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Ko, Eun-Jeong, and Kihwan Kim. "Connecting founder social identity with social entrepreneurial intentions." Social Enterprise Journal 16, no. 4 (2020): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-02-2020-0012.
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Purpose Despite recent advances in research on antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions, founder social identity has rarely been part of the research effort. This paper aims to investigate how different types of founder social identity affect social entrepreneurial intentions (SE intentions). Design/methodology/approach This study investigates how different types of founder social identity, such as Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries, affect SE intentions. Specifically, this study predicts that entrepreneurs with Darwinian identity would be less likely to form SE intentions, while those with Missionary and Communitarian identities would be more prone to form SE intentions. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 725 individuals recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Most of the hypotheses, except for Communitarian identity, are supported by the data analysis. The results contribute to the literature on founder social identity and SE intentions and demonstrate that founder social identity is one of the important antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. Findings Two of the hypotheses were supported by the results. Specifically, this study found a positive relation between Missionary founder social identity (its locus of self-definition is “Impersonal-We”) and social entrepreneurial intentions. This research also confirms that Darwinian founder social identity (its locus of self-definition is “I”) has a negative impact on social entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/value First, a person’s social identity has been largely overlooked in social entrepreneurship intention literature (Bacq and Alt, 2018; Hockerts, 2017; Zaremohzzabieh et al, 2019). The findings provide the empirical evidence that individual-level antecedents, especially one’s membership in a social group (i.e. social identity), exert a significant impact on the formation of SE intentions. Second, among the two types of founder social identity predicted to have a positive influence on SE intentions, only Missionary identity was found to have such a positive impact. The typical Communitarian locus of self-definition of “Personal We,” is less influential than the self-definition of the typical Missionary locus of “Impersonal We.” This might imply that not all types of feelings of belonging to a community have a positive impact on the formation and development of social entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, this study found that Darwinians are less likely to pursue social entrepreneurship although the definition of Darwinians is close to the definition of traditional entrepreneurs (e.g. profit/opportunity seekers). This may signify that the traditional concept of entrepreneurship may not be enough to explain different types of entrepreneurial motivations (e.g. social vs commercial entrepreneurship).
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Stanislaw, Harold. "Why aren't we all Darwinians?" American Psychologist 46, no. 3 (1991): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.46.3.248.a.
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Hourdequin, Marion. "Should Darwinians Be Moral Skeptics?" Metascience 16, no. 2 (2007): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-007-9110-0.
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Martins, Roberto de Andrade. "George John Romanes e a teoria da seleção fisiológica." Episteme – Filosofia e História das Ciências em Revista 11, no. 24 (2006): 209–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6435014.
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RESUMO: Este artigo discute as contribuições de George John Romanes (1848-1894) à teoria da evolução. Em seu trabalho evolucionista inicial, Romanes podia ser considerado como um mero discípulo e colaborador de Darwin. Falando estritamente, um seguidor de Darwin apenas tentaria desenvolver e difundir as idéias darwinianas, aplicá-las a casos novos, obter novas evidências a favor dessa teoria e responder problemas e objeções contra essa teoria. No entanto, depois de trabalhar alguns anos sob a direção de Darwin (por exemplo, tentando conseguir uma fundamentação experimental para a hipótese da pangênese), Romanes adotou outra estratégia. Assim como vários outros dos que se denominavam darwinianos no final do século XIX, Romanes tentou corrigir e complementar a teoria de Darwin, com a introdução de novos conceitos e hipóteses (especialmente sua “seleção fisiológica”). A nova atitude de Romanes pode ser considerada como um esforço para sair da sombra de Darwin e exibir sua própria luz. Além disso, Romanes tentou desqualificar o trabalho de outros darwinianos que tinham objetivos semelhantes. Palavras-chave: Romanes, George John; teoria da evolução; seleção fisiológica; história da biologia. GEORGE JOHN ROMANES AND THE THEORY<strong> OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTION </strong> <strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper discusses George John Romanes’ (1848-1894) contributions to evolution theory. In his early evolutionary work, Romanes could be regarded as a mere disciple and collaborator of Darwin. Strictly speaking, a follower of Darwin would only attempt to develop and to diffuse Darwin’s ideas, to apply them to new cases, to obtain new evidence for this theory and to answer to problems and objections against Darwin’s theory. However, after working for some time under Darwin’s guidance (for instance, trying to provide an experimental foundation for the hypothesis of pangenesis), Romanes adopted another strategy. As several other so-called Darwinians of the late 19th century, he endeavored to correct and to complement Darwin’s theory, with the introduction of new concepts and hypotheses (especially his “physiological selection”). Romanes’ new attitude might be regarded as an effort to step out of Darwin’s shadow and to exhibit his own brightness. Besides that, Romanes strove to undermine the work of other Darwinians that aimed at similar goals. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Romanes, George John; evolution theory; physiological selection; history of biology
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Tkacz, Michael W. "Neo-Darwinians, Aristotelians, and Optimal Design." Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 62, no. 3 (1998): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tho.1998.0016.
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King-Hele, Desmond. "Disenchanted Darwinians: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Blake." Wordsworth Circle 25, no. 2 (1994): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24043090.
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Travis, Anthony S. "Raphael Meldola and the Nineteenth-Century Neo-Darwinians." Journal for General Philosophy of Science 41, no. 1 (2010): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10838-010-9120-2.
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Nordmann, Alfred. "Darwinians at war Bateson's place in histories of Darwinism." Synthese 91, no. 1-2 (1992): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00484969.
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Saba, Fazal Firdousi, Dr Cai Li Prof, Javed Hasnain, and Murad Majid. "Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 8, no. 10 (2019): 88–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3614731.
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<em>Based on the theory of social identity, we explore the identities, behaviors and actions of 49 company founders in the equipment industry related to sports. The analysis suggests the existence of three pure forms of founding identities and shows how these identities systematically form key decisions in the creation of new companies, thereby "imprinting" start-ups with the distinct ideas of the founders themselves. We synthesize our findings in a typology that sheds light on the heterogeneous meanings founders associate with the creation of new firms and enhances understanding of why fundamental differences exist in firm creation processes and results</em>
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Stove, David. "So You Think You Are a Darwinian?" Philosophy 69, no. 269 (1994): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100047033.
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Most educated people nowadays, I believe, think of themselves as Darwinians. If they do, however, it can only be from ignorance: from not knowing enough about what Darwinism says. For Darwinism says many things, especially about our species, which are too obviously false to be believed by any educated person; or at least by an educated person who retains any capacity at all for critical thought on the subject of Darwinism.
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Fauchart, Emmanuelle, and Marc Gruber. "Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship." Academy of Management Journal 54, no. 5 (2011): 935–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211.
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Bender, Bert. "Frank Norris on the Evolution and Repression of the Sexual Instinct." Nineteenth-Century Literature 54, no. 1 (1999): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2902998.
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Frank Norris's emphasis on sex is best seen as part of a cultural response to Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Following Joseph Le Conte's effort to spiritualize evolution and move beyond Darwin and the neo-Darwinians, Norris first gave us characters like Vandover and McTeague-more fully animalistic than any American characters before them-and finally characters like the highly civilized and somewhat "divine" Laura Jadwin in The Pit. All of Norris's characters contend with the elements of sexual selection defined by Darwin-e.g., the male's "secondary sexual character" of "prehensile" power or the power of sexual attraction in music and dance. Only his later characters succeed in transcending sexual selection to express "love," a product of higher evolution that is simply beyond primitive characters like McTeague or people of mixed race in Norris's novels. Norris is best seen as a participant (along with Le Conte) in "the eclipse of Darwinism" by several "anti-Darwinian evolution theories" at the turn of the century. Norris's role in this cultural movement included his use of Darwin's theory of the expression and repression of emotions in order to repress, and to present characters who repressed, the sexual instinct. It is ironic that his most forceful effort in this regard (in The Pit) appeared at the moment when a new theory was developing, in popular Freudianism, that the sexual instinct must not be repressed.
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De Block, Andreas, and Stefaan E. Cuypers. "Why Darwinians Should Not Be Afraid of Mary Douglas—And Vice Versa." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 42, no. 4 (2011): 459–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393111425328.
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Caporael, Linnda, and Marilynn Brewer. "We ARE Darwinians, and this is what the fuss is all about." Motivation and Emotion 14, no. 4 (1990): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00996186.
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Cohen, Irun R. "Updating Darwin: Information and entropy drive the evolution of life." F1000Research 5 (December 1, 2016): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10289.1.
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The evolution of species, according to Darwin, is driven by struggle – by competition between variant autonomous individuals for survival of the fittest and reproductive advantage; the outcome of this struggle for survival is natural selection. The Neo-Darwinians reframed natural selection in terms of DNA: inherited genotypes directly encode expressed phenotypes; a fit phenotype means a fit genotype – thus the evolution of species is the evolution of selfish, reproducing individual genotypes. Four general characteristics of advanced forms of life are not easily explained by this Neo-Darwinian paradigm: 1) Dependence on cooperation rather than on struggle, manifested by the microbiome, ecosystems and altruism; 2) The pursuit of diversity rather than optimal fitness, manifested by sexual reproduction; 3) Life’s investment in programmed death, rather then in open-ended survival; and 4) The acceleration of complexity, despite its intrinsic fragility. Here I discuss two mechanisms that can resolve these paradoxical features; both mechanisms arise from viewing life as the evolution of information. Information has two inevitable outcomes; it increases by autocatalyis and it is destroyed by entropy. On the one hand, the autocalalysis of information inexorably drives the evolution of complexity, irrespective of its fragility. On the other hand, only those strategic arrangements that accommodate the destructive forces of entropy survive – cooperation, diversification, and programmed death result from the entropic selection of evolving species. Physical principles of information and entropy thus fashion the evolution of life.
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Sanchez, Luis Manuel. "Darwin’s politics of selection." Politics and the Life Sciences 38, no. 1 (2019): 72–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.1.
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The uses of natural selection argument in politics have been constant since Charles Darwin’s times. They have also been varied. The readings of Darwin’s theory range from the most radically individualist views, as in orthodox socio-Darwinism, to the most communitarian, as in Peter Kropotkin’s and other socialist perspectives. This essay argues that such diverse, contradictory, and sometimes even outrageous political derivations from Darwin’s theory may be partially explained by some incompleteness and ambivalences underlying Darwin’s concepts. “Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” are open concepts and may suggest some hierarchical and segregationist interpretations. Circumstantially, Darwin accepted social “checks,” such as discouraging marriage of “lower” individuals to prevent them from reproducing, in a vein of Malthusian politics. This makes Darwin’s theory of selection by struggle collide with his theory of social instincts, by which he explains the origins of morality. It also favors reading Darwin’sOn the Origin of SpeciesorThe Descent of Manfrom opposite, mostly ideological perspectives. Darwin’s position is ambivalent, although hardly unreasonable. The recognition he makes of social instincts, as well as the use of the concept of artificial selection, entails accepting the role of human consciousness, by which social evolution cannot be reduced to natural evolution, as socio-Darwinians did next and as some neo-Darwinists seem to repeat. On these grounds, this essay argues the inadequacy of the conventional model of natural selection for understanding politics. If we want to describe politics in Darwin’s language,artificialrather thannatural selectionwould be the concept that performs better for explaining the courses of politics in real society.
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Caponi, Gustavo. "El concepto evolucionario de linaje." Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia 20, no. 41 (2021): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rcfc.v20i41.3380.
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Los linajes evolutivos son poblaciones darwinianas o grupos monofiléticos compuestos de poblaciones darwinianas, o demes, que se derivan de una población darwiniana fundacional o de la fracción de una población darwiniana. El hecho de que esas poblaciones y fracciones de poblaciones sean consideradas como demes implica que en ellas puedan registrarse procesos microevolutivos tales como selección natural, selección sexual, deriva genética, migración y mutaciones genéticas. La derivación que va de una población ancestral a una población que de ella se origine es algo real, porque los individuos del stock inicial de la población derivada guardan vínculos de filiación con los individuos de la población primitiva.
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Endersby. "Evolutionary Naturalism in Victorian Britain: The ‘‘Darwinians’’ and their Critics, by Bernard Lightman." Victorian Studies 53, no. 3 (2011): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.53.3.553.
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Marciano, Alain, and Maud Pelissier. "The Influence of Scottish Enlightenment on Darwin's Theory of Cultural Evolution." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22, no. 2 (2000): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710050025439.
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Since the 1980s, institutional change has become a matter of great interest as economists faced the necessity and the challenge to provide a theory of economic or cultural evolution. Their first reaction was to refer to biology, a field in which theories of evolution have reached a high degree of sophistication. This was all the more legitimate and relevant given that biology has been largely influenced by economics (Schweber 1977, 1980; Gordon 1991; Kresge and Wenar 1994; Depew and Weber 1995). Indeed, the influence of classical political economy on the views of one of the fathers of the modern theory of evolution, Charles Darwin, is widely admitted. Darwin borrowed from economists fundamental ideas such as spontaneous order and methodological individualism (from Adam Smith), the positive role of diversity and variety (from Charles Babbage) and the concept of the struggle for life (from Thomas Malthus). Therefore, the ideas promoted by the founding fathers of political economy, sometimes called “Darwinians before Darwin” (Hayek 1973, p. 23), have shaped Darwin's theory of biological evolution.
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Acerbi, Alberto, and Alex Mesoudi. "If we are all cultural Darwinians what’s the fuss about? Clarifying recent disagreements in the field of cultural evolution." Biology & Philosophy 30, no. 4 (2015): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-015-9490-2.
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Regner, Anna Carolina Krebs Pereira. "Argumentos Retóricos na Ciência: Re-Pensando Aristóteles." Episteme – Filosofia e História das Ciências em Revista 3, no. 7 (1998): 64–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577488.
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<strong>RESUMO:</strong> O que seriam os argumentos retóricos no âmbito da linguagem científica? Poderia a distinção entre argumentos retóricos e não-retóricos ser uma questão de retórica? Partindo da tradição que busca em Aristóteles fundamentação para tal distinção e, assim, atribui à argumentação propriamente científica a condição de não ser retórica, o presente trabalho discute essa distinção à luz da prática efetiva da ciência, tomando a elaboração e defesa da Origem das Espécies, por Charles Darwin, como estudo de caso. Examinando os procedimentos e estratégias explicativas darwinianas, somos levados a re-pensar a abordagem tradicional da questão da retórica na ciência e o papel que, em termos aristotélicos, caberia então atribuir aos argumentos retóricos na argumentação científica. <strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Argumentos Retóricos; Retórica na Ciência; Aristóteles; Teoria Darwiniana; Origem das Espécies. <strong>RETHORICAL ARGUMENTS IN SCIENCE: REVISITING ARISTOTLE </strong> <strong>Abstract: </strong>In science, what would rhetorical arguments be? Might the very distinction between rhetorical and non-rhetorical arguments be a matter of Rhetoric? Considering a tradition of searching in Aristotle the foundation for such a distinction, the present work discusses it looking at the building and defense of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species as a case study. The examination of the Darwinian explanatory procedures and strategies leads us to re-think the role, in Aristotelian terms, of rhetoric in science and rhetorical arguments in scientific explanation. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Rhetorical Arguments; Rhetoric in Science; Aristotle; Darwinian Theory; Origin of Species.
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Nascimento, Rodrigo Barbosa, and Denise Maria Barreto Coutinho. "Darwin vai ao divã." Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia 41 (April 13, 2024): e46422. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/1676-1669.2024.46422.
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Este artigo objetiva identificar, contextualizar e analisar evidências e impacto do evolucionismo darwiniano na obra de Sigmund Freud, na literatura especializada nacional nas últimas duas décadas. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi empreendida, em conformidade com as orientações metodológicas PRISMA, valendo-se, para tanto, de palavras-chave selecionadas, posteriormente empregadas na pesquisa conduzida em sete bases de dados distintas. Após seleção, chegou-se a uma amostra final composta por dezesseis artigos de relevância. De acordo com os resultados, evidencia-se: evolucionismo darwiniano como um recurso na escrita da obra freudiana; utilização da história evolutiva ou história filogenética como justificativa das elaborações de Freud; teoria darwiniana como meio para compreensão da origem de sintomas e estados psíquicos; uso da figura representativa de Darwin.
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Valentim, Marco Antonio. "Espécie & Monstro." Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea 8, no. 2 (2020): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/rfmc.v8i2.28290.
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O ensaio investiga o conceito darwiniano de espécie a partir de A origem das espécies e de algumas de suas versões científicas e filosóficas. O objetivo principal é demonstrar o caráter essencialmente problemático do conceito, cujo estatuto oscila, no plano lógico, entre a categoria e a imagem, e, no plano vital, entre tipo e aberração. Argumenta-se para tanto que a teoria darwiniana da evolução da vida comporta uma teratologia, segundo a qual origem das espécies é pensada como potencial de diferenciação das formas vivas, sendo a monstruosidade o seu caráter mais originário. Por fim, conclui-se com a hipótese metafísica, inspirada pelo neoevolucionismo, e aplicada retroativamente à teoria darwiniana, de que as espécies naturais, enquanto formas de vida, são obra da imaginação metabólica e simpoiética dos viventes.
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Levine, George. "Why Beauty Matters." Victorian Literature and Culture 47, no. 1 (2018): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031800147x.
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For those of us for whom “literary Darwinism,” which bases its “scientific” approach to literary criticism on evolutionary psychology, has seemed an intellectual disaster, but who continue to believe that it is important to incorporate science cooperatively into our study of literature; for those who are concerned about how art and literature matter in a world so troubled and dangerous; for those convinced Darwinians who find themselves skeptical about and uneasy with the mechanico-materialist version of Darwinism that Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett have made popular; for those who find that the science they credit is yet inadequately attentive to women's perspectives, Richard Prum's The Evolution of Beauty offers a potentially marvelous option. A distinguished ornithologist, Prum has undertaken an enormously ambitious project, whose implications run from evolutionary biology to aesthetics. From the perspective of a very unscientific literary guy and a wannabe birder, I slightly distrust my enthusiasm for the book. But Prum's arguments are creatively provocative and brilliantly argued, even when they get rather iffily hypothetical; his ornithological studies are intrinsically fascinating, even to nonbirders, and at the same time they have potentially transformative implications. What he has to say, even if his inferences can and should be challenged, deserves the most serious engagement.
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Bermejo, Diego. "Evolución, ética y religión Introducción al pensamiento de Francisco J. Ayala." Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica 71, no. 269 (2016): 1055–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/pen.v71.i269.y2015.002.
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El debate de la teoría de la evolución sigue vivo en torno a cuestiones fronterizas suscitadas desde la ética y desde la religión. Francisco J. Ayala, biólogo darwiniano y científico humanista, propone un equilibrio elegante en las relaciones entre ciencia, ética y religión, contra fundamentalismos cientistas y religiosos, considerando la teoría darwiniana de la selección natural como un regalo para la ciencia y para la teología, y defendiendo la compatibilidad de ambas para una visión más rica de la vida humana. Los tres apartados de este escrito pueden valer como una primera introducción al pensamiento filosófico del profesor Ayala, que piensa desde la ciencia, pero más allá de la ciencia: 1) la revolución darwiniana (la ciencia como cuestión de hecho), 2) la naturaleza humana biológica y cultural (la ética como cuestión de valor) y 3) la complementariedad entre ciencia y religión (la religión como cuestión de sentido).
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De Souza, Josiney Alves. "Matemática e evolução: a lei do mais forte." Revista de Cultura Teológica, no. 98 (April 17, 2021): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/rct.i98.47899.
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Um renomado matemático traz à luz um aspecto nunca percebido na teoria darwiniana da evolução. Uma versão mais aguda da seleção natural teria influenciado o pensamento nazista no extermínio de milhares de seres humanos. A lei do mais forte não foi pregada por Darwin, mas os preceitos darwinianos indiretamente contribuíram com um falso aspecto científico para as barbáries da humanidade. O presente artigo contribui com esta reflexão, mostrando como a lei do mais forte se originou, como se opõe à lei de Deus e como se relaciona aos acontecimentos dos últimos dias.
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Alvarado, José Tomás. "¿Organismos biológicos o individuos darwinianos?" Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, no. 27 (December 30, 2024): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2024iss27pp1-18.
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Tradicionalmente se ha supuesto que el objeto central de la biología son los ‘organismos’. La expresión “organismo” es relativamente reciente en el uso que se le da hoy día –fue introducida por los autores del idealismo alemán– pero corresponde a una noción muy tradicional. Un ‘organismo’ ha de ser una sustancia compuesta por una pluralidad de materiales organizados por la misma sustancia que actúa sobre sí misma para preservarse en el tiempo, en orden a una finalidad que es el propio organismo. Parece resultar indispensable para hacer inteligible a un organismo su ordenación a un fin. Esta perspectiva teleológica, sin embargo, resulta inaceptable para la perspectiva reductivista de la biología prevalente desde el triunfo de la llamada “síntesis moderna” la primera mitad del siglo pasado. Se ha propuesto, por ello, sustituir la idea tradicional de ‘organismo’ por la de ‘individuo darwiniano’ (cf. Godfrey-Smith, 2009), que ofrecería una perspectiva más adecuada del objeto de la biología. El objeto de esta ciencia no serían los organismos, sino individuos que pueden entrar en el cambio evolutivo darwiniano. En este trabajo se explica porqué subsiste un hiato crucial entre los organismos teleológicamente orientados y un individuo darwiniano. La perspectiva darwiniana deja a un lado el rasgo más central del objeto de la biología: la vida.
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Carvalho, André Luis de Lima, and Ricardo Waizbort. "cão aos olhos (da mente) de Darwin." Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência 1, no. 1 (2008): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v1i1.386.
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Este artigo discute a importância do tema da mente animal na argumentação de Charles Darwin em defesa de sua teoria evolutiva. Para tal, lançamos mão de um estudo de caso, acompanhando o “cão de Darwin” em páginas de sua obra. Procuramos demonstrar: 1) que, no discurso de Darwin, a questão da mente animal está intimamente ligada à teoria darwiniana da origem comum (common descent); e 2) que o cão descrito pelo naturalista, como protótipo do animal darwiniano, detém uma vida mental e subjetiva complexa, com elementos de continuidade e de descontinuidade em relação à percepção dos animais no imaginário da Inglaterra vitoriana.
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Verpooten, Jan. "Extending Literary Darwinism." Scientific Study of Literature 3, no. 1 (2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.3.1.05ver.
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Literary Darwinism is an emerging interdisciplinary research field that seeks to explain literature and its oral antecedents (“literary behaviors”), from a Darwinian perspective. Considered the fact that an evolutionary approach to human behavior has proven insightful, this is a promising endeavor. However, Literary Darwinism as it is commonly practiced, I argue, suffers from some shortcomings. First, while literary Darwinists only weigh adaptation against by-product as competing explanations of literary behaviors, other alternatives, such as constraint and exaptation, should be considered as well. I attempt to demonstrate their relevance by evaluating the evidentiary criteria commonly employed by Literary Darwinists. Second, Literary Darwinists usually acknowledge the role of culture in human behavior and make references to Dual Inheritance theory (i.e., the body of empirical and theoretical work demonstrating that human behavior is the outcome of both genetic and cultural inheritance). However, they often do not fully appreciate the explanatory implications of dual inheritance. Literary Darwinism should be extended to include these recent refinements in our understanding of the evolution of human behavior.
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Yoguel, Gabriel Leopoldo. "La teoría evolucionista y schumpeteriana de la innovación." Revista Brasileira de Inovação 18, no. 2 (2019): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v18i2.8655621.
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Este artículo se propone contribuir a la discusión ontológica y epistemológica que se ha venido desarrollando en las últimas dos décadas en el campo de los legados evolucionista y Schumpeteriano y sus principales corrientes, cuando se focaliza en la relevancia asignada al pensamiento de Darwin. Nuestra contribución es discutir qué lugar ocupan los mecanismos de variación, herencia y selección darwinianos en el “core” de cada legado y corriente ya sea i) como principios generales aplicables a sistemas económicos y sociales que caracteriza a las contribuciones de lo que se denomina “darwinismo universal/generalizado”, ii) como una continuidad entre el mundo natural y el cultural o iii) como un análisis de la dinámica evolutiva que no recurre en su marco teórico a la trilogía darwiniana mencionada.
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Bowler, Peter J. "Bernard Lightman, Evolutionary Naturalism in Victorian Britain: The ‘Darwinians’ and Their Critics. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009. Pp. xx+326. ISBN 978-0-7546-5987-7. £70.00 (hardback)." British Journal for the History of Science 43, no. 1 (2010): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087410000142.
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Cherlonneix, Laurent. "Recherches sur l’auto-initiation de la Mort cellulaire à la fin du XIXe siècle." Gesnerus 64, no. 3-4 (2007): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0640304002.
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At the end of the 19th century, research on cell Death in France and Germany was not simply forgotten by contemporary research but in this context it appears that the growing power of cell theory together with an ancient philosophical “superiority” of life over death hijacked more surely the attention of the discoverers – among whom Vogt – of self-initiation of cell Death than the contemporary forgetting of biologists of “programmed” cell Death along with their “incapacity” to read in German. So the work of the Pasteurian Metchnikoff on muscular phagocytosis anticipates on the one hand the equivocity of factors that are disclosed in the framework of recent research. But Metchnikoff did not take advantage of it for theoretical consequences of the duality – normal and pathological – of muscular phagocytosis because this was not his aim.The research by Noetzel in Halle on self-dismantling of tadpole tails during the development does not contradict this perspective. Self-initiation of cell Death towards the end of the 19th century deals with cellular and intracellular levels but it leads to observations done with the microscope and not to inferences at molecular level. The thinness of these older observations is not really contradicted or repeated by contemporary research. It designs a field of observations that has its autonomy in comparison with actual issues on cell Death. On the contrary, the Weismann–Goette debate is closer to today. Behind the opposition of organisms that would be immortals and organisms whose mortality would lie in the necessity to reproduce themselves with the intention to rejuvenate, appears a debate initiated at that time and which now comes to its maturity between Darwinians who support a secondary death and those who support a more equivocal conception where Life and Death associate in depth but still do not mix.
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Gould, Stephen J. "The Darwinian body." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 195, no. 1-3 (1995): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/195/1995/267.
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Thornhill, Richard, and Michael Morris. "ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THEORIES OF ORIGINS: A PLEA FOR UNITY." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 7, no. 3 (2003): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853503322709164.
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AbstractA useful philosophical case against vivisection influential with the general public rests on the following three premises: (1) animals have interests as conscious beings; (2) it is unethical to cause pain and suffering to conscious beings for trivial reasons; and (3) animal models cannot be extrapolated to human beings, so vivisection is a trivial reason. Darwinian arguments have been used to back up each of the three premises above, and, furthermore it has been asserted by animal liberationists that those who do not hold to the evolutionary paradigm are more likely to support vivisection. Here, we present arguments that show why a belief in Darwinism (or in evolution generally) neither strengthens nor weakens the three anti-vivisectionist premises above. We also argue that there is no evidence to suggest that Darwinists are any less (or more) likely to support vivisection than those who hold views on biological origin that are further from the scientific mainstream. By leaving out arguments on origins, we hope that Darwinists, non-Darwinist evolutionists and creationists of all types can work together to make the world a better place for non-human animals.
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Magalhães, João Carlos Marques, and Décio Krause. "Teorias e modelos em genética de populações: um exemplo do uso do método axiomático em Biologia." Episteme – Filosofia e História das Ciências em Revista 11, no. 24 (2006): 269–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459491.
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<strong>RESUMO:</strong> A investigação de um domínio amplo da realidade, como a evolução dos seres vivos, pode dar origem a diferentes <em>“</em>teorias<em>”</em>, cada uma consoante com uma particular perspectiva que se considere. Para que se proceda a uma análise detalhada dos pressupostos e conceitos que baseiam uma determinada visão, o método axiomático parece ser a melhor das opções. Neste artigo, são discutidas algumas teorias da biologia evolutiva de um ponto de vista axiomático, mostrando-se de que forma se pode apresentar um <em>“</em>predicado de Suppes<em>” </em>para a teoria sintética da evolução, como detalhado em outro local (MAGALHÃES e KRAUSE, 2001). Esta formulação é utilizada, dentre outras coisas, para se discutir a noção de aptidão darwiniana, bem como para explorar as relações entre a teoria darwiniana da seleção natural e a genética de populações. <strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: filosofia da biologia; epistemologia da biologia; teoria da evolução. <strong>THEORIES AND MODELS IN POPULATION GENETICS:</strong> <strong>AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE AXIOMATIC</strong> <strong>METHOD IN BIOLOGY</strong> <strong>Abstract: </strong>The investigation of a wide field of knowledge, as evolution of living beings, may originate different <em>“</em>theories<em>”</em>, each one acting as a particular perspective we have about the domain. In order to proceed a philosophical analysis of the underlying assumptions of a particular view, it seems that the use of the axiomatic method is still the better way. Here, we discuss some theories of evolutionary biology from an axiomatic point of view, by means of a Suppes predicate for the synthetic theory of evolution, already detailed in MAGALHÃES and KRAUSE (2001). This formulation is here used, among other things, to deal with the concept of Darwinian fitness, so as to explore the relationships between Darwinian theory and population genetics. <strong>Keywords</strong>: philosophy of biology; epistemology of biology; evolutionary theory.
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Sanchez, Luis. "Darwin, artificial selection, and poverty:Contemporary implications of a forgotten argument." Politics and the Life Sciences 29, no. 1 (2010): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_1_61.
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This paper argues that the processes of evolutionary selection are becoming increasingly artificial, a trend that goes against the belief in a purely natural selection process claimed by Darwin's natural selection theory. Artificial selection is mentioned by Darwin, but it was ignored by Social Darwinists, and it is all but absent in neo-Darwinian thinking. This omission results in an underestimation of probable impacts of artificial selection upon assumed evolutionary processes, and has implications for the ideological uses of Darwin's language, particularly in relation to poverty and other social inequalities. The influence of artificial selection on genotypic and phenotypic adaptations arguably represents a substantial shift in the presumed path of evolution, a shift laden with both biological and political implications.
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García Larraín, Federico. "THOMAS NAGEL E A TELEOLOGIA ARISTOTÉLICA-TOMISTA." Journal of Teleological Science 1, no. 1 (2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.59079/jts.v1i1.3.
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A concepção materialista do mundo, apoiada pela teoria da evolução, tem sido oposta à prova da existência de Deus pela ordem do mundo (a quinta via de São Tomás). Embora a explicação darwiniana não se oponha diretamente à existência de Deus, em algumas de suas formulações contemporâneas (Dawkins, Gould, Wilson e Lewontin, por exemplo) isso é assumido como um ponto de partida. Neste contexto, a recente publicação de Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is almost certainly false, de Thomas Nagel, causou grande controvérsia. O autor afirma que é possível distinguir uma teleologia no mundo natural, embora ele não vá ao ponto de propor a existência de um Deus criador. Este documento examinará os postulados de Nagel, comparando-os com a filosofia natural aristotélica e thomística, a fim de esclarecer os fundamentos de sua crítica ao darwinismo e compreender que tipo de teleologia ele postula.
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Abrantes, Paulo C. "A cultura pode evoluir?" Trans/Form/Ação 46, spe1 (2023): 427–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-3173.2023.v46esp1.p427.
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Resumo: O artigo parte de uma distinção entre tipos de descrição que podem ser propostos para uma dinâmica populacional, incluindo uma descrição “darwiniana”, em termos de variação, herança e aptidão diferencial, envolvendo as entidades que compõem a população relevante. Em seguida, propõe-se uma categorização de tipos de populações culturais e investigam-se as condições mais gerais que precisam ser satisfeitas, para que as dinâmicas dessas populações tenham um caráter evolutivo e darwiniano, com ênfase na população composta pelos próprios traços culturais. Destacam-se algumas abordagens da evolução na linhagem hominínea, como a teoria da dupla herança e a memética, que concedem à evolução cultural um lugar privilegiado nos seus cenários. Essas abordagens contribuem, desse modo, para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria geral da evolução cultural, e aqui se comparam, nesse tocante, com outras abordagens. Esses confrontos também permitem ilustrar analogias entre a evolução biológica e a evolução cultural, bem como falhas na analogia.
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Mildenberger, Florian G. "Anatom, Abtreibungsgegner, Antidarwinist." Medizinhistorisches Journal 51, no. 3 (2016): 246–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/medhist-2016-0007.
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Cavadas, Bento. "«On the Origin of Species»: Didactic transposition to the curriculum and Portuguese science textbooks (1859-1959)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 4, no. 2 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.149.
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This research aimed to contribute to the history of the teaching of Darwinism in the Portuguese curriculum from 1859 to 1959. To this end, it was analysed the didactic transposition of the book On the Origin of Species for the standards and textbooks of Natural Sciences of secondary education. This study showed that some standards did not address Darwinism (Standards of 1856, 1872, 1880, 1886, 1926 and 1929), while others only prescribed the study of some subjects of Darwinism (Standards of 1889 and 1905). The standards of 1895 were the ones that addressed more Darwinists ideas in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the overall approach to Darwinism was related to the study of transformist ideas (Standards of 1919) or evolution (Standards of 1936 and 1954). However, even when the respective standards did not make that prescription, the major part of textbooks addressed the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution: adaptation, variability, growth correlations, heredity, natural selection, vital competition, geographic isolation and sexual selection.
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Jaroš, Filip. "Darwinismus a portmannismus: střetnutí nesouměřitelných biologických paradigmat?" Teorie vědy / Theory of Science 32, no. 4 (2010): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46938/tv.2010.48.
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The article focuses on the possibility of the cultivation of biology inspired by the work of biologist A. Portmann. Insight into the problem is to some extent limited to the Czech language area, where Portmann’s ideas are relatively well established. The paper analyses the causes of latent tension between so-called Darwinists and Portmannists. There are a lot of misunderstandings at this point. First of all, it must be considered that Portmann didn’t disregard Darwin’s theory. The aim of the article is to show that Portmann’s ideas transcend a traditional Darwinian reduction of a life form to adaptive function. Divergence of these schools of thought comes from different opinions on the nature of science. The paper shows how dissimilarities of aims and means of biological exploration lead to different conclusions about living creatures. For research growing out of Portmann’s ideas, it is necessary not to consider Darwinism as a competitor, but as a thought-provoking partner for a dialogue.
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Abed, Riadh T. "Suicide as altruism: A Darwinian perspective." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 14, no. 4 (1997): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700003396.
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There has been increased interest recently in the implications of Darwinian theory on psychology, psychiatry and in medicine generally. As a result a large number of publications have appeared that attempt to reformulate a range of psychiatric disorders in the light of evolutionary theory. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the subject of suicide from the evolutionary perspective with some notable exceptions. The purpose of this brief paper is to bring the Darwinian perspective to the notice of a wider psychiatric readership hoping that this will add a further dimension to the debate on suicide and selfdestructive behaviour. Darwinia n theory had found it difficult to account for the existence of altruistic behavioural strategies in social animals until it was explained by Hamilton that the focus for selection was not the individual but the gene. Altruism here refers to any behaviour that reduces the reproductive fitness of the donor while increasing the reproductive fitness of the recipient. According to Hamilton's formulation (the kin selection theory) the individual will behave in a nepotistic manner (ie. altruistically towards kin) as this will enhance the overall chances of his genes to pass to the next generation not only through his own descendants but through non-descendant kin, a measure he termed ‘inclusive fitness’. Therefore it would not be surprising that individuals would be more likely to behave altruistically towards kin than non-kin.
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Henriquez Torres, Carmen Patricia. "estudio de los rasgos egocéntricos remanentes en la teoría darwiniana de la evolución y sus consecuencias epistemológicas." Mutatis Mutandis: Revista Internacional de Filosofía 1, no. 3 (2014): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.69967/07194773.v1i3.97.
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En este trabajo argumentaré que lo que describo como egocentrismo, permea el evolucionismo darwiniano. Entiendo por egocentrismo la doctrina que toma como centro de referencia absoluta al yo, este yo está remitido al contexto de la época moderna donde se identificara con la razón al modo cartesiano. Este concepto implica la concepción antropocéntrica, es decir, el concebir al hombre, con su razón, como la medida de todas las cosas. Me propongo develar ciertos rasgos egocéntricos presentes en la teoría de la evolución y sus repercusiones epistemológicas. Sostendré que el egocentrismo moderno no pudo ser derrocado completamente por el conocimiento proporcionado por el evolucionismo y que la misma teoría de la evolución ha sido permeada por remanentes egocentristas. Esto se aprecia en posturas como el progresivismo presente en algunas de las formulaciones de Darwin y otros evolucionistas. Específicamente analizaré la noción de progreso como egocentrista considerando los estudios de Stephen Jay Gould y Michael Ruse. Dicha noción será examinada en relación a la teoría darwiniana de la evolución biológica para luego delimitarla a la epistemología evolucionista. Finalmente, se esbozarán algunas conclusiones respecto a ambas aplicaciones del progresivismo en relación al egocentrismo
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Davis, Dick. "Darwinian." Hopkins Review 11, no. 1 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2018.0008.
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Sauer, Norman J. "How “Darwinian” was the Darwinian revolution?" Reviews in Anthropology 14, no. 3 (1987): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1987.9977826.
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Bassi, Giulia. "La caduta di Icaro." Polisemie 4 (December 1, 2023): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/polisemie.v4.1400.
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A partire dal dialogo tra arte, ambienti raffigurati e scrittura nelle prose di Geografie, il saggio indaga i dispositivi formali adottati da Anedda nella rappresentazione degli spazi. Vengono prese in analisi le strategie narrative utilizzate per scardinare la dialettica tra spazio umano, risultato di una stratificazione temporale e culturale, e paesaggio indipendente dalla presenza umana: questa postura antiantropocentrica, insieme con gli elementi formali che ne derivano, fanno reagire l’opera di Anedda con la linea darwiniano-leopardiana che, nel Novecento, arriva fino a Italo Calvino. English title: 'The Fall of Icarus. On spaces and forms in Anedda's Geografie' Starting from the dialogue between art, depicted environments and writing in the prose of Geografie, this essay investigates the formal devices adopted by Anedda in representing spaces. The essay analyzes the narrative strategies used to unhinge the dialectic between human space, as a result of temporal and cultural stratification, and landscape, as a space independent from human presence: this anti-anthropocentric posture, together with the formal elements that derive from it, make Anedda's work react with the Darwinian-Leopardian line that, in the twentieth century, reaches an author like Italo Calvino.
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Bartoszeck, Amauri Betini. "Educação em ciência emergente: na pré-escola e primeiras séries do ensino fundamental." REVISTA INTERSABERES 9, no. 17 (2014): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22169/revint.v9i17.576.
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Resumo Este ensaio visa estimular a introdução paulatina de ciências naturais na pré-escola (e séries iniciais do ensino fundamental), acompanhando o neurodesenvolvimento, a cognição e o comportamento da criança. Salienta aspectos relevantes da evolução do cérebro na perspectiva darwiniana e comportamento da espécie humana. Reflete sobre o amadurecimento do cérebro e órgãos sensoriais compatíveis com abordagens de conceituação abstrata, princípios da metodologia de observação com significado e registro simplificado de dados, na modalidade da ciência escolar. Objetiva contribuir complementarmente para a formação continuada do professor em ciências naturais e implicações educacionais da neuropedagogia. Palavras-chave: Educação científica. Mundo natural. Cérebro. Modelo mental. Abstract This essay intends to stimulate the progressive introduction of natural science education in kindergarten (and first grades of primary school), following the neurodevelopment, cognition and behavior of the child. It highlights relevant issues of the evolution of the human brain on a Darwinian perspective and the behavior of human species. Considerations are carried out concerning skillful activities of the brain and sense organs scaffolding abstract concepts, principles of the methodology for the observation with meaning and proper recording of data during periods of school science. It also aims to contribute to train in service teachers to have a better grasp of natural sciences and educational relevance of neuroscience. Key words: Science education. Natural world. Brain. Mental model. RESUMEN Este ensayo tiene por objeto fomentar la introducción gradual de las ciencias naturales en la educación preescolar y escolar, que acompañan el desarrollo neurológico, la cognición y el comportamiento del niño. Destaca aspectos relevantes de la evolución del cerebro en la perspectiva Darwiniana y el comportamiento de la especie humana. Reflexiona sobre la maduración del cerebro y los órganos de los sentidos compatibles con enfoques de conceptos abstractos, principios de metodología de la observación con el significado y registro simplificado de datos, en forma de ciencia escolar. Su objetivo es contribuir a la formación continua del profesorado en ciencias naturales y implicaciones educativas de la neuropedagogia. Palabras-clave: Educación científica. Mundo natural. Cerebro. Modelo mental.
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Erskine, Fiona, F. Burkhardt, and S. Smith. "Indispensable Darwiniana." Journal of Biogeography 12, no. 6 (1985): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2844915.
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Escacena Carrasco, José Luis. "Murallas fenicias para Tartessos: un análisis darwinista." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 11 (2002): 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2002.i11.04.
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Zohrab, Irene. "Darwinin The Pages Of The Citizen During Dostoevsky's Editorship And Echoes Of Darwinian Fortuitousness in The Brothers Karamazov." Dostoevsky Journal 10-11, no. 1 (2010): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23752122-01001007.
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