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1
Arends, J., J. Christoffersen, M. R. Christoffersen, B. Øgaard, A. G. Dijkman, and W. L. Jongebloed. "Rate and Mechanism of Enamel Demineralization in situ." Caries Research 26, no. 1 (1992): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000261420.
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Huang, Wei-Te, Saroash Shahid, and Paul Anderson. "Validation of a Real-Time ISE Methodology to Quantify the Influence of Inhibitors of Demineralization Kinetics in vitro Using a Hydroxyapatite Model System." Caries Research 52, no. 6 (2018): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488597.
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The aim was to validate a novel protocol to measure the cariostatic efficacies of demineralization inhibitors by repeating previous SMR (scanning microradiography) studies investigating the dose response of Zn2+ and F– on demineralization kinetics in vitro using real-time Ca2+ ion selective electrodes (ISEs). In this study, Ca2+ release was used as a proxy for the extent of demineralization. Forty-eight hydroxyapatite (HAP) discs were allocated into 16 groups (n = 3) and adding either increasing [Zn2+], or [F–], similar to those used in the previous SMR studies. Each HAP disc was immersed in 50 mL, pH 4.0, buffered acetic acid for 1 h, and real-time ISE methodology was used to monitor the rate of increase in [Ca2+] in the demineralization solution. Next, either zinc acetate or sodium fluoride was added into each demineralization solution accordingly. Then after each [Zn2+] or [F–] addition, the HAP disc was further demineralized for 1 h, and ISE measurements were continued. The percentage reduction in the rate of calcium loss from hydroxyapatite (PRCLHAP) at each [Zn2+] or [F–] was calculated from the decrease in Ca2+ release rate, similar to that used in the previous SMR studies. A log-linear relationship between mean PRCLHAP and inhibitor concentration was found for both Zn2+ and F–, similar to that reported for each ion in the previous SMR studies. In conclusion, real-time Ca2+ ISE systems can be used to measure the cariostatic efficacies of demineralization inhibitors.
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TINLING, S. P., R. T. GIBERSON, and R. S. KULLAR. "Microwave exposure increases bone demineralization rate independent of temperature." Journal of Microscopy 215, no. 3 (September 2004): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01382.x.
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Sabel, N., A. Robertson, S. Nietzsche, and J. G. Norén. "Demineralization of Enamel in Primary Second Molars Related to Properties of the Enamel." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/587254.
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Enamel structure is of importance in demineralization. Differences in porosity in enamel effect the rate of demineralization, seen between permanent and deciduous teeth. Individual differences have been shown in the mean mineral concentration values in enamel, the role of this in demineralization is not thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to study variations of depths of artificial lesions of demineralization and to analyze the depth in relation to variations in the chemical and mineral composition of the enamel. A demineralized lesion was created in second primary molars from 18 individuals. Depths of lesions were then related to individual chemical content of the enamel. Enamel responded to demineralization with different lesion depths and this was correlated to the chemical composition. The carbon content in sound enamel was shown to be higher where lesions developed deeper. The lesion was deeper when the degree of porosity of the enamel was higher.
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Özok, A. R., M. K. Wu, J. M. Ten Cate, and P. R. Wesselink. "Effect of Dentinal Fluid Composition on Dentin Demineralization in vitro." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 11 (November 2004): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408301105.
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Dentin demineralization is reduced by perfusion with water. We hypothesized that a simulated dentinal fluid (SDF) that contains albumin, in addition to electrolytes, would be more effective in reducing dentin demineralization than water alone, and this effect would increase with increasing flow rate of SDF. Perfusion rate in tooth segments that carried buccal cervical dentin windows was measured in a fluid transport set-up. These windows were then demineralized under perfusion with water, or SDF at 1.47 kPa for 31 days. We analyzed integrated mineral loss and lesion depth with the use of transverse microradiography (TMR), which revealed that 38% more mineral dissolved from dentin lesions perfused with water than from those perfused with SDF. The former were also 18% deeper. Flow rate of dentinal fluid showed no correlation with demineralization. We concluded that composition of dentinal fluid is an important determinant of the rate of lesion formation and progression in dentin.
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Raya, Indah, Erna Mayasari, Afdaliah Yahya, Muhammad Syahrul, and Andi Ilham Latunra. "Shynthesis and Characterizations of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Derived from Crabs Shells (Portunus pelagicus) and Its Potency in Safeguard against to Dental Demineralizations." International Journal of Biomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/469176.
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Crab’s shells of Portunus pelagicus species were used as raw materials for synthesis of hydroxyapatite were used for protection against demineralization of teeth. Calcination was conducted to crab’s shells of Portunus pelagicus at temperature of 1000°C for 5 hours. The results of calcination was reacted with (NH4)2HPO4, then dried at 110°C for 5 hours. Sintering was conducted to results of precipitated dried with temperature variations 400–1000°C for a hour each variation of temperature then characterized by X-ray diffractometer and FTIR in order to obtain the optimum formation temperature of hydroxyapatite is 800°C. The hydroxyapatite is then tested its effectiveness in protection against tooth demineralization using acetate buffer pH 5.0 with 1 M acetic acid concentration with the addition of hydroxyapatite and time variation of immersion. The results showed that the rate of tooth demineralization in acetate buffer decreased significantly with the provision of hydroxyapatite into a solution where the addition of the magnitude of hydroxyapatite is greater decrease in the rate of tooth demineralization.
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Elliott, J. C., F. R. G. Bollet-Quivogne, P. Anderson, S. E. P. Dowker, R. M. Wilson, and G. R. Davis. "Acidic demineralization of apatites studied by scanning X-ray microradiography and microtomography." Mineralogical Magazine 69, no. 5 (October 2005): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950276.
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AbstractThe mineral in bones and teeth is an impure form of hydroxylapatite (HAP), the principal impurity being 2—5 wt.% carbonate. This mineral dissolves during remodelling of bone and also in dental caries as a result of the action of acids produced by osteoclasts and by bacteria, respectively. In enamel, demineralization proceeds with preferential loss of carbonate relative to phosphate. Surprisingly, in the early stages, the demineralization is subsurface. In order to facilitate the understanding of physical chemical aspects of these processes, we have undertaken studies of demineralization in model systems. We give three examples here. The first two used scanning microradiography in which the specimen is stepped across a 10—30 μm diameter X-ray beam. Intensity measurements allow calculation of the mineral mass per unit area in the X-ray path through the specimen. In the first experiment, porous HAP sections were separated from a reservoir of acidic buffer by a column initially filled with water (the diffusion length) and scanned with the X-ray beam perpendicular to the axis of the diffusion length. The rate of total loss of mineral along each profile was calculated from the scans. The rate of demineralization fell as the diffusion length increased. We believe the explanation is that the rate-controlling step is the diffusion of dissolved HAP away from the solid to the buffer reservoir. In the second experiment, demineralizing solution and water were pumped alternately, for equal lengths of time, past blocks of porous HAP or enamel. The X-ray beam was perpendicular to the exposed surface. As the rate of switching between solutions decreased, the mean rate of demineralization also fell. We propose that this effect is due to retention of acid in the pores of the HAP during the time when water flows, allowing further demineralization to take place during this time. The third study used X-ray microtomography, a form of 3D microscopy, to study the loss of mineral in compacted carbonate apatite powders. The powders were packed in six 10 mm internal diameter acrylic cylinders to a depth of 4 mm (after pressing). One end was covered with a porous polyethylene disc and each tube placed in acidic buffer for 70 days. Periodic examination by microtomography showed the development of subsurface demineralization. Infrared spectroscopy of the dissected-out surface layers showed preferential loss of carbonate over phosphate by comparison with deeper layers. Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data showed changes in the crystallographic structures of the apatites between the initial and dissected-out apatite.
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Özok, A. R., M. K. Wu, J. M. ten Cate, and P. R. Wesselink. "Effect of Perfusion with Water on Demineralization of Human Dentin in vitro." Journal of Dental Research 81, no. 11 (November 2002): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0810733.
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Dentinal fluid rarely features in caries studies of dentin. The mutual effects of in vitro perfusion and dentin demineralization were investigated. The correlation between the remaining dentin thickness and demineralization was also analyzed. Buccal cervical dentin windows in human tooth segments were demineralized either with or without perfusion with water at 3.14 kPa. Transverse microradiography revealed that dentin perfusion reduced the amount of mineral loss from the lesions by 22vol%; the reduction in lesion depth was 8%. Perfusion rate, which was measured throughout the demineralization process by means of a fluid transport model, did not change significantly. Lesions formed closer to the pulp exhibited increased mineral loss and lesion depth. In conclusion, dentinal fluid flow offers some protection against demineralization. For a better approximation of clinical reality, therefore, in vitro studies on dentinal caries should consider the effect of dentinal fluid flow.
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Li, Yan, Baojuan Deng, Yajun Hou, Shanshan Wang, Fanyan Zeng, Yadan Luo, Jiayan Ge, and Shuangquan Yao. "Dissolution kinetics of calcium ions in hydrothermal demineralization of eucalyptus." BioResources 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 2849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2849-2863.
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Alkali and alkali earth metals (AAEM) can be removed from lignocellulosic biomass via a new demineralization process constituting hydrothermal treatment. The dissolution mechanism of AAEM in different demineralization processes has not been extensively studied. This study employed calcium as a representative of the AAEM group, and changes in the concentration of calcium ions during the hydrothermal demineralization of eucalyptus wood were studied. The dissolution kinetics were modelled using Fick’s second law. The effects of the reaction temperature, hydrolysate pH, and holding time on the dissolution rate of calcium ions were investigated. The kinetic equation for calcium ion dissolution was expressed as ln(1.9532e0.0077T/1.9532e0.0077T-C) = (0.4257P-0.2142e-10622.1/8.314T)t + ln(1.9532e0.0077T/1.056×10-8T3.5263p0.4449). The activation energy of the reaction was 10.62 kJ/mol. The linear regression coefficient (R2) of the predicted and experimental values was 0.9879, which implied high precision of the kinetic model. The results showed that the calcium ions underwent rapid internal diffusion and dissolution during hydrothermal demineralization. The study provides theoretical support for the efficient removal of alkali earth metals via hydrothermal demineralization.
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Patil, Shruti, Mallikarjun Goud, and Girija Sajjan. "Effect of Short-term Fluoride Release from Various Restorative Cements on Enamel Demineralization: An in vitro Study." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2011): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1005.
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ABSTRACT Purpose Fluorides are probably the most commonly used anticaries agents. Due to this property they are incorporated into various restorative materials. The rate and amount of fluoride release, however, vary for different materials, which in turn determines the effectiveness of the restorative material in preventing demineralization around the restoration. To evaluate the fluoride release and area of demineralization of resin modified glass ionomers and compomers, and compare them with conventional glass ionomer cement and also to evaluate the relationship between the fluoride release and demineralization. Materials and methods A total of 32 human incisors were chosen and sectioned horizontally at CEJ, and the middle 2 mm of facial enamel isolated and restored with the test materials: Conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), compomer and resin composite. The specimens were observed under polarized light microscope with image analyzer to measure the area and depth of demineralization. For fluoride release study, disks of test materials were suspended in deionized water and fluoride release was measured till a period of 4 days. Results The area and depth of demineralization were least around the GIC, followed by RMGIC, compomer and composite (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between fluoride release and demineralization which was, however, not statistically significant. Conclusion The 4-day fluoride release was also higher for GIC as compared to RMGIC and Compomer.
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Li, Wen Yan, Zhi Bo Zhang, Lei Qiang Zhao, and Qiang Lu. "Thermogravimetric Analysis of Raw and Demineralized Biomass Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.307.
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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to study the pyrolysis characteristics of two biomass materials (poplar and pine wood) and their demineralized samples under nitrogen atmosphere. Based on the experimental results, the pyrolysis kinetics were calculated. The results indicated that the starting and ending time of devolatilization were delayed after the demineralization of the biomass. For all the materials, the temperature of the maximum weight loss rate occurred at around 390°C, while the maximum values increased a little after demineralization. The pine wood was more difficult to decompose than the poplar wood, due to its high activation energy values. In addition, after demineralization, the activation energy values of the pine wood decreased, while the values of the poplar wood were not significantly changed.
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Ahn, Ji-Hye, Ji-Woong Kim, Young-Mi Yoon, Nan-Young Lee, Sang-Ho Lee, and Myeong-Kwan Jih. "Time-Dependent Anti-Demineralization Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride." Children 7, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7120251.
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This study compared the demineralization resistance of teeth treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to that treated with fluoride varnish. A total of 105 healthy bovine incisors were divided into control, fluoride varnish, and SDF groups. The enamel surface density change was then measured by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at three depths. The demineralized zone volume was measured on 3D micro-CT images to evaluate the total demineralization rate. The enamel surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscope. The enamel density had continuously decreased while demineralization increased in the control and fluoride varnish groups. The enamel density had increased in the SDF group till the 7th day of demineralization treatment and decreased thereafter. However, the decrease in the SDF group was less severe than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). The demineralized enamel volume had increased through treatment and was the highest in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish and SDF group. The enamel surface morphology was the roughest and most irregular in the control group, followed by the fluoride varnish group and SDF groups.
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Almqvist, H., J. S. Wefel, and F. Lagerlof. "Root Hard-tissue Demineralization Rate Measured by 125I Absorptiometry: Comparison with Lesion-depth Measurements." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 8 (August 1990): 1519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690081401.
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The aim of the present study was to compare demineralization of root hard tissue, monitored by 125 I absorptiometry, with lesion-depth measurements under polarized light microscopy. The intact roots of ten human molars, which had not been exposed to the oral environment, were divided into 39 cementum/dentin blocks and exposed to a buffer solution of pH 4.5 containing 2.2 mmol/L calcium and inorganic phosphate. After demineralization for 3.5, 7, 14, and 21 days, transmission measurements by 125I absorptiometry were performed, and one block from each tooth was taken out of the solution for lesion-depth measurement. The results showed a high degree of correlation (r = 0.952) between lesion depth and change in transmission, with a more rapid increase initially in both variables. A linear relationship with the square root of time was found. Conversion of transmission data to lesion-depth data was possible when this caries model system was used on cementum/ dentin blocks.
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Jawaid, Hafiza Asma, Asmi Shaheen, Muhammad Ilyas, Waheed-ul Hamid, Ahmad Shamim, and Asif Shakoor. "Comparison of Remineralization Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Sodium Fluoride on Enamel Surface after Orthodontic Debonding: An In vitro study." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 31, no. 02 (July 14, 2022): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.312.65.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the result of "casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate" with "sodium fluoride" (900 ppm) in remineralization of enamel after orthodontic debonding. METHODOLOY: This study was performed on premolars. Teeth were distributed into 3 groups A, B and C. The baseline microhardness of samples was measured. To create artificial demineralization, all samples were dipped in demineralizing solution. Surface microhardness (SMH) was re-measured for demineralization. Then, CPP-ACP was applied on teeth of gp B and NaF (900 ppm) was applied on teeth of gp C for remineralization. All teeth were cycled between deionized water and surface treatment for 12 weeks. The SMH of gp B and gp C was re-measured for remineralization. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were practiced to match MH before and after demineralization while keeping P value < 0.05. One way ANOVA was practiced to match mean difference in baseline MH and after demineralization. RESULTS: The baseline SMH of enamel decrease after demineralization. After application of test materials, mean SMH increased by 230.2 VHN and 207.5 VHN respectively. The %age of SMHR reveal the recovery rate of 41.2% in CPP-ACP and 19.1% in NaF group. CONCLUSION: For treating post orthodontic demineralized lesions, a remineralizing cream having casein phosphopeptide stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate is useful with some mineral and aesthetic improvements. KEYWORDS: Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP), Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Surface Microhardness (SMH), Vickers Hardness Number (VHN), Rmineralization.
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Jeong, Yoonah, Ye-Eun Lee, Dong-Chul Shin, Kwang-Ho Ahn, Jinhong Jung, and I.-Tae Kim. "Demineralization of Food Waste Biochar for Effective Alleviation of Alkali and Alkali Earth Metal Species." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010047.
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Ash-related issues from a considerable amount of alkali and alkaline earth metal species in biochar are major obstacles to the widespread application of biomass in thermoelectric plants. In this study, food wastes were converted into biochar through pyrolysis at 450 °C or 500 °C and four different demineralization approaches, using deionized water, citric acid, nitric acid, and CO2 saturated water. The chemical properties of the resulting biochars were investigated, including proximate analysis, concentrations of inorganic species in biochar and ash, and the crystalline structure. All demineralization treatments produced food waste biochar with sufficient calorific value (>4000 kcal/kg) and a chlorine concentration <0.5%. Among the inorganic species in biochar, Na and K exhibited a significantly higher removal rate through demineralization, which ranged from 54.1%–85.6% and 53.6%–89.9%, respectively; the removal rates of Ca and Mg were lower than 50.0%. The demineralization method was more critical than the pyrolysis temperature in the removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Especially, the lower slagging and fouling tendency was expected for the biochar demineralized with citric acid. Our results suggested that food waste biochar pyrolyzed at 500 °C and demineralized with citric acid is a promising co-firing material for electric power generation in thermoelectric power plants.
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Lee, June-Hang, Jisun Shin, and Jongsoo Kim. "Comparison of the Rate of Demineralization of Enamel using Synthetic Polymer Gel." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 46, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2019.46.2.190.
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Chu, J. S., J. L. Fox, and W. I. Higuchi. "Quantitative Study of Fluoride Transport During Subsurface Dissolution of Dental Enamel." Journal of Dental Research 68, no. 1 (January 1989): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680010501.
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Previous studies using bovine dental enamel as a model have shown that surface and subsurface dissolution of enamel may be governed by micro-environmental solution conditions. We have now investigated the demineralization phenomenon more rigorously with the primary objective of developing a method for deducing solution species concentration profiles as a function of time from appropriate experimental data. More specifically, in this report, a model-independent method is described for determination of the pore solution fluoride gradients in bovine enamel during subsurface demineralization. Microradiography was used to determine the mineral density profiles, and an electron microprobe technique to determine total fluoride (F) profiles associated with the enamel. In each case, matched sections of bovine enamel were exposed to partially saturated acetate buffers at pH = 4.5 containing 0.5 ppm F for various periods of time (from six to 24 hours). The treated enamel was found to have an intact surface layer and subsurface demineralization. The extent of the demineralization and the depths of the lesions increased with time in all cases. The data were farst used to calculate (a) the total F gradients in the enamel at various times, and (b) the local uptake rate of F as a function of time and position. Then, by manipulation of the equations describing the uptake and transport of F, we calculated the pore diffusion rate of F and the micro-environmental solution F concentration in the aqueous pores as a function of time and of distance from the enamel surface. It was also possible to calculate an intrinsic F diffusion coefficient in the pores, which was about 1.0 × 10-5 cm2/ sec, in good agreement with reported values. 14C-sucrose uptake and release experiments with identically prepared demineralized enamel sections were also conducted to provide an independent check on the assumed dependence of porosity on mineral density. The results of this investigation, especially the outcomes relative to this new method for determination of pore solution F gradients during acid attack of the dental enamel, should be valuable in future studies of the mechanism(s) of the action of F in inhibiting dental enamel demineralization.
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Lin Teng Shee, F., P. Angers, and L. Bazinet. "Relationship between electrical conductivity and demineralization rate during electroacidification of cheddar cheese whey." Journal of Membrane Science 262, no. 1-2 (October 2005): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.050.
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Abbasi, Mahdi, Afrooz Nakhostin, Fatemeh Namdar, Nasim Chiniforush, and Masomeh Hasani Tabatabaei. "The Rate of Demineralization in the Teeth Prepared by Bur and Er:YAG Laser." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2018.17.
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Kim, J. H., Yong Keun Lee, B. J. Choi, H. K. Son, Jae Hoon Lee, S. O. Kim, J. S. Song, and H. J. Choi. "The Effects of Hydroxyapatite on Demineralization Resistance and Bonding Strength in Light-Curing Glass Ionomer Dental Cement." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.485.
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he aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HA on the demineralization resistance and bonding strength of light-curing glass ionomer dental cement. Tests were conducted using (1) pure Fuji II LC GIC, (2) 15% micro HA-Fuji II LC GIC. Physical properties, demineralization resistance and bonding strength to dentin of teeth were determined. The curing depth in all groups were satisfied the requirement of curing depth of ISO 9917-2:2004(minimum curing depth = 1mm). The depth of cure was reduced with addition of HA, presumably due to the light scattering effect of HA particles. Regarding sensitivity to ambient light, there were no detectable changes of the homogeneity in any groups. Also all groups were satisfied the requirement of the flexural strength of ISO 9917-2:2004(minimum flexural strength = 20MPa). 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group was found to present a greater flexural strength than pure Fuji II LC GIC, as the addition of HA promotes a chemical reaction between the HA, the glass powder, and the polyacid. Observing under the CLSM after 4 days of demineralization, there were significant differences in the CLSM and SEM images. Pure Fuji II LC GIC group showed greater enamel demineralization layer than in 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group. In SEM analysis, there was greater enamel demineralization in the pure Fuji II LC GIC group, and less demineralized under the influence of HA particles, 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group had more even surface particles. 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group was found to present a greater bonding strength than pure Fuji II LC GIC group. Observing the fractured surfaces under SEM after the bonding strength test, the cohesive failure rate was found to be in increasing order of pure Fuji II LC GIC, 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group. There were bone-like apatite particles observed to be formed in 15% HA-Fuji II LC GIC group.
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KHERBACHE, Atiqa, Fatma YOUCEFI, Mostapha Zerrouki, and Achref Cherifi. "Optimization of chitin demineralization from shrimp shells waste by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 12, no. 5 (October 3, 2022): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.12(5).p725-734.
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The solubilization of chitosan is a very important parameter for its use in various fields. The ash content of chitosan is an important parameter because it can affect its solubility and viscosity, as well as other important characteristics. The objective of the present study is to optimize the demineralization step in the production of chitosan, using a fractional factorial experimental design, where the concentration of Hcl, the reaction time, the temperature, the size particles and the solid-liquid ratio varied. The results showed that a quadratic model was suggested for the demineralization yield and the ash rate showing high accuracy with R2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. The developed models indicated a significant effect of the five studied factors except the temperature (B), and the solid-liquid ratio (E) have insignificant effects on the reaction yield. Optimal selectivity was 39.77% and 0.14% for yield and ash content respectively, reached for HCl concentration of 2N, reaction time of 0.5 h, reaction temperature of 50° C, a solid/liquid ratio (1/10 g/l) and a particle size of 1 mm. In conclusion, the conditions optimized for the demineralization process could be used for the industrial scale production of chitin for agricultural, biomedical and biotechnological purposes.
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Tenuta, Livia Maria Andaló, José Eduardo de Oliveira Lima, Celso Luiz Cardoso, Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury, and Jaime Aparecido Cury. "Effect of plaque accumulation and salivary factors on enamel demineralization and plaque composition in situ." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 17, no. 4 (December 2003): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912003000400006.
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This study evaluated the effect of some plaque and salivary factors on caries progression in situ. The salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity and mutans streptococci counts from 13 volunteers were determined. For three distinct periods of time, 4, 7 and 10 days, each of them wore a palatal appliance containing 4 bovine enamel blocks. They used a non-fluoridated dentifrice during the experiment and a 20% sucrose solution was dripped onto the blocks 10 times a day. Mutans streptococci (MS), calcium (Ca), and insoluble polysaccharide (IP) were quantified in the dental plaque formed on the enamel blocks, after each period. Enamel demineralization was assessed by surface microhardness, and the percentage of surface microhardness change (%SMC) in relation to the baseline values was calculated. Enamel demineralization occurred after each period of plaque accumulation (p < 0.05), and the %SMC increased with time (from 13.8 to 48.3%). The concentrations of Ca and IP in plaque were not statistically different among the experimental times, but significant correlations were found between these concentrations and %SMC. Neither the salivary factors assessed initially nor mutans streptococci in plaque presented statistically significant correlations to %SMC. The results suggest that enamel demineralization is time-dependent and is more related to the composition of the biofilm formed than to the salivary factors studied.
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Ji, Yang, Min He, Shijie Chang, Xiaodong Zhang, and Huazhe Yang. "Influence of EDTA on Demineralization Rate of Dentine: Calcification Treatment in Root Canal Therapy." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 30, no. 7 (July 2014): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.016.
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Al-Harahsheh, Mohammad, Omar Al-Ayed, John Robinson, Sam Kingman, Adnan Al-Harahsheh, Khalid Tarawneh, Abdurrahman Saeid, and Richelieu Barranco. "Effect of demineralization and heating rate on the pyrolysis kinetics of Jordanian oil shales." Fuel Processing Technology 92, no. 9 (September 2011): 1805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.037.
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Patel, M. V., J. L. Fox, and W. I. Higuchi. "Physical Model for Non-steady-state Dissolution of Dental Enamel." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 9 (September 1987): 1418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660090201.
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The purpose of this study was to provide a rigorous theoretical understanding of the dissolution behavior of dental enamel over the entire time-course of demineralization and to simulate by computer an erosion-type caries lesion according to the physical "hydroxyapa tite model". The appropriate diffusion equations which accountfor simultaneous diffusion and equilibrium of all species in enamel pores, boundary layer, and bulk solution, and which also take into consideration surface reaction kinetics, were employed to allow for calculation of the micro-environmental solution concentration and changes in the min eral density as a function of time and distance within the enamel. This comprehensive physical model for non-steady-state enamel dissolution also explicitly takes into account changes in the diffusivity and the dissolution rate constant as a function of mineral density. Demineralization experiments were conducted in 0.1 mol/L sink acetate buffer (pH = 4.50, μ= 0.50) , with ground bovine dental enamel blocks of known surface area mounted (with beeswax) in a rotating disk apparatus. Mineral density profiles were quantified by means of contact x-ray microradiography. The physical model was used to predict mineral density profiles for given demineralization treatments. The experimental profiles agreed quite well with the predicted profiles, when the effective diffusivity of the enamel was assumed to be a function of porosity and when changes in surface area of the crystallites were taken into consideration.
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Dias, Flaviana Alves, Cristina M. P. Vidal, Carissa L. Comnick, Xian Jin Xie, and Sandrine Bittencourt Berger. "Effect of silver nanoparticles associated with fluoride on the progression of root dentin caries in vitro." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0277275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277275.
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Objectives To assess the anti-proteolytic effect and potential to inhibit dentin root caries progression of a silver nanoparticle and fluoride solution (CNanoF) in comparison to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). Methods 48 specimens of root dentin artificial caries lesion were treated with 38% SDF, CNanoF, CNano or F (n = 6 per group). Ph cycling with demineralization and remineralization solutions simulated caries lesion progression. In addition, specimens were incubated with or without bacterial collagenase in the remineralization solution to induce dentin proteolytic degradation. Dentin degradation was assessed by weight loss rate and hydroxyproline (Hyp) release. Changes in cross-sectional microhardness, and lesion permeability and collagen integrity as determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated potential for further demineralization inhibition. The effect of the solutions on the activity of metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9 was also investigated. Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and linear mixed models with post-hoc pairwise Tukey, Dunn, and t-tests (α = 0.05). Results Treatment with SDF resulted in lower weight loss rate than did other solutions, but all groups showed similar Hyp release (p = 0.183). SDF resulted in greater microhardness at superficial layers of the caries lesions (p<0.05), while there were no differences among CNanoF, CNano, and F. Lesion permeability was similar among all groups after pH cycling (p>0.05), with or without the use of collagenase (p = 0.58). No statistically significant difference was noted among solutions regarding collagen integrity after pH cycling; however, SDF-treated dentin had a significant decrease in collagen integrity when collagenase was used (p = 0.003). Interestingly, only SDF was able to completely inactivate MMP-2 and -9. Conclusions CNanoF and SDF both potentially prevent dentin degradation during caries lesion progression in vitro; however, SDF was more effective at inhibiting further tissue demineralization.
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Gegamyan, A., A. Lytkina, L. Sarap, A. Zeybert, and N. Bauer. "Quantitative light-induced fluorescence method in comparative assessment of enamel remineralization indicatiors in vivo and during remineralizing therapy." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 107, no. 3 (2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2021-3-34.
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Abstract. This article evaluates the rate of remineralization of enamel in patients with focal demineralization after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (braces) with Qraypen™ intraoral camera and Qray software (Inspektor Research Systems BV) in two comparative groups. In the first group, natural remineralization through restorative properties of saliva was considered, in the second group, gel R.O.C.S. Medical Minerals was used for enamel remineralization. In the course of evaluating the results of remineralization, obtained in the comparative groups, it was concluded that the complete restoration of enamel due exclusively to the remineralizing properties of saliva in patients after orthodontic treatment did not take place. Conversely, in the group, where R.O.C.S. Medical Minerals gel was used to remineralize enamel, the level indicator of mineral components loss decreased by 20 % after two weeks of its use, and by the sixth week it reached indicators of a decrease in the demineralization level of 50 % from initial one. Key words: remineralization, saliva, quantitative light-induced fluorescence, R.O.C.S. Medical Minerals.
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Wijayanti, Hesti, Iryanti Fatyasari Nata, and Rinny Jelita. "The utilization demineralized rice husk waste for biofuel source via pyrolysis: thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic study." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928005019.
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Rice husk is considered as agricultural waste that causes environmental problem during its handling. In this study, rice husk was treated with acid (citric acid and nitric acid) solutions prior used as raw material for producing biofuel and chemicals via pyrolysis. The pyrolysis behaviors of rice husk treated with water and acid solutions have been investigated through thermogravimetric analysis from room temperature to 600 oC at the heating rate of 10oC/min under 50 ml/min nitrogen flow. Demineralization treatment using strong acid (nitric acid) solution showed more impacts to the rice husk in thermogravimetric analysis, i.e. lower ash content, less minerals content and thermal stability increased. One step model kinetic resulted the lowest activation energy (12.8709 kJ/mol) occured at the 5% nitric acid solution treatment. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was found with 8.63% of the relative error. In other words, demineralization using 5% nitric acid solution would improve rice husk performance during its pyrolysis reaction for producing biofuel.
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Yuan, Qihan, Qianqian Zhang, Xuecheng Xu, Yuqing Du, Jidong Xu, Yu Song, and Yuanfei Wang. "Development and Characterization of Novel Orthodontic Adhesive Containing PCL–Gelatin–AgNPs Fibers." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040303.
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Enamel demineralization around brackets is a relatively common complication of fixed orthodontic treatment, which seriously affects the aesthetics of teeth. In this study, a novel orthodontic adhesive containing polycaprolactone–gelatin–silver nanoparticles (PCL–gelatin–AgNPs) composite fibers was prepared to prevent enamel demineralization of orthodontic treatment. First, PCL–gelatin–AgNPs fibers film prepared by electrospinning was made into short fibers and added to traditional orthodontic adhesives (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek) in three different ratios to design a series of composite adhesives containing antibacterial materials. The antimicrobial performance of the control product and the three samples were then evaluated by bacterial live/dead staining, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, tensile bond strength (TBS), and adhesive residue index (ARI) scores. The composite adhesives’ antimicrobial properties increased with the increasing content of PCL–gelatin–AgNPs short fibers. The addition of complex antimicrobial fibers to 3M Transbond XT adhesive can significantly reduce the CFU of bacterial biofilms (p < 0.05). The bacterial survival rate on the surface of the specimen decreased with the increase of PCL–gelatin–AgNPs short fibers (p < 0.05). The TBS and ARI values (n = 10) indicated that adding PCL–gelatin–AgNPs short fibers had no significant adverse effect on adhesion. Therefore, adding PCL–gelatin–AgNPs short fibers makes it possible to fabricate orthodontic adhesives with strong antibacterial properties without compromising the bonding ability, which is essential for preventing enamel demineralization around the brackets.
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Nam, Hyung-Jin, You-Min Kim, Yong Hoon Kwon, Kyung-Hyeon Yoo, Seog-Young Yoon, In-Ryoung Kim, Bong-Soo Park, Woo-Sung Son, Seung-Min Lee, and Yong-Il Kim. "Fluorinated Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles: Enamel Demineralization Prevention and Antibacterial Effect of Orthodontic Bonding Resin." Materials 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111813.
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Orthodontic treatment involving the bonding of fixed appliances to tooth surfaces can cause white spot lesions (WSLs). WSLs increase the likelihood of cavity formation and hence require preservation and prosthetic restoration. Therefore, the prevention of WSLs is of greater importance than treatment. Application of fluoride or the use of fluoride-containing mouthwash can prevent WSLs, but this requires patient cooperation and additional time and cost. Bioactive glass containing 2.5% fluoride was synthesized and mixed with the orthodontic bonding adhesive Transbond XT Low Flow (LV) at ratios of 1, 3, and 5% to prepare orthodontic adhesive samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the samples. The Vickers hardness test, bracket retention test, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the samples were analysed to determine their mechanical properties. To determine the biological cytotoxicity, the cell activity of the samples was evaluated using cell viability tests and the antibacterial activity was analysed using Streptococcus mutans. To evaluate the anti-demineralization effect, the sample was bonded to extracted teeth and a pH cycle test was performed. Micro computed tomography data were obtained from the bonded teeth and sample, and the anti-demineralization effect was evaluated using the ImageJ software program. The Vickers hardness of the sample was higher than that of LV and was dependent on the concentration of fluoride-containing bioactive glass (FBAG). The bracket retention test and ARI of the sample showed no significant differences from those of LV. The cell viability test showed no significant changes at 24 and 48 h after application of the sample. The fluoride ion release test indicated an ion release rate of 9.5–17.4 μg/cm2. The antibacterial activity of the experimental group containing FBAG was significantly higher than that of the LV group. The anti-demineralization test showed a concentration-dependent increase. However, the resin containing 5 mass% FBAG (FBAG5) showed a statistically-significant increase compared with LV. The orthodontic adhesive containing FBAG showed antibacterial and anti-demineralization effects, thus indicating possible WSL prevention activity.
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Bardow, A., B. Nyvad, and B. Nauntofte. "Relationships between medication intake, complaints of dry mouth, salivary flow rate and composition, and the rate of tooth demineralization in situ." Archives of Oral Biology 46, no. 5 (May 2001): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00003-6.
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Zhu, Jiatian, Yuqi Bao, Luxiong Lv, Fanyan Zeng, Dasong Du, Chen Liang, Jiayan Ge, Shuangfei Wang, and Shuangquan Yao. "Optimization of Demineralization and Pyrolysis Performance of Eucalyptus Hydrothermal Pretreatment." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071333.
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The preparation of bio-oil through biomass pyrolysis is promoted by different demineralization processes to remove alkali and alkaline earth metal elements (AAEMs). In this study, the hydrothermal pretreatment demineralization was optimized by the response surface method. The pretreatment temperature, time and pH were the response elements, and the total dissolution rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium were the response values. The interactions of response factors for AAEMs removal were analyzed. The interaction between temperature and time was significant. The optimal AAEMs removal process was obtained with a reaction temperature of 172.98 °C, time of 59.77 min, and pH of 3.01. The optimal dissolution rate of AAEMs was 47.59%. The thermal stability of eucalyptus with and without pretreatment was analyzed by TGA. The hydrothermal pretreatment samples exhibit higher thermostability. The composition and distribution of pyrolysis products of different samples were analyzed by Py-GC/MS. The results showed that the content of sugars and high-quality bio-oil (C6, C7, C8 and C9) were 60.74% and 80.99%, respectively, by hydrothermal pretreatment. These results show that the removal of AAEMs through hydrothermal pretreatment not only improves the yield of bio-oil, but also improves the quality of bio-oil and promotes an upgrade in the quality of bio-oil.
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Hoppenbrouwers, P. M. M., F. C. M. Driessens, and J. M. P. M. Borggreven. "The Demineralization of Human Dental Roots in the Presence of Fluoride." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 8 (August 1987): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660081701.
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Intact roots of human molars, which had not been exposed to the oral environment, were exposed to buffer solutions of pH 5.5, which contained, besides calcium and phosphate, various concentrations offluoride. Densitometric measurements on contact-microradiograms of transverse sections of these roots produced data which were used to calculate the rate of demineralization ( Vdem). Vdem appeared to be reduced with increasing fluoride concentration and with decreasing pIOHA (i.e., the negative logarithm of the ionic product of hydroxyapatite) of the buffer solution. In addition, it was observed that, after some days of exposure, remineralization started to occur within the surface layer at some μm from the outer surface and that the region within which remineralization took place was extended inward with increasing time of exposure. These data suggest that fluoride is effective in the prevention of root surface caries. The mechanism of the interaction of fluoride with the root mineral is discussed.
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Ristia Rahman, Ika, and Athiah Masykuroh. "KARAKTERISTIK DAN NILAI SUN PROTECTING FACTOR (SPF) KITOSAN DARI TULANG SOTONG (Sephia officinalis)." Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jifi.v3i2.539.
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Cuttlefish (sepia officinalis) have internal shells commonly called cuttlebones which produce more chitin than shrimp shells and crab skins. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of chitosan from cuttlebone including the degree of deacetylation, water content, solubility, organoleptic test (color, odor, texture) as well as testing the value of chitosan protecting the sun protection factor. Chitosan is made in 3 stages, namely deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Deproteination with 4% NaOH at 100 ° C for 60 minutes. Demineralization at room temperature using 1M HCl solution for 120 minutes. Deacetylation using 50% NaOH concentration at 100 ° C for 60 minutes. Chitosan characterization includes the degree of deacetylation, moisture content, solubility, organoleptic test (color, odor, texture). Testing the value of sun protection factor using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer read at wavelengths from 290 to 320 nm. Characteristics of chitosan produced according to chitosan standards used in industry with a deacetylation rate of 71%, yield 31%, moisture content of 0.93%, soluble in acetic acid2% solution, white odorless and powdery. Chitosan with a concentration of 3% gives the value of sun protecting factor 9 as a potential sunscreen that provides maximum protection power.
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Untila, Eduard, Lilian Şaptefraţi, and Valeriu Burlacu. "Treatment of deep dental decay with Zn-BIOR. Histological study." Journal of Stomatological Medicine, no. 4(60) (March 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53530/1857-1328.21.60.06.
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The deep dental decay represents the last stage of carious disease, characterized by extensive affectation of hard dental tissues, capturing the deep layers of the dentin (parapulpal dentin) and represents the most severe stage of demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth. The higher rate of the complications of the deep dental decay treatment motivates the creation of new remedies and algorithms of work, which will ensure the formation of a tertiary dentin pontoon in order to isolate the pulpal body from decay cavity. Thus, the effect of reducing pulpal inflammation would ensure a high effectiveness of the treatment.
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Gao, X. J., J. C. Elliott, and P. Anderson. "Scanning and Contact Microradiographic Study of the Effect of Degree of Saturation on the Rate of Enamel Demineralization." Journal of Dental Research 70, no. 10 (October 1991): 1332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345910700100401.
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Tereshina, Т., M. Kot, and V. Pakhdevanzade. "Condition of solid tooth tissues in persons after COVID-19." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 108, no. 5 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2021-5-30.
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Relevance. It is believed that the main cause of carious demineralization is microorganisms. However, the deterioration of the process is facilitated by the disruption of mineral metabolism in the oral cavity and, primarily, due to the insufficient supply of minerals naturally, from saliva. Aim: to study the effect of reduced functional activity of salivary glands on the intensity of the carious process and the sensitivity of teeth to stimuli in persons who have undergone COVID-19. Materials and methods. The studies involved 27 patients aged 18–42 years, 17 of them suffered from COVID-19. To compare the results, a group of individuals in the same age range who did not have COVID-19 was selected. All studied salivation rate, caries intensity, Green-Vermillon oral hygiene index (G-V), enamel solubility by TER test scale and the sensitivity of teeth to stimul. Results. In patients with COVID-19, immediately after recovery, pronounced hyposalivation (0.27±0.04 ml/min) was observed. After 1 year, this figure has not changed significantly; the intensity of caries increased by 35 %; the G-V index was at the middle level; the TER test had high rates and most of the patients with COVID-19 developed tooth hyperesthesia, which indicated that demineralization prevailed over remineralization. Conclusions. 1. In patients who have undergone COVID-19, enamel resistance decreases and the risk of developing a carious process increases and the appearance of hypersensitivity of teeth due to insufficient natural mineralization due to a decrease in the amount of saliva released – the main source of minerals entering the tooth enamel. 2. The microbial cantamination factor of demineralized enamel exacerbating the process is also not excluded. However, with good oral hygiene, the role of this factor is significantly reduced. 3. Persons who have undergone COVID-19 need dispensary supervision by a dentist, as well as medical and preventive measures that reduce the risk of developing a carious process. Key words: Patients who were sick with COVID-19; salivary gland function; enamel demineralization; caries intensity; tooth hypersensitivity.
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Featherstone, J. D. B., and D. T. Zero. "An in sita Model for Simultaneous Assessment of Inhibition of Demineralization and Enhancement of Remineralization." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 3_suppl (April 1992): 804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203459207100s02.
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In situ models to assess the ability of oral care products or food components to enhance remineralization and/or inhibit demineralization of tooth enamel or roots must be very carefully designed to minimize the confounding effects of the many variables involved. Controlling these variables as closely as possible is essential if meaningful answers are to be obtained from the models. We have developed an in situ model which combines the experience of several groups. Detailed screening of subjects is essential. Selection criteria should include good general health, good dental health, mandibular partial denture, at least eight natural teeth, no active caries lesions, known fluoride history, normal salivary function, and no medications that affect salivary function. Each subject carries a sound enamel slab and an enamel slab with a pre-formed caries-like lesion (demineralized in vitro) in his/her denture on each side of the mouth for test periods of two or four weeks. The demineralization challenge is controlled by extra-oral immersion of the appliances in sucrose daily. Daily product exposure or daily food component exposure is used as desired. Compliance indicators and a diet diary are included. Whole saliva flow rate (unstimulated), plaque acidogenicity, and salivary fluoride are monitored during the test periods. At the end of the test period, the test slabs are assessed for mineral change, after being sectioned, by means of cross-sectional microhardness or microradiography. The mineral loss or gain (ΔM, μm × vol%), compared with adjacent control sections retained in the lab, is calculated as change in ΔZ (μm × vol%), namely, ΔM = ΔZTEST - ΔZ.CONTROL. In this model, demineralization occurs in sound enamel and in the pre-formed lesions in the absence of fluoride or other protective agents. The model has the potential to be able to differentiate among fluoride delivery systems and to assess the caries-protective effects of agents other than fluoride by use of small groups of subjects.
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Ridho, Muhammad Rizki, Dewi Puspitasari, and I. Wayan Arya Khrisnawan Firdaus. "THE EFFECT OF PEAT SWAMP WATER ON TOOTH DEMINERALIZATION OF COPPER AND SELENIUM ION." Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v5i2.8947.
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ABSTRACTBackground: The society of South Kalimantan has high rate of tooth decay. The high rate of tooth decay in South Kalimantan is caused by environmental factors, namely water sources originating from peat swamp. Swamp water has acidic pH can make tooth demineralization or releasing minerals in tooth. One of the minerals that can be demineralized by swamp water is copper ions (Cu2+) and selenium ions (Se4+). The released minerals in tooth makes tooth enamel slowly dissolve and make tooth more susceptible to caries. Objective: to analyze the effect of tooth immersion on peat swamp water on releasing copper and selenium ions. Methods: This research used a laboratory experimental study with eighteen specimens of extracted human maxillary premolar teeth. The specimens were divided into 2 treatment groups ie tap (PDAM) water and peat swamp water immersion, and 1 control group ie artificial saliva immersion. Tooth immersion is conducted for 7 days. The Measurement of copper and selenium ions release using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Data were statistically tested using One Way Anova. Result: The mean value of released copper ions in artificial saliva (3.8 ± 0.51 ppm), tap water (3.72 ± 1.02 ppm) and peat swamp water (3.37 ± 0.97 ppm) showed there were no significant differences among all immersion groups. Meanwhile, the mean value of released selenium ions in artificial saliva (7.61 ± 2.34 ppm), tap water (2.4 ± 0.62 ppm) and peat swamp water (0.85 ± 0,38 ppm) showed there were significant differences among all immersion groups on the release of selenium ions, subsequenty test using Post hoc Dunnett's T3 showed p=0.0001 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is no effect of tooth immersion in peat swamp water on the release of copper ions however there is an effect on the release of selenium ions.Keywords: Demineralization, Peat swamp water, Releasing copper ions (Cu2+), Releasing selenium ions (Se4+), tooth decay.
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Ippolitov, Yuriy A., Ya A. Plotnikova, P. V. Seredin, D. L. Goloshchapov, and M. V. Berkovich. "HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF ENDO- AND EXOGENIC METHODS OF PREVENTION OF CARIES AND THEIR EFFICIENCY IN THE REMINERALIZATION OF TEETH ENAMEL." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-8-710-713.
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According to the dental survey, the prevalence of caries in 33-45 years aged adults amounts to 98%. Studies of the effectiveness of prevention of tooth decay have shown the effectiveness of this direction. But the exogenous methods do not guarantee the restoration of the balance between the processes of demineralization and remineralization of the enamel. Demineralizing factors will prevail if the concentration of essential minerals in the mixed saliva is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to develop endogenous techniques that will promote the process of remineralization of enamel and normalization of the ion-molecular balance. The aim of the study was to compare endogenous or exogenous methods in order to saturate mixed saliva with mineral complexes in preventing the development of primary demineralization of hard tooth tissue. Material and methods. The chemical composition of the mixed saliva sediment in 27 patients was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. To record the measurement of IR spectra, a Vertex-70 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) and a PLATINUMATR full internal reflectance attachment with a diamond prism were used, as well as a clinical determination of the enamel remineralization rate (COSRE test) was performed. Results and Discussion. The relationship between the use of endogenous and exogenous methods of saturation of mixed saliva with mineral complexes and changes occurring in its molecular composition has been revealed, in favor of the effectiveness of endogenous methods.
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Nireeksha and Nidhi Hegde. "Co-relation of salivary calcium and vitamin D with dental caries - an ex-vivo study." Biomedicine 42, no. 5 (November 14, 2022): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i5.1706.
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Introduction and Aim: Calcium and vitamin D3 play a pivotal role in many biological functions like hard tissue mineralization and tooth formation. Both are dietary elements with a known concentration in the saliva, therefore directly affecting the rate and progression of dental caries. The aim of the study was to compare the salivary vitamin D and calcium levels in caries active and caries free adult patients. Materials and Methods: Tarson’s saliva collection tubes were used to collect 5 ml of saliva samples from 110 patients. The supernatant obtained from the centrifuged saliva was stored at -4°C. Analysis of calcium levels was done using the Arsenazo method. Commercially available vitamin D Elisa kit (Epitope diagnostics) was used for the analysis of vitamin D levels. Results: The mean salivary vitamin D levels were higher in the caries free group (66.57mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (56.43mg/dl). The mean salivary calcium level was elevated in the caries free group (27.09mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (6.84 mg/dl). Conclusion: The filtrates in saliva play a major role in the occurrence of dental caries through a demineralization and remineralization cycle. Vitamin D in saliva causes a decrease in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation through the protective role of peptides, causing decreased demineralization of the tooth surface and increased level of free calcium ions in the saliva.
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Inoue, Go, Xuefei Chen, and Yasushi Shimada. "Transverse Microradiography Evidence on the Effect of Phosphoryl Oligosaccharides of Calcium (POs-Ca) in Toothpaste on Decalcified Enamel." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020206.
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In the current study, we sought to evaluate the effects of phosphoryl-oligosaccharides of calcium (POs-Ca) and/or fluoride-containing toothpaste on enamel. Six groups of experimental toothpaste were prepared by adding various concentrations of POs-Ca and/or fluoride. A 5 × 10-mm window on the enamel of the bovine incisor was immersed in resin and divided into three areas for “sound”, “demineralized (DEM)”, and “after pH cycle (aft. pH cycle)”. All specimens were subjected to pH cycling, including soaking in a slurry with toothpaste diluted threefold for 5 min. Transverse microradiography was employed to evaluate the mineral recovery, and the pH values of each demineralization solution were measured. The high fluoride concentration group showed a significantly better mineral recovery rate than the others, with no statistical differences between before and after pH cycling among the POs-Ca with low fluoride, POs-Ca only, low fluoride only, and control groups. In the low-concentration fluoride groups, the group containing POs-Ca tended to have a higher remineralization effect than the non-POs-Ca group. After pH cycling, the demineralization solution showed no pH changes in any group. The addition of POs-Ca and fluoride to toothpaste may recover the mineral density in enamel subsurface lesions at low-fluoride concentrations, but the high-fluoride concentrations did not show a meaningful difference in the two groups with and without POs-Ca.
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Patel, M. V., J. L. Fox, and W. I. Higuchi. "Effect of Acid Type on Kinetics and Mechanism of Dental Enamel Demineralization." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 9 (September 1987): 1425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660090301.
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The influence of acid type (pKa effects) of weak organic acid buffers on dissolution kinetics of dental enamel was critically examined for rigorous testing of the behavioral validity of the physical model of Patel et al. (1987). Quantitative evaluation of this model indicated that monitoring initial dissolution rates was a viable approach to critical testing of the model. Initial dissolution rates were determined in 0.1 mol/L acetate (pKa = 4.77), benzoate (pKa = 4.20), and salicylate (pKa = 2.98) buffers (pH = 4.50, μ = 0.50), with ground bovine enamel blocks of known surface area mounted in a rotating disk apparatus. The Levich theory was used to study dependence of dissolution rates on stirring rates in these buffers. The experimental data were analyzed by the physical model which includes pKa effects, complexation of the buffer anion with the other ions, surface kinetics, simultaneous diffusion and equilibrium of all species in enamel pores, diffusion layer thickness, and bulk solution composition. The KIAp [ a10Ca2 + a6 PO34-a2OH-] governing the dissolution reaction and the surface resistance factor were deduced from the model. Dissolution kinetics was also followed in these buffers in the presence of calcium or phosphate common ions. In effect, by conducting both the stirring rate studies and common ion experiments, we derived the driving force function independently by these two techniques. The results obtained in this study were consistent with the model, indicating that pKa effects on the dissolution of dental enamel can be accountedfor quantitatively by the model, and it was found that weak acids do not influence either the apparent solubility or the surface reaction process of bovine dental enamel.
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Nunpan, Santichai, Chatrudee Suwannachart, and Kornchanok Wayakanon. "Effect of Prebiotics-Enhanced Probiotics on the Growth ofStreptococcus mutans." International Journal of Microbiology 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4623807.
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Streptococcus mutanspredominantly creates an acidic environment in an oral cavity. This results in dental demineralization and carious lesions. The probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that modulate the bacterial balance in the digestive system. Prebiotics are defined as nondigestible oligosaccharides that are utilized for the selective stimulation of the beneficial microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), for enhancing the probioticLactobacillus acidophilusATCC 4356, for inhibitingStreptococcus mutans(A32-2) for the prevention of dental caries. The growth rate of theS. mutanssignificantly decreased when cocultured withL. acidophilusin the GOS-supplemented medium at 3%, 4%, and 5%. In the FOS-supplemented medium, the growth rate ofS. mutanssignificantly decreased in all concentrations when cocultured withL. acidophilus. There was no significant difference in the growth rate ofL. acidophilusin all concentrations of either GOS or FOS. It can be concluded that the growth rate ofS. mutanswas significantly retarded when cocultured withL. acidophilusand the proper concentration of prebiotics. These prebiotics have potential for a clinical application to activate the function of the naturally intraoralL. acidophilusto inhibitS. mutans.
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Amanah, Nur Layli, Ika Dyah Widharyanti, and Agung Nugroho. "Synthesis of Water Soluble Chitosan Inhibitor from Shrimp Shells and its Corrosion Rate on Mild Steel in Acidic Solution." Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v5i1.50402.
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<span>Synthesis of WSCI (Water Soluble Chitosan Inhibitor) </span><span>from shrimp shell waste is carried out through demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation processes. WSCI is obtained from monomer termination and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assistance. WSCI was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the degree of deacetylation was determined using the baseline method. The effect of adding WSCI to low carbon steel SS400 with a 1 M HCl corrosive environment was studied using the weight loss method at various concentrations and temperatures. The overall results of the research show that WSCI synthesis used in the prevention of corrosion have an inhibition efficiency of up to 74.6% at a concentration of 200 ppm at a temperature of 28<sup>o</sup>C. Inhibition efficiency and corrosion rate are known to increase with increasing WSCI concentration and corrosion rate decreasing with increasing temperature.</span>
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Bollet-Quivogne, Frederic R. G., Paul Anderson, Stephanie E. P. Dowker, and James C. Elliott. "Scanning microradiographic study on the influence of diffusion in the external liquid on the rate of demineralization in hydroxyapatite aggregates." European Journal of Oral Sciences 113, no. 1 (February 2005): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00188.x.
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Gupta, Jatin, and Kanupriya Gupta. "XYLITOL ON DENTAL CARIES: A REVIEW." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 6, 2018): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1830.
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Xylitol is a pentahydroxy sugar-alcohol which exists in a very low quantity in fruits and vegetables (plums, strawberries, cauliflower, and pumpkin). On commercial scale, xylitol can be produced by chemical and biotechnological processes. Chemical production is costly and extensive in purification steps. The precursor xylose is produced from agricultural biomass by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis and can be converted to xylitol primarily by yeast strain. Hydrolysis under acidic condition is the more commonly used practice influenced by various process parameters. Biotechnological xylitol production is an integral process of microbial species belonging to Candida genus which is influenced by various process parameters such as pH, temperature; time, nitrogen source, and yeast extract level. It is a functional sweetener as it has prebiotic effects which can reduce blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol level. Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the tooth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of calcified tissues. Xylitol has been shown to reduce dental caries when mixed with food, chewing gums and milk. Dental caries are prevalent in acidic pH where Streptoccocus mutans (MS) ferment resulting in demineralization of tooth, where as Streptococcus mutans cannot ferment xylitol thus it reduces MS by altering their metabolic pathway and enhance remineralization and helps arrest dentinal caries. Reduction in caries rate is greater, when xylitol is used as the sugar substitutes. This review discusses the taste acceptability of xylitol in milk as a step towards measuring the effectiveness for the reduction of dental caries.
Keywords: Xylitol, Carbohydrates, Caries, Remineralisation, Demineralization, Streptoccocus mutans
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SOFIA, IRWAN, Hastami Murdiningsih, and Notma Yanti. "PEMBUATAN DAN KAJIAN SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA, MEKANIKAL, DAN FUNGSIONAL EDIBLE FILM DARI KITOSAN UDANG WINDU." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 5, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6364.
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This research aims to develop bioplastic as primary packaging or edible film of chitosan biopolymer derived from tiger prawn shells (Penaeus monodon), and to perform physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. An evaluation of the physicochemical properties of plastic films made from chitosan, by modifying the order of the different treatment processes, namely: a) DPMA (deproteination, demineralization, deacetylation), b) DMKA (demineralization, decoloration, and deacetylation) has conducted. The results of scanning FT-IR of the product shows that chitosan has identical spectrum compare of standard compound. Chitosan product from tiger prawn shells was the used as raw material for the manufacture of bioplastics. Experiments variable on the manufacture of edible film is a study of the effect of the use of different plasticizers (glycerol and sorbitol) and carboxylmethylcelullose (CMC) additives to the physicochemical, mechanical characteristics, and edible film functional. The results showed that all the edible film produced has a clear coat with a thickness between 0.05 to 0.3 mm. Meanwhile, the film density is highest at the DPMA + chitosan edible film sorbitol + CMC with a value of 1.7300 g/cm3. The use of plasticizer sorbitol provides great tensile strength but not too elastic, compared to the glycerol, while an increase in the average CMC can increase tensile strength and %Elongation. The use of different plasticizers and additives CMC does not significantly affect its functional properties, where the value of WVTR (water vapor transmission rate) is relatively the same on both types of edible films, ranging from 3.2409 to 4.8858 g /hr.m2.
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Van Landuyt, K. L., Y. Yoshida, I. Hirata, J. Snauwaert, J. De Munck, M. Okazaki, K. Suzuki, P. Lambrechts, and B. Van Meerbeek. "Influence of the Chemical Structure of Functional Monomers on Their Adhesive Performance." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 8 (August 2008): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700804.
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Functional monomers in adhesive systems can improve bonding by enhancing wetting and demineralization, and by chemical bonding to calcium. This study tested the hypothesis that small changes in the chemical structure of functional monomers may improve their bonding effectiveness. Three experimental phosphonate monomers (HAEPA, EAEPA, and MAEPA), with slightly different chemical structures, and 10-MDP (control) were evaluated. Adhesive performance was determined in terms of microtensile bond strength of 4 cements that differed only for the functional monomer. Based on the Adhesion-Decalcification concept, the chemical bonding potential was assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of the dissolution rate of the calcium salt of the functional monomers. High bond strength of the adhesive cement corresponded to low dissolution rate of the calcium salt of the respective functional monomer. The latter is according to the Adhesion-Decalcification concept, suggestive of a high chemical bonding capacity. We conclude that the adhesive performance of an adhesive material depends on the chemical structure of the functional monomer.
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Alekseeva, I. A., L. P. Kiselnikova, Yu A. Ostrovskaya, and I. G. Danilova. "Assessment of some incipient caries risk factors in adolescents." Pediatric dentistry and dental prophylaxis 22, no. 4 (February 2, 2023): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33925/1683-3031-2022-22-4-291-298.
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Relevance. Risk assessment of carious lesion onset remains relevant due to the high incidence rate. The article presents the data on the impact of permanent dental enamel functional condition and microbial factor on incipient caries onset in adolescents.Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis risk characteristics of incipient caries onset in adolescents.Material and methods. The study included 90 adolescents aged 11-17 y.o. from Penza city. At the clinical stage, we studied adolescents’ permanent teeth vulnerability to caries; then, we formed the study groups according to WHO criteria (Group 1 – moderate, Group 2 – high, Group 3 – the very high intensity of caries) and Group 4 included children of the same age without caries. Vital staining and electric pulp testing with the “DentEst” device (Geosoft, Russia) detected white spot lesions. The OHI-S and enamel acid resistance test (TER-test) evaluated the level of oral hygiene. The laboratory stage determined the number of mixed saliva cells contaminated with bacterial microflora (microflora contamination coefficient) to define the bacterial load in the mixed saliva of the examined adolescents.Results. Besides high clinical rate of white spot lesions (intensity rate 3.10 ± 0.05 and demineralization degree 5.90 ± 0.08 μA) linked to poor oral hygiene level according to OHI-S (2.80 ± 0.13), the examined children of Group 3 (very high caries intensity) revealed a decrease in enamel acid resistance (TER-test 6.50 ± 0.22) and increased bacterial load of mixed saliva – microflora contamination coefficient (48.12 ± 0.80%). Differences with the same parameters in Group 4 (without caries) were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The study of the statistical relationship between enamel demineralization degree and the level of mixed saliva bacterial load (microflora contamination coefficient) detected a positive correlation between the studied parameters of moderate and high power and received the following correlation coefficient values in Group 1 (R = 0.46), 2 and 3 (R = 0.73 and R = 0.78) respectively.Conclusion. Assessment of some risk factors for white spot lesion onset and monitoring of changes may include the analysis of clinical and laboratory data on the hard-dental-tissue condition and mixed saliva bacterial load determination (microflora contamination coefficient).