, established Artificial Intelligence Center as well as completed interdisciplinary technical and humanitarian research projects in the field of socio-humanitarian cybernetics, digital models of creative processes, computational aesthetics.
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Evans, Isobel E. M., David J. Llewellyn, Fiona E. Matthews, Robert T. Woods, Carol Brayne, and Linda Clare. "Living alone and cognitive function in later life." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 81 (March 2019): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2018.12.014.
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Lowenberg, Richard. "Creative Works Exploring Our Information Ecosystem: 1970–1979." Leonardo 53, no. 5 (2020): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01909.
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In the 1970s, Richard Lowenberg embarked upon the first in a series of experimental artworks that were conceptualized as part of a lifelong body of works addressing aspects of our information environment as ecosystem. Creative works during this period were influenced by information theory and cybernetics, the electromagnetic spectrum, the nature of signal, feedback, sensing-communicating, language and emerging media technologies. Artistic milestones included video-audio synthesis, NASA arts collaborations, interactions with Koko the gorilla, creation of sequences for the Secret Life of Plants film and EEG-EMGEKG biotelemetric performances (“Bio-Dis-Plays”). Real life offered a number of unexpected opportunities and distractions that enriched this work and helped set a course for development and realization of subsequent projects along an intended ecocultural path.
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Howard, Judith A., Carmi Schooler, and K. Warner Schaie. "Cognitive Functioning and Social Structure Over the Life Course." Contemporary Sociology 18, no. 1 (1989): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072004.
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Kinshuk, Kinshuk. "Cognitive Skills Acquisition in Life-Long Learning (Part 1)." Interactive Learning Environments 10, no. 2 (2002): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/ilee.10.2.89.7444.
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Kinshuk, ? "Cognitive Skills Acquisition in Life-Long Learning (Part 2)." Interactive Learning Environments 11, no. 1 (2003): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/ilee.11.1.1.13688.
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Persianov, V., and A. Kurbatova. "Problematic issues of using the toolkit of economic cybernetics." Upravlenie 7, no. 3 (2019): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-3-94-102.
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Arange of issues, related to the use of cybernetics in economic research, technological development and educational programs for training specialists of management, has been considered. A large contribution of this science to the space exploration, designing counting machines, etc., – has been noticed. At the same time, focusing on management in systems, it did not pay enough attention to many important functions and specifics of socio-economic processes. Cybernetics tried to change some traditional ideas about the possibilities and methods of goal-setting in management of economic processes in the centrally planned Soviet economy, but these attempts were ineffective. More so, cybernetics was unable to affect the spiritual and moral sphere of human life and society, the content and development of such sciences as philosophy, sociology, political economy, etc.It has been shown, that the tendency to revise the fundamental provisions of the Humanities can lead and often leads to false conclusions, believing, that the qualitative differences between the system objects are insignificant. Agreeing, that setting limits to the possibilities of computer modeling in advance is impossible, it must be recognized, that the machines created by cybernetics, remain only an objectification – a “truncated” (incomplete) form of any kind of human activity, including management (purposing, selection of criteria, decision-making, etc.).The goal setting requires at least a normal human intelligence. At the same time, “individual survival” is not the main universal task: in natural selection, the survival of the species is often achieved by the death of a significant part of specimens.The article pays considerable attention to the cybernetic approach to the study of socio-economic processes. It is noted, that the thesis about cybernetically expedient functioning of any social systems (this point of view is shared by some specialists in cybernetics) contradicts common sense. Capitalism would have to be seen as a planned system, alien to the anarchy of production, and in fact as a system, which solves pre-set tasks corresponding to the interests of society. Therefore, according to the authors, the concept of self-governing system in the cybernetic sense is not applicable to a society with a market economy.
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Sice, Petia, Ian French, and Erik Mosekilde. "An integrated frame-of-reference for modelling management systems." Human Systems Management 25, no. 4 (2006): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2006-25403.
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The application of any modelling method without reflection on the underpinning assumptions is flawed. What is more, such an approach is bound to lead us to an incomplete understanding of the situation under consideration, since it places “restrictions” on the ways we question the validity of the knowledge unearthed in the application of the method. Thus, creative interpretation becomes limited. The paper considers this problem. It draws on insights from cognitive science, autopoiesis, management cybernetics and non-linear dynamics and outlines a philosophical frame-of-reference for modelling management systems. It emphasises the importance of epistemological reflection and the need to consider modelling as a cognitive act that requires the inclusion of the observer as part of the inquiry and the development and use of a systemic language within the situation of concern.
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Tag, Benjamin, Tilman Dingler, Andrew W. Vargo, and Vassilis Kostakos. "Inferring Circadian Rhythms of Cognitive Performance in Everyday Life." IEEE Pervasive Computing 19, no. 3 (2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2020.2994914.
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Medvedeva, Tatiana A. "Understanding the contributions of some Russian scientists to developing systems thinking and the theory of evolution." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2020): 2139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2019-0175.
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Purpose This study aims to explain and illustrate the character of Russian systems thinking and to show how it is different and similar to traditions in the West. This study’s second aim is to describe the contributions of some Russian scientists to developing systems thinking and the theory of evolution. This study introduces the predecessors of Charles Darwin in Russia, both supporters and critics of his ideas, as well as scientists who have made similar contributions to the development of systems thinking, particularly Vladimir Vernadsky and Alexander Bogdanov. Design/methodology/approach Philosophical and theoretical comparisons. In the Russian intellectual tradition, the terms “Russia” and the “West” are likely codes for signifying fundamental philosophical questions about the universality of thinking and culture. The term “West” means universal, rational truth without taking into consideration any differences in life and cultural practice. The term “Russia” means impossibility of such a universal truth and a necessity to look for solutions on the level of life, not only on the level of rational thinking. Findings Paying attention to differences in approaches to systems and cybernetics and the theory of evolution will enrich the further development of systems sciences in Russia and the West. The paper examines the philosophical underpinnings of science rather than just testing or extending an existing theory. The result is better mutual understanding among scientists with different backgrounds. Originality/value This study suggests new avenues for research and expands the range of conceptual possibilities. It improves mutual understanding among scholars and countries. Also, it adds to the topics discussed within the field of systems and cybernetics and the theory of evolution.
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Grobecker, Betsey. "The New Science of Life and Learning Differences." Learning Disability Quarterly 21, no. 3 (1998): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511083.
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In the study of learning differences, attention has recently been given to holistic, dialectical concepts of development and learning such that cognitive processes are defined and investigated relative to their dynamic, transforming, hierarchically organized systems of energy. Such a point of view is consistent with the new science of life in which matter has, as its essence, active, dynamic forms of hierarchically organized energy that are bound within fields. The hierarchical nature of energy forms is due to their organization into distinct systems of order with varying levels of complexity. Openings for energy exchanges within and between individual energy systems are created from perturbations as systems interact with the environment and result in the reorganization and expansion of activity that give birth to more complex structures. Piaget's description of cognitive processes as dynamic, transforming, hierarchically organized systems of energy that evolve in interaction with the environment calls into question the validity of current reductionist assumptions regarding learning differences. At the same time, Piaget's insights (and those of similar progressive thinkers) provide a foundation upon which to build an understanding of learning differences consistent with the principles of the new science of life.
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Penny, Simon. "Emergence, Agency, and Interaction—Notes from the Field." Artificial Life 21, no. 3 (2015): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00167.
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This article describes the development of several interactive installations and robotic artworks developed through the 1990s and the technological, theoretical, and discursive context in which those works arose. The main works discussed are Petit Mal (1989–1995), Sympathetic Sentience (1996–1997), Fugitive I (1996–1997), Traces (1998–1999), and Fugitive II (2001–2004)—full documentation at ( www.simonpenny.net/works ). These works were motivated by a critical analysis of cognitivist computer science, which contrasted with notions of embodied experience arising from the arts. The works address questions of agency and interaction, informed by cybernetics and artificial life.
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Peters, George R., Leon H. Rappoport, Lin Huff‐Corzine, Candice Nelsen, and Ronald G. Downey. "Food preferences in daily life: Cognitive, affective and social predictors." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 33, no. 3 (1995): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1995.9991429.
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Logie, Robert H., Mario A. Parra, and Sergio Della Sala. "From Cognitive Science to Dementia Assessment." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2, no. 1 (2015): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732215601370.
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Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that impairs mental skills and abilities and undermines independent living. It is estimated to affect over 44 million people worldwide, and 5.3 million people in the United States at an estimated cost of US$226 billion. The numbers of people affected are expected to increase dramatically over the next few decades along with increased life expectancy, and costs are expected to be over US$1 trillion by 2050. There is currently no cure, and accurate diagnosis in primary care is hampered by a lack of widely available, reliable, and specific forms of assessment. Accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid inappropriate and expensive clinical follow-up, to evaluate new treatments when these become available, to avoid underestimating or overestimating prevalence of the disease, and to inform policy priorities on resource allocation for health care and for research. We argue that the cognitive and behavioral sciences offer an important route to developing widely available, inexpensive, reliable, and specific assessment tools for the disease.
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Nahl, Diane. "Affective Load and Engagement in Second Life." International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 1, no. 3 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jvple.2010070101.
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New users of virtual environments face a steep learning curve, requiring persistence and determination to overcome challenges experienced while acclimatizing to the demands of avatar-mediated behavior. Concurrent structured self-reports can be used to monitor the personal affective and cognitive struggles involved in virtual world adaptation to specific affordances while performing particular tasks and activities with avatars. Examination of user discourse in self-reports reveal that participants focus on micro-management concerns about how to proceed in an activity, replete with intense emotions and uncertainty over how to operate affordances. Concurrent structured self-reports engage users in meta-affective and meta-cognitive reflection and facilitate coping with confusion and negative emotions. As Second Life is a complex virtual world with hundreds of affordances, people experience a continuous stream of information needs. Urgent, persistent, and long-term information needs are associated with differing qualities and intensities of affective load, such as impatience, irritation, anxiety, and frustration. When a particular information need is met, affective engagement results in intensity proportional to the affective load. Constructing user discourse during virtual activities serves as a coping mechanism that facilitates adaptation by raising meta-cognitive and meta-affective awareness.
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Dehaene, Stanislas. "A Few Steps Toward a Science of Mental Life." Mind, Brain, and Education 1, no. 1 (2007): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228x.2007.00003.x.
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