Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cyclization of nitro compounds

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cyclization of nitro compounds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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Chen, Dong-Mei, Jia-Yan Liu, Ming Wei, Bing-Wei Wang, Ruo-Han Chu, and Dong-Sheng Chen. "Synthesis of indazolo[5,4-b][1,6]naphthyridine and indazolo[6,7-b][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives." Heterocyclic Communications 25, no. 1 (2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hc-2019-0006.

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AbstractA simple method for the synthesis of the title compounds by an efficient in-situ reduction and cyclization reactions of aromatic aldehydes, tert-butyl 2,4-dioxopiperidine-1-carboxylate and 5-nitro-1H-indazole or 6-nitro-1H-indazole was developed.
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Štetinová, Jarmila, Martina Lojkásková, Miloslava Dandárová, Ján Leško, and Rudolf Kada. "Reactions of Substituted 5-Nitro-3-furoylthioureas." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 2 (1996): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19960305.

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Some cyclization and cyclocondensation reactions of 1-(5-nitro-3-furoyl)-3-(4-R-phenyl)thioureas 1a-1e (R = H, CH3, N(C2H5)2, Br, CN) were conducted. 6-R-2-(5-Nitro-3-furoylamino)benzothiazoles 2a-2c (R = H, CH3, Br) were obtained by bromine-induced cyclization of the corresponding thioureas. Reacted with bromoacetone and ω-bromoacetophenone, respectively, the derivatives 1a-1e gave 2-(4-R-phenylimino)-3-(5-nitro-3-furoyl)-4-R1-4-thiazolines 3a-3e (R = H, CH3, N(C2H5)2, Br, CN; R1 = CH3) and 3f-3j (R = H, CH3, N(C2H5)2, Br, CN; R1 = C6H5), respectively. The structure of the compounds synthesiz
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Mathias, Fanny, Youssef Kabri, Maxime Crozet, and Patrice Vanelle. "Efficient Access to Original 6-Substituted 5-Nitro-2,3-dihydro­imidazo[2,1-b]oxazoles." Synthesis 49, no. 12 (2017): 2775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588984.

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A one-pot sequential intramolecular cyclization and Suzuki–Miyaura or Sonogashira reaction under microwave irradiation are reported in the 5-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole series. The intramolecular cyclization of 1-(2,4-dibromo-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol between the hydroxyethyl group and the bromine atom at the 2-position is carried out first, followed by optimization and generalization of the Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of the bromine atom at the 4-position. The various boronic acids and alkynyl derivatives used to perform these palladium-cataly
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Rong, Liangce, Hui Xu, Lei Li, et al. "An Efficient Fe/H2O Medium in situ Reduction and Cyclization Reaction for the Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-a]acridin-10-one and Pyrazolo[4,3-a]acridin-10-one Derivatives." Synthesis 50, no. 03 (2017): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589124.

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An efficient and simple method for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-a]acridine and pyrazolo[4,3-a]acridine derivatives directly form nitro compounds by in situ reduction and cyclization reaction under Fe/H2O medium is reported. Compared to amino compounds, nitro compounds are more stable and easier to obtain. In addition, because iron is a nontoxic, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly reductant, this method is especially suitable for organic synthesis. The other advantages of this process are cheap raw materials, less pollution, and wide substrate range.
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Ren, Yingming, Yaxin Ge, Qinqin Yan, et al. "Iron-Mediated Radical Nitrohalogenation Reactions of Enynes with tert-Butyl Nitrite." Synlett 32, no. 12 (2021): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1520-2192.

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AbstractA radical nitrohalogenation/cyclization of various enynes with tert-butyl nitrite has been developed that conveniently introduces useful nitro and halo groups into organic compounds. Some control experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism. Further functional transformations proceeded well in this reaction system.
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Arif, Md Khaja, Praveen Kumar Rathod, and Panaganti Leelavathi. "Synthesis of Chromeno/Pyrano-quinolines via Tandem Approach involving Michael Addition-Cyclization Catalyzed by L-Proline/Cu(II)." Asian Journal of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (2025): 473–78. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.33209.

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In this study, the reaction of β-nitrovinylquinolines with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to furnish chromeno-quinolines under L-proline/Cu(II) catalysis was described. The nitro methyl derivatives of chromeno-quinolines were obtained via the Michael addition followed by the cyclization reaction of cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with β-nitrovinylquinolines in a tandem approach. The reaction with open-chain 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds furnished the corresponding aci form of pyranoquinolines.
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Veeranki, Krishna Chaitanya, Jalapathi Pochampally, Ravi Chandar Maroju, and Vishnu Thumma. "Synthesis of Novel 4-(3-nitro-2H-chromen-2-yl)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole analogues." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 2 (2023): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2702rjce035038.

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In this study, we report the synthesis of a library of new 4-(3-nitro-2H-chromen-2-yl)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol e analogues. Condensation of pyrazole carbaldehyde precursor with nitromethane yielded (E)-4-(2-nitrovinyl)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole intermediate. This intermediate upon intermolecular cyclization with substituted salicylaldehydes individually, produced 4-(3-nitro-2H-chromen-2-yl)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole analogues. The structures of compounds were confirmed by the interpretation of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectral analysis.
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Hradil, Pavel, Jan Vaněček, Jan Hlaváč, and Juraj Ševčík. "Synthesis of 2-Substituted-6,7-dimethoxy- and 6,7,8-Trimethoxy-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 64, no. 2 (1999): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19990257.

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Acetonyl and phenacyl esters of 4,5-dimethoxy- and 3,4,5-trimethoxyanthranilic acids 3 were prepared by reduction of corresponding nitro derivatives 2. Acetonyl 4,5-dimethoxyanthranilate (3a) was prepared by reaction of 4,5-dimethoxyanthranilic acid and chloroacetone. Cyclization of these acetonyl and phenacyl esters in polyphosphoric acid provided the corresponding 2-substituted-6,7-dimethoxy- and 6,7,8-trimethoxy-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones 4. A new method of the thermal cyclization is also described. The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Sono, Masakazu, Yui Yamashita, Mayu Hirai, Yayoi Nishio, Shigeru Takaoka, and Motoo Tori. "One-Electron Oxidation of Geranyl Acetone Derivatives Using Ceric(IV) Ammonium Nitrate and Manganese(III) Acetate: Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 7 (2022): 1934578X2211094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221109424.

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Oxidation of geranyl acetone derivatives with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mn(OAc)3 afforded tricyclic and bicyclic compounds as well as hydroxy and nitro compounds as a result of one-electron oxidation followed by carbon–carbon bond formation. This is the first example of radical cyclization (formed by one-electron oxidation) of geranyl acetone derivative 1 and its isomer 4 to give tri- and bicyclic products with carbon–carbon bond formation.
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Farrayeh, Batool A., Mustafa M. El-Abadelah, Jalal A. Zahra, Salim F. Haddad, and Wolfgang Voelte. "Heterocycles [h]-Fused onto 4-Oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid. Part X [1]. Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of a Model 4- Oxo[1,4]benzoxazepino[2,3-h]quinoline-3-carboxylic Ester." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 2 (2013): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-2270.

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Direct interaction of salicylaldehyde oxyanion with ethyl 7-chloro-8-nitro-4-oxoquinoline-3- carboxylate (2) delivered the respective 7-(2-formyl-phenoxy)-8-nitro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic ester 3. Reductive cyclization of 3 furnished the corresponding 4-oxo-[1,4]benzoxazepino[2,3- h]quinoline-3-carboxylic ester 5. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the esters 3/5 produced the respective acids 4/6. Structural assignments for the new compounds 3 - 6 are supported by microanalytical and spectral (IR, HRMS, NMR) data and confirmed by X-ray structure determination for compound 5. Interestingly, compou
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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Elatawy, M. A. K. "SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES BY INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLIZATION OF ALPHA, BETA-UNSATURATED NITRO COMPOUNDS, CATALYZED BY PALLADIUM COMPLEXES AND WITH CARBON MONOXIDE AS THE REDUCTANT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/331319.

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This work consists of four main parts. Part I describes the synthesis of medicinally relevant indoles by palladium-catalyzed reductive cyclization of readily obtainable β-nitrostyrenes using carbon monoxide as the reductant and in acetonitrile as a solvent. Part II describe a new route to synthesize thieno[2,3-b]pyrrole or thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole by intramolecular reductive cyclization of α,β-unsaturated nitro compounds using carbon monoxide as the reductant and catalyzed by palladium complexes. Part III presents our work on palladium catalyzed intramolecular reductive cyclization of nitro-
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Nicolson, Iain Sinclair. "Catalytic pyrolysis of nitro aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15526.

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The work contained in this thesis was intended to study the rearrangement of <i>o</i>-nitrotoluene to anthranil which has previously been shown to occur under a variety of conditions. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis (FVP) of nitrotoluene over zeolite 13X was carried out. <i>o</i>-Nitrotoluene was found to give conversion to toluene in 5.5% yield with recovery of starting material (12%). FVP of <i>m</i>-nitrotoluene gave recovery of toluene in 8% yield and starting material (7%). FVP of <i>p</i>-nitrotoluene gave only a trace of toluene with mainly recovery of unreacted starting material (12%). FVP of 1
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So, Sonia. "Boronate Urea Activation of Nitro Compounds." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395764122.

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Sasaki, Mikio. "Synthetic Studies on Nitro Compounds and Aziridines." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/49752.

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学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-11-26 ; 学位の種類: 新制・論文博士 ; 学位記番号: 論工博第3971号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1422 ; 整理番号: 25647<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・論文博士<br>博士(工学)<br>乙第12135号<br>論工博第3971号<br>新制||工||1422(附属図書館)<br>25647<br>UT51-2007-S505<br>(主査)教授 吉田 潤一, 教授 檜山 爲次郎, 教授 杉野目 道紀<br>学位規則第4条第2項該当
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Liu, Jia. "Cyclization Reactions Catalyzed by Bi(III) Compounds." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626892.

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Philbin, Simon Patrick. "Studies of novel nitro-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2165.

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The novel candidate high energy insensitive explosive; 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ-i) has been prepared in acceptable overall yield. ANPZ-i was synthesised by the nitration of 2,5-diethoxypyrazine using nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2+BF4-) in sulfolane and the subsequent amination of 2,5-diethoxy-3,6-dinitropyrazine, under autoclave conditions. Oxidation studies towards the dioxide derivative of ANPZ-i, 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine-1,4-dioxide (PZDO), were unsuccessful. The synthesis of existing high explosives; 2,6-diamino-3,5-dintropyrazine (ANPZ) and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropy
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Taher, Abutariq. "Novel cyclisations of nitro-compounds for heterocyclic synthesis." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34705.

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The research described in this thesis is aimed at developing novel methods of synthesis for heterocyclic compounds, in particular cyclisation reactions involving the nitro functional group. The first chapter describes investigations into the Wallach imidazole synthesis. A number of chloroimidazoles were prepared, but the possible extension to highly functionalised imidazoles proved elusive. The second chapter describes studies on the successful conversion of nitroimidazolyl malonates 1 into imidazo[4,5-c]isoxazoles 2, Scheme 1. Related cyclisations are described in chapter three and the thioph
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Park, Jonathan Taejoo. "Enzymatic reduction of nitro compounds to amines with nitroreductases." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52267.

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NRs are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics to their corresponding nitroso, hydroxylamine, and, in limited cases, amine They have gathered interest in many scientific communities, and are currently actively researched bioremediation and prodrug activation. Here we attempt to utilize them for the purpose of synthesizing substituted aromatic amines that are found in a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). As NRs described in the literature have varying product distribution ranges (from those that produce hydroxylamine to others that yield amine) several similar an
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Almeer, Saeed Hashim. "Synthesis and analysis of nitro compounds under zeolite catalysis." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42408.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a new clean method for aromatic nitration using a heterogeneous inorganic solid catalyst. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter one presents an introduction to the types of heterogeneous catalyst with some details for the most important catalysts. An electrophilic aromatic substitution is introduced in Chapter 2. Some of the latest examples of aromatic nitration using different type of nitrating reagents are discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 deals with the nitration of halogenobenzenes using dinitrogen tetroxide, a zeolite and oxygen in a sol
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Berlin, Stefan. "Construction of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds via Radical Cyclization." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3429.

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<p>This thesis describes how radical cyclization chemistry can be applied for the construction of heterocyclic compounds.</p><p>In the first part, a series of electron deficient α-phenylselenenylalkenes were prepared <i>via</i> a PhSeCl-addition/HCl-elimination sequence. Allyl- and propargylamines readily underwent conjugate addition to these species to produce pyrrolidines or dihydropyrrol derivatives, after triethylborane initiated reductive radical cyclization in the presence of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane.</p><p>The second part describes a convergent synthesis of the pineal hormone melatoni
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Books on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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V, Perekalin V., ed. Nitroalkenes: Conjugated nitro compounds. Wiley, 1994.

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universitet, Lunds, ed. Synthetic studies towards taxol: An epoxy-olefin cyclization approach. Organic Chemistry 2, Lund Institute of Technology, University of Lund, 1989.

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Saul, Patai, ed. The chemistry of amino, nitroso, nitro, and related groups. Wiley, 1996.

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Cenini, Sergio, and Fabio Ragaini. Catalytic Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0986-6.

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Cenini, Sergio. Catalytic reductive carbonylation of organic nitro compounds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Boyer, Joseph H. Nitroazoles: The C-nitro derivatives of five-membered N- and N,O- heterocycles. VCH Publishers, 1986.

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1912-, Feuer Henry, and Nielsen Arnold, eds. Nitro compounds: Recent advances in synthesis and chemistry. VCH, 1990.

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N, Chupakhin O., and Vlasov V. M, eds. Nitroaziny. "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1991.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Syracuse Research Corporation, and Clement Associates, eds. Toxicological profile for N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine. [Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control], 1989.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, Clement International Corporation, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, eds. Toxicological profile for nitrophenols: 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol. The Agency, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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Gras, J. L. "Nitro Compounds." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145319.ch67.

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Boucher, L. J., Karl Koeber, Mirjana Kotowski, and Dieter Tille. "Complexes with Nitro Hydrocarbons." In Coordination Compounds 7. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07506-7_3.

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Lai, David Y., and Yin-Tak Woo. "Amino and Nitro Compounds." In Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118834015.ch61.

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Lockhart, I. M. "Nitro- and Aminochromans." In Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds: A Series Of Monographs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470187098.ch6.

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Sati, Hansika, Priyanka Kataria, Devyani Shinde, and Sunil Pareek. "Aromatic Nitro Compounds and Safety." In Food Toxicology and Safety. CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032712291-11.

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Rowlands, C. C., and R. D. Farley. "15.4 Anion radicals from nitro compounds." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group II Molecules and Radicals. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45824-1_45.

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Ono, N. "Nitro Compounds as Free Radical Precursors." In Organic Free Radicals. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_74.

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Vogt, R. A., S. Rahman, and C. E. Crespo-Hernández. "Structure–Activity Relationships in Nitro-Aromatic Compounds." In Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2687-3_10.

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Redington, Patrick K., and Jan W. Andzelm. "Density Functional Calculations on Nitro Compounds (Geometries)." In Density Functional Methods in Chemistry. Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3136-3_27.

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Blotevogel, Karl-Heinz, and Thomas Gorontzy. "Microbial Degradation of Compounds with Nitro Functions." In Biotechnology. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620951.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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Ragaini, Fabio, Francesco Ferretti, and Manar Ahmed Fouad. "Use of Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate for the Reductive Cyclization of Organic Nitro Compounds to Yield Different N-Heterocycles: Avoiding the Use of Autoclaves and Pressurized Gases." In International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-26-13711.

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Pelipko, Vasilii, and Sergey Makarenko. "ALKYL-3-NITRO- AND 3-BROMO-3-NITROACRYLATES - ORIGINAL UNSATURATED NITRO-COMPOUNDS." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m750.aks-2019/190-196.

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Anisimova, Nadezhda, and Alena Kuzhaevac. "1-NITRO- AND 1-BROM-1-NITRO-3,3,3-TRICHLOROPROPENES IN REACTION WITH DIAZOMETAN." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m753.aks-2019/209-211.

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Fauzi’ah, Lina, and Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih. "Cyclization reaction of 4-nitro-3’-4’-dimethoxychalcone and phenylhydrazine as antibacterial candidate." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065021.

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Kobayashi, Takamichi. "Vibrational Spectra of Nitro Compounds under Shock Compression." In Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001: 12th APS Topical Conference. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1483767.

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Drokin, R., D. Gazizov, D. Tiufiakov, et al. "POTASSIUM SALTS OF NITROCARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m749.aks-2019/187-189.

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Ustinov, Ilya, Nikolaj Khlytin, Yurij Atroshchenko, and Irina Shahkeldyan. "NEW THIAZOL DERIVATIVES CONTAINING NITRO QUINOLINE FRAGMENT." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m797.aks-2019/383-384.

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Ovcharenko, Victor. "MULTISPIN COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN-OXYGEN FRAGMENTS." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m715.aks-2019/24-26.

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Marple, Ronita L., and William R. LaCourse. "Determination of organic nitro compounds using HPLC-UV-PAED." In Optics East, edited by Brian M. Cullum. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.571355.

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Mauracher, A., S. Denifl, M. Probst, et al. "Investigations Of Electron Attachment To Nitro-Compounds Towards Explosives." In ICAMDATA-2008: 6th International Conference on Molecular Data and Their Applications. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3141689.

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Reports on the topic "Cyclization of nitro compounds"

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Mialocq, J. C. Photodecomposition of energetic nitro compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270615.

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Nishino, Shirley F., Jim C. Spain, Sarah H. Craven, et al. Metabolic Diversity for Degradation, Detection, and Synthesis of Nitro Compounds and Toxins. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573847.

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Dane, J., and K. J. Voorhees. Investigation of Nitro-Organic Compounds in Diesel Engine Exhaust: Final Report, February 2007 - April 2008. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/981556.

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Becher, Julie, Samuel Beal, Susan Taylor, Katerina Dontsova, and Dean Wilcox. Photo-transformation of aqueous nitroguanidine and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one : emerging munitions compounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41743.

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Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. We irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation produ
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Shukla, Manoj K., Luidmyla K. Sviatenko, Sergly I. Okovytyy, Danuta Leszczynska, and Jerzy Leszczynski. Catalytic Role of Solvated Electron in the Spontaneous Degradation of Insensitive Munition Compounds : Computational Chemistry Investigation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41122.

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The DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), and NQ (nitroguanidine) are important insensitive energetic materials used in military applications. They may find their way to the environment during manufacturing, transportation, storage, training, and disposal. A detailed investigation of possible mechanisms for self-degradation of radical-anions formed by addition of solvated electron to DNAN, NTO, and NQ species was performed by computational study using the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) approach. Obtained results suggest that only NQ radical-anion is able for self-deg
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Stromer, Bobbi, Rebecca Crouch, Katrinka Wayne, Ashley Kimble, Jared Smith, and Anthony Bednar. Methods for simultaneous determination of 29 legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil-sediment, and tissue matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/1168142105.

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Standard methods are in place for analysis of 17 legacy munitions compounds and one surrogate in water and soil matrices; however, several insensitive munition (IM) and degradation products are not part of these analytical procedures. This lack could lead to inaccurate determinations of munitions in environmental samples by either not measuring for IM compounds or using methods not designed for IM and other legacy compounds. This work seeks to continue expanding the list of target analytes currently included in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. This technical report pr
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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.

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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire de
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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using an 81 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46913.

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Postdetonation energetic residues can have environmental impacts that present a risk to military training-range sustainment. As munitions with new explosive formulations are developed and fielded, quantitative methods for assessing their residues are needed. Command detonation (i.e., static firing) allows residue testing to occur early in the acquisition process; however, its representation of live-fire residue production is uncertain due to differences in the initiation mechanism and cartridge orientation. This study aims to validate residue testing by command detonation through statistical c
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Moores, Lee, Alan Kennedy, Lauren May, et al. Identifying degradation products responsible for increased toxicity of UV-degraded insensitive munitions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42020.

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Degradation of insensitive munitions (IMs) by ultraviolet (UV) light has become a concern following observations that some UV-degradation products have increased toxicity relative to parent compounds in aquatic organisms. This investigation focused on the Army's IM formulation, IMX-101, composed of three IM constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). The IM constituents and IMX-101 were irradiated in a UV photo-reactor and then administered to Daphnia pulex in acute (48 h) exposures comparing toxicities relative to the parent materials.
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