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Journal articles on the topic 'Defoliators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

M, Senthil Kumar,, Jaya Prabhavathi, S, Senthil Kumar, P, et al. "Management Strategies for Defoliators in Castor Crop." Asian Journal of Current Research 10, no. 1 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.56557/ajocr/2025/v10i19040.

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This study aims to identify effective IPM practices for controlling castor defoliators due to their significant potential to reduce castor bean yields. Defoliation caused by castor defoliators in their larval stage results in a decrease in productivity. This research focuses on implementing green and sustainable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies that combine biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods to reduce pest damage effectively. The identified main strategies include the utilization of natural enemies and parasitoids, changing the habitat, crop rotation, and the selective use of insecticides. The outcomes reveal that an integrated approach not only suppresses defoliator abundance but also improves castor crop resistance while maintaining a balance between yield and environment. These integrated pest management (IPM) practices provide suitable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly methods for castor farmers aiming to control defoliators.

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2

NONATO DE OLIVEIRA, HARLEY, JOSÉ COLA-ZANUNCIO, FABRÍCIO FAGUNDES-PEREIRA, and DIRCEU PRATISSOLI. "Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species as an agents of biological control of Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 37, no. 2 (2011): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v37i2.9081.

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Lepidoptera defoliators are important pests of Eucalyptus. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma acacioi and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to control the eucalyptus defoliator Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Biological parameters and parasitism rate of Trichogramma on eggs of O. vesulia were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Trichogramma pretiosum did not parasitized eggs of O. vesulia but more than 93% of T. acacioi females parasitized eggs of this defoliator, showing its potential for the biological control of this Lepidoptera

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3

Johns, R. C., L. Flaherty, D. Carleton, S. Edwards, A. Morrison, and E. Owens. "Population studies of tree-defoliating insects in Canada: a century in review." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (2016): S58—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.69.

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AbstractOur review highlights research during the past century focussed on the population ecology of outbreak-prone insect defoliators in Canadian forests. Based on reports from national and provincial surveys that began in the 1930s, there have been at least 106 insect defoliators reported to outbreak, most of which are native Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera (sawflies), or Coleoptera (in order of frequency from most to least). Studies comparing life-history traits of outbreak versus non-outbreak species to better understand why certain species are more outbreak-prone indicate several traits especially common among outbreak species, including egg clustering and aggregative larval feeding. There have been at least 50 time-series studies examining the spatiotemporal population behaviour of 12 major defoliator species. These studies provide evidence for both regular periodicity and spatial synchrony of outbreaks for most major species. Life-table studies seeking to understand the agents causing populations to fluctuate have been carried out for at least seven outbreak species, with the majority identifying natural enemies (usually parasitoids) as the major driver of outbreak collapse. Our review concludes with several case studies highlighting the impact and historical underpinnings of population studies for major defoliator species and a discussion of potential avenues for future research.

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4

Solomon, J. D., and L. C. Thompson. "Foliar Sprays for Sycamore Defoliators, 1982 and 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (1985): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.322.

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Abstract Several insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling defoliators oi young sycamore plantations in west central Mississippi. Trees were in their second year of growth and ranged from 1.8 to 2.7 m (6-9 ft) in height. Four infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Foliar applications were made using a 7.6 liter handsprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 liter finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Complete counts of all defoliator larvae were made for each test tree before treatment. Counts were comparatively low, ranging from 5 to 20 larvae per tree. Therefore, all defoliator species were combined for analysis. The percentage data were subjected to arcsine tranformation, analysis of variance, and Duncan’s new multiple range test at the 0.05 level. A separate phytotoxicitv test was conducted in 1982 in an 8-month-old plantation where trees averaged 1.4 m (4.6 ft) in height. Each chemical and rate were randomly assigned tc plots consisting of 3 trees with 3 replications. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Maximum temperatures were above 32.2°C (90°F) for the spray date and following 13 days. Phytotoxicity was evalated at 2, 7, and 16 days after treatment.

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5

Roychoudhury, N. "Sal Defoliation in Kanha Tiger Reserve - Search for Causative Agents." Indian Journal of Forestry 40, no. 3 (2017): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2017-l95fcj.

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Surveys conducted during the epidemic defoliation in Sal forests of Kanha Tiger Reserve, Mandla Forest Division, Madhya Pradesh, revealed the occurrence of four insect defoliators belonging to the order Lepidoptera, viz. Caviria sericea Moore (Lymantriidae), Hyposidra talaca Walker (Geometridae) Trabala vishnou Lefroy (Lasiocampidae) and Trypanophora semihyalina Kollar (Zygaenidae). The defoliation period was observed to be rainy season of the year (July-October). Defoliation intensity was noticed to be varied greatly. Complete defoliation of Sal trees was recorded and some ranges were observed to be severely affected. Among the insect species recorded, C. sericea is the first record of occurrence of Sal defoliator.

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6

Sánchez-Osorio, Israel, Daniel Robles, and Raúl Tapias. "Presence of Quercus Suber Soft-Leaf Defoliators on Trees with Distinct Foliar Monoterpene Emission Profiles." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (2024): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031112.

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The cork tree, Quercus suber L., is a characteristic species of the Dehesa agrosilvopastoral system, typical of western Spain. Defoliating insects are an important component of these ecosystems. This study assessed the presence and impact of defoliators feeding on Q. suber soft leaf tissue and their relationship with foliar monoterpene emission profiles. Samplings consisted of weekly tree beating (15 times per tree per sample) during the flight period of key species. We studied 26 cork trees with known profiles of foliar monoterpene emission (13 pinene and 13 limonene chemotypes). We identified a total of 272 larvae from 9 species. The main species were Catocala nymphagoga Esper (40.8%) and Periclista andrei Know (27.6%). Notably, 70.6% of larvae were found on trees with a pinene chemotype. The combined abundance of the four key defoliator species (C. nymphagoga L., P. andrei, Bena bicolorana L., and Cyclophora punctaria L.) was 62.7% lower on limonene-chemotype trees than pinene-chemotype trees. Significant differences were found in defoliation damage between leaves with distinct terpene emission profiles. These results suggest that both the abundance and damage caused by defoliators differ with trees’ emission profiles, and this may indicate differences in palatability and/or nutritional quality between Q. suber trees with distinct foliar monoterpene emission profiles.

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7

Melnik, Alexandra, Inna Dreiman, Elizaveta Mamontova, et al. "Forest health monitoring in Krasnoyarsk krai, Russia, from 2013 to 2022." BIO Web of Conferences 173 (2025): 01019. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202517301019.

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A comprehensive analysis was conducted to assess the impact of two primary groups of pests (defoliators and xylophagous insects) on forests in Krasnoyarsk Krai. The study spanned the period from 2013 to 2022, during which a total of 1.7 million hectares of damage were documented. Of this total, defoliators were responsible for 77.8%, amounting to 1.3 million hectares, while stem pests accounted for 22.2%, or 0.4 million hectares.

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8

Lin, H., T. J. Murray, and E. G. Mason. "Population dynamics of four insect defoliators in a dryland South Island Eucalyptus plantation." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5927.

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Exotic insect defoliators originally from Australia are present in New Zealand Eucalyptus plantations Pest outbreaks causing significant defoliation can reduce tree growth and productivity There is limited information on the population dynamics of major Eucalyptus defoliators in the South Island Populations of four defoliators were monitored monthly from November 2015 to March 2016 in a dryland Eucalyptus plantation in Marlborough by assessing 35 shoots from each of 225 trees Only one generation of Paropsis charybdis was observed Peak adult abundance was in December/January and adults disappeared in March This is different from North Island and Australian studies in which two generations are often observed Opodiphthera eucalypti had two distinct generations with larval populations peaking in December and February/March Most Phylacteophaga froggatti larvae were found after December but populations were relatively low throughout the monitoring period Strepsicrates macropetana reached peak larval abundance in February and had multiple overlapping generations These results suggest differences in the population dynamics of eucalypt defoliators in the South Island compared to those reported in the North Differences are likely due to local environmental conditions which were notably dry during this particular monitoring season These data provide important information for pest management in South Island dryland Eucalyptus plantations

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9

Patil, R. R., Y. T. Jadhav, and D. A. Dhere. "Newer insecticides against soybean defoliators." Indian Journal of Entomology 78, no. 4 (2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00099.7.

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10

PASTORI, PATRIK LUIZ, FABRICIO FAGUNDES-PEREIRA, GILBERTO SANTOS-ANDRADE, ROBSON OLIVEIRA-SILVA, JOSÉ COLA-ZANUNCIO, and ALEXANDRE ÍGOR AZEVEDO-PEREIRA. "Reproduction of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of two lepidopterans defoliators of eucalypt." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 38, no. 1 (2012): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v38i1.8927.

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Biological control of lepidopteran defoliators using parasitoids is a promising alternative. The objective of this work was to evaluate the reproduction of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of the eucalypt defoliators Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Hylesia paulex (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Host pupae were individualized in glass tubes (14 x 2.2 cm) with six parasitoid females for 24 h under controlled conditions [25 ± 2ºC; 70 ± 10% (RH) and 14 h photo phase]. T. diatraeae parasitized 95.8 ± 2.85% pupae of T. arnobia and 79.2 ± 6.72% of H. paulex, with an emergence rate of 89.6 ± 5.03% and 69.8 ± 6.13%, respectively. However, H. paulex pupae yielded large parasitoid progenies. No difference in the parasitoid sex ratio, adult size and longevity were observed between both hosts. The successful parasitism and development of T. diatraeae in pupae of T. arnobia and H. paulex suggest that this parasitoid can be an alternative for the biological control of these defoliators in eucalyptus plantations.

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11

Berthiaume, Richard, Christian Hébert, Luc Lamontagne, Isabelle Picard, and Éric Bauce. "Daily oviposition pattern of Lambdina fiscellaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) under laboratory conditions." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 3 (2009): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-057.

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AbstractThe hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria, is one of the most economically damaging defoliators of North American coniferous forests. Basic information on its reproductive biology is an essential prerequisite for understanding its population dynamics. Realized fecundity for the two major hemlock looper ecotypes varies along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Canada, but their daily oviposition patterns are similar. Mated females lay eggs after a short pre-oviposition period, with daily oviposition peaking in the first 3 days. Mated females lay significantly more eggs than unmated ones, the latter laying their eggs more evenly throughout their life. Eggs deposited early in the oviposition period are larger than those deposited near the end. This may influence over-winter survival of hemlock loopers and should be considered in studies to better understand the population dynamics and improve management of this defoliator.

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12

Tailleux, Isabelle, and Conrad Cloutier. "Defoliation of tamarack by outbreak populations of larch sawfly in subarctic Quebec: measuring the impact on tree growth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 7 (1993): 1444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-182.

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In conjunction with other major perturbations, outbreaks of specialist insect defoliators could play a key role in the long-term evolution of northern forest communities. Sawfly oviposition marks up to 20 years old in shoots of tamarack, Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, provide a direct record of a large-scale epidemic cycle of the larch sawfly, Pristiphoraerichsonii (Htg.), during the 1980s in the Grande Rivière de la Baleine region, northern Quebec. Because no significant tree mortality was noted in the years following peak defoliator populations in 1985–1986, a study was undertaken to determine whether insect population changes during the outbreak period were correlated with growth changes under various climatic and soil conditions in three coastal sites and one continental sampling site. The fluctuations with time in the density of oviposition marks on trees indicated that the epidemic cycle was synchronous at all sites. However, the defoliator's density was significantly higher at the inland site, located 150 km from Hudson Bay, than at the coastal sites, where climatic conditions may be less favorable to insect activity and survival. No significant effects on tree growth were detected at the coastal sites, whereas larch from the inland site recorded a significant reduction in radial growth in 1984, the 1st year of outbreak conditions. Larch from this site also showed significant effects on foliage development after 4 years of defoliation (1988), when a virtual stop on elongative growth became apparent. Larch trees reproduced actively during the outbreak, with peak reproductive effort in 1984 and 1987 correlating with lows in elongative growth. Delayed or minimal effects of this outbreak characterized by the presence of hundreds of sawfly colonies per tree and defoliation levels comparable to those observed in the boreal forest during similar outbreaks indicate that subarctic larch may be highly tolerant to prolonged defoliation by the larch sawfly.

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13

Evenden, Maya L. "Potential for combining sex pheromones for the forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and the large aspen tortrix (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) within monitoring traps targeting both species." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 5 (2005): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-027.

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Trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), is the most widely distributed tree species in North America (Perala 1990) and is considered to be an ecologically (Hogg et al. 2002) and economically important (Brandt et al. 2003) component of the boreal forest. Due to the recently increased economic value of trembling aspen (Brandt et al. 2003), the impact of native insect defoliators on tree growth and mortality has become commercially important. Two of the most significant defoliators of trembling aspen throughout its range in Canada are the forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), and the large aspen tortrix (LAT), Choristoneura conflictana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

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14

Tippimath, Sadashiva, Basavaraj Hadimani, Sujatha S, and Srivijay Malipatil. "Evaluation of Different IPM Modules against Green Semilooper (Thysanoplusia orichalcea Fab.) and Capitulum Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) of Sunflower." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 11 (2024): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i113056.

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During Khariff-2017 seven different IPM modules were evaluated against green semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea Fab. and capitulum borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hub. infesting sunflower. of which spinosad based module (M5) (Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS (5 g/kg) + metalaxyl 35 SD (5 g/kg) + hand picking & destruction of gregarious early instar larvae of defoliators (Spodoptera litura Fab. and Spilarctia obliqua Walker) + 2 sprays of spinosad (50 and 70 DAS) found superior against major defoliator T. orichalcea Fab. at 3, 5 and 10 days after second spray and capitulum borer, H. armigera Hub. at 3, 5 and 10 days after first spray, followed by IPM module (UAS-B) (Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS (5 g/kg) + two sprays of 5 % NSKE and HaNPV (50 and 70 DAS). The present findings also revealed that spinosad based module and NSKE based modules were potential candidates for the suppression of green semilooper and capitulum borer among the different IPM modules that were evaluated.

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Arida, G. S., C. Dorji, and K. L. Heong. "Damage By Rice Thrips and Defoliators in Southern Bhutan." International Rice Research Newsletter 17, no. 3 (1992): 20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7218867.

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This article 'Damage By Rice Thrips and Defoliators in Southern Bhutan' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

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16

Kumar, Sandeep, and Kuldeep Sharma. "Population dynamics of major defoliators of rice." Indian Journal Of Entomology 83, no. 1 (2021): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00021.3.

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17

Patil, R. R., and V. A. Phad. "Bioefficacy of Some Insecticides Against Soybean Defoliators." Indian Journal of Entomology 77, no. 2 (2015): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2015.00038.3.

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18

Raske, Arthur, and Boyd E. Wickman. "Towards integrated pest management of forest defoliators." Forest Ecology and Management 39 (January 1991): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90155-o.

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19

Ugwu, Juliana A., Kehinde T. Kareem, and Julius O. Aluko. "Insecticidal Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Five Nigerian Aromatic Spices against Garden Eggplant Defoliators and Fruit Borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee: Lepidoptera: Crambidae." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 3 (2021): 1322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i3.39.

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The study evaluated the prospects of aqueous extracts of five Nigerian spices against garden eggplant defoliators and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) in the field. The treatments consisted of Piper guineense (black pepper), Aframomum melegueta (aligator pepper), Eugenia aromatica (cloves), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Capsicum annum (chilli pepper) and untreated check (control). All the aqueous extracts evaluated reduced leaf damaged by defoliators on garden eggplant compared to control. P. guineense, with mean value of 11.02 number of perforations, was the most effective against defoliators, followed by E. aromatica (12.97) reducing leaf damage by 39.64 and 28.74%, respectively. However, their efficacies against defoliating insects were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among other extracts. P. guineense was also more effective than other spices against infestations by garden eggplant fruit borer and larvae density on fruits with mean values of 1.07 and 0.47, respectively. Plots treated with P. guineense recorded highest fruit yield (629 g/plant), followed by E. aromatica (219.3 g/plant). Piper guineense and E. aromatica extracts were thus more efficacious than other spices against defoliating and fruit boring insects of garden eggplants. Adopting the applications of extracts from these spices in home garden will minimize environmental and health hazards associated chemical pesticides and enhance healthy living among the populace. Keywords: spices, aqueous extracts, garden eggplant, Leucinodes orbonalis.

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20

Kamata, N. "Outbreaks of forest defoliating insects in Japan, 1950–2000." Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, no. 2 (2002): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002159.

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AbstractIn Japan, several forest-defoliating insects reach outbreak levels and cause serious defoliation. Stand mortality sometimes occurs after severe defoliation. However, in general, tree mortality caused by insect defoliation is low because of the prevailing moist climate in Japan. Evergreen conifers are more susceptible to tree mortality as a result of insect defoliation whereas deciduous broad-leaved trees are seldom killed. Insect defoliation occurs more frequently in man-made environments such as among shade trees, orchards, and plantations than in natural habitats. Outbreaks of some defoliators tend to occur in stands of a particular age: e.g. outbreaks of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) occur more frequently in young pine plantations. In contrast, defoliation caused by outbreaks of lepidopterous and hymenopterous pests in larch plantations is more frequent with stand maturation. There is a relationship between outbreaks of some defoliators and altitude above sea level. Most outbreaks of forest defoliators were terminated by insect pathogens that operated in a density-dependent fashion. Since the 1970s, Japan has been prosperous and can afford to buy timber from abroad. More recently, there has been an increasing demand for timber in Japan, that coincides with a huge demand internationally, so that the country will need to produce more timber locally in the future. The increasing pressure on the forestry industry to meet this demand will require more sophisticated methods of pest control coupled with more sustainable methods of silviculture.

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21

MOTAPHALE, A. A., B. B. BHOSLE, and F. S. KHAN. "Biorational and chemical management of defoliators on soybean." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 12, Special-3 (2017): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/12.techsear(3)2017/737-742.

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22

Solomon, J. D. "Control of Sawfly Defoliators on Green Ash, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (1987): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.348a.

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Abstract Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling sawfly defoliators of young green ash plantations at Stoneville, Mississippi. Trees were in their fourth year of growth and ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 m in height. Five infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Fohar applications were made using a 7.6 liter (2 gal) handsprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 liter finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Prespray counts were made of all sawfly larvae on 2 major branches of each tree. Tethida barda was the predominant sawfly species, but small numbers of Eupareophora parca were also present. Counts of both species were combined for analysis. The percentage data were subjected to arcsine transformation, analysis of variance, and Duncan's new multiple range test at the 0.05 level.

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Kumar, Sandeep, and Kuldeep Sharma. "Efficacy of insecticides against major defoliators of rice." Indian Journal Of Entomology 83, no. 1 (2021): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00024.9.

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24

Zanuncio, JoséCola, Eduardo Cândido do Nascimento, Juliana Ferreira Garcia, and Teresinha Vinha Zanuncio. "Major lepidopterous defoliators of eucalypt in southeast Brazil." Forest Ecology and Management 65, no. 1 (1994): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90257-7.

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Patel, Anjali, Vaibhav Gaikwad, Krishna Ambhure, and A. K. Saxena. "EVALUATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS AGAINST LEPIDOPTERAN DEFOLIATORS INFESTING SOYBEAN." Journal of Biopesticides 07, no. 02 (2014): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.7.2.186-190.

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ABSTRACT A field trial was conducted in kharif seasons of 2011-2012 to study the efficacy of certain entomopathogens viz., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae,Verticilium lecanii, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 5 g/l along with standard check - Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 g/L and Spinosad 45%SC @ 73 g a.i. /ha against lepidopteran defoliators. Bacillus thuringiensis @ 1013 spores/ha followed by B. bassiana @ 1013 spores/ha were the most effective treatments when applied as foliar sprays at 38, 41 and 45 days old crop. These treatments were effective in reducing the foliage feeder larval population. The highest grain yield was obtained also in the treatment, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (474.77 kg/ha). The lowest yield was recorded in the control (215.23 kg/ha) which was significantly inferior to the rest of the treatments.

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Sundararaj, R. "POTENTIAL OF BOTANICALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST INSECT PESTS OF INDIA, AN OVERVIEW." Journal of Biopesticides 5, no. 1 (2011): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.5.1.44-50.

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ABSTRACT This paper reviews the botanicals evaluated against forest insect pests of India and presents the impact of neem and other plant products against major forest insect pests. Various neem products were found effective in field condition against many forest insect pests like the rohida defoliator, Patialus tecomella, the babul defoliator, Taragama siva, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, the babul whitefly Acauldaleyrodes rachipora, the spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus and the teak defoliators Hyblaea puera and Paliga machaeralis etc. Neem oil and neem oil based formulations were used to contain the populations build up of A. dispersus on roadside plantations of Bauhinia. variegata and Michelia champaca. Neem cake, pongam cake and VAM were commonly applied in combination for the management of sucking pests on seedlings. Other than neem about 58 plant species were reported to have pest management properties on forest insect pests. In these plants, mostly crude extracts were reported to have different type of pest management properties in laboratory condition against defoliating pests. Not much work has been carried out on other group of insects like sap suckers, wood borers, gall inducers etc. Extractives of different parts of Capparis decidua were found to possess aphidicidal principles against three species of aphids viz., Aphis gossypii, Lipaphis erysimi and Mysus persicae. Plant products other than neem were not practically used much for pest control. It is recommended to have national, regional and international coordinated effort to exploit botanicals that are more potent as an integral component of pest management in different cropping systems including forestry.

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Sultana, Manjula, Dipankar Brahma, Rushali Chakraborty, Roshmi Borah, and Jugabrat Sarma. "Diversity of Defoliators and Natural Enemies Associated with the Mulberry Ecosystem." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (2023): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1212.020.

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A comprehensive investigation into the intricate predator-prey and host-parasitoid dynamics within the mulberry ecosystem was conducted throughout 2021-2022. The study identified five defoliator pests targeting mulberry plants and documented the presence of eight natural enemies. The defoliator pests included the Mulberry leaf roller (Glyphodes pyloalis Walker), Common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius), Tussock caterpillar (Euproctis fraterna Moore), Spanworm (Hemerophillaa trilineata Butler), and Green weevil (Myllocerus viridanus Fabricius). Among the natural enemies were Apanteles obliquae Wilkinson, Chelonus carbonator Marshall, Ichneumonid wasp, Disophrys sp., Tachinid fly, Megaselia scalaris, Cheilomeness exmaculata, and spiders. Glyphodes pyloalis emerged as the most prevalent defoliator pest, while Apanteles obliquae stood out as the predominant natural enemy. Notably, hymenopteran parasitoids such as Apanteles obliquae, Chelonus carbonator, Ichneumonid wasp, and the coccinellid predator Cheilomeness exmaculata were identified as potentially active natural enemies against Glyphodes pyloalis. The study revealed a synchronized pattern in the appearance and peak activity of Apanteles obliquae, Chelonus carbonator, Cheilomeness exmaculata, and Ichneumonid wasp with the population dynamics of Glyphodes pyloalis, highlighting their role in regulating defoliator pest populations in the mulberry ecosystem.

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JAYEWAR, NARESHKUMAR E., SADASHIV S. GOSALWAD, and MILIND M. SONKAMBLE. "Estimation of yield losses caused by defoliators in sunflower." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 12, Special-1 (2017): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/12.techsear(1)2017/54-57.

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Nautiyal, Anchala, Neeta Gaur, and Preeti Sharma. "Morphological parameters of soybean plant resistance to lepidopterous defoliators." Journal of Hill Agriculture 6, no. 1 (2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2015.00019.1.

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30

Sasane, A. R., S. K. Bhalkare, D. B. Undirwade, G. S. Jeughale, and P. K. Rathod. "Biochemical Basis of Resistance in Soybean Genotypes to Defoliators." Indian Journal of Entomology 83, no. 4 (2021): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00032.8.

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31

Miller, Melissa K., and James D. Harper. "Control of Collard Insect Defoliators with Dipel Formulations, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (1988): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.110.

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Abstract A field evaluation of insecticides used to control cabbage looper on collards was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticultural Station near Cullman in northeast Alabama. 'Vates' collards were direct seeded on 9 Jun. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and plots consisted of 3 rows by 20 ft (on 44 inch centers). Treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized, single-boom backpack sprayer fitted with a TX9 hollow-cone nozzle sprayer and operated at 40 psi. Materials were applied at a delivery rate of 23.7 gal/acre in 3 passes per row, once over the top, and once onto each side. Applications of all materials were made on 1, 4, and 10 Sep and evaluated on 9 and 17 Sep. Treatments included Dipel in 1 of 4 formulations (corn oil, soybean oil, molasses, or ES) and an untreated check. The no. of small, medium, or large larvae on the second whorl of leaves from the top of the plant was determined on each of 10 plants/replicate. Damage was rated on 17 Sep on 10 plants per replicate using a 0-6 scale: 0, clean; 1, 1-2%; 2, 3-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-20%; 5, 21-50%; and 6, &gt;50% defoliation. Duncan's Multiple Range means separation tests were used to compare means (P ≤ 0.05).

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32

Bochare, G. D. "Evaluation of Microbials and Botanicals against Defoliators of Soybean." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 5 (2018): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6845.

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33

Yirgu, A., B. Manjur, A. Haile, et al. "Leaf Defoliators Associated with Cordia africana Lam. in Ethiopia." African Entomology 25, no. 1 (2017): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.025.0108.

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34

Chang, Yu-Cheng. "Integrated pest management of several forest defoliators in Taiwan." Forest Ecology and Management 39 (January 1991): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90163-p.

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35

Alfaro, Rene I. "Damage assessment and integrated pest management of forest defoliators." Forest Ecology and Management 39 (January 1991): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90182-u.

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36

Shepherd, Roy F. "Management strategies for forest insect defoliators in British Columbia." Forest Ecology and Management 68, no. 2-3 (1994): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90053-1.

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37

Treadwell, Lucinda W., and J. P. Cuda. "Effects of Defoliation on Growth and Reproduction of Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius)." Weed Science 55, no. 2 (2007): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-086.1.

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The exotic Brazilian peppertree is a serious invader of both disturbed and natural areas in central and south Florida, forming fast-growing, impenetrable thickets that dominate entire ecosystems. Brazilian peppertree has been targeted for biocontrol, and two defoliating insect species may eventually be released. This study was done to consider the possible effectiveness of defoliating biocontrol agents. The research investigated the effects of different frequencies of defoliation on height, crown diameter, and berry production of young Brazilian peppertrees. All the foliage was manually clipped from 36 trees in field plots once or twice per year for ≥ 1 yr. The effect on berry production of clipping 100% of the leaves from scattered individual branches of one large Brazilian peppertree was ALSo examined. Trees that were completely defoliated five times at 6-mo intervals were significantly smaller and produced significantly fewer fruits than undamaged controls. Plants defoliated one time only, two times in 1 yr, and two times in each of 2 yr were comparable to the undamaged controls. From this simulated herbivory study, we infer that multiple defoliations by insect defoliators have the potential to significantly suppress the growth and fruit production of Brazilian peppertree in Florida.

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38

Barreto, Marliton Rocha, and Pastor Amador Mojena. "La aparición de Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) de Eucalyptus y su depredación por Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier y Serville) (Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 1 (2014): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i1.371.

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Los lepidópteros más importantes para el cultivo de los eucaliptos son los defoliadores y en Brasil, algunas especies se encuentran desde el estado de Amazona hasta Rio Grande del Sur. Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidóptera: Geometridae) se cita como el lepidóptero defoliador más importante en Brasil y algunas especies depredadoras de la familia Reduviidae están asociados con diversos cultivos forestales. En este estudio se registra la ocurrencia de Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) depredando a T. arnobia en plantaciones de eucaliptus en la ciudad de Sorriso, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Registration of Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae) in Sorriso, Mato Grosso and its predation by Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)  Abstract. The most important lepidopterans for eucalyptus crop are called defoliators. In Brazil, some species occur from the Amazônia to Rio Grande do Sul State and Thyrinteina arnobia arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is cited as the most important lepidopteran defoliator in Brazil and some predatory species of the family Reduviidae are associated with various forest crops. Thus, this study recorded the ocorrence of Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) preying T. arnobia in eucaliptus crop in Sorriso city, Mato Grosso state, Brazil.

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Ribeiro, R. C., T. G. Pikart, H. A. Fouad, et al. "Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): development and reproduction in Lepidoptera palm oil pests." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 3 (2019): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.173211.

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Abstract Brazil is a leading palm oil producer, but the defoliating caterpillars Opsiphanes invirae Hübner Brassolis sophorae L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) can reduce the productivity of this crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of the parasitoid Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of these oil palm defoliators. Ten O. invirae or B. sophorae pupae with up to two days old were exposed each to 30 T. diatraeae females for 48 hours. Parasitism and emergence of the progeny of T. diatraeae were similar in pupae of both Lepidoptera defoliators. The life cycle of this parasitoid was shorter in O. invirae (21.50 ± 0.42 days) pupae than with those of B. sophorae (27.60 ± 1.80 days). The number of the progeny (669.00 ± 89.62) and dead immature (217.13 ± 58.18) of T. diatraeae were higher in B. sophorae pupae than in those of O. invirae with 447.83 ± 51.52 and 13.50 ± 5.23, respectively. The sex ratio and female and male longevity of T. diatraeae emerged from these hosts were similar. The reproductive traits, especially the number of individuals (offspring) of T. diatraeae were better with B. sophorae pupae than with those of O. invirae.

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Sreenivas, A. G., Sushila Nadagouda, V. Rachappa, et al. "Eco-friendly approaches for the management of defoliators on onion." Progressive Horticulture 48, no. 2 (2016): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5258.2016.00033.6.

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41

Y.K. Yadu, Toshima Kushram, M. K. Sahu A.K. Kulmitra, and R. Kumar. "Bio Efficacy of Botanical Insecticides against Defoliators Pests on Soybean." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2017): 2196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.250.

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42

DS, Patel, Dr Jethva DM, Dr Kachot AV, Dr Wadaskar PS, and Patel SR. "Effectiveness of B. bassiana formulations against major defoliators of groundnut." International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research 8, no. 9 (2024): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2024.v8.i9b.2092.

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43

Akanbi, M. O., and M. O. Ashiru. "Towards integrated pest management of forest defoliators: The Nigerian situation." Forest Ecology and Management 39 (January 1991): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90165-r.

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44

Quiring, Dan, Vanessa Quiring, Anne-Marie Quiring, and Sara Edwards. "Historical trends in Canadian forest entomology." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (2015): S19—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.21.

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AbstractCanada has a distinguished history of research in forest entomology. The number of peer-reviewed publications emanating from studies in forest entomology in Canada greatly increased following the Second World War. Much of the outstanding historical success in Canadian forest entomological research is attributable to the work of entomologists employed by the Canadian Forest Service, who authored the majority of studies until the mid 1970s and usually published them in The Canadian Entomologist. Since that time the majority of studies have been published by Canadian universities in a broad range of journals. Most early research in forest entomology in Canada was carried out by men, but since that time the proportion of forest entomological research carried out by women has increased significantly. The majority of research in central and eastern Canada focussed on defoliators and their natural enemies and host plants whereas the majority of research in western Canada examined bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and their natural enemies and host plants. Although publications on defoliators and their natural enemies have occurred continuously throughout the historical development of forest entomology in Canada, the numbers of publications on wood borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) and bark beetles and their natural enemies have never been higher than they are presently.

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45

Lavoie, Martin, Louise Filion, and Élisabeth C. Robert. "Boreal peatland margins as repository sites of long-term natural disturbances of balsam fir/spruce forests." Quaternary Research 71, no. 3 (2009): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.01.005.

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AbstractA multidisciplinary, high-resolution paleoecological study (Lepidoptera and plant remains, macroscopic charcoal, pollen) was conducted on a 4000-yr peat monolith extracted from the margin of an ombrotrophic peatland on Anticosti Island (Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada) to reconstruct the long-term natural disturbances (insect outbreaks, forest fires) of a balsam fir/spruce forest. We hypothesized that an activity of insect defoliators (spruce budworm, hemlock looper) was the main disturbance factor of conifer forests during the Late Holocene. The earliest remains of spruce budworm and hemlock looper were found ca. 3220 and 2350 cal yr BP, respectively. Peaks of insect head capsules occurred from ca. 1640 to ca. 625 cal yr BP. Low balsam fir pollen concentrations during this period suggest a lengthy episode (∼ 1000 yr) of high insect activity, resulting in extensive fir dieback and mortality. The long-term dynamics of the pristine balsam fir/spruce forests were mainly governed by the activity of insect defoliators. The limited extent and possibly the low occurrence of forest fires in the maritime environment of Anticosti Island allowed the development of mature coniferous stands propitious for insect infestations. Insect head capsules appeared to be a useful and effective tool for establishing insect presence and activity during the Holocene.

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46

Tasnim, Farah, and Md Kamrujjaman. "Dynamics of Spruce budworms and single species competition models with bifurcation analysis." Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal 9, no. 6 (2020): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2020.09.00323.

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Choristoneura Fumiferana is perilous defoliators of forest lands in North America and many countries in Europe. In this study, we consider mathematical models in ecology, epidemiology and bifurcation studies; the spruce budworm model and the population model with harvesting. The study is designed based on bifurcation analysis. In particular, the results support population thresholds necessary for survival in certain cases. In a series of numerical examples, the outcomes are presented graphically to compare with bifurcation results.

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47

Burg, Patrik. "The classification of defoliators in relation to damage and quality of bunches." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 2 (2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755020021.

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Defoliation of vineyard find between growers always wider exercise. The ground are ecological aspects and for ever growing title to qualitative character of production. Thrifty ablation of leaves from winegrapes zone, fulfilment in correct term highly effects on health of clusters and quantity of their contentual matters.The aim of this work was monitoring of technic-economical parameters by 2 sets with defoliators. Furthemore was evaluated quality of their work in relation to quantity of involved bunches.

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48

Filion, Louise, Serge Payette, Ann Delwaide, and Najat Bhiry. "Insect defoliators as major disturbance factors in the high-altitude balsam fir forest of Mount Mégantic, southern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 12 (1998): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-161.

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Tree-ring data from a mature balsam fir forest, located at the top of Mount Mégantic (elevation 1100 m), southern Quebec, suggest that insect defoliators were major disturbance factors in the development of high-altitude balsam fir forests. A comparison between the radial growth trend of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), a host species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), a nonhost species, showed that several growth depressions in the balsam fir chronology corrresponded to documented spruce budworm outbreaks in southern Quebec in the 1910s, 1950s, 1970s, and possibly in the 1870s. Tree mortality was extensive during the last infestation because of the relatively old age (>60 years) of many balsam fir and, possibly, to the cumulative impact of defoliation. The tree-ring series from paper birch showed several drops in radial growth after the 1930s, possibly related to the large-scale birch dieback that occurred in eastern North America. Macrofossil data (insect remains) from one sample of the uppermost organic soil layers (F horizon) confirm the presence of the spruce budworm at the study site. The ecological role of insect defoliators is discussed in the context of the high-altitude balsam fir forests in northeastern North America where abiotic disturbances are considered the primary controlling factors in stand dynamics.

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S, Muthukumar, Sajeev T. V., Vandana bharathi, et al. "Studies on the pests of the lac insect host plant Flemingia semialata and Flemingia macrophylla in Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 8, no. 1 (2023): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2023.v08.i01.006.

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The present study attempted to record the insect pests of lac insect host plants in Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. Hand picking and swiping methods were used to collect the insects for identification. From the observation 26 species of pest insects belonging to 4 orders and 19 families were recorded. It was found that all major parts of Flemingia were heavily infested but significant damage was caused by the defoliators, mostly heterocera. Out of the 26 insect pests, 15 have been recorded as foliage feeders, 9 as sapsuckers, 1 as pod borer and 1 stem borer. During rearing, 3 species of parasites were found, belonging to three families that were collected and identified. Insects belong to the order Lepidoptera were profoundly seen on Flemingia. They cause severe damage to the plant. Hypena rectivittalis belonging to the family Noctuidae was found as a major pest and bag worm Psychids was found to be the minor pest. The study reveals that the most serious sapsuckers belong to the order Hemiptera and majority of them are beetles and bugs. During the months of April-May Iceryasp and white flies (Trialeurodes vaporarium) cause heavy damage in Flemingia. The study thus concludes that the major pests belong to the order Lepidoptera (42%) followed by order Hemiptera (41%). Most Lepidopterans are defoliators and Hemipterans are sapsuckers.

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Sridhar, Y., and Amar N. Sharma. "Flubendiamide, a novel insecticide for management of lepidopteron defoliators in soybean." Legume Research - An International Journal 38, no. 4 (2015): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00029.6.

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