Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Daylighting performance'

The innovation of natural daylighting light pipe took place more than twenty years ago. Since then its daylighting performance has been reported in a number of studies. To date, however, no mathematical method that includes the effect of straight-run and bends within light pipes has been made available. Therefore, a generalm athematicalm odel for light pipes is desirablet o assessa nd predict its daylighting performance.F urthermore,s uch a generalm odel can enablet he assessmenot f light pipe system's efficiency and potential in energy saving. A modified form of daylight factor, Daylight Penetration Factor (DPF), has been introduced to build a sophisticated model that takes account of the effect of both internal and external environmental factors, and light pipe configuration. Measurementsa nd mathematicalm odelling activities aimed at predicting the daylighting performance of light pipes with various configurations under all weather conditions in the UK were undertaken. A general daylighting performance model, namely DPF model, for light pipes was developed and validated. The model enables estimation of daylight provision of the light pipes with a high degree of accuracy, i. e. R2 values of 0.95 and 0.97 for regression between predicted and measured illuminance were respectively obtained for the above model. The DPF model uses the most routinely measured radiation data, i. e. the global illuminance as input. Considering that in real applications, light pipes installed in a particular building may not receive the full amount of global illuminance as measured by local meteorological office. This may be due to partial shading of the light pipe top collector dome. Therefore, to enable the application of the DPF model in practical exercisesf undamentalw ork on sky diffuse illuminance measurementsh ave been undertaken. An exhaustive validation has been carried out to examine the DPF model in terms of the structure of the model and its performance. The DPF model was compared against studies by other independent researchersin the field. Independentd ata setsg atheredf rom a separates ite were used to validate the performance of the DPF model. Comprehensive statistical methods have been applied during the course of validation. Relevant, brief economic and environmental impact of the technology under discussion has also been undertaken. One of the main achievementso f this work is the mathematicalm ethod developedt o evaluatet he daylighting performance of light pipes. T'he other main achievement of this work is the development and validation of the DPF models for predicting light pipes' daylighting performance.

This thesis explores the opportunities and limitations of steel construction and connection to the outdoors through a sports facility for the city of Blacksburg, Virginia. The program being that of an indoor soccer facility allows for the steel to express its ability to span great distances with a very fine and visually delicate structure. Cables express the steel's strength in tension. The structure is clearly expressed and easily understood by anyone who enters the facility. The building's indoor connection to the outdoor environment is achieved through the study and implementation of several strategies that not only enhance the visual and thermal comfort levels of those people in the facility but will also reduce the building's operating costs. One of the main strategies utilized to achieve this enhanced comfort level is that of natural ventilation. This will contribute to the overall air quality of the interior space and bring a refreshing breeze to the athletes and spectators of the facility. A second important design strategy is the utilization of natural light brought through and interacting with the translucent roof and steel structure.<br>Master of Architecture

Daylighting improves visual environment, enhances human productivity, and reduces fossil fuel consumption and C02 emissions and thus decreases global warming. The contradiction between daylighting and heat gain in hot climates requires innovative daylighting systems that provide illumination to buildings while controlling the heat gain. Several innovative daylighting systems were developed to provide such a balance between daylighting and shading such as lightshelves, louvers and laser cut panel (LCP). The thesis objectives are to investigate the effects that ceiling geometries could have on the performance of the innovative daylighting systems, to optimise the performance of the daylighting systems by manipulating variables like lightshelves, and louvers geometries, and sloped angle, rooms heights and reflectance, to provide design guidelines for buildings designers to incorporate daylight buildings design and to ease daylight application in hot climates with contradictory situation. Optimising the performance of the innovative daylighting systems was assessed by modifying ceiling geometries, space parameters and systems parameters. Experimental studies using physical models under artificial light, artificial sky and real sky were conducted. The ceiling geometries were found to have significant effects on the performance of lightshelves, louvers and laser cut panels (LCPs). Curved and chamfered ceilings improved the performance of the innovative daylighting systems by reducing the illuminance level in the front part and increasing it in the rear part. Radiance simulation confirmed the effects of ceiling geometries on the performance of systems and agreed well with the experiment results under overcast and clear sky conditions. Therefore Radiance was used to optimise the performance of the innovative daylighting systems using ceiling parameters, space parameters and the innovative system parameters. Ceiling geometries, room height II I' Ii '·I'iI' . 'I! I: r i I'· I.' i. I, '' 'j; 'ii , ij , Ii I I I I I I I I I - '.. _ . . and lightshelf and louvers shape were found to have significant effects on the lightshelf and louvers perfonnance. On the hand, ceiling geometries and width to cut .ratio have significant effects on the LCP perfonnance. A curved ceiling could increase the illuminance level in the rear part of a room served by a lightshelfby 30%, while a chamfered ceiling improved it in a room with louvers by an average of 24%. Lightshelf geometries like a curved lightshelf could increase its perfonnance by up to 30% compared to a horizontal lightshelf. On the other hand, arch and angled louvers could improve the louvers perfonnance by up to 13%. Moreover curved ceilings could improve the perfonnance of LCPs by an average of 35%. These variables could increase the amount of light delivered deep into a room and direct the light to the required area. The best ceiling geometry, was the curved ceiling for lightshelves and LCPs and chamfered ceiling for the louvers7 Curved lightshelves and louvers perfonned better than flat lightshelves or louvers in addition increasing the room height improved both the illuminance level and unifonnity ratio. The lightshelf could be used in a large space up to 12m in depth, if combined with a curved high ceiling with specular reflectance in the front part, and a white back wall.

The effective daylighting of multistorey commercial building interiors poses an interesting problem for designers in Australia’s tropical and subtropical context. Given that a building exterior receives adequate sun and skylight as dictated by location-specific factors such as weather, siting and external obstructions; then the availability of daylight throughout its interior is dependant on certain building characteristics: the distance from a window façade (room depth), ceiling or window head height, window size and the visible transmittance of daylighting apertures. The daylighting of general stock, multistorey commercial buildings is made difficult by their design limitations with respect to some of these characteristics. The admission of daylight to these interiors is usually exclusively by vertical windows. Using conventional glazing, such windows can only admit sun and skylight to a depth of approximately 2 times the window height. This penetration depth is typically much less than the depth of the office interiors, so that core areas of these buildings receive little or no daylight. This issue is particularly relevant where deep, open plan office layouts prevail. The resulting interior daylight pattern is a relatively narrow perimeter zone bathed in (sometimes too intense) light, contrasted with a poorly daylit core zone. The broad luminance range this may present to a building occupant’s visual field can be a source of discomfort glare. Furthermore, the need in most tropical and subtropical regions to restrict solar heat gains to building interiors for much of the year has resulted in the widespread use of heavily tinted or reflective glazing on commercial building façades. This strategy reduces the amount of solar radiation admitted to the interior, thereby decreasing daylight levels proportionately throughout. However this technique does little to improve the way light is distributed throughout the office space. Where clear skies dominate weather conditions, at different times of day or year direct sunlight may pass unobstructed through vertical windows causing disability or discomfort glare for building occupants and as such, its admission to an interior must be appropriately controlled. Any daylighting system to be applied to multistorey commercial buildings must consider these design obstacles, and attempt to improve the distribution of daylight throughout these deep, sidelit office spaces without causing glare conditions. The research described in this thesis delineates first the design optimisation and then the actual prototyping and manufacture process of a daylighting device to be applied to such multistorey buildings in tropical and subtropical environments.

This study evaluated the potential of toplighting systems in the hot and humid tropics by using Bangkok, Thailand (latitude 13.7°N) as a test location. The analysis tested both the thermal and lighting performance of three toplighting systems. Toplighting, designed for use in one-story buildings or on the top floor of taller buildings, yields a uniformly distributed light throughout a space. However, in lower latitude locations, where there is no heating period, heat gain is a critical design issue since it significantly affects the annual energy consumption of the building. Accordingly, the decision to use toplighting in these locations needs to be carefully examined before any design considerations occur. In this study, the thermal and lighting performance of three toplighting systems were compared. For the thermal performance, total cooling loads, heat gains and losses, and interior temperature were evaluated. The lighting performance parameters examined were daylight factor, illuminance level, light distribution, and uniformity. EnergyPlus was used as the thermal analysis tool, and RADIANCE, along with a physical scale model, was used as the lighting performance analysis tool. The sky conditions tested were overcast, clear sky, and intermediate sky. Results have shown that, for locations with hot and humid climates with variable sky conditions such as Bangkok, Thailand, the roof monitors perform better than the other two systems in terms of the thermal and lighting performance. With similar cooling loads, the roof monitor provides better illuminance uniformity than the skylights and lightscoops, with adequate illuminance level (at mostly higher than 500 lux).

In the design of an atrium, good qualities of daylighting and thermal performance are expected. This thesis deals with a parametric study of geometric effect on the daylighting and thermal performance of three typical types of atriums, enclosed, linear and semi-enclosed, in the subtropical climatic area.

Building skins have become an expression of the unique forces that are defining their context, either tangible such as weather conditions or intangible, such as social and cultural heritage. Egypt is currently experiencing excessive importation of Western technology and design concepts in architecture due to the desire of rapid development accompanied by social and political changes, threatening its culture and causing an identity crisis. Nowadays, office building design in Egypt adopts the design principles of fully glazed western buildings that were built for different environmental conditions and cultures. The negligence towards local climates and heritage, especially in a country with a hot desert climate and a rich culture like Egypt, resulted in unsatisfactory building performance. The satisfaction of occupants with their work environment is important, both regarding well-being and productivity. Therefore, ensuring acceptable environmental conditions must be achieved along with the need to include sustainability–performance related features within any design. For office buildings, two of the primary energy demands are associated with artificial lighting and thermal comfort. Therefore, any approach that attempts to reduce excessive solar gains while enhancing daylight availability can be considered as a sustainable design strategy. Building skin is the key moderator between the internal and external environments. Historically, the environmental control through façade was static. However, recent technological advances enabled building skins to dynamically react to the external environment with the aim of enhancing internal conditions. Territorial adaptive building skin (TABS) is one example of this new types of building skins. The methodology proposed in this research employed a parametric modelling, building performance simulation and Genetic Algorithm tools for optimising the performance of TABS for a south facing office space in Cairo, Egypt, based on predefined criteria, at twelve different times during the year. The TABS integrated two subsystems: (1) Shading: a dynamic geometric pattern inspired by the Egyptian solar screen ‘Mashrabia’; (2) Daylight redirecting: active horizontal louver system, to harness the advantages of both strategies. The results showed that TABS achieved the required performance at all the twelve examined times using it's predefined capabilities regarding six performance indicators (task points illuminance levels, illuminance contrast ratio, daylight distribution, daylight penetration depth, solar gain and glare). Moreover, the TABS performance surpassed the performance of the fully glazed base case and two other optimised traditional façade solutions at all examined times. Furthermore, in this study, each physical appearance of the optimised TABS solutions was an authentic representation of the Mashrabiya form, which continually achieved to represent the Egyptian cultural identity. An empirical validation process was conducted using 3D printed physical models of optimised TABS in an artificial sky facility. Acceptable agreement between the validation and simulation models regarding illuminance values was achieved. Finally, the findings proved that TABS could be a complex geometry that satisfies the ornamental desires of the contemporary architecture and address the concerns over building performance and user comfort.

An energy shortage arose in Lebanon during and after the civil war (1975-1990).62% of the national electricity generation is consumed by building stock, of which 70/0 is consunled in the conlnlercial sector. Given the acute shortages and increased consumnption, there is a need to rationalise the use of energy in the building sector. There is growing evidence that buildings which adopt passive design solutions, such as daylighting and natural ventilation, have good energy performance and show higher occupant satisfaction. Daylighting can be a good contributor to energy efficiency in the buildings of Beirut. where the climate is typically Mediterranean and daylight is available 12 hours per day on average. During the last century, the development of façade configurations and the widespread adoption of international design trends in Beirut, particularly in office buildings, changed the energy consumption pattern. The lack of any building regulations that considered the potential of daylighting led to an underestimation of the impact of façade design on the internal environment and building energy behaviour. The aim of this study is to develop design guidelines for office building façade configuration and plan morphology that will contribute to the best use of daylighting, with associated potential energy savings, in Beirut. To achieve this, the study has three main parts. Firstly, the literature relating to daylighting design principles, glazing façades and human comfort in workspaces is reviewed in order to identify design parameters and variables that are significant for daylighting performance in office buildings. Thereafter, the seven historical phases of architectural development in Beirut are identified. Examples of office buildings from each phase are evaluated for their daylighting efficiency, in accordance to four parametric levels describing the 'Building Shape, 'Window/Façade' and Window/Office' relationships, and the 'Shading Devices' used. Finally, the lighting behaviour of 14 selected case studies is simulated using ADELINE. Electrical lighting consumption and the possible savings due to the implementation of different lighting control strategies are calculated. The simulation outputs are validated by empirical energy data. Finally design guidelines for the best practice in the office buildings of Beirut are produced, by coupling the evaluation of daylighting design variables and energy savings measures.

This research focuses on an advanced optical light pipe daylighting system as a means to deliver natural light at the back of deep-plan office buildings (15ft to 30ft), using optimized geometry and high reflective materials. The light pipe configurations follow a previous study at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Beltr??n et al., 1997). The current system is designed for College Station, TX (lat: 30?? 36??N), with predominantly mostly sunny sky conditions. This work consists of the monitoring of two scale models simulating a portion of a multi-story office building with open-plan configuration, with interior dimensions 30ft x 20ft x 10ft, built at 1:4 of its real scale, one of the models being the reference case and the other the test case where the light pipe system is placed. The main objectives of this thesis are (a) to examine this daylighting system comparative to the reference case, taking measurements for longer periods than the study at LBNL, as well as to collect detailed data of its performance under different weather conditions and with different materials; (b) to evaluate the visual comfort and possible glare problems of the light pipe system through photographic evaluation and the conduction of a survey that provides people??s opinions and suggestions about the daylighting system. The light pipe system demonstrated a higher performance than the reference case in terms of appropriate levels of light and people??s preferences. The illuminance at the workplane level showed to be adequate with any of the two different diffusing materials used to spread the light into the room. The light pipe without a diffuser was the other condition observed to further understand the bounces of the sunbeam inside the reflective chamber and its consequences on the lighting output. Recommended standards for office spaces with VDT screens together with the analysis of the daylight system, led to preliminary suggestions on how to integrate the light pipe system in an open-plan office configuration. Further study is indicated to reach the complete potential of this advanced optical light pipe that ties illuminance quality with energy savings through the integration of daylight and electric light systems.

This PhD thesis evaluated the applicability of Climate-Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) as it is presently done. The objectives stated in this thesis aimed at broadly assessing applicability by looking at multiple aspects: (i) the way CBDM is used by expert researchers and practitioners; (ii) how state-of-the-art simulation techniques compare to each other and how they are affected by uncertainty in input factors; (iii) how the simulated results compare with data measured in real occupied spaces. The answers obtained from a web-based questionnaire portrayed a variety of workflows used by different people to perform similar, if not the same, evaluations. At the same time, the inter-model comparison performed to compare the existing simulation techniques revealed significant differences in the way the sky and the sun are recreated by each technique. The results also demonstrated that some of the annual daylight metrics commonly required in building guidelines are sensitive to the choice of simulation tool, as well as other input parameters, such as climate data, orientation and material optical properties. All the analyses were carried out on four case study spaces, remodelled from existing classrooms that were the subject of a concurrent research study that monitored their interior luminous conditions. A large database of High Dynamic Range images was collected for that study, and the luminance data derived from these images could be used in this work to explore a new methodology to calibrate climate-based daylight models. The results collected and presented in this dissertation illustrate how, at the time of writing, there is not a single established common framework to follow when performing CBDM evaluations. Several different techniques coexist but each of them is characterised by a specific domain of applicability.

The use of daylight brings many advantages, as a better quality lighting, psychophysiological benefits and the outside view. In addition, it minimizes the use of artificial lighting and it contributes to the recent interest in energy efficiency. But, despite the daylight s availability existing in Brazil, especially in its Northeast, and despite the great number of daylighting simulation tools, the concern with its optimization hardly takes part on the inicial design of buidings. This thesis is embedded within this context and it aims to analyze and compare the lighting performance between classrooms, trying to support daylighting in these environments. With the TropLux, the simulation of a standard classroom in the city of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, designated Geometry 1, the simulation of some changes in its characteristics, designated Geometries 2 and 3, and the simulation of new geometries with daylighting systems, designated Geometries 4 and 5, were proceeded. In both cases, the CIE Sky types 1 (overcast), 10 (partly cloudy) and 14 (clear) were considered. To analyze the lighting performance of these geometries, it was created isocurves graphics with percentages of illuminances inside the interval 300 lx < E < 2000 lx. From these isocurves graphics, different behaviours of the geometries under the Sky types analyzed were observed. To compare its performances, the average of illuminance s average, the average of the illuminance s percentages inside the interval above and the maximum and minimum values of the illuminance s average were calculated. These values evidence that isolated interventions in the standard classroom (Geometry 1), like increasing the ceiling reflectance (Geometry 2) or adopting a dropped ceiling plan (Geometry 3), does not contribute with the lighting performance s improvement in the illuminance`s interval considered. Nevertheless, they evidence na evolution in the lighting performance of Geometry 5 in relation to the standard classroom (Geometry 1).<br>O uso da luz natural traz diversas vantagens, dentre as quais destacam-se uma melhor qualidade da iluminação, benefícios psicofisiológicos e o contato com o meio exterior. Além disso, reduz o uso dos sistemas de iluminação artificial, contribuindo com o recente interesse pela eficiência energética. Mas, apesar da disponibilidade de luz natural existente no Brasil, especialmente na sua região Nordeste, e da existência de ferramentas de simulação computacional da luz natural, a preocupação com a sua otimização dificilmente faz parte da fase inicial de projeto das edificações. É dentro desse contexto que o presente trabalho está inserido, com o objetivo de analisar e comparar o desempenho luminoso entre salas de aula, tentando favorecer o uso da luz natural nesses ambientes. Utilizando-se o TropLux, procedeu-se à simulação de uma sala de aula padrão da cidade de Aracaju, no estado de Sergipe, designada Geometria 1, e de duas salas com alterações de algumas de suas características, designadas Geometrias 2 e 3, além de duas novas geometrias contendo elementos de controle e redirecionamento da luz natural, designadas Geometrias 4 e 5. Em ambos os casos foram considerados os céus CIE 1 (encoberto), 10 (parcialmente encoberto) e 14 (claro). Para a análise do desempenho luminoso das geometrias foram gerados gráficos de isocurvas contendo os percentuais de iluminâncias dentro do intervalo 300 lx < E < 2000 lx. A partir deles, observou-se os diferentes comportamentos das geometrias sob os tipos de céu analisados. Para a comparação entre os seus desempenhos, foram calculadas a média das iluminâncias médias, a média dos percentuais de iluminâncias dentro do intervalo proposto e os valores máximo e mínimo das iluminâncias médias. Tais valores demonstram que intervenções isoladas na sala de aula em estudo (Geometria 1), como o aumento da refletância do teto (Geometria 2) ou a inclusão de um teto rebaixado plano (Geometria 3), não trazem melhorias em relação ao seu desempenho luminoso dentro do intervalo de iluminâncias considerado. Apesar disso, sugerem uma evolução no desempenho luminoso da Geometria 5 em relação à sala de aula em estudo (Geometria 1).

Esta tese parte da hipótese de que nem todos os edifícios de escritório com certificação ambiental na cidade de São Paulo, construídos entre os anos 2000 a 2016, atendem de modo satisfatório as condições de iluminação natural, segundo as recomendações hoje em vigor. Esses edifícios contemporâneos possuem grandes áreas envidraçadas em suas fachadas, sem proteção solar, que causam problemas de conforto térmico e luminoso. Para evitar o ofuscamento, os usuários acionam proteções solares internas como telas e persianas, o que acaba por impedir ou diminuir o acesso à luz natural. A pesquisa realizada fez um levantamento dos padrões construtivos prevalecentes em 28 edifícios de escritório que se enquadram na especificação descrita acima para verificar questões como: a profundidade da planta, transmissão luminosa dos vidros, WWR (Wall Window Ratio), entre outras. Os dados encontrados serviram para a elaboração de modelos referenciais, usados em simulações computacionais, com o objetivo de verificar a influência de variáveis arquitetônicas no desempenho da iluminação natural. As simulações foram realizadas no plug-in Diva do programa Rhinoceros 3D, que simula a iluminação natural de forma integrada com os softwares Radiance/DAYSIM, já validados pela comunidade científica internacional. O tratamento dos dados foi feito através de um método inédito de avaliação do desempenho luminoso e os resultados obtidos mostraram que 60% dos cenários analisados foram reprovados. Esta tese propõe uma metodologia de avaliação do desempenho luminoso de edifícios de escritório que considere de modo integrado a disponibilidade de luz natural, o conforto visual e o consumo de energia.<br>This thesis is based on the hypothesis that not all office buildings with environmental certification in the city of São Paulo, constructed between 2000 and 2016, meet satisfactorily the conditions of daylighting, according to the recommendations currently in force. These contemporary offices have large glass areas without sun protection in their facades, causing problems of thermal and luminous comfort. In order to avoid glare, users employ indoor shading devices such as rollers and blinds, which ultimately prevent or reduce access to daylight. This research has carried out a survey on the prevailing constructive patterns of 28 office buildings that follow the specifications described above, to verify issues such as plan depth, light transmission of glasses, WWR (Wall Window Ratio), among others. The collected data were used to elaborate reference models used in computational simulations, aiming at verifying the influence of architectural variables on the performance of daylighting. The simulations were carried out with the Diva plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D program, which simulates daylighting, integrated with software Radiance/DAYSIM, already validated by the international scientific community. The data treatment was carried out through an innovative method for evaluating luminous performance, and the obtained results showed that 60% of the analyzed scenarios were disapproved. This thesis proposes that the methodology for evaluating the luminous performance of office buildings should consider the availability of daylight, visual comfort, and energy consumption in an integrated way.

L'efficacité énergétique du bâtiment occupe une place importante dans les projets de construction. La façade, intermédiaire entre l'environnement et l'intérieur, joue un rôle clé pour déterminer les performances énergétiques du bâtiment. Les systèmes de fenestration complexes sont généralement utilisés pour améliorer son efficacité. L'étude des performances de la façade inclut généralement la consommation d'énergie, l'éclairage naturel et les aspects de confort visuel et thermique. Les efforts récents s'orientent vers l'utilisation de modèles intelligents tels que le Building Information Modeling. CFS pourraient être facilement comparées dans la phase de conception du bâtiment afin d'optimiser ses performances. Nous présentons une méthodologie pour transformer le modèle architectural du BIM en modèle énergétique ainsi que des modèles optique et thermique du CFS compatibles avec le BIM. Ces modèles sont validés par une comparaison avec des données expérimentales et les normes actuelles<br>The energy efficiency of the building occupies an important place in construction projects. The facade plays a key role in determining the performance of the building. Complex fenestration systems (CFS) are therefore generally used to improve its efficiency. The facade's performance evaluation usually includes energy consumption, natural lighting, visual and thermal comfort aspects in order to choose the optimal CFS. Recent efforts have focused on using rich models such as Building Information Modeling (BIM). These models provide an opportunity for automation and cost savings. Several CFS models could easily be compared to optimize the building's performance. In this thesis, we present a methodology to transform the architectural model of the BIM into a Building Energy Model compatible with several simulation software. We also present optical and thermal models compatible with BIM. These models are validated by comparison with experimental data and current standards

Designing architecture is related to producing vast amounts of information based on constraints, experience or common sense, and at the same time, those designs are assisted by specialized software, but, are the results of those processes giving you advantage or are they leading you in the wrong way? For example, should you include shading elements or less glazing? Should you change the shape of the building or improve envelope specifications? This research is a start to understand how to approach to design problems related to solar geometry, recognize which variables are worth modifying, reduce potential of error when iterating, and take truly advantage of the output delivered by modeling tools.<br>Master of Architecture

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, February 2006.<br>"October 2005."<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).<br>The study of daylight and solar reflection has been a topic of increasing interest over the past two decades. A novel mechanical support has been constructed to help better understand this topic that consists of a five foot in diameter circular table driven to rotate and tilt by computer controlled motors. The first use of this machine is to conduct shadow studies on architectural models. Using the tilt and rotation axis concurrently, a model can be rotated through a path that emulates the sun throughout the course of a day. The second use of the machine is to measure the solar flux emitted from and transmitted through a sample at different angles of incidence. An elliptical shell will be cut in half and secured to the table with focal points A and B. The incoming light will shine on or through the sample placed at focal point A, bounce off of the reflective inside of the shell, then be redirected into a camera placed at focal point B. Two cameras will be used to measure the visible and infrared spectra of the reflected light.<br>by Dean M. Ljubicic.<br>S.B.

This thesis deals with sunny side-lit indoor atmospheres, in which an outdoor view is required and a calm environment to enhance concentration. Different window systems were compared: a single fully glazed façade and complex façades. The complex façades were composed of large or small windows that combined a light shelf and prismatic film complex fenestration systems. The luminance and illuminance distribution parameters were selected to assess the light atmosphere. The Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) index was used to evaluate the luminance distribution and the Daylight Autonomy (DA) index was used to evaluate the illuminance distribution. The simulation method was selected to validate the hypothesis. Evalglare, which is a tool for performing a glare analysis of a Radiance-based HDR scene, was used to obtain the DGP index and the Three-Phase Method was used to simulate complex fenestration with Radiance to obtain the DA index. In addition, DIVA, Radiance¿s based plugin for Rhino, was used to obtain reference illuminance data and the DA of window systems without Complex Fenestration Systems (CFS). Furthermore, one point of view usually contains more than two workplanes; a down view (e.g. to a tablet, paper, etc.), a front view (e.g. to a monitor, other person, etc.) and a far view (e.g. to the outside, open-plan, etc.). Therefore, a third workplane was proposed in addition to the source and background planes. In consequence, the mean DGP of three workplanes was proposed as a simple way to obtain the overall glare perception. The mean DA was also proposed to obtain a reference value throughout the space and standard deviation was used to obtain more information about illuminance distribution throughout the space. The restaurant was proposed as case study because in recent years the demand for an outside view whilst dining has grown considerably. In this context, the selected point of view was that of a person seated at a table next to the façade, with another person in front of him or her. Therefore, the workplanes were the table, the person and the window. These three workplanes were tested by the DGP index and the workplane of the table spread along the room was tested by the DA index. The results show, on one hand according to the luminance distribution results, the contribution of the different workplanes, as the third plane, the source plane and the background plane, could help to get closer to the final glare perception, because it takes into account aspects of adaptation. Three workplanes combination could allow differentiating more extreme luminance values than having only two workplanes. The small window tends to provide less probability of daylight glare than the large window, but also provides less light and more local contrast. On the other hand, according to illuminance distribution results, if redirecting systems are added to the façade composition and the light source that probably causes the glare is avoided, light that it is better distributed throughout the workplanes can be achieved. In conclusion, the small window combined with a Complex Fenestration System can provide less indoor sidelight, but, intimate and comfortable atmosphere where users can enjoy a good concentration level. When the two functions of an outdoor view and light supplied from a glazed façade are separated, they may work better. A complex daylight design, combining an outside view, redirected light, indirect light and direct light with the workplanes could provide a different atmosphere with an accurate light balance, according to the activity.<br>La tesis trata sobre ambientes interiores en días soleados con iluminación natural lateral, en el cual la vista exterior es requerida y un ambiente tranquilo para mejorar la concentración. Diferentes sistemas de ventanas fueron comparados; una simple fachada totalmente vidriada y unas fachadas complejas. Las fachadas complejas están compuestas por una ventana grande o pequeña combinada por sistemas complejos de ventanas como un estante de luz o una película prismática. Los parámetros como la distribución de luminancias y la distribución de iluminancias fueron seleccionados para evaluar el ambiente lumínico. El índice Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) fue utilizado para evaluar la distribución de luminancias y el índice Daylight Autonomy (DA) fue utilizado para evaluar la distribución de iluminancias. El método de simulación fue elegido para validar la hipótesis. Evalglare, el cual es una herramienta para realizar el análisis de deslumbramiento de escenas de HDR basados en Radiance, fue utilizado para obtener el índice DGP y Three-Phase Method fue utilizado para simular el índice DA con los sistemas complejos de ventanas con Radiance. Igualmente, DIVA, programa adicional basado en Radiance para Rhino, fue utilizado para obtener datos de referencia de iluminancia y el DA para sistemas de ventanas sin sistemas complejos de ventanas (CFS). Asimismo, normalmente un punto de vista contiene más de dos planos de trabajo; una vista inferior (p. ej. hacia una pantalla, papel, etc.), una vista frontal (p. ej. hacia un monitor, otra persona, etc.) y una vista lejana (p. ej. hacia un exterior, espacio abierto, etc.). Por lo tanto, un tercer plano de trabajo fue propuesto para añadir a los planos de trabajo de la fuente y el fondo. En consecuencia, la media del DGP de los tres planos de trabajo fue propuesto de una forma sencilla para obtener la percepción global del deslumbramiento. La media de DA también fue propuesto para conseguir un valor de referencia a lo largo del espacio y la medida de desviación de estándar fue utilizado para obtener más información sobre la distribución de la iluminancia a lo largo del espacio. El restaurante fue propuesto como caso de estudio, porque en los últimos años en la actividad de comer la demanda de las vistas exteriores ha incrementado considerablemente. En este contexto, el punto de vista seleccionado es adyacente a la fachada desde una persona sentada comiendo con una mesa compartida por una persona de en frente. Por lo tanto, los planos de trabajo son la mesa, la persona y la ventana. Estos tres planos están testeados por el índice DGP y el plano de trabajo de la mesa expandido a lo largo de la sala está testeado por el índice DA. Los resultados demuestran, por un lado conforme a los resultados de la distribución de luminancias, la contribución de diferentes planos de trabajo, como el tercer plano, el plano de la fuente y el plano del fondo, podría aproximar más a la percepción global de deslumbramiento, porque tiene en cuenta aspectos de la adaptación. La combinación de los tres planos de trabajo puede permitir una diferenciación mayor de las luminancias extremas que la combinación de dos planos de trabajo. La ventana pequeña tiene tendencia a proporcionar menos probabilidad de deslumbramiento que la ventana grande pero menos cantidad de luz y más contraste local. Por otro lado, conforme a los resultados de la distribución de iluminancias, si los sistemas de redirección se incorporan a la composición de la fachada y la probabilidad de deslumbramiento de la fuente de luz se evita, se puede conseguir una iluminación mejor distribuida a lo largo de los planos de trabajo se. En conclusión, la ventana en combinación con sistemas complejos de ventanas es capaz de proporcionar menos la iluminación natural lateral pero sí una atmósfera interior confortable e íntima mediante en el cual los usuarios pueden disfrutar de un buen nivel de concentración.

The master’s thesis on the topic Kindergarten is processed in the form of project documentation for the implementation of the new building. The building is designed on a plot of 1840/1 in the cadastral Brno - Husovice. It is the kindergarten with a basement and two floors. The building is brick, partial basement and roofing flat roof with single shell. The building contains two classes for a total of 40 children. Food and washing bedding is provided by imports.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>建築及都市設計研究所<br>97<br>In order to improve buildings with flat and deep surface plane, the research core is based on the atrium theories to enhance daylighting performance, as well accompanied by literature review, field research and experimentation. At the same time, to discuss the essential factor affects and the relations those may bring; thus to built a simple prediction model. The filed research result contains: 1. Inappropriate plant of vegetation reduce daylighting performance; 2. The impact of direct daylight to the daylight factor of the atrium is relatively high; 3. The daylight factor reduces as the ground level reduced, but the exception established if there is a great opening on the side of the atrium; 4. The interface of the atrium will have different impacts on the daylight factor; 5. Counting from the ground, at the point 2/3 of the building, the daylight factor is only half of the rooftop. The experiment result includes: 1. The higher the ratio of height to width, the daylight factor decreases; 2. The ratio of Length to width increases, the daylight factor rises; 3. Rise of the reflection factor of floor and wall may not increase the daylight factor. As shown in the prediction model: The daylight factor in the center of the atrium（R2= 0.879）= 0.456－0.155 × the ratio of height to width＋0.052 × the ratio of length to width＋0.048 × the reflection factor of wall. Therefore, this research suggested: 1. The organization of vegetation of the atrium should take the plant type and individual growth property into careful consideration, hence to improve the quality of the space and maintain the daylight factor. If the vegetation is defined as medium to large, routine maintenance of the leaves and branches should be arranged to avoid blocking light source. 2. The most efficient design of the atrium’s daylighting performance would be either square or rectangle. 3. The atrium’s height should be adjusted according to the space function or needs.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>建築系建築及都市設計碩博士班<br>103<br>The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of the design of the corridor and the wall on the classroom indoor daylight performance. The stu-dy first adopted a field research, examining classrooms with unilateral corridor in eight universities in Taichung, further discussing their sizes of openings, aperture ratios, glass materials, and width of the corridor. The study then measured the corridor and indoor illumination from same distance, obtaining the daylight factor and uniformity. With the collected data, the study sorted several factors that affect indoor illumination, resulting in four representative classroom samples. Based on the data collected, a 10: 1 scale model was also adopted in this research for analyzing how four different aperture ratios, corridor widths, and three different glass materials would counteract with indoor daylight factor and uniformity in a Sky Dome under diffuse light. SPSS is used for data analysis. The result from the field research includes: 1. Walls with full size of opening and transparent glass materials have better daylight factor; 2. Walls with upper opening and clear glass materials have better uniformity. Through the Sky Dome experiment, the results suggest: 1. The larger the size of opening, the better the indoor illumination and the better daylight factor and uniformity; 2. The increase in the width of the corridor affects the indoor illumination, with decrease in daylight factor but with much equal uniformity; 3. The wall with upper transparent glass and lower translucent glass results in better daylight factor and uniformity. The results of the study suggest that: 1. the indoor illumination are betterwhen the opening rate is 70%, corridor is 180cm in width and the transparent glass material and translucent glass material are used in the top and the bottom of the window respectively; 2. opening rates ranging between 50%~70%, and corridor width ranging between 180~240cm, with transparent glass windows or with transparent glass in the top and translucent glass at the bottom are served as a reference range; 3. The indoor daylight factor decreases as the width of corridor increases which does not conform to the standard value. In such condition, increase in light guide plate and corridor reflectivity are strongly suggested to increase the indoor illumination.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>建築學系<br>85<br>The purpose of the thesis is to inspect the shading devices on the interaction of gathering daylight and obstructing radiation. It is also the further study continuing the study on performance of shading devices. It follows on the study of "parallel" and egg-crated" shading devices and adapts the computer simulation and physical scaling model to analyze the vertical shading devices on daylight performance and shading efficiency and their interrelations in order to find out the best shading devices model design with daylight performance and shading efficiency at different window conditions. Then, provide it to the designers as reference. The contents are as the following: 　　1.Analysis of Daylight Performance of Vertical Shading Devices. 　　Applying the physical scaling model test to analyze the various factors that influence daylight performance in order for advanced analysis of daylight performance of vertical shading devices system. These factors include window ratio, shading depth ratio, and the width between each shading device. This theory is based on inspecting the spread of interior daylight proportion to analyze the daylight performance of vertical shading devices system and then get the best combination of vertical shading devices design with better shading efficiency. 　　2.Simulation of the Shading Efficiency of Vertical Devices System 　　Taking Taipei longitude and latitude as example. Adding orientation and time for consideration in the above mentioned model design to executive hourly the simulation of shading efficency. Then, draft the whole-year and whole-day shading curve using computer simulation program to analyze the shading efficiecy. 　　3.Synthetic Analysis of Daylight Performance and Shading Efficiency of the Vertical Shading Devices System 　　To do the synthetic evaluation according to the above two parts of study in older to infer the proper interrelation between open structure (size, location, orientation )and shading structure (depth ratio, width of each shading device) and also the best design of vertical shading devices. 　　To combine the result of this thesis with the existing study of parallel and egg-crated shading devices, this thesis sets the evaluation basis and provide the design suggestion of building shading system that is suitable for Taiwan geography, weather characters and also conformable to the idea of architecture energy economization.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>建築系<br>95<br>The daylighting application can not only be applied to save the lighting power use , it also can reduce the lighting appliance produce heat to make air-condition load. This research mainly focuses from the measure an illumination on a building in daylighting, and according to the windows, room scale, interior-materials reflection rate and shading devices, and set-up scaling model to equalize a building, furthermore measure an illumination on the same site in the scaling model. Tried in daylighting, discuss and analyze are both illumination in the building and scaling model, it find their correlations and interior illumination forecast formula. Verify factors, solar azimuth, solar altitude, open window rate and shading depth, effect measure and forecast a illumination in the building. The part of illumination forecast formula and scaling model, has in total 4 points, nearby room deep’s 2 points were effected with low direct light. The correlation analysis R square is over 0.5 is more accuracy; nearby window’s 2 points were effected direct light highly, in correlation analysis R square isn’t expect accuracy. In the part of illumination in the building and scaling model, the correlation analysis R square is over 0.97 and 0.96. It is well accuracy that illumination in the building and scaling model. The last part of interior illumination forecast formula and a building, nearby window’s point has very high accuracy, that correlation analysis R square is 0.9396; nearby corridor’s point has accuracy lower than nearby window’s point, that correlation analysis R square is 0.8375. The illumination calculate formula applies to forecast in a building has high accuracy.

The façades design should be considered a major issue in the design of energy-efficient buildings. Manually controlled shades aren’t often adjusted properly by the office occupants. This situation leads to an increasing in the electrical lighting as well as heating and cooling loads. That is why the use of dynamic façade components is increasing amongst building designs, being able to adapt to interior and exterior impacts, and thus increasing the occupant comfort and reducing the energy consumption. The study presented in this document evaluates the daylight and energy performance of two automated shading control strategies for interior roller shades in the case of an existing office building. Both strategies were applied to three types of interior roller shade fabrics combined with three glass types. Computer simulations were conducted using Radiance to calculate the illuminance at work-plane values and EnergyPlus for energy consumption. The results showed that automated shading control strategies have the potential to minimize the total annual energy demand and significantly improve the daylight performance. Also, the optical properties of the glass and roller shades fabric have a big impact on the overall performance.

abstract: An acute and crucial societal problem is the energy consumed in existing commercial buildings. There are 1.5 million commercial buildings in the U.S. with only about 3% being built each year. Hence, existing buildings need to be properly operated and maintained for several decades. Application of integrated centralized control systems in buildings could lead to more than 50% energy savings. This research work demonstrates an innovative adaptive integrated lighting control approach which could achieve significant energy savings and increase indoor comfort in high performance office buildings. In the first phase of the study, a predictive algorithm was developed and validated through experiments in an actual test room. The objective was to regulate daylight on a specified work plane by controlling the blind slat angles. Furthermore, a sensor-based integrated adaptive lighting controller was designed in Simulink which included an innovative sensor optimization approach based on genetic algorithm to minimize the number of sensors and efficiently place them in the office. The controller was designed based on simple integral controllers. The objective of developed control algorithm was to improve the illuminance situation in the office through controlling the daylight and electrical lighting. To evaluate the performance of the system, the controller was applied on experimental office model in Lee et al.’s research study in 1998. The result of the developed control approach indicate a significantly improvement in lighting situation and 1-23% and 50-78% monthly electrical energy savings in the office model, compared to two static strategies when the blinds were left open and closed during the whole year respectively.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Architecture 2015

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>建築及都市設計研究所<br>99<br>This research targets on analysis how natural daylighting in “reading lobby of a library”would counteract with building shading style, size of opening, indoor infraction rate. A“Field Research”was conducted in this research for exploring current performance and efficacy of daylighting in a reading lobby in a library and making an on-site investigation and records in terms of how daylighting performance would counteract with (the building). The on-site observation provided original and raw data and some factors found from reference documents were consolidated for subsequent selection and database collection of experimental factors. A scale model was also adopted in this research for analyzing how different sizes of openings and horizontal shading plated would counteract with indoor daylighting performance in a Sky Dome; and also using a computer simulation softwar “Ecotect” for exploring how different sizes of openings and horizontal shading plates would counteract with the indoor shading performance. The field study adopted in this research demonstrated that the smallest sampling opening rate is 10.5%, biggest sampling opening rate is 96.6%, with opening rates ranging between 55%~65% the most frequently; The smallest window height-width scaling ratio is 0.3：1, and the biggest is 2:1, with most ranging between 0.4~1.5. The relative value between shading plate overhanging ratio and window height scaling create a positively counteracting relationship ranging from the minimum value of 0.2 to the maximum value of 2. The daylighting performance experimental results indicate that window opening height-width scaling ratio counteracts positively with daylighting performance, but the overhanging ratio counteracts negatively with shading performance, and window opening rates always counteract positively with daylighting performance regardless of adopting shading plates or not. In terms of shading performance, window opening rates counteract negatively with shading performance, and the window height-width scaling, overhanging scale counteract positively with shading performance and the duration of fixation of shading plate counteracts negatively with window height-width scaling and shading performance. The research results demonstrate that the space arrangement with a distance of 1.5m~3.5m to the windows can enjoy effective daylighting performance within the reading lobby. It is thus suggested in this research that the window opening rate within the reading lobby shall be 55%~65%, and opening height-width scaling shall be between 0.4~1.5 and shading plate overhanging scaling shall be between 0.2~0.8.

Current designs of high performance buildings utilize hourly building energy simulations of complex, interacting systems. Such simulations need to quantify the benefits of numerous features including: thermal mass, HVAC systems and, in some cases, special features such as active and passive solar systems, photovoltaic systems, and lighting and daylighting systems. Unfortunately, many high performance buildings today do not perform the way they were simulated. One potential reason for this discrepancy is that designers using the simulation programs do not understand the analysis methods that the programs are based on and therefore they may have unreasonable expectations about the system performance or use. The purpose of this study is to trace the origins of a variety of simulation programs and the analysis methods used in the programs to analyze high performance buildings in the United States. Such an analysis is important to better understand the capabilities of the simulation programs so they can be used more accurately to simulate the performance of an intended design. The goal of this study is to help explain the origins of the analysis methods used in whole-building energy simulation, solar system analysis simulation or design, and lighting and daylighting analysis simulation programs. A comprehensive history diagram or genealogy chart, which resolves discrepancies between the diagrams of previous studies, has been provided to support the explanations for the above mentioned simulation programs.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>No sentido de incorporar ferramentas de simulação numa fase mais inicial de projeto, investigadores da Universidade de Coimbra tem vindo a desenvolver algoritmos acoplados à simulação dinâmica de edifícios. Estes algoritmos permitem auxiliar os projetistas na fase inicial do projeto ao gerar, avaliar e otimizar soluções alternativas de plantas de arquitetura. O primeiro algoritmo, chamado de Programa Evolucionário para o Problema de Alocação de Espaços (EPSAP), permite criar diferentes soluções de plantas de acordo com as preferências do cliente. O segundo algoritmo, chamado de Programa de Otimização de Desempenho de Plantas (FPOP), avalia-as e otimiza-as de acordo com o seu desempenho térmico. Contudo, este algoritmo não leva em consideração outros objetivos que concorrem com o desempenho térmico do edifício, como as necessidades de iluminação artificial e a sua influência no consumo energético. Assim, na presente dissertação, o algoritmo FPOP será estendido para incluir os objetivos de otimização de consumo energético total, resultante da agregação das necessidades energéticas de iluminação, aquecimento e arrefecimento. Para tal, quer a função objetiva, que anteriormente estava formatada para o cálculo do desempenho térmico, quer a parametrização dos objetos de simulação irão ser alterados a fim de incorporar a iluminação artificial no modelo de simulação e quantificar as necessidades energéticas. As plantas geradas pelo algoritmo EPSAP irão então ser importadas, avaliadas e otimizadas no algoritmo FPOP. A otimização irá procurar minimizar os consumos energéticos alterando as variáveis de decisão através de operadores geométricos específicos, tais como a orientação do edificado, localização dos vãos, posição relativa do vão na parede, translação de paredes, reflexão da planta, dimensionamento dos vãos, e dimensionamento das palas horizontais e verticais. Esta abordagem foi testada em diferentes casos de estudo e o desempenho do novo algoritmo analisado. Os resultados demonstram que a introdução de sistemas controlados de iluminação e sombreamento melhoram significativamente o desempenho energético das plantas de arquitetura geradas.<br>To incorporate simulation tools at an earlier stage of the project, researchers from the University of Coimbra have developed algorithms coupled with dynamic simulation in buildings. These algorithms assist designers in the initial stage of the project by generating, evaluating and optimizing alternative solutions to architectural plans. The first algorithm, called Evolutionary Program for Space Allocation Problem (EPSAP), allows the creation of different floor plan solutions according to customer preferences. The second algorithm, called the Floor Plan Performance Optimization Program (FPOP), evaluates them and optimizes them according to their thermal performance. However, this algorithm does not take into consideration other goals that compete with thermal performance of the building as the need for artificial lighting and its influence on energy consumption. Thus, in this thesis, the FPOP algorithm will be extended to include the total energy consumption optimization objectives, resulting from the aggregation of the energy needs of lighting, heating and cooling. To do this, either the objective function, which was previously formatted for the calculation of thermal performance, whether the parameterization of the simulation objects will be amended to incorporate the artificial lighting in the simulation model and quantify the energy requirements. The floor plans generated by EPSAP algorithm will then be imported, evaluated and optimized on the FPOP algorithm. The optimization will seek to minimize energy consumption by changing the decision variables through specific geometric operators, such as the floor plan orientation, opening translation, floor plan reflection, opening dimension, wall translation and fin and overhang dimension. This approach was tested in different case studies and the performance of the new algorithm analyzed. The results demonstrate that the introduction of controlled lighting and shading systems significantly improve the energy performance of generated architectural plans.