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1

Zeng, Zhiwei, Wei Wang, Hongtao Zhu, Xianghua Yang, and Dan Li. "The Facies Analysis, Evolution, and Coal-Bearing Source Rock Features of the Middle–Late Triassic Shallow-Water Delta in the North Carnarvon Basin, Northwest Shelf of Australia." Energies 16, no. 5 (2023): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052265.

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The sedimentary facies, architecture, and depositional mechanism of deltaic systems have been one of the global research hotspots in recent decades; however, the detailed distribution, sedimentary evolution, source rock potential, and major control factors of the coal-bearing shallow-water delta are still unclear. A typical shallow-water braided delta with coal-bearing source rocks developed in the Middle–Late Triassic Mungaroo Formation of the North Carnarvon Basin, which can be a good study area for an analysis of coal-bearing source rocks. In this study, the sedimentary facies, distribution and evolution, and coal-bearing source rock features of the Triassic strata were analyzed based on the integrated study of wireline logs, drilled cores, thin sections, seismic facies and attributes, and geochemical data. A range of shallow-water delta sedimentary facies was identified, including the proximal delta plain channel/interdistributary bay, distal delta plain channel/interdistributary bay, and the delta front. The coal-bearing shallow-water delta system of the Middle–Late Triassic Mungaroo Formation was characterized by the largest scale delta system with relatively broad proximal and distal delta plains and relatively narrow delta front subfacies. The scale of the delta system showed a trend of increasing from the Early Triassic Locker Shale to the Middle–Late Triassic Mungaroo Formation and then decreasing to the Late Triassic Brigadier Formation. The distal delta plain subfacies of the Mungaroo Formation should have the highest potential coal-bearing source rock, and the proximal delta plain also can be a favorable target for source rock evaluation. The major control factors of the coal-bearing source rocks of the Mungaroo shallow-water delta mainly included the Triassic megamonsoon climate, the topographic features, eustatic changes, and provenance supply. The proximal and distal delta plains of the shallow-water delta system with thin coal seams, carbonaceous mudstone, and dark mudstone lithologies’ association could be a favorable source rock exploration facies for the next stage of natural gas field exploration.
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2

UMITSU, Masatomo. "FLOOD AND TSUNAMI FLOW IN RELATION TO THE LANDFORMS OF COASTAL AND ALLUVIAL LOWLANDS-CASE STUDY IN HAT YAI AND BANDA ACEH PLAINS." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 9 (2009): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i9.2288.

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Flood control is a very important issue of the environmental management in the alluvial and coastal plains. For the detail management, it is necessary to know the behavior of the flooding on the plains. Micro landforms of these plains are closely related to the flow and inundation depth of floods. Landforms of an alluvial plain are roughly classified into three units. alluvial fan, floodplain and delta. Landforms of these units are further classified into micro landforms as natural levee, flood basin, paleo-river channel, beach ridges and so on. The places on a higher micro landforms are generally flood free places or the places where the flood depth is shallow. On the contrary, flood water concentrate on the place of the lower micro-landforms as flood basin or back swamp and inundation depth is deep in the areas. Coastal areas as coastal plain or delta plain are subjected to the inundation by tidal surge or tsunami. Regional differences of the landforms of the coastal plain are also related to the difference of flood condition in a plain. Hazard map or risk map for the flood disasters should be taken the characteristics of micro landforms into consideration.
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3

Gürbüz, Kemal. "An example of river course changes on a delta plain: Seyhan Delta (Çukurova plain, southern Turkey)." Geological Journal 34, no. 1-2 (1999): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<211::aid-gj822>3.0.co;2-0.

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4

Alizai, Anwar, Stephen Hillier, Peter D. Clift, et al. "Clay mineral variations in Holocene terrestrial sediments from the Indus Basin." Quaternary Research 77, no. 3 (2012): 368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.01.008.

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We employed X-ray diffraction methods to quantify clay mineral assemblages in the Indus Delta and flood plains since ~ 14 ka, spanning a period of strong climatic change. Assemblages are dominated by smectite and illite, with minor chlorite and kaolinite. Delta sediments integrate clays from across the basin and show increasing smectite input between 13 and 7.5 ka, indicating stronger chemical weathering as the summer monsoon intensified. Changes in clay mineralogy postdate changes in climate by 5–3 ka, reflecting the time needed for new clay minerals to form and be transported to the delta. Samples from the flood plains in Punjab show evidence for increased chemical weathering towards the top of the sections (6–≪ 4 ka), counter to the trend in the delta, at a time of monsoon weakening. Clay mineral assemblages within sandy flood-plain sediment have higher smectite/(illite + chlorite) values than interbedded mudstones, suggestive of either stronger weathering or more sediment reworking since the Mid Holocene. We show that marine records are not always good proxies for weathering across the entire flood plain. Nonetheless, the delta record likely represents the most reliable record of basin-wide weathering response to climate change.
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5

Melehan, Sean, Chrysanthos Botziolis, Angelos G. Maravelis, et al. "Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of an Upper Permian Sedimentary Succession: Northern Sydney Basin, Southeastern Australia." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070273.

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This study integrates sedimentological and stratigraphic insights into the Upper Permian sedimentary rocks of the Wittingham, Tomago and Newcastle Coal Measures in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. Facies analysis documented fifteen facies that belong to seven facies associations. These facies associations correspond to different depositional environments and sub-environments including prodelta, delta-front, upper, lower delta-plain and fluvial. The stratigraphic development points to a shallowing upward trend and is reflected with fluvial deposits sitting on top of the deltaic deposits. The fluvio-deltaic contact is represented by an unconformity and displays an upward increase in sediment caliber. The delta front is mainly controlled by wave, storms- and/or river currents, even though the contribution of tides also occurs in the form of sedimentary structures that suggest tidal influence. In contrast, prodelta and delta-plain are significantly modulated by tidal currents. The impact of tides in the delta plain is fading away upward and therefore, the upper delta plain is much less impacted compared to the lower delta plain. The low abundance of wave ripples suggests that the wave action was not very important in the delta plain. Steep topographic gradients and increased sediment input are suggested, based on the limited or absent evidence of tides in the fluvial realm, related to the growing New England Orogen. In sequence stratigraphic terms, the deltaic system accumulated during highstand normal regression, while the deposition of the overlying fluvial system occurred during lowstand normal regression. The two systems are separated by a subaerial unconformity developed during an intervening forced regression. Short periods of transgression are inferred from the presence of higher frequency cycles in the delta-front.
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6

Dola, Shahpara Sheikh, Khairul Bahsar, Mazeda Islam, and Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker. "Hydrogeological Classification and the Correlation of Groundwater Chemistry with Basin Flow in the South-Western Part of Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 42, no. 1 (2018): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v42i1.37831.

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Attempt has been made to find the relationship between the basin groundwater flow and the current water chemistry of south-western part of Bangladesh considering their lithological distribution and aquifer condition. The correlation of water chemistry and basin groundwater flow is depicted in the conceptual model. The water-types of shallow groundwater are predominantly Mg-Na-HCO3 and Ca- Mg-Na-HCO3 type. In the deep aquifer of upper delta plain is predominately Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 and Mg- HCO3 type. In the lower delta plain Na-Cl type of water mainly occurs in the shallow aquifer and occasionally Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3 type may also occur in shallow aquifer of the eastern part of lower delta plain which could have originated from the recent recharge of rain water. Na- Cl type water is also found in the deep aquifer of lower delta plain. The origin of Na-Cl type water in the deep aquifer of lower delta part might be connate water or present day sea water intrusion. Fresh water occurring in the deep aquifer in the lower delta area is mostly of Mg-Ca-HCO3 and Na-HClO3 types. This type of water originate from intermediate or deep basin flow from the northern part of Bangladesh. The probable source of deep groundwater is Holocene marine transgression (Khan et al. 2000) occurred in 3000–7000 cal years BP and the deep groundwater of Upper Delta plain and Lower Delta plain is clearly influenced by deep basin flow coming from north part of BangladeshJournal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 41-54, 2018
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7

Kirschbaum, Mark A. "Depostional [sic] Environments of the Rock Springs Formation, Southwest Flank of the Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming." Mountain Geologist 23, no. 2 (1986): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.23.2.63.

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A record at an ancient delta system Is preserved in outcrops along the flanks of the Rock Springs Uplift, southwestern Wyoming. The deltaic Upper Cretaceous Rock Springs Formation of the Mesaverde Group was deposited during early Campanian time near the end of the regressive phase of the Niobrara cyclothem. On the southwest end of the Uplift, part of the delta system is exposed near the seaward edge of a series of transgressive/regressive sequences, which consist of intertonguing prodelta, delta-front, and delta-plain deposits. Eight major delta-front sandstones are vertically stacked and laterally continuous throughout the main study area, intertonguing with prodefta deposits of the Blair Formation and Black Butte and Coulson Shale Tongues bf the Rock Springs Formation. Delta-front sandstones consist mainly of interdistributary shoreface deposits composed of sand redistributed from point sources by longshore currents. Preservation of distributary-channel and mouth-bar deposits is rare due to intense wave reworking. The shorelines were modified by large-scale storm events. Distributary-channel, crevasse-splay, overbank, crevasse-subdelta, interdistributary-bay, marsh, swamp, flood-tidal delta, and washover deposits accumulated behind delta-front sandstones, mostly in lower delta-plain environments. In this lower delta-plain setting, peat was deposited in freshwater forest swamps as isolated pods and linear belts behind delta-front sands. The resulting coal beds are thin, pinching and splitting to the southeast of the study area. In contrast, in more landward settings north of the study area, non-marine sequences contain thicker and more continuous coal beds that accumulated in the lower parts of upper delta-plain environments.
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8

Dewan, P. K. "Godavari Delta System - A Wave-Dominated Delta System as Interpreted from Seismic Data has Hydrocarbon Potential." Journal Geological Society of India 33, no. 2 (1989): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1989/330210.

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Abstract Modern deltas can be classified mainly into three types: fluvial dominated, wave dominated and tide-dominated delta. Geometry of shoreline and palaeoshore line, dominance of strand-plain environment and other geomorphological and sedimentological features indicate the present Godavari delta to be wave dominated delta system. Seismic reflection patterns are predominantly parallel to subparallel, indicative of delta plain environments. Progradational shingled and oblique (parallel) reflection configuration is observed in different seismic sequences. Stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs can be expected in wave-dominated environment.
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9

Klausen, Tore Grane, Björn Nyberg, and William Helland-Hansen. "The largest delta plain in Earth’s history." Geology 47, no. 5 (2019): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g45507.1.

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10

Gaki-Papanastassiou, K., E. Karymbalis, and H. Maroukian. "RECENT GEOMORPHIC CHANGES AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES IN THE DELTAIC PLAIN OF PINIOS RIVER IN CENTRAL GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (2017): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11192.

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The Pinios river delta is a Late Holocene arcuate type delta, located in the southern Thermaikos gulf (Central Greece). In order to determine the processes which contributed in the recent configuration of the delta, a detailed geomorphic map at the scale of 1:5000 has been prepared showing both the deltaic plain and the coastal zone features using GIS techniques. Comparative examinations of aerial photographs taken in different dates and reliable maps of the last two centuries along with field observations depict recent changes of the delta morphology. The most important factors for the development of the delta are fluvial sedimentation, wave activity and longshore currents in a tectonically active area. Land uses throughout the delta plain have been mapped in an attempt to identify socio-economic activities. The dominant feature in the deltaic plain is the numerous abandoned meandering channels. The delta shoreline is generally retreating due to marine processes especially where former river mouths occur. Finally, various future sea-level rise scenarios have been analyzed and an assessment of the impacts of the potential global future sea-level rise to the delta is estimated.
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11

Fauzan, Roni, R. A. T. Listyani, and Setyo Pambudi. "Analysis of coal facies and parting in The Balikpapan formation, Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan." E3S Web of Conferences 475 (2024): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447502003.

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The research area is located in RKBM coal mining area in East Kalimantan. One factor that influences the presence of parting in coal is the depositional environment. The existence of coal partings in this open pit area needs to be analyzed to determine the following steps in the exploration and further exploitation processes. The purpose of this study is a geological survey with the aim of knowing the coal facies and its parting characterization. The research was done by surface geological observation and drilling method. The results show that the facies association in this mining associated with delta systems such as channel, back swamp, flood plain, levee, crevasse splay, and inter distributary bay. The open pit area is composed of dominant lithology deposited in the upper delta plain environment. The presence of many and thin partings are often found in coal associated with the back swamp facies and deposited in the upper delta plain environment, which is mainly associated with fluvial systems. The distribution of parting in the study area is interpreted as not widespread because it is associated with back swamps that are affected by flood plains, and sometimes their distribution is cut off by channels.
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12

Alsultan, Hamid A. A. "Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of the Zubair Formation in Rumaila Oilfields, Southern Iraq: Microfacies and Geochemistry." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2B (2021): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2b.3ms-2021-08-23.

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In the Rumaila oilfields in southern Iraq, the Zubair Formation was deposited in a shallow environment as three main facies, delta plain, backshore, and delta front depositional conditions indicating a transition from delta front and delta plain to a highstand level due to the finning upward mode. The facies of the Zubair clasts show well-sorted quartz arenite sandstone, poorly sorted quartz arenite sandstone, clayey sandstone that has not been properly sorted, sandy shale, and shale lithofacies. The minor lithofacies were identified using well-logging methods (gamma ray, spontaneous potential and sonic logs) and petrography. The Zubair clasts are of transition environment that appears to be transported from freshwater and deposited in a marine environment forming many fourth-order cycles reflect sea level rise fluctuations and still-stand under tectonics developed the sequence stratigraphy. A misalignment between relative sea-level and sediment supply caused asymmetry sedimentary cycles. A shallower environment of shale-dominated rocks rich in organic matter and pyrite were exposed. The basinal shale of Ratawi at the Zubair bottom and the shallow carbonate of Shuaiba emplace on the Zubair represent the beginning of the delta build up (delta front and delta plain) to a highstand stage.
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13

Breckenridge, Jake, Angelos G. Maravelis, Octavian Catuneanu, Kevin Ruming, Erin Holmes, and William J. Collins. "Outcrop analysis and facies model of an Upper Permian tidally influenced fluvio-deltaic system: Northern Sydney Basin, SE Australia." Geological Magazine 156, no. 10 (2019): 1715–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000973.

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AbstractAn integrated study of sedimentological, sequence-stratigraphic and palaeodispersal analysis was applied to the Upper-Permian clastic sedimentary succession in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. The succession is subdivided into fifteen facies and three facies associations. The facies associations are further subdivided into eight sub-facies associations. The sedimentary evolution involves progradation from delta-front to delta-plain to fluvial depositional environments, with a significant increase in sediment grain size across the unconformable contact that separates the deltaic from the overlying fluvial system. In contrast to the delta front that is wave/storm- and/or river-influenced, the delta plain is significantly affected by tides, with the impact of tidal currents decreasing up-sequence in the delta plain. The general lack of wave-influenced sedimentary structures suggests low wave energy in the delta plain. The abrupt termination of the tidal impact in the fluvial realm relates to the steep topographic gradients and high sediment supply, which accompanied the uplift of the New England Orogen. The sequence-stratigraphic framework includes highstand (deltaic forest and topset) and lowstand (fluvial topset) systems tracts, separated by a subaerial unconformity. In contrast to most of the mud-rich modern counterparts, this is an example of a sand-rich tidally influenced deltaic system, developed adjacent to the source region. This investigation presents a depositional model for tidal successions in regions of tectonic uplift and confinement.
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Yuji, ISHII. "Bay-Head Delta Progradation and Delta Plain Development in the Ishikari Lowland." Geographical review of Japan series A 90, no. 2 (2017): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj.90.105.

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Funabiki, Ayako, Shigeko Haruyama, Nguyen Van Quy, Pham Van Hai, and Dinh Hung Thai. "Holocene delta plain development in the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30, no. 3-4 (2007): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.11.013.

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Ha, Vu Van, Doan Dinh Lam, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al. "Holocene sedimentary facies in coastal plain of the Song Ma Delta, Thanh Hoa Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 3 (2019): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/3/13832.

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The Ma river delta located in the North Central of VietNam is the third largest ones in Vietnam following the Mekong Delta and the Red River Delta. However, there are not many researches on sedimentary. This study aims to determine the Characteristics of the Holocene sedimentary facies in coastal plain of the Song Ma Delta based on observation of sedimentary structure and analysis of grain size, diatom, flora, pollen and 14C dating collected for the drill core (LKTH2 borehole) from the coastal plain of the Song Ma river delta. Research results identify 08 facies consisting 02 facies of transgression period and 06 facies of regression period. During transgression period, 02 facies of tidal flat clayish silt and bay silty clay facies were formed. Of which, tidal flat clayish silt face was formed in 7,883 ± 43 14C yr BP. After the maximum flooding of the sea, the delta was initiated and 06 facies were formed during the regression period i.e. prodelta silty clay, delta front clayish silt, tidal flat sandy - silty clay, sand ridge, lagoonal sandy silty clay, and flood plain silty clay facies. The tidal flat sandy - silty clay facies occurred in 6.951± 38 14Cyr BP caused by sea level fall and the coastline was identified around the LKTH2 bore hole at that time. Integration of sedimentary facies of the sand ridge and lagoonal sandy silty clay facies shows that the Song Ma Delta was dominated by wave process during its evolution.
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Haque, Md Masidul, and Koichi Hoyanagi. "Influences of sea level on depositional environment during the last 1000 years in the southwestern Bengal delta, Bangladesh." Holocene 31, no. 6 (2021): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994671.

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This study illustrates the influences of sea-level on the depositional process during the last 1000 years of the southwestern delta, Bangladesh. Sediments of eight litho-sections from landward in upper delta plain to seaward in lower delta plain along the Rupsa-Pasur river were studied. Sedimentary facies, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, δ13C value, diatom assemblages, and radiocarbon dating of deposits were carried out to determine the paleoenvironments that were influenced by the relative sea-level (RSL) change over time. During the 850–1300 AD, RSL was reached up to +80 cm higher than the present level where tidal-influenced bioturbated light yellow to gray mud deposited in the upper delta plain area. RSL was dropped up to −110 cm during 1300–1850 AD, organic-rich bluish-gray mud, mangrove peat, and terrestrial influenced yellowish-gray mud were deposited successively in the lower delta plain area, and the terrace was formed at landward due to the lowering of the base level. RSL started to rise after the period 1850 AD where tidal-influenced sediments gradually increased and deposited in the upper part at seaward and terrestrial flood sediment deposited over the erosional surface at the landward part. The estimated average sedimentation rate (1.96–2.89 mm/year) is not enough to offset the effect of subsidence and present sea-level rise over the study area. The rising trend of the sea creates inundation in the lower delta plain area, also hinders upstream water flow. For that, terrestrial flood sediments settle over the erosional surface in landward, and tidal-influenced sediment gradually onlap upon it from seaward.
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Setyaningsih, Christina Ani, Eko Budi Lelono, and Iskandar Firdaus. "PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE JAMBI SUB-BASIN, SOUTH SUMATRA." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 38, no. 1 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.38.1.534.

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The palynological study of the Jambi Sub-basin, South Sumatera is carried out to construct biostratigraphy of the identifi ed formation. The palynological analysis provides an age interpretation as well as environment of depositional interpretation. The study uses outcrop samples which were collected from Merangin River, Muara Jernih and Mengupeh areas. The age of the studied sediment ranges from Early to Middle Miocene. The top Middle Miocene age is identifi ed by the occurrence of pollen Florschuetzia levipoli and Florschuetzia meridionalis, whilst the base of Early Miocene is marked by the appearance of nannoplankton Sphenolithus compactust. The studied sediment cropping out at the Merangin River and Muara Jernih area interpreted as Talang Akar Formation was deposited in a lower delta plain to delta front during Early Miocene. In the Mengupeh area, this sediment shifted landward into upper delta plain to lower delta plain environment during Middle Miocene.
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Alexis, Bashonga Bishobibiri, Charles Kahindo, and Majaliwa Mwanjololo Jean Gilbert. "The Ruzizi River Waters Management for the Ruzizi Congolese Plain Wise Farming, Livestock, Fishing and Fish Trusting Productivity." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 31, no. 2 (2025): 416–21. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2025.v31i02.003.

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The Ruzizi River waters management follows from our investigations in 2010-2011 in the case of our master’s thesis in environment and natural resources on the theme: “The Importance of Ruzizi Congolese Plain, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo for the Conservation of Birds” and 2019-2021 as part of our doctoral thesis on the theme: “The Significance of Ruzizi Delta: Ruzizi Burundian Delta and Ruzizi Congolese Delta, in the African Great Lakes Region for the Conservation of Birds”. These investigations aim to raise the awareness of local, territorial, provincial and national Congolese decision-makers for the creation of a protected area meeting the Ramsar criteria in the Ruzizi Congolese plain/Ruzizi Congolese Delta, for the sustainable conservation of birds and biodiversity. This article informs that the thoughtful partial channelling of part of the waters of the Ruzizi River for irrigation, the creation of fish ponds and pastures away from the 50 m of the bank, would lead to sustainable agricultural, ichthyologic and dairy productivity in the Ruzizi Congolese plain/Ruzizi Congolese Delta.
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Novikova, N. M., I. S. Iljina, and I. N. Safronova. "Mapping the flood-plain vegetation of the Lower Volga River." Geobotanical mapping, no. 1998-2000 (2000): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/1998-2000.62.

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In the paper the legend for 8 vegetation maps of key polygons s. 1 : 200 000, compiled by unified method, is given. The maps characterize the state of vegetation cover in different parts of the Lower Volga River (Volga-Akhtuba flood-plain and delta) in the late 90th. The Volga-Akhtuba flood-plain is well-divided into 2 morphogenetic types: the river-side flood-plain and the inner (central) one. Delta consists of numerous islands separated by channels and is subdivided into 3 parts: upper, middle and lower ones. At the mapping of flood-plain vegetation it is important to reveal the spatial variations in vegetation cover connected with regime of inundation, topography elevation, structure of surface, ground water table. The generalized legend to all maps is constructed according to ecological-dynamic principle reflecting the composition and structure of vegetation cover. Large divisions correspond to differentiation of vegetation at the level of main topographic types of territory: A. Vegetation of flood-plain, Б. Vegetation of delta. The divisions of the next rank are: I. Vegetation of river-side flood-plain and II. Vegetation of the inner flood- plain. Within the delta the following division are distinguished: 1. Forest-shrub- meadow and riparian-aquatic vegetation; 2. Desert vegetation. Mapping units proper (marked by numerical indices) characterize the phytocoenotical and floristic composition of vegetation as well as different patterns of its spatial structure and dynamics among the different elevation levels and forms of relief. Construction of Data Bases (DB) at mapping process has its specific features. Map organizes and differentiates the process of collecting information itself. The main instrument in this process is the map legend and the contents of mapping units. The botanical-cartographical DB suggests storing already synthesized and classified information, presented in form of mapping types of geobotanical polygons along with indices of environmental factors. The flood-plain vegetation of the Lower Volga River is represented by forests, shrub thickets, meadows, and aquatic-riparian Herbaceous communities. The forests are restricted mainly to the inner gentle ridges flood-plain. Oak forests (Quercus robur) are characteristic of only northern part of the Lower Volga River occuring between city of Volgograd and Kapustin Yar settlement. Willow forests (Salix alba) are spread throughout the all Lower Volga River (from Volgograd down to the Caspian Sea). They predominate in delta. In the middle part of delta the groves of Elaeagnus angustifolia appear. The channel-side natural levers of the lower seaward part of delta are occupied by forests of Salix alba. Shrubs thickets are less characteristic of these habitats; Tamarix ramosissima should be mentioned which appears south of 48°N in Volga- Akhtuba flood-plain in the limits of the Northern desert subzone. Forests of Populus nigra are wide-spread in the Volga-Akhtuba flood-plain from city of Volgograd southward up to Selitrennoye village. However they occupy habitats of middle topographical level. The same level in the river-side flood-plain and delta shrub thickets occupy. They are formed mainly by willows — Salix triandra, S. viminalis, S. acutifolia. Meadow vegetation predominate in the Lower Volga valley. Vegetation of high topographic level is formed by meadows of Calamagrostis epigeios, Bromopsis inermis, Elytrigia repens. Meadows of the middle topographic level are represented by grass-sedge communities. Meadows of the low topographic level are formed by communities of Carex acuta, Eleocharis spp., Elytrigia repens, Phragmites australis, Butomus umbellatus. The riparian-aquatic vegetation is formed by the communities of Phragmites australis, Typha spp., Scirpus lacustris, Phalaroiodes arundinacea, Butomus umbellatus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Sparganium ramosum along the shores of water bodies and on the bottoms of depressions. Communities-indicators of soils with high salt content are characteristic of delta vegetation. On the overmoistened islands, free of water for a short time, with the surface salinification, the communities of Aeluropus spp., Crypsis aculeata, Bolboshoenus maritimus, Suaeda confusa, Salicornia europaea, Cynodon dactylon are spread.
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Swarzenski, Christopher M., Erick M. Swenson, Charles E. Sasser, and James G. Gosselink. "Marsh Mat Flotation in the Louisiana Delta Plain." Journal of Ecology 79, no. 4 (1991): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261094.

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22

Whall, T. E. "A plain man's guide to delta-doped semiconductors." Contemporary Physics 33, no. 6 (1992): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107519208211064.

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23

Lin, Wen, Curtis Ferron, Sean Karner, and Janok P. Bhattacharya. "Classification of paralic channel sub-environments in an ancient system using outcrops: The Cretaceous Gallup system, New Mexico, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 9 (2020): 1094–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.191.

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ABSTRACT Distinguishing trunk channels and delta-plain distributary channels in ancient systems can be difficult due to poor or incomplete data (e.g., limited outcrop or sparse well data). Accurate channel classification is required to reconstruct the plan view of channel networks in a paralic fluvio-deltaic system and to quantify source-to-sink systems. Channel formative mechanisms, such as allogenic versus autogenic and avulsion versus bifurcation, also remain equivocal. In this paper we classify channel types and quantify their discharge and dimensions in an ancient paralic depositional system of the Late Cretaceous Gallup system, New Mexico, in a recently developed high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework. Six key facies associations are identified and integrated into a detailed facies architectural analysis using bedding diagrams from two outcrop cliffs. Backwater lengths are calculated and used for interpretation of channel forming mechanisms and classification of channel types. Two types of channels are interpreted in the study area: meandering fluvial avulsive distributary channels formed in the upstream backwater region in an upper delta plain with a paleodischarge of 280–410 m3/s, and terminal distributary channels in a subaqueous lower delta plain with a paleodischarge of 80–190 m3/s. The results show that upper-delta-plain fluvial distributary channels are formed by erosive avulsion and resemble fluvial meandering rivers characterized by laterally accreting point bars and a wide range of paleocurrents, whereas terminal distributary channels are formed by both avulsion and bifurcation and show more aggradation with lateral confinement and relatively larger width-to-depth ratios of individual channel stories. The quantification of channels and their depositional system provides new data from a well-known ancient system for the global database and comparison with other modern and ancient systems.
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24

Glamuzina, Martin. "Demogeografski aspekt nestajanja starih i stvaranja novih naselja u delti Neretve." Geoadria 1, no. 1 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.574.

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The author's aim has been to point out changes in population density and settlements in the Neretva Delta zone (Croatia). A special emphasis has been put on those old settlements, which were situated on the mountainous (karst-calcareous) area, and on the formation of new settlements on the junction of mountainous zone and alluvial plain, then on the alluvial plain itself. The author's intention has also been to emphasize the period when these changes happened and causes, which provoked these changes. It is incontestable that the intensity of changes is determined by contemporary economic Delta valuation expressed through modern agriculture, traffic, trade and especially port activities. All these changes have been taking place for the last thirty years since the economic aspiration in Delta moved from the mountainous area to the alluvial plain.
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25

Jeong, Eun Je, Daekyo Cheong, Jin Cheul Kim, Hyoun Soo Lim, and Seungwon Shin. "Evolution of Depositional Environments in Response to the Holocene Sea-Level Change in the Lower Delta Plain of Nakdong River Delta, Korea." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010177.

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The Nakdong River delta, located in southeastern Korea, preserves thick and wide sediments, which are suitable for the high-resolution study of the evolution of depositional environments in the lower delta plain area. This study traces the Holocene evolution of the Nakdong River delta using deep drill core (ND-3; 46.60 m thick) sediments from the present delta plain. Sedimentary units of the sediments were classified based on grain size compositions and sedimentary structures: (A) alluvial zone, (B) estuarine zone, (C) shallow marine, (D) prodelta, (E) delta front, and (F) delta plain. The weathered sediment, paleosol, was observed at 43.16 m below the surface. There is an unconformity (43.10 m) to separate a Pleistocene sediment layer in the lowermost part differentiating from a Holocene sediment layer in the upper part of the core. The shallow marine sedimentary unit (32.20~23.50 m), in which grain size decreases upward is overlain by the prodelta unit (23.50~15.10 m), which consists of fine-grained sediments and relatively homogeneous sedimentary facies. The boundary between the delta front unit (15.10~8.00 m) and the delta plain unit (8.00~0.00 m) appears to lie at 8.0 m, and the variation in grain size is different; coarsening upward in the delta front unit and fining upward in the delta front unit, respectively. These sediments are characterized by a lot of sand–mud couplets and mica flakes aligned along with cross-stratification, which may be deposited in relatively high-energy environments. Until 13 cal ka BP, the sea level was 70 m below the present level and the drilling site might be located onshore. At 10 cal ka BP, the sea level was located 50 m below the present level and the drilling site might be moved to an estuarine environment. From 8 to 6 cal ka BP, a transgression phase occurred as a result of coastline invasion by the rapid rise of the sea level. Thus, the drilling site was drowned in a shallow marine environment. After 6 cal ka BP, the sea level reached the present level, and, since then, progradation might begin to form, primarily by more sediment input. After this period, the progradation phase continues as the sediments have advanced and the delta grows.
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26

Monahan, P. A., J. L. Luternauer, and J. V. Barrie. "A delta plain sheet sand in the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada." Quaternary International 20 (January 1993): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(93)90034-d.

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27

Feng, Wen-Jie, Chang-Min Zhang, Tai-Ju Yin, et al. "Sedimentary characteristics and internal architecture of a river-dominated delta controlled by autogenic process: implications from a flume tank experiment." Petroleum Science 16, no. 6 (2019): 1237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00389-x.

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Abstract Autogenic processes are widely found in various sedimentary systems and they play an important role in the depositional evolution and corresponding sedimentary architecture. However, autogenic processes are often affected by changing allogenic factors and are difficult to be identified and analyzed from modern and ancient records. Through the flume tank experiment under constant boundary conditions, the depositional process, evolution principles, and the sedimentary architecture of a river-dominated delta was presented, and a corresponding sedimentary architecture model was constructed. The evolution of river-dominated delta controlled only by autogenic process is obviously periodic, and each autogenic cycle can be divided into an initial progradational stage, a middle retrogratational stage, and a late aggradational–progradational stage. In the initial progradational stage, one feeder channel incised into the delta plain, mouth bar(s) was formed in front of the channel mouth, and small-scale crevasse splays were formed on the delta plain. In the middle retrogradational stage, the feeder channel was blocked by the mouth bar(s) which grew out of water at the end of the initial stage, and a set of large-scale distributary splay complexes were formed on the delta plain. These distributary splay complexes were retrogradationally overlapped due to the continuous migration of the bifurcation point of the feeder channel. In the late aggradational–progradational stage, the feeder channel branched into several radial distributary channels, overlapped distributary channels were formed on the delta plain, and terminal lobe complexes were formed at the end of distributary channels. The three sedimentary layers formed in the three stages constituted an autogenic succession. The experimental delta consisted of six autogenic depositional successions. Dynamic allocation of accommodation space and the following adaptive sediments filling were the two main driving factors of the autogenic evolution of deltas.
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28

Hossain, Mohammad Taukir, Nesar Ali, and Muhammad Sadekul Karim. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer in a Rouletted Copper Tube Employing Delta Winglet Twirled Type Insert." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 5 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.5.743.

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Heat transfer is a process or a system of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, transfer, internal or external molecular formation and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. The research work has been experimented for the turbulent flow heat transfer in a tube having delta winglet twisted tape and then separately with water as working fluid. The test section consisted of a circular copper tube of 26.6 mm inner diameter, 900 mm length with five K-type thermocouples. Bulk temperature and pressure drops have been measured. Material of both the delta winglet twisted tape insert was stainless steel. Delta winglet twisted tape insert had a length of 795mm, width of 20mm, thickness of 2mm, pitch length of 120mm, twist ratio of 6 while wire coil insert had the same length as that of delta winglet twisted tape insert, wire diameter of 1mm, mean coil diameter of 22mm and pitch length of 30mm. Heat transfer rate, convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt’s number, friction factor and heat transfer efficiency have been calculated to analyze heat transfer performance of circular copper tube fitted with or without inserts in turbulent regimes (4000&lt;Re&lt;15000). Nusselt’s numbers for combination of delta winglet twisted tape and wire coil insert, wire coil insert only, delta winglet twisted tape insert only increased by 1.29 to 1.47, 1.19 to 1.34 and 1.10 to 1.15 times respectively than the plain tube. They increased by 17.95% to 27.61%, 15.97% to 20.20%, 8.90% to 12.02% and average of 21.65%, 17.44%, 8.95% respectively than the plain tube. Heat transfer rates also increased by 1.12 to 1.20, 1.06 to 1.09 and 1.03 to 1.05 times respectively compared to the plain tube. Heat transfer efficiencies increased by 1.36% to 1.62%, 1.24% to 1.47% and 1.14% to 1.34% respectively compared to the plain tube. Friction factors increased by 1.44 to 1.62, 1.34 to 1.43, 1.22 to 1.27 times respectively compared to the plain tube. The delta winglet twisted tape was the best arrangement for the enhancement of heat transfer rate as compared to the other inserts.
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29

Hossain, Mohammad Taukir, Nesar Ali, and Muhammad Sadekul Karim. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer in a Rouletted Copper Tube Employing Delta Winglet Twirled Type Insert." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 5 (2018): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.5.743.

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Heat transfer is a process or a system of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, transfer, internal or external molecular formation and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. The research work has been experimented for the turbulent flow heat transfer in a tube having delta winglet twisted tape and then separately with water as working fluid. The test section consisted of a circular copper tube of 26.6 mm inner diameter, 900 mm length with five K-type thermocouples. Bulk temperature and pressure drops have been measured. Material of both the delta winglet twisted tape insert was stainless steel. Delta winglet twisted tape insert had a length of 795mm, width of 20mm, thickness of 2mm, pitch length of 120mm, twist ratio of 6 while wire coil insert had the same length as that of delta winglet twisted tape insert, wire diameter of 1mm, mean coil diameter of 22mm and pitch length of 30mm. Heat transfer rate, convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt’s number, friction factor and heat transfer efficiency have been calculated to analyze heat transfer performance of circular copper tube fitted with or without inserts in turbulent regimes (4000&lt;Re&lt;15000). Nusselt’s numbers for combination of delta winglet twisted tape and wire coil insert, wire coil insert only, delta winglet twisted tape insert only increased by 1.29 to 1.47, 1.19 to 1.34 and 1.10 to 1.15 times respectively than the plain tube. They increased by 17.95% to 27.61%, 15.97% to 20.20%, 8.90% to 12.02% and average of 21.65%, 17.44%, 8.95% respectively than the plain tube. Heat transfer rates also increased by 1.12 to 1.20, 1.06 to 1.09 and 1.03 to 1.05 times respectively compared to the plain tube. Heat transfer efficiencies increased by 1.36% to 1.62%, 1.24% to 1.47% and 1.14% to 1.34% respectively compared to the plain tube. Friction factors increased by 1.44 to 1.62, 1.34 to 1.43, 1.22 to 1.27 times respectively compared to the plain tube. The delta winglet twisted tape was the best arrangement for the enhancement of heat transfer rate as compared to the other inserts.
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30

Soebowo, E., D. Sarah, and S. Wibawa. "Sedimentary Facies of the Cimanuk River Delta on the North Java Coastal Area and Its Geotechnical Properties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1163, no. 1 (2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1163/1/012014.

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Abstract Understanding the sedimentary facies and their engineering properties in the Cimanuk river delta is very important to support the regional infrastructure development and the environmental assessment of the north Java coastal area. This research is aimed to characterize the sedimentary facies association and its geotechnical properties of the Cimanuk delta, Indramayu, West Java. Methods included geotechnical boring and Cone Penetration Tests with pore water measurement (CPTu). The results show that the subsurface condition of the Cimanuk delta comprises several sedimentary facies development and boundaries, namely the delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain consists of the fluvial channel sands and marsh-lagoon; the delta front consists of beach ridge, and the prodelta is of clay to silt thickening towards the northeast. The fluvial channel consists of fluvial sand and silt, dense and hard with SPT N value of 30 and cone resistance, qc of 2,000-10,000 kPa. The beach ridge comprises beach sand and sandy silt, loose to very dense, with qc value of 500-16,000 kPa and SPT N value of 30. The delta plain sandy silt has a variable consistency from very soft to hard with SPT N value of 1-37, and qc value of 300- 4,900 kPa. The prodelta clay and silt consist of very soft to medium consistency, with qc value of 200- 3,000 kPa and SPT N value of 1-8. The prodelta clay-silts engineering properties are very soft to a soft consistency. When development occurs in the marsh-lagoon and prodelta facies, particular caution must be taken. The vertical, lateral, and spatial sedimentary facies and their geotechnical properties can provide information for spatial planning in the coastal region.
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31

Weerakoon, Senarath, Peter Wood, Michael Sun, and Weidong Zeng. "DESIGN OPTIONS FOR MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE FITZROY RIVER DELTA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.51.

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This paper discusses the challenges in designing public boating infrastructure in vast tidal flood plains, including the different construction techniques used, lessons learned in design and construction and how they have been adapted in other projects. The case study focuses on two recreational public boating infrastructure projects at Inkerman Creek and Casuarina Creek, located in the flood plain delta of the Fitzroy River in the Central Queensland region.
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32

Pankova, E. I., D. L. Golovanov, D. A. Soloviev, and I. A. Yamnova. "The history of the forming and the features of the soil, lithological and geomorphological structure of the Jizzakh steppe as the basais for its natural zoning." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 107 (July 12, 2021): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2021-107-33-60.

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The paper provides initial materials characterizing the complicated history of formation, natural soils and lithological-geomorphological conditions of the Jizzakh steppe before the beginning of reclamation development. It is shown that on the basis of soil-lithological and geomorphological zoning, the Jizzakh steppe is divided into a number of natural regions belonging to different levels (altitude levels) of the piedmont plain. In total, 22 districts have been identified within the Jizzakh steppe, including the foothill margins. On the piedmont plain itself, the regions are combined into two high-altitude levels: the upper step and the lower step or blanket zone. These two levels differ sharply in terms of drainage conditions and soil salinity. The upper level, covering the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan, the high interconal Zaamin-Sanzar plain and the Lomakino plateau, is characterized by a weak manifestation of salinity due to relatively good drainage, except for the sloping depressions of the Lomakino plateau. In contrast to the upper level, the lower level, located in the blanket zone of the piedmont plain, is characterized by active natural salinization because of the poor drainage. The saline sediments of the Zaamin cone delta are characterized by the greatest thickness. To a lesser extent, the rocks of the Sanzar cone delta, which are drained by deep gullies, are salinized. The Khavast sloping plain is characterized by a strongly saline upper two-meter layer, with salt and gypsum content decreasing with depth. Thus, it is shown that high salinity and gypsum bearing rocks, as well as high groundwater salinity of the cone delta zone are the source of modern salt accumulation in soils of foothill Golodnostepskaya plain, as well as in soils of the cone delta zone of Djizak steppe.
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33

Rizky, Aga, Ignatius Didi Setyawan, and Sugeng Widada. "Analisis Fasies dan Lingkungan Pengendapan pada Formasi Pulau Balang Cekungan Kutai." Jurnal Ilmiah Geologi PANGEA 9, no. 1sp (2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jigp.v9i1sp.9405.

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Abstrak - Formasi Pulau Balang merupakan salah satu formasi penghasil hidrokarbon yang terdapat pada Cekungan Kutai. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada beberapa sumur pemboran yang mempunyai data Formasi Pulau Balang. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data cutting dan data biostratigrafi pada Sumur X. Analisis yang dilakukan untuk menetukan lingkungan pengendapan pada penelitian ini adalah dengan melakukan interpretasi fasies menggunakan data biostratigrafi dan sifat fisik batuan menggunakan data cutting. Sampel yang digunakan pada Sumur X terdapat pada kedalaman 420 m - 2700 m, yang terdiri dari 251 sampel. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi, didapatkan litologi berupa packstone pada kedalaman 420 m - 520 m dengan komposisi berupa fragmen koral dan fragmen bryozoan, dan beberapa foraminifera besar yang merupakan marga Operculina serta mempunyai pola kurva log gamma ray berupa funnel shape diinterpretasikan masuk dalam fasies distributary mouth bar dengan lingkungan pengendapan adalah delta front. Data biostratigrafi yang ditemukan pada kedalaman 520 m – 950 m yang mempunyai litologi berupa batupasir halus adalah pelecypod, gastropods dan bentik kecil foraminifera seperti cellanthus sp., amonia sp., dan pseudorotalia catilliformis, serta pola log berupa serrated dan bell shape diinterpretasikan termasuk dalam fasies distributary mouth bar dengan lingkungan pengendapan delta front. Interval kedalaman 960 m – 1635 m sedikit ditemukan Nannofossil pada litologi batupasir sedang brupa Cyclicargolithus abisectus dan C. Floridanus, Helicosphaera perchnielseniae, Discoaster exilis, Coronocyclus nitescens, C. Cf. Nitescens, Rhabdosphaera poculi dengan pola serrated, bell shape dan funnel shape diintepretasikan termasuk dalam fasies distributary channel dengan lingkunan pengendapan lower delta plain. Interval kedalaman 2071 m – 2210 m pada litologi batulanau ditemukan fosil foraminifera besar seperti Miogypsina sp., dan Lepidocyclina sp. dengan pola serrated, diinterpretasikan termasuk dalam fasies crevasse play yang terendapkan pada lingkungan upper delta plain. Interval kedalaman 2500 m – 2700 m ditemukan Nannoplankton yang terdiri dari Cyclicargelithus abisectus, C. Floridanus, Helicosphaera carteri, H. Esuphratis, Sphenolithus abies, Sphenolithus belemnos, dan Sphenolithus heteromorphus dengan pola funnel shape, diinterpretasikan masuk dalam fasies interdelta bay yang terendapkan pada lingkungan lower delta plain.Kata kunci: Formasi Pulau Balang, Cekungan Kutai, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, crevasse play, interdelta bay, delta front, lower delta plain, upper delta plain.Abstract - The Pulau Balang Formation is one of the hydrocarbon-producing formations found in the Kutai Basin. This study was conducted on several drilling wells with data on the Pulau Balang Formation. The data used in this study are cutting data and biostratigraphy data from Well X. The analysis conducted to determine the depositional environment in this study is by interpreting the facies using biostratigraphy data and the physical properties of rocks using cutting data. The samples used in Well X are located at depths of 420 m - 2700 m, consisting of 251 samples. Based on the interpretation results, the lithology in the depth of 420 m - 520 m is packstone with a composition of coral fragments and bryozoan fragments, and some large foraminifera of the Operculina genus with a log gamma ray curve pattern of funnel shape interpreted as belonging to the distributary mouth bar facies with the depositional environment being a delta front. The biostratigraphy data found at a depth of 520 m - 950 m, which has a lithology of fine sandstone, is pelecypod, gastropods, and small benthic foraminifera such as Cellanthus sp., Ammonia sp., and Pseudorotalia catilliformis, as well as log patterns of serrated and bell shape interpreted as belonging to the distributary mouth bar facies with the depositional environment being a delta front. The depth interval of 960 m - 1635 m is slightly found Nannofossil in the lithology of medium sandstone in the form of Cyclicargolithus abisectus and C. Floridanus, Helicosphaera perchnielseniae, Discoaster exilis, Coronocyclus nitescens, C. Cf. Nitescens, and Rhabdosphaera poculi with serrated, bell shape, and funnel shape patterns are interpreted as belonging to the distributary channel facies with the depositional environment being a lower delta plain. The depth interval of 2071 m - 2210 m in the limestone lithology found large foraminifera fossils such as Miogypsina sp., and Lepidocyclina sp. with a serrated pattern, interpreted as belonging to the crevasse play facies deposited in the upper delta plain environment. The depth interval of 2500 m - 2700 m found Nannoplankton consisting of Cyclicargelithus abisectus, C. Floridanus, Helicosphaera carteri, H. Esuphratis, Sphenolithus abies, Sphenolithus belemnos, and Sphenolithus heteromorphus with a funnel shape pattern, interpreted as belonging to the interdelta bay facies deposited in the lower delta plain environment.Keywords: Pulau Balang Formation, Kutai Basin, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, crevasse play, interdelta bay, delta front, lower delta plain, upper delta plain.
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34

Conway, B. W. "The Geology of the Area." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, s1 (1987): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078427.

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Mr B W Conway of the Institute of Geological Sciences has kindly made the following comments on the geology of the site:“The causewayed enclosure is sited on the eroded terminal surface of the gravel train of the Upper Floor Plain Terrace at the junction of the Coinè and Thames river valleys (see OS 6 inch geological maps Buckinghamshire 56 SE, 58 NE and Middlesex 19 NE and SE (and Fig 2)). The late Professor Zeuner traced the profile of this terrace and claimed that it grades into the Late Monasirian sea level (7.5 metres) of the latter part of the last interglacial. The Coinè valley Flood Plain joins that of the Thames at Wraysbury and projects into the Thames as a distinct, slightly raised, delta. This delta was formed by the piling up of aggradation by the Coinè beyond the capacity of the Thames to remove it. The presence of this delta was the cause of the breaking up of the Coinè into a series of distributory channels: mainly those of the River Coinè, the Coinè Brook and Wyrardisbury River. These in turn eroded the Cclne delta and the Flood Plain gravel train. Erosion by the several distributory channels left slightly elevated gravel ridges between their valleys and clays, peats, and silts accumulated in these valleys. The eroded remnants of the delta and the Flood Plain Terrace appear as low “islands” of gravel between marshy stream valleys. The Staines causewayed enclosure is sited on the southern tip of the largest of these islands, which is approximately 4km long, has an average width of about 0.4km, and an area of approximately 182.lha.”
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35

Beznosov, P. A., S. M. Snigirevsky, S. V. Naugolnykh, and E. Lukševičs. "The Upper Devonian delta plain deposits of North Timan." Vestnik of Institute of Geology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch RAS 1 (2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/2221-1381-2018-1-25-44.

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36

Jianhua, Zhong, Wen Zhifeng, Wang Guanmin, Wang Xibin, Lu Hongbo, and Shen Xiaohua. "Air-discharge pits on the Yellow River delta plain." Sedimentary Geology 170, no. 1-2 (2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.015.

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37

Jianhua, Zhong, Wang Haiqiao, Li Yong, Wang Yong, and Wen Zhifeng. "Ice-water pits upon the Yellow River delta plain." Sedimentary Geology 187, no. 1-2 (2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.12.011.

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38

Vella, Claude, Thomas-Jules Fleury, Guillaume Raccasi, Mireille Provansal, François Sabatier, and Michel Bourcier. "Evolution of the Rhône delta plain in the Holocene." Marine Geology 222-223 (November 2005): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.06.028.

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39

Krawiec, Arkadiusz, and Andrzej Sadurski. "Groundwater chemistry and origin of the visutla delta plain." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400016.

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River estuaries are peculiar areas from the point of view of their groundwater origins, frequently connected with the diversification of groundwater chemistry. In the area of the Vistula delta in a number of places, the increased concentration of chloride and fluoride ions has occurred (Kozerski et al. 1987). These issues have already been considered in the studies of Kozerski (1981), Kozerski and Kwaterkiewicz (1984, 1988). The origin of salt and brackish water in the area of Żuławy was already the subject of scientific research in the 1930s (Schroeder 1931), and subsequently continued by Sadurski (1985, 1989), Burzyński and Sadurski (1989), Zuber at al. (1990, 2000) and Krawiec (2013).
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40

Poulos, Serafeim, Aikaterini Karditsa, Maria Hatzaki, Athina Tsapanou, Christos Papapostolou, and Konstantinos Chouvardas. "An Insight into the Factors Controlling Delta Flood Events: The Case of the Evros River Deltaic Plain (NE Aegean Sea)." Water 14, no. 3 (2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030497.

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The present contribution aims to give an insight into the main terrestrial and marine processes leading to delta flooding in the case of the transboundary Evros delta, located at the microtidal NE Aegean Sea, on the basis of recorded flood events in the Evros deltaic plain. The prevailing weather conditions at the onset of the event, along with sea-level rise above the mean state, portray the mechanism for the development of compound flood events and subsequent riparian flooding. This system blocks the riverine water’s seaward exit, resulting in the flooding of the lower deltaic plain. The river discharge is recognized as a secondary factor acting mainly toward the persistence of the events. Several limitations restrict the quantification potential of the relative contribution of the key factors to the development, onset, and duration of a flood. Mitigation of the impacts of such flood events requires intercountry cooperation and a management plan based on a network of environmental monitoring.
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41

Taylor, Alan E., Scott R. Dallimore, and Alan S. Judge. "Late Quaternary history of the Mackenzie–Beaufort region, Arctic Canada, from modelling of permafrost temperatures. 2. The Mackenzie Delta–Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 1 (1996): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-007.

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In the Mackenzie–Beaufort region, maximum permafrost thickness is 750 m in the Pleistocene Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, less than 100 m in the Holocene Mackenzie Delta, and 500 m and anomalously warm in the Big Lake Delta Plain between the two areas. Numerical modelling has been used to derive surface temperature histories that fit ground temperatures and permafrost conditions at 12 wells in the Unipkat, Kumak, and Taglu hydrocarbon fields. The models indicate that the present Holocene Mackenzie Delta was built by fluvial processes into a submarine trough. The delta front passed a site presently some 20 km from the coast about 4.5 ka, and subsequently 58 m of ice-bonded permafrost has aggraded. In contrast, the Big Lake Delta Plain was a subaerial platform for much of the Wisconsinan. It experienced several thousand years of inundation in the Holocene, probably due to widespread development of thermokarst lakes. At sites 8–12 km from the coast, the present subaerial conditions were established 0.5–1.5 ka through lake drainage and fluvial–deltaic deposition.
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42

Ha, Vu Van, Nguyen Minh Quang, Pham Quang Son, et al. "Changes in sedimentary environment at Kim Son coastal plain - Ninh Binh, North Vietnam." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 21, no. 1 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/15685.

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Kim Son coastal plain is a part of the Red River Delta located between Day and Can rivers. Over the past 55 years, Kim Son coastal plain has been the region with the highest accretion rate in the Red River Delta. This study aims to clarify the sediment characteristics of Kim Son coastal plain. It has the structure of a typical tidal flat and a relatively straightforward tide-influenced sedimentary structure evidenced by the field observation, sampling 70 hand-drilled boreholes, borehole logging and analyzing 177 samples of grain size. There are three tidal sedimentary zones to be identified, including sand flat, mixed flat, and mudflat. The history of topographic changes is also presented over six periods from 1965 to 2020 based on analyzing and interpreting multi-time satellite images. The total accretion area of Kim Son coastal plain over 55 years was 4,081.2 ha.
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43

Guo, Bi Ao, Long Yi Shao, Sheng Zhang, Kang Yang Qing, and Ming Ming Wang. "Framework of Sequence Stratigraphy Sedimentary System and Evolution of Yimin Formation in Yimin Depression." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.71.

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Well data, cores, logging, connecting with the characteristic of structure evolution are used to establish the sequence stratigraphic framework of the coal-bearing formation of Yimin Depression in Early Cretaceous. The coal-bearing formation can be divided into two three-order sequences and Yimin Formation, as one of the three-order sequences,is the most important object of study. Through cores description, research of Spontaneous Potential and Resistivity curve shape and analysis of sedimentary Cumulative Probability Size Curve, four facies including fan delta, braid river delta, sublacustrine fan and lake,and some subfacies are identified in Yimin Formation in the sequence stratigraphic framework. Coal-rich belts develop in the southwest delta plain and northwest interdeltaic bay in Yimin Depression. According to the characteristic of the development of coal and sedimentary system, two kinds of coal accumulation models, shallow lake and flood plain in delta front and interdelta, are concluded in Yimin Depression.
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44

Abbott, Steve, Chris Cubitt, George Bernardel, Chris Nicholson, and Duy Nguyen. "Shipwreck and Sherbrook supersequence regional gross depositional environments, offshore Otway Basin." Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, no. 2 (2024): S302—S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23197.

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The Shipwreck and Sherbrook supersequences together constitute the upper Cretaceous succession in the Otway Basin that was deposited during an extensional basin phase. In the Shipwreck Trough, where the upper Cretaceous succession is well explored, gas fields are hosted by the Shipwreck Supersequence (SS). Elsewhere, the upper Cretaceous interval is lightly explored, and the deep-water area is considered an exploration frontier. We present regional gross depositional environment (RGDE) maps for the LC1.1 and LC1.2 sequences of the Shipwreck SS, and the LC2 Sherbrook SS. Fluvial Plain, Coastal-Delta Plain and Shelf RGDEs were interpreted from wireline logs, cores, and seismic facies. The Fluvial Plain and Coastal-Delta Plain RGDEs are mostly restricted to the inboard platform areas and the inner Morum Sub-basin. The mud-prone Shelf RGDE is widespread across the deep-water Morum and Nelson depocentres. The extent of the Fluvial and Coastal-Delta Plain belts progressively increases up-section, imparting a regressive aspect to the succession, and delineating a large fluvial-deltaic complex in the north-west of the basin. Thick seal development across the greater Shipwreck Trough, potentially mature source rocks in the deep-water basin, and thick reservoir development in the hanging wall of growth faults in the inner Morum Sub-basin are insights derived from this study, and will inform area selection for detailed gross depositional environment mapping, formulation of new hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide storage plays, and inputs for petroleum systems modelling.
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45

Cao, Xi Cheng, and Ming Ming Tang. "A Research for Division and Correlation of Fuyu Oil Layer in Northern Honggang Area." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.622.

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Northern Honggang Area is situated in the north of Daan-Honggang terraces, southern Songliao Basin, bounded on the west of the western slope, on the northeast by Cologne sag, and on the southeast by Changling sag. The facies types of Northern Honggang District are mainly delta. The upper part of Fuyu oil layer is dominated by delta-front facies, the lower part is dominated by delta-plain facies.
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46

Nguyen, Thanh Thi Ngoc, and Luan Thi Bui. "Evaluation of the sedimentary environment of the block 102 of Song Hong basin by petrophysics." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (2015): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.930.

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Interpretation of wireline logging data supported to recover the sedimentary environment of block 102 of Song Hong basin. It inchided in determination of the spatial distribution of source, reservoir and cap rocks and an indispensable part in oil exploration of this area. Resulted wireline logging data showed some sedimentary environment units as the following The late Oligocene was delta environment. It was identified as forming delta plain, swamp to lacustrine. The middle Miocene had changed to shallow water marine environment, which formed the shoreface, tidal flat, lagoon and channel. The lower Miocene was aluvial environment that changed into fluvial and coastal plain.
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47

Esposito, Christopher R., Zhixiong Shen, Torbjörn E. Törnqvist, Jonathan Marshak, and Christopher White. "Efficient retention of mud drives land building on the Mississippi Delta plain." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 3 (2017): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-387-2017.

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Abstract. Many of the world's deltas – home to major population centers – are rapidly degrading due to reduced sediment supply, making these systems less resilient to increasing rates of relative sea-level rise. The Mississippi Delta faces some of the highest rates of wetland loss in the world. As a result, multibillion dollar plans for coastal restoration by means of river diversions are currently nearing implementation. River diversions aim to bring sediment back to the presently sediment-starved delta plain. Within this context, sediment retention efficiency (SRE) is a critical parameter because it dictates the effectiveness of river diversions. Several recent studies have focused on land building along the open coast, showing SREs ranging from 5 to 30 %. Here we measure the SRE of a large relict crevasse splay in an inland, vegetated setting that serves as an appropriate model for river diversions. By comparing the mass fraction of sand in the splay deposit to the estimated sand fraction that entered it during its life cycle, we find that this mud-dominated sediment body has an SRE of ≥ 75 %, i.e., dramatically higher than its counterparts on the open coast. Our results show that transport pathways for mud are critical for delta evolution and that SRE is highly variable across a delta. We conclude that sediment diversions located in settings that are currently still vegetated are likely to be the most effective in mitigating land loss and providing long-term sustainability.
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48

Hijma, Marc P., Zhixiong Shen, Torbjörn E. Törnqvist, and Barbara Mauz. "Late Holocene evolution of a coupled, mud-dominated delta plain–chenier plain system, coastal Louisiana, USA." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 4 (2017): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-689-2017.

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Abstract. Major deltas and their adjacent coastal plains are commonly linked by means of coast-parallel fluxes of water, sediment, and nutrients. Observations of the evolution of these interlinked systems over centennial to millennial timescales are essential to understand the interaction between point sources of sediment discharge (i.e. deltaic distributaries) and adjacent coastal plains across large spatial (i.e. hundreds of kilometres) scales. This information is needed to constrain future generations of numerical models to predict coastal evolution in relation to climate change and other human activities. Here we examine the coastal plain (Chenier Plain, CP) adjacent to the Mississippi River delta, one of the world's largest deltas. We use a refined chronology based on 22 new optically stimulated luminescence and 22 new radiocarbon ages to test the hypothesis that cyclic Mississippi subdelta shifting has influenced the evolution of the adjacent CP. We show that over the past 3 kyr, accumulation rates in the CP were generally 0–1 Mt yr−1. However, between 1.2 and 0.5 ka, when the Mississippi River shifted to a position more proximal to the CP, these rates increased to 2.9 ±1.1 Mt yr−1 or 0.5–1.5 % of the total sediment load of the Mississippi River. We conclude that CP evolution during the past 3 kyr was partly a direct consequence of shifting subdeltas, in addition to changing regional sediment sources and modest rates of relative sea-level (RSL) rise. The RSL history of the CP during this time period was constrained by new limiting data points from the base of overwash deposits associated with the cheniers. These findings have implications for Mississippi River sediment diversions that are currently being planned to restore portions of this vulnerable coast. Only if such diversions are located in the western portion of the Mississippi Delta plain could they potentially contribute to sustaining the CP shoreline. Our findings highlight the importance of a better understanding of mud-dominated shorelines that are often associated with major deltas, in light of the enormous investments in coastal management and restoration that will likely be made around the globe, now and especially later during this century.
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49

Jafar, Fuad, Masri Masri, and Hasria Hasria. "Karakteristik seam batubara menggunakan data log dan data core di PT. Equalindo Makmur Alam Sejahtera Sanga-Sanga, Kabupaten Kutai Kerta Negara, Kalimantan Timur." OPHIOLITE : Jurnal Geologi Terapan 2, no. 2 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56099/ophiolite.v2i2.22509.

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Batubara merupakan salah satu batuan sedimen organik. Batubara terbentuk dari pembusukan tumbuhan pada lingkungan dengan kadungan air melimpah, biasanya pada daerah rawa. Analisis data well logging dan deskripsi inti bor digunakan untuk menentukan lingkungan pengendapan batubara. Analisis well-logging untuk mengidentifikasi litologi, ketebalan serta kedalaman lapisan batuan sedimen. Pada analisis well-logging hasilnya mennujukan batubara daerah penelitian terbentuk pada lingkungan transitional lower delta plain yang dicirikan dengan berkembangnya fasies creavasse splay, channel, interdistributary bay, dan swamp pada satuan batulempung dan batupasir Formasi Balikpapan, berdasarkan asosiasi lingkungan pengendapan ini, dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa lingkungan pengendapan satuan batulempung dan satuan batupasir dan batubara Formasi Balikpapan adalah transitional lower delta plain.
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50

Flack, Karen A., and Wayne D. Erskine. "Development of the middle creek delta plain, Narrabeen Lagoon, NSW." Australian Geographer 27, no. 2 (1996): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189608703170.

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