Books on the topic 'Degree of Combined leverage'

There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.

In the fields of literature and the visual arts, 'zero degree' represents a neutral aesthetic situated in response to, and outside of, the dominant cultural order. Taking Roland Barthes' 1953 book Writing Degree Zero as just one starting point, but with reference to broader historical discourse that picks up on critical notions of 'zero', 'zero degree', and the 'neutral, this volume examines the historical, theoretical and visual impact of the term and draws directly upon the editors' ongoing collaboration with artist and writer Victor Burgin. The book is composed of key chapters by the editors and Burgin, a series of collaborative texts with Burgin and four commissioned essays concerned with the relationship between Barthes and Burgin in the context of the spectatorship of art. It includes an in-depth dialogue regarding Burgin's long-term reading of Barthes and a lengthy image-text, offering critical exploration of the Image (in echo of earlier theories of the Text). Also included are translations of two projections works by Burgin, Belledonne and Prairie, which work alongside and inform the collected essays. Overall, the book provides a combined reading of both Barthes and Burgin, which in turn leads to new considerations of visual culture, the spectatorship of art and the political aesthetic. Taken together, the volume argues that the critical concept of 'zero degree' presents a common, underlying interest threaded through the work of Roland Barthes and Victor Burgin. With respect to literature and the visual arts, it specifies a 'neutral' aesthetic situated in response to and outside of the dominant cultural order. This book provides an historical, theoretical and visual exploration of this term as it pertains to the writing and art practices of both Barthes and Burgin.

In recent years Australian higher education has focussed on developing graduate skills and knowledge for a smooth transition from education to employment. This emphasis on employability has become so deeply entrenched that the value of a degree is now inextricably linked to graduate employment outcomes. However, although employment is a desirable outcome of participation in higher education, the discourse surrounding this proposition has largely placed the burden of becoming employable on students and seen a boom in students engaging in unpaid work experience and other employability-enhancing strategies. This briefing paper provides insights from recent research into business graduates’ perceptions of their own employability, finding that students are aware of the skills and experience they must demonstrate to leverage graduate employment, believe they possess skills and labour of value to the market, and are resistant to expectations of undertaking unpaid work.

This chapter examines different psychological biases pertinent to collecting art and other items, which are part of every client’s world to some degree. Wealth management has a tradition of management by silo, each guided by its own revenue stream. Yet, the chapter shows how financial advisors can incorporate a client’s interest in and further purchasing of art as an asset with long-term value increases. This is especially applicable to a changing world where art is available and traded globally. With the proliferation of social media and web-based resources, art and collectibles are now more accessible as an asset class option. Wealth management must adjust its client service model to leverage the informational commodity of art and incorporate it into wealth management.

This chapter describes the fiscal institutions and borrowing instruments available to the Crown. The Castilian portfolio of fiscal and financial instruments was remarkably complete for its time. The revenue technology was a mix of useful adaptations of medieval legacy taxes combined with newer excises and trade duties. On the financing side, the Crown had both long- and short-term debt instruments at its disposal. Although the long-term juros (annuities and perpetuities) were technically nominative, they were widely traded in the secondary market, supplying a key element for the correct pricing of debt. On the short-term front, asientos—which refer to a wide variety of agreements—allowed the Crown to smooth the volatile silver revenues, leverage income outside the purview of the Cortes—Castile's representative assembly—and quickly shift resources throughout the empire.

Tales of Hope and Tastes of Bitterness sheds light on Chinese-led development from below, revealing its contested nature. Zooming in on everyday encounters between Chinese managers and Ethiopian laborers on a road construction site in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, the book shows that Ethiopians define Chinese-led development as much as they are defined by it. By mobilizing civic and legal authorities, Ethiopian workers have managed to increase their leverage to such a degree that they occasionally outplay Chinese management. On the other hand, Chinese narratives of bitterness reveal that Chinese road builders perceive themselves as lacking agency. Speaking, as they do, of thwarted goodwill, these narratives are not only linked to the everyday challenges of Chinese–Ethiopian encounters and the chasm between their confident expectations and the much less rosy realities on the ground, but also to workers’ socioeconomic backgrounds and their state of suspension, as they try to stay afloat in the competitive Chinese society to which they hope one day to return.

Railroads, tourism, and government bureaucracy combined to create modern religion in the American West, argues David Walker in this innovative study of Mormonism’s ascendency in the railroad era. The center of his story is Corinne, Utah—an end-of-the-track, hell-on-wheels railroad town founded by anti-Mormon businessmen. In the disputes over this town’s frontier survival, Walker discovers intense efforts by a variety of theological, political, and economic interest groups to challenge or secure Mormonism’s standing in the West. Though Corinne’s founders hoped to leverage industrial capital to overthrow Mormon theocracy, the town became the site of a very different dream. Economic and political victory in the West required the production of knowledge about different religious groups settling in its lands. As ordinary Americans advanced their own theories about Mormondom, they contributed to the rise of religion itself as a category of popular and scholarly imagination. At the same time, new and advantageous railroad-related alliances catalyzed LDS Church officials to build increasingly dynamic religious institutions. Through scrupulous research and wide-ranging theoretical engagement, Walker shows that western railroads did not eradicate or diminish Mormon power. To the contrary, railroad promoters helped establish Mormonism as a normative American religion.

Cultural diversity—the degree to which there are differences within and between individuals based on both subjective and objective components of culture—can affect individual and group processes. However, much is still unclear about the effects of cultural diversity. We review the literature on cultural diversity to assess the state of the art and to identify key issues for future research. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding different types of cultural diversity and their independent and combined effect on team performance. We identify key contributions to the study of cultural diversity and discuss frontiers for future research.

Chapter five argues for two main interpretive theses about Spinoza’s account of essences: (a) that the essence of a thing is its degree of explanatory power and (b) that the explanatory power of a thing can vary, depending on how it is conceived, both across and within attributes. Putting these two theses together, what constitutes the essence of a thing for Spinoza is sensitive to the manner in which that thing is conceived, both within and across attributes. When combined with the results of previous chapters, it follows that each thing has infinitely many essences, both within and across attributes.

This book develops a novel theory to explain how wartime militaries learn. It focuses on the Western Front, which witnessed three great-power armies struggle to cope with deadlock throughout the First World War, as the British, French, and German armies all pursued the same solutions-assault tactics, combined-arms, and elastic defense in depth. By the end of the war, only the German army managed to develop and implement a set of revolutionary offensive, defensive, and combined-arms doctrines that in hindsight represented the best way to fight. The book identifies three organizational variables that determine how fighting militaries generate new ideas, distinguish good ones from bad ones, and implement the best of them across the entire organization. These factors are: the degree to which leadership delegates authority on the battlefield; how effectively the organization retains control over soldier and officer training; and whether or not the military possesses an independent doctrinal assessment mechanism. Through careful study of the British, French, and German experiences in the First World War, the book provides a model that shows how a resolute focus on analysis, command, and training can help prepare modern militaries for adapting amidst high-intensity warfare in an age of revolutionary technological change.

♦ Major trauma results in a systemic stress response proportional to both the degree of initial injury (1st hit) and the subsequent surgical treatment (2nd hit).♦ The key physiological processes of hypoxia, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, fat embolism, coagulation and inflammation operate in synergy during the days after injury/surgery and their effective management determines prognosis.♦ The optimal timing and method of long bone fracture fixation after major trauma remains controversial. Two divergent views exist between definitive early intramedullary fixation and initial external fixation with delayed conversion to an intramedullary nail once the patient’s condition has been better stabilised.♦ There is agreement that the initial skeletal stabilisation should not be delayed and that the degree of initial injury has a more direct correlation with outcome and the development of subsequent systemic complications rather than the method of long bone fracture stabilisation.♦ Trauma patients can be screened to identify those more ‘at risk’ of developing systemic complications such as respiratory insufficiency. Specific risk factors include: A high injury severity score; the presence of a femoral fracture; the combination of blunt abdominal or thoracic injury combined with an extremity fracture; physiological compromise on admission and uncorrected metabolic acidosis prior to surgery.♦ The serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 may offer an accurate method of quantifying the degree of initial injury and the response to surgery.♦ The effective management of the polytraumatised patient involves a team approach and effective communication with allied specialties and theatre staff. A proper hierarchy of the injuries sustained can then be compiled and an effective surgical strategy made.

The most frequently used medications for chronic pain are local anesthetics (LA) and glucocorticoids. Common adverse events from LA, such as seizures and cardiotoxicity, are well known. A lesser known side effect is local tissue reaction to the LA concentration. Myotoxicity is one of the common denominators of direct tissue reaction to LA; it results from the disruption of the mitochondria in the muscle cells. All LA produce some degree of myotoxicity; bupivacaine has the greatest effect and procaine the least. If LA is combined with glucocorticoid, muscle breakdown is even more extensive showing a synergistic effect. Myotoxicity depends primarily on LA concentration, is time dependent, and is enhanced by preexisting altered metabolism. It affects mostly young patients. Potential effects of long-term or repeated administration of the combination LA/glucocorticoids medications should always be considered and discussed with patients.

This chapter introduces random graph ensembles involving hard constraints such as setting a fixed total number of links or fixed degree sequence, including properties of the partition function. It continues on from the previous chapter’s investigation of ensembles with soft-constrained numbers of two-stars (two-step paths) and soft-constrained total number of triangles, but now combined with a hard constraint on the total number of links. This illustrates phase transitions in a mixed-constrained ensemble – which in this case is shown to be a condensation transition, where the network becomes clumped. This is investigated in detail using techniques from statistical mechanics and also looking at the averaged eigenvalue spectrum of the ensemble. These phase transition phenomena have important implications for the design of graph generation algorithms. Although hard constraints can (by force) impose required values of observables, difficult-to-reconcile constraints can lead to graphs being generated with unexpected and unphysical overall topologies.

This chapter explores the use of e-learning as a format for training communication skills within a degree level module in non-malignant palliative care. It discusses the need for such training before evaluating the benefits e-learning has to offer as a learning tool in the healthcare context. It describes how a ‘blended learning’ approach was taken with one study day combined with online interactive learning materials. Online exercises such as ‘drag and drop’ were used to facilitate students’ learning, together with the use of videos, external online links, and reflective diaries. The development of a summative assignment is discussed and its need to assess students’ use of these skills in clinical practice. Finally, the future developments of the e-learning platform to further enrich the students’ learning experience are presented. These include the use of online forums, both synchronous and asynchronous, which encourage peer-to-peer and peer-to-tutor communication.

Byzantine medicine is still a little-known and misrepresented field not only in the wider arena of debates on medieval medicine but also among Byzantinists. Byzantine medical literature is often viewed as ‘stagnant’ and mainly preserving ancient ideas; and our knowledge of it continues to be based to a great extent on the comments of earlier authorities, which are often repeated uncritically. This book presents the first comprehensive examination of the medical corpus of, arguably, the most important late Byzantine physician John Zacharias Aktouarios (c.1275–c.1330). The main thesis is that John’s medical works show an astonishing degree of openness to knowledge from outside Byzantium combined with a significant degree of originality, in particular, in the fields of uroscopy, pharmacology, and human physiology. The analysis of John’s edited (On Urines and On Psychic Pneuma) and unedited (Medical Epitome) works is supported for the first time by the consultation of a large number of manuscripts. The study is also informed by evidence from a wide range of medical sources, including previously unpublished ones, and texts from other genres, such as epistolography and merchants’ accounts. The contextualization of John’s works sheds new light on the development of Byzantine medical thought and practice, and enhances our understanding of the late Byzantine social and intellectual landscape. Finally, John’s medical observations are also examined in the light of examples from the medieval Latin and Islamic worlds, placing his medical theories in the wider Mediterranean milieu and highlighting the cultural exchange between Byzantium and its neighbours.

Modern assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function should be based on the estimation of degree of LV filling pressure (LVFP), which is the true determinant of symptoms/signs and prognosis in heart failure.In order to achieve this goal, standard Doppler assessment of mitral inflow pattern (E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time) should be combined with additional manoeuvres and/or ultrasound tools such as: ◆ Valsalva manoeuvre applied to mitral inflow pattern. ◆ Pulmonary venous flow pattern. ◆ Velocity flow propagation by colour M-mode. ◆ Pulsed wave tissue Doppler of mitral annuls (average of septal and lateral E′ velocity).In intermediate doubtful situations, the two-dimensional determination of left atrial (LA) volume can be diagnostic, since LA enlargement is associated with a chronic increase of LVFP in the absence of mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation.Some new echocardiographic technologies, such as the speckle tracking-derived LV longitudinal strain and LV torsion, LA strain, and even the three-dimensional determination of LA volumes can be potentially useful to add further information. In particular, the reduction of LV longitudinal strain in patients with LV diastolic dysfunction and normal ejection fraction demonstrates that a subclinical impairment of LV systolic function already exists under these circumstances.

Examining the identity and belonging of native and non-native speakers of Greek during the time of the High Roman Empire, Eleni Bozia closely studies grammarians, lexicographers and literary writers who used Attic Greek. Bozia argues that transculturalism and translingualism created a new space for both the naturalised and native citizenry. In the act of imitating, emulating and recreating Attic Greek, speakers formed a socio-politically distinct and nuanced mode of expression in the social echelons of the Roman world. Additionally, this is the first book to explore Greek and Latin texts from both a philological and a computational linguistics perspective. The result is a consideration of how imitation and innovation affect the social positioning of native and bilingual speakers. As such, this combined reading of data derived from classical studies in conjunction with computational linguistics, offers the context of how to serve a new interpretation of our understanding and appreciation of identity. ‘Where are you really from?’: a question that straddles eras and geographical borders. This book examines the identity and belonging of non-native speakers of Greek during the time of the High Roman Empire and argues that translingualism and transculturalism create a new space for the naturalised Roman citizenry. Bozia focuses on Attic Greek and its evolution into a newly formed and socio-politically nuanced mode of expression. Speakers imitate, emulate, and recreate Classical Attic through Greekness, Romanness, and otherness to claim a place in the social echelons of the Roman world. This work closely studies grammarians, lexicographers, and literary writers of the Empire who discuss language and navigate its politics. Additionally, it features a computational analysis of basic stylistic characteristics of Classical and Imperial Atticism in different authors to determine the degree of imitation and innovation. Then, it considers how that reflects on the social positioning of non-native speakers. This book offers a combined reading of data derived from classical studies, also studied using computational linguistics. Ultimately, the computational results are retranslated into a humanities context to serve a new interpretation in our appreciation of identity and its politics.

Abstract China’s New Red Guards details two worrying trends in contemporary China that point to the revival of Maoism. First, an increasingly popular hard-edged form of nationalism that is reflexively anti-Western has taken root. The second is an unapologetic embrace of extreme authoritarianism that draws inspiration from the Maoist era. China’s assertive stance in the South China Sea and anti-Japanese rhetoric represents the former, and the massive crackdown on liberal thought since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency represents the latter. The result is plain to see: a more authoritarian and more militaristic China. The book goes further than this, though, arguing that what we’re seeing is a full-fledged Maoist revival. The book centers its story around a cast of nationalist intellectuals and activists who have helped unleash a wave of populist enthusiasm and nostalgia for the Great Helmsman’s policies. That, combined with Xi’s quick implementation of a range of authoritarian policies, suggests that the Maoist revival is neither epiphenomenal nor a passing fad. The ramifications, the book suggests, are clear: those in the West who have been predicting waves of democratization and liberalization are living in a dream world, blithely unaware of either the Communist Party’s commitment to authoritarianism or the degree of its residual veneration for the CCP’s founding leaders. In sum, this book demonstrates how ideologies can survive and prosper despite pervasive rumors of their demise.

Using a variety of old and new archival sources to examine the emergence of the Soviet system (1917-1937), this combined approach offers chronologically coherent and original construction of some crucial stages and problems in Soviet history. The past two centuries have produced an extraordinary number of new states—more than 30 in 20th-century Europe alone. It is within this turbulent context that one must analyze the rise of the Soviet state, an entity that would prove fragile in the long run despite its all-powerful facade. An examination of the extreme features and peculiarities of the Soviet variant offers revealing insights into this exceptional historical process and contributes to a wider understanding of the European Forty Year War (1912-1953). Graziosi devotes particular attention to Soviet solutions to the peasant and nationality problems, as well as to the pre-eminent role of ideology, the rise of personal despotism, and the unusual degree of penetration between state and economy. Using a variety of interpretations, he applies concepts from political, economic, and social history to the Soviet phenomenon without losing sight of its connections with more general European developments. The life of a Bolshevik leader is used to provide an overview of the whole period from six points of view: psychology, ideology, despotism, nationality, relations with the West, and economic building. Also, an analysis of industrialization based on the accounts of foreign workers who often met a tragic fate in the great purges contributes significantly to an assessment of the role that myth building played in the Stalinist repression of the Soviet working class.

About one third of patients with type 1 diabetes develop diabetic nephropathy long-term (usually not before at least 10 years of diabetes), though this proportion is falling as standards of care have risen. Nephropathy is strongly associated with other microvascular complications of diabetes, so that some degree of retinopathy is to be expected, and evidence of neuropathy is common. Patients with type 2 diabetes are equally susceptible, but this is an older group in which vascular disease and other pathologies are also more likely. The rise in type 2 diabetes accounts for diabetes being the most common recorded cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the developed world.Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progression through hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, hypertension, overt proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, loss of GFR, to ESRD. Risk factors for developing it include genetic factors (though no major single gene effects have been identified), and quality of glycaemic control.The risk of progression can at early stages be reduced by improved glycaemic control, and control of hypertension also slows progression. However angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or receptor blockers (ACEi, ARB) are the standard of care for patients with microalbuminuria or overt proteinuria, as they have been shown to reduce the risk of renal endpoints. Combination therapy with both ACEi and ARB together has been associated with a high risk of AKI, hyperkalaemia and other adverse effects so is not generally recommended. Other promising agents in combination are under investigation but none adequately proven at this stage.Patients who reach ESRD have reduced survival on all modalities compared to age-matched patients with other diagnoses. Best rehabilitation and survival for those who are suitable is through renal transplantation, though combined pancreas-renal transplantation may offer still better outcomes for selected patients.

Combination immunosuppressive therapy produces excellent short-term results after kidney transplantation. Long-term graft survival has improved, but less dramatically. Death with a functioning graft remains the primary cause of graft loss. Dosing of current immunosuppressive therapy balances between careful clinical interpretation of time-driven immunological risk assessments and drug-related toxicity on the one hand, and the use of simple surrogate drug exposure indicators like blood/plasma concentrations on the other. The combined use of calcineurin-inhibitors (CNIs) with mycophenolic acids and corticosteroids has been fine-tuned over the last decade, based on empirically derived observations as well as on the results of large multicentre randomized clinical studies. Corticosteroid withdrawal and avoidance are feasible, at least in patients with a low immunological risk, but CNI-free protocols have had few long-term successes. Some minimization strategies have increased risk of developing acute rejection or (donor-specific) anti-HLA antibodies, with deleterious effects on the graft. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have shown limited benefit in early CNI replacement regimens and their long-term use as primary drug is hampered by intolerance. In the setting of particular malignant disease occurring after transplantation, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and Kaposi’s sarcoma, mTORi seem promising. Induction agents (anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibodies, antithymocyte globulins) effectively diminish the risk of early immunological graft loss in recipients with moderate to high immunological risk but at the price of more infectious or malignant complications. While personalized transplantation medicine is only in its early stages of development, attempts are made to quantitatively measure the clinical degree of immunosuppression, to tailor immunosuppressive therapy more specifically to the patient’s individual profile, and to monitor graft status by use of invasive (e.g. surveillance renal biopsies) and non-invasive biomarkers. These scientific endeavours are a necessity to further optimize the current immunosuppressive therapy which will remain for some time to come.

Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.

This book focuses on the collaborative work between Native women storytellers and their female ethnographers and/or editors, but the book is also about what it is that is constitutive of scientific rigor, factual accuracy, cultural authenticity, and storytelling signification and meaning. Regardless of discipline, academic ethnographers who conducted their field work research during the twentieth century were trained in the accepted scientific methods and theories of the time that prescribed observation, objectivity, and evaluative distance. In contradistinction to such prescribed methods, regarding the ethnographic work conducted among Native Americans, it turns out that the intersubjectively relational work of women (both ethnographers and the Indigenous storytellers with whom they worked) has produced far more reliably factual, historically accurate, and tribally specific Indigenous autobiographies than the more “scientifically objective” approaches of most of the male ethnographers. This volume provides a close lens to the work of a number of women ethnographers and Native American women storytellers to elucidate the effectiveness of their relational methods. Through a combined rhetorical and literary analysis of these ethnographies, we are able to differentiate the products of the women’s working relationships. By shifting our focus away from the surface level textual reading that largely approaches the texts as factually informative documents, literary analysis provides access into the deeper levels of the storytelling that lies beneath the surface of the edited texts. Non-Native scholars and editors such as Franc Johnson Newcomb, Ruth Underhill, Nancy Lurie, Julie Cruikshank, and Noël Bennett and Native storytellers and writers such as Grandma Klah, María Chona, Mountain Wolf Woman, Mrs. Angela Sidney, Mrs. Kitty Smith, Mrs. Annie Ned, and Tiana Bighorse help us to understand that there are ways by which voices and worlds are more and less disclosed for posterity. The results vary based upon the range of factors surrounding their production, but consistent across each case is the fact that informational accuracy is contingent upon the the degree of mutual respect and collaboration in the women’s working relationships. And it is in their pioneering intersubjective methodologies that the work of these women deserves far greater attention and approbation.

An analysis of the existing literature on the issue of damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, revealed that a great majority of results reported in those publications was obtained through laborious and time-consuming field research conducted in two stages. Field research methods for gathering data, employed by various authors, differed in terms of the manner of establishing trial plots, the accuracy of counting and evaluating the number of saplings growing on the investigated sites, classification systems used for distinguishing particular groups of regeneration based on quantitative (diameter at breast height, tree height) and qualitative features (biosocial position within the certain layer and the entire stand), classification systems used for identifying types of damage caused by cutting and felling, as well as transporting operations, and finally the duration of observation intervals and time spent on gathering data on the response of damaged saplings from both, the individual and collective perspectives. Obviously, the most reliable manner of gathering such data would be to count all damaged elements of the environment being a subject of interest of particular investigators at the certain point of time. However, due to time and work consumption of this approach, which is besides very costly, any research should be designed in such a manner as to reduce the above-mentioned factors. This paper aimed to (1) analyse the probability of occurrence of damage to regeneration depending on the form of timber assortments dragged from the felling site to the skidding routes, and timber harvesting technology employed in logging works, and (2) identify a method ensuring that gathered data is sufficient for performing reliable evaluation of share of damage to regeneration at acceptable accuracy level, without necessity to establish trial plots before commencing harvesting works. The scope of these studies enclosed a comparison between two motor-manual methods of timber harvesting in thinned stands, with dragging of timber in the first stage of skidding from the stand to landings. According to one of these methods, a classical one, operations of felling and delimbing of trees were carried out by sawmen at the felling site. Timber obtained using different methods was skidded by carters and horses, and operators of a light-duty cable winch, driven by the chainsaw’s engine, as well as operators of cable winches combined with farm tractors. In the latter, alternative method, sawmen performed only cutting and felling of trees. Delimbing and cross-cutting of trunks, dragged from the felling sites, was carried out by operators of processors combined with farm tractors, worked on skidding routes. The research was conducted in the years 2002–2010 in stands within the age classes II–IV mostly, located in the territories of Regional Directorates of State Forests in Krakow and Katowice, and in the Forest Experimental Unit in Krynica-Zdrój. In the course of a preliminary stage of investigations 102 trial plots were established in stands within early and late tinning treatments. As a result of the field research carried out in two stages, more than 3.25 thsd. circular sites were established and marked, on the surface of which over 25 thsd. saplings constituting the regeneration layer were inventoried. Based on the results of investigations and analyses it was revealed that regardless of the category of thinning treatment, the highest probability of occurrence of destroying P(ZN) to regeneration (0.24–0.44) should be expected when the first stage of timber skidding is performed using cable winches. Slightly lower values of probability (0.17–0.33) should be expected in stands where timber is skidded by horses, while in respect to processor-based skidding technology the probability of destroying occurrence oscillates between 0.12 and 0.27, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. P(ZN) values, very close to those of skidding technology engaging processors, were recorded for skidding performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine (0.16–0.27). The highest probability of damage P(USZK) to regeneration (0.16–0.31) can be expected when processors are used in the first stage of timber skidding. Slightly lower values of probability (0.14–0.23) were obtained when skidding was performed with the use of cable winches, whereas engaging horses for hauling of trunks results in probability of damage occnrrence oscillating between 0.05–0.20, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. With regard to the probability of occurrence of both, destroying and damage P(ZNUSZK) to regeneration (0.33–0.54), the highest values can be expected when cable winches are engaged in the first stage of skidding. Little lower (0.30–0.43) was the probability of their occurrence if processor-based technology of skidding was employed, while in respect to horse skidding these values oscillated between 0.27–0.41, depending on the layer of regeneration. The lowest values of probability of occurrence of damage P(USZK), and destroying and damage treated collectively P(ZNUSZK), within all layers of regeneration, were recorded in stands where thinning treatments were performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine. The models evaluated and respective equations, developed based on those models, for evaluating the number of destroyed saplings ZNha (tab. 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) could be used for determining the share of damage expressed as a percentage, upon conducting only one field research at the investigated felling sites, once the timber harvesting and skidding would have been completed. As revealed by the results of analyses, evaluation of statistically significant regression models was possible for all layers of regeneration (tab. 39, 41, 43, 45, 47). Nevertheless, the smallest part of these models that could be considered positively verified, were those for the natural young regeneration, although almost a half of them revealed to be significant. Within the medium-sized regeneration over three-fourths of all models could be considered positively verified, four of which explained more than 50% of variability. Within the high-sized regeneration almost two-thirds of evaluated regression models were statistically significant, five of which were verified positively, moreover, one of them explained more than 50% of variability. The most promising results were those obtained for the advance growth. Nearly 90% of the evaluated models revealed to be statistically significant, ten of which could be considered positively verified. Furthermore, four statistically significant models explained over 50% of general variability. With regard to the entire regeneration more than 80% of evaluated models were statistically significant. However, due to insignificant coefficients of regression, eight of them could be considered positively verified. At this point it should be stressed that in respect to logging technology employing the light-duty cable winch FKS it was impossible to evaluate statistically significant models of regression. Whereas, in the case of processor-based logging technology, firstly regarding the advance growth, and then the entire regeneration, all of the evaluated statistically significant models could be considered positively verified, in terms of both, all of the stands, and particular categories of thinning treatments individually. This latter case also revealed the highest degree of matching of evaluated models (R2 popr 0.73–0.76 for advance growth and 0.78–0.94 for the entire regeneration). A significant impact of the kind of form of hauled timber on the probability of damage occurrence P(USZK), mainly in early thinning treatments, could have been reflected in the results obtained for all stands (early and late thinning treated collectively). Moreover, due to an insignificant impact of the form of hauled timber and logging technology employed, on the probability of occurrence of damage in late thinned stands, and a significant impact of the above-mentioned variables on early thinned stands, it should be assumed that for performing an evaluation of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting the both thinning treatment categories should be analysed separately. Furthermore, when evaluating the probability of occurrence of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting, the layers of natural young regeneration and advance growth should be analysed separately. As proved by the results presented in this paper, varying values of probability computed for each of the layers of regeneration seem to indicate that when investigating damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, it would be reasonable and recommended to perform a separate analysis of damage to the highest saplings as well, namely individuals with diameter at breast height close to 7 cm. In respect to studies on damage to regeneration caused by logging technologies mentioned above, the evaluation of number of destroyed saplings within the advance growth can be carried out using the proportions of damaged and undamaged saplings per 1 ha of the stand. The numbers evaluated in this manner can be used to calculate the damage share expressed in relative values (percentage of damaged saplings compared with the entire number of saplings before commencing the logging works). However, one should keep in mind that this is true only if the field research have been carried out based on the methodology described in this paper.