Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'DHTT11 Temperature and humidity sensor'

Titanium dioxide or titania is applied in paints, in the paper industry, fibbers, cosmetics, sunscreen products, toothpaste, foodstuffs, optical coatings, beam splitters and anti-reflection coatings. It is also used as support catalyst and its use as humidity and high-temperature oxygen sensor is under consideration. These applications are related to its high refractive index, oil absorption, tinting strength and inert chemical properties. Commonly, titania is recovered either by leaching ilmenite with sulphuric acid and subsequently hydrolysing the resulting sulfate solution by boiling. In another process, titanium feedstock is converted into titanium tetrachloride and further oxidised to titanium dioxide. These methods are reportedly time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. They are also unable to use all existing types of titanium minerals. In this study, a novel process for the extraction of titanium valuables from its minerals is presented. The process entails the roasting of titanium ore with alkaline metal salt. The roasted product is hydrolysed with water and acid, and subsequently reacted with sulphuric acid. Alternatively, the hydrolysed product can be used as feedstock in the chloride process. Roasting at 900°C and using a 2:1 (NaOH:ilmenite) mole ratio proved to be the most efficient in releasing titanium units from its ore. Ternary phases dominate under these conditions. Na0.75Fe0.75Ti0.25O2 was the dominant titanium-bearing phase. NaFeTiO4a ndNa2Fe2Ti3O10 were also present. Whenever the Ti:Fe atom ratio was different from one, the surplus titanium was accommodated in single titanates, mainly Na2TiO3, while iron was accommodated in NaFeO2. In many cases Na8Ti5O14 was also present as a result of Na2TiO3 polymerisation. This is consistent with a fusion period of one hour or more. Shorter fusion periods tended to produce binary phases. Similar results were obtained when lower fusion temperatures were employed, i.e. below 550°C. When anatase reactant was used to resemble an anatase ore, Na2Ti6O3,Na2TiO3, Na8Ti5O14 and Na16Ti10O28 were identified in the products. Optimum recoveries were obtained using a 1:1 NaOH:TiO2 mole ratio, and fusing at 800°C for 2 h. Close to 100% of the titanium was recovered. A one-step leaching process was found to be effective compared with multi-step leaching. The leaching step was found to be dependent on time, solid:liquid ratio and temperature. The optimum conditions for solid:liquid ratio, time and temperature were found to be 0.20, and 15 min at 75°C, respectively. Acidic hydrolysis was controlled by the relative amount of iron and titanium in solution. It was found that less than 1% was dissolved between 3 and 7 in pH units. Higher pH values are recommended, since less acid will be used. Any excess of sulphuric acid in the sulfation step proved to be unnecessary. No significant changes were observed in the amount of dissolved iron and titanium. Therefore the stoichiometric amount can be used in the sulfation process.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Chemistry<br>unrestricted

The humidity, temperature, wind speed/direction micro sensors can be manufactured individually, resulting in three individual substrates. The integration of the three sensors into a single substrate is a vital challenge to achieve an integrated intelligent sensor so called a multiple sensor. This requires the integration of process flows and is a major challenge because adequate sensor performance must be maintained. Polyimide was selected as a humidity sensing material for its compatibility with conventional integrated circuit fabrication technology, negligible temperature dependence and good resistance against contamination. Nickel was selected for the temperature and wind speed/direction sensor because of its useful temperature coefficient and the advantage of its cost. Since the known wet etchant for nickel requires hard-baked photoresist, a method which does not attack the polyimide while removing the photoresist must be developed. The method developed for etching nickel employs hard-bake-free photoresist. Other challenge was ensuring good thermal isolation for the wind speed/direction sensor fabricated on a silicon nitride layer preformed on top of a silicon wafer. Since silicon acts as a good heat sink, the silicon under the sensor was etched entirely away until the silicon nitride layer was reached. This structure achieved good thermal isolation resulting in small power consumption. This low power feature is essential for sensors deployed in fields where power access or replacement of power sources is restricted. This structure was compared with the structure created by polyimide plateau on a silicon nitride layer coated on a silicon substrate as a function of power consumption. Based on the examination of thermal isolation, the multiple sensor utilizing a MEMS technique was fabricated with a single-sided mask aligner. The characteristics of humidity sensors fabricated with polyimide were examined in detail with respect to variations of electrode structures, improvement of sensitivity, effect of process temperature, temperature and frequency dependence, and stability. The humidity sensor constructed with O2 plasma treated polyimide resulted an improvement in sensitivity and hysteresis. The investigation using XPS, FTIR and AFM concluded the chemical modification of polyimide played an important role in this improvement. The design, fabrication and results of a series of humidity sensors are quantified. There is always no unique packaging solution for sensors because of the application-specific nature of the sensors. This intelligent environmental monitoring system was designed to accommodate both an environmental sensor and its signal conditioning electronics circuitry (SICONEC) into a single package. The environmental sensors need direct exposure to the environment while SICONEC needs a sealed encapsulation to avoid environmental damage. A new style of packaging addressing these requirements was demonstrated using a hot embossing machine. The hot embossing machine was used to embed an integrated circuit (IC) in a bare die condition into a polycarbonate (PC) sheet. In this case, the IC was flipped down against the PC, which protects the front side of the IC from the environmental damages. In a test phase, a die containing operational amplifiers was embossed into the PC. A humidity sensor and surface mount resisters were placed on the same surface of the PC to test the validity of this new technique. Interconnection between the embossed die and the humidity sensor was established using bonding wires. Copper tracks were also used to ensure all electrical connections for the die, the humidity sensor and the resistors. The results clarified the method developed. Details of process methods, issues and further potential improvement are reported.

The humidity, temperature, wind speed/direction micro sensors can be manufactured individually, resulting in three individual substrates. The integration of the three sensors into a single substrate is a vital challenge to achieve an integrated intelligent sensor so called a multiple sensor. This requires the integration of process flows and is a major challenge because adequate sensor performance must be maintained. Polyimide was selected as a humidity sensing material for its compatibility with conventional integrated circuit fabrication technology, negligible temperature dependence and good resistance against contamination. Nickel was selected for the temperature and wind speed/direction sensor because of its useful temperature coefficient and the advantage of its cost. Since the known wet etchant for nickel requires hard-baked photoresist, a method which does not attack the polyimide while removing the photoresist must be developed. The method developed for etching nickel employs hard-bake-free photoresist. Other challenge was ensuring good thermal isolation for the wind speed/direction sensor fabricated on a silicon nitride layer preformed on top of a silicon wafer. Since silicon acts as a good heat sink, the silicon under the sensor was etched entirely away until the silicon nitride layer was reached. This structure achieved good thermal isolation resulting in small power consumption. This low power feature is essential for sensors deployed in fields where power access or replacement of power sources is restricted. This structure was compared with the structure created by polyimide plateau on a silicon nitride layer coated on a silicon substrate as a function of power consumption. Based on the examination of thermal isolation, the multiple sensor utilizing a MEMS technique was fabricated with a single-sided mask aligner. The characteristics of humidity sensors fabricated with polyimide were examined in detail with respect to variations of electrode structures, improvement of sensitivity, effect of process temperature, temperature and frequency dependence, and stability. The humidity sensor constructed with O2 plasma treated polyimide resulted an improvement in sensitivity and hysteresis. The investigation using XPS, FTIR and AFMconcluded the chemical modification of polyimide played an important role in this improvement. The design, fabrication and results of a series of humidity sensors are quantified. There is always no unique packaging solution for sensors because of the application-specific nature of the sensors. This intelligent environmental monitoring system was designed to accommodate both an environmental sensor and its signal conditioning electronics circuitry (SICONEC) into a single package. The environmental sensors need direct exposure to the environment while SICONEC needs a sealed encapsulation to avoid environmental damage. A new style of packaging addressing these requirements was demonstrated using a hot embossing machine. The hot embossing machine was used to embed an integrated circuit (IC) in a bare die condition into a polycarbonate (PC) sheet. In this case, the IC was flipped down against the PC, which protects the front side of the IC from the environmental damages. In a test phase, a die containing operational amplifiers was embossed into the PC. A humidity sensor and surface mount resisters were placed on the same surface of the PC to test the validity of this new technique. Interconnection between the embossed die and the humidity sensor was established using bonding wires. Copper tracks were also used to ensure all electrical connections for the die, the humidity sensor and the resistors. The results clarified the method developed. Details of process methods, issues and further potential improvement are reported.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Microelectronic Engineering<br>Full Text

Комп’ютерна система керування параметрами мікроклімату теплиці // Кваліфікаційна робота на здобуття освітнього ступеня бакалавр // Декет Руслан Іванович // ТНТУ, спеціальність 123 «Комп’ютерна інженерія»// Тернопіль, 2021 // с.– 55, рис. – 41 , табл. – 2, аркушів А1 – 4, бібліогр. – 20. Ключові слова: система, керування, мікроклімат, теплиця, температура, вологість, датчик. У кваліфікацій роботі бакалавра розроблено комп’ютерну систему керування параметрами мікроклімату теплиці. На основі аналізу предметної області визначено вимоги до системи та побудовано її структурну схему. Окрім цього, для визначення клімату в теплиці та його управлінням створено схему електрично принципову та схему з’єднань на базі мікроконтролера Atmel AT89C51, що відображають основні аспекти роботи системи. На основі апаратного забезпечення було створено блок-схему алгоритм роботи системи. Засобами Proteus та Fritzing було промодельовано та показано роботу системи. У роботі обґрунтовано та спроектовано програмне забезпечення комп’ютеризованої системи, враховано вимоги та аспекти до його використання. Реалізацію програмної складової комп’ютерної системи виконано за допомогою мови програмування Assembly, середовищем програмування обрано AVR Studio.<br>Computer greenhouse climate control system // Bachelor’s thesis // Deket Ruslan Ivanovych // TNTU, speciality 123 «Computer engineering»// Ternopil, 2021 // p.– 55 , fig. – 41 , tab. – 2, posters А1 – 4, ref. – 20. Keywords: system, control, microclimate, greenhouse, temperature, humidity, sensor. A computer system for managing the parameters of the greenhouse microclimate has been developed in the bachelor's qualifications. Based on the analysis of the subject area, the requirements for the system are determined and its structural scheme is built. In addition, to determine the climate in the greenhouse and its management, an electrical circuit diagram and a connection diagram based on the Atmel AT89C51 microcontroller were created, which reflect the main aspects of the system operation. Based on the hardware, a block diagram of the system operation algorithm was created. Proteus and Fritzing modeled and demonstrated the operation of the system. The software of computerized system is substantiated and designed in the work, requirements and aspects to its use are considered. The software component of the computer system is implemented using the Assembly programming language, the programming environment is AVR Studio.<br>ВСТУП РОЗДІЛ 1 АНАЛІЗ ТЕХНІЧНОГО ЗАВДАННЯ 1.1 Вимоги вирощування рослин в теплицях 1.2 Аналіз вимог до комп’ютерної системи 1.3 Огляд існуючих аналогів 1.3.1 Система ОВЕН 1.3.2 Cистема ЕПМ на основі платформи Raspberry Pi РОЗДІЛ 2 АПАРАТНА ЧАСТИНА 2.1 Розробка структурної схеми комп’ютерної системи 2.2 Обґрунтування вибору апаратного забезпечення 2.2.1 Вибір мікроконтролера 2.2.2 Вибір датчика температури 2.2.3 Вибір датчика вологості 2.2.4 Вибір засобів індикації 2.2.4.1 Вибір семи сегментних індикаторів 2.2.4.2 Вибір світлодіодів 2.2.5 Вибір кнопок управління 2.3 Аналіз електрично-принципової схеми 2.3.1 Схема з’єднання мікроконтролера 2.3.2 Схема з’єднання блоків виконавчих пристроїв 2.3.3 Схема з’єднання датчиків температури та вологості 2.3.4 Схема з’єднань клавіш керування 2.3.5 Схема з'єднання кварцового генератора 2.3.6 Схема з'єднань 7-сегментних індикаторів 2.3.7 Схема з'єднань світлодіодів 2.4 Опис роботи шини даних I2C РОЗДІЛ 3 ПРОГРАМНА ЧАСТИНА 3.1 Опис алгоритму комп’ютерної системи 3.2 Розробка програмного забезпечення 3.3 Моделювання системи 3.3.1 Опис середовища розробки 3.3.2 Приклади моделювання 3.4 Тестування комп’ютерної системи ВИСНОВКИ БІБЛІОГРАФІЯ

This work deal with developing dedicated autonomous device for data collection. The work describes the approaches how to design that. Solve choosing of the sensor taking into his properties for this device. And regard on the comparison with similar devices on market according behavior and function. General concept of the suggested datalogger. The thesis contains hardware and software equipment of this device.

First part of this work is focused on the description exist methods for measuring refraction index of air. Second part deal with concrete problem realization measurement unit for monitoring of refraction index of air. Refraction index of air is measured indirect method which is based on a modified Edlen formula.

This thesis deals with the design of overall concept of distributed system which is used for temperature, pressure and humidity measurement. The system is adapted to be used in instrument transformers and sensors production hall of ABB s.r.o. Brno. Firstly, the requirements for the measuring system are defined. After that market research focused on sensors and measurement modules is performed. The selected sensor is afterwards built into own measurement module for which hardware and software part is designed. The work continues with design of local and remote database of measured values. Besides, the PC software used for local and remote data storage is designed afterwards. The components of the measurement system are tested in the final part of the thesis.

The purpose of this project is to build a wireless sensor network for measuring temperature and relative humidity in hop drying facility. This is a monitoring device, consists of several sensor units and one control and display unit. Display unit coordinates a whole network and can display data on LCD or download collected data to PC. Sensor unit measures a relative humidity, temperature, battery voltage and transmits data to display unit. Units contain a transceiver which operates in ISM band 868 MHz. Circuits are driven by 8-bits microcontroller Freescale.

From the perspective of optimizing the planning, management and management of water resources in the national context the hydrometeorological monitoring systems have gone through the process of technological innovation. Increased monitoring of potential for reduced costs and improved quality of monitored data motivate this field of research. Starting from the importance of the variables of temperature and relative humidity among the variables monitored, this paper proposes the development of three hardware systems and software based on an open platform, which measure these values accurately from three sensors low cost, RHT01, RHT02 and RHT03 available in the market from the year 2005. These sensors are part of the advancement of sensor lines, newly created, polymer and semiconductor oxides. The technological base of each system is the microcontroller "arduino rev. 3 ", which he managed an electronic circuit capable of collecting and storing data from hydro-meteorological variables, in a flash memory device (sd card). Then, in order to check the reliability on the operation, each system was subjected to three data collection tests, at three different sites operating simultaneously with conventional systems used by the Micrometeorology Laboratory of UFSM (LMMET/UFSM). Local tests are situated in the municipality of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The microclimate conditions were different among trials due to location. The first test was performed on the terrace of the INPE-UFSM facilities, the second test in micrometeorology Laboratory of UFSM and the third in a rural area of central campus of UFSM, characterized by the pampa biome, which is located a network monitoring tower micro-sulfux. The collections occurred during the months from April to June, representing the final step of the fall season and the beginning of winter in 2015. The first trial lasted eleven days, the second and third Thirteen Eleven. The time discretization of the collections was a minute. With the data collected was carried out comparative analysis of inexpensive and conventional systems by graphic systems for analysis, descriptive statistics, and statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA and Tukey test. With determination coefficient values (R2) higher than 0.90 in all tests and no significant difference between low-cost sensors and analyzed conventional systems, with only one exception, the results indicated the feasibility of using these sensors to generate Data medium temperature and relative humidity for a minimum time interval from generation 1 minute, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 1 hour. The results also indicated the possibility of further quantitative research on the influence of the sensors under the measured data.<br>Na perspectiva de otimizar o planejamento, manejo e gestão dos recursos hídricos no contexto nacional os sistemas de monitoramento hidrometeorológico tem passado pelo processo de inovação tecnológica. O aumento do potencial de monitoramento pela diminuição dos custos e a melhora na qualidade dos dados monitorados motivam esse campo de pesquisa. Partindo-se da relevância das variáveis de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar dentre as variáveis monitoradas, o presente trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de três sistemas de hardware e software baseados em uma plataforma livre, que meçam essas grandezas com precisão a partir de três sensores de baixo custo, RHT01, RHT02 e RHT03, disponíveis no mercado a partir do ano de 2005. Estes sensores fazem parte do avanço das linhas de sensores, recém-criadas, de polímeros e óxidos semicondutores. A base tecnológica de cada sistema foi o microcontrolador arduino rev. 3 , o qual gerenciou um circuito eletrônico capaz de coletar e armazenar dados das variáveis hidrometeorológicas, em um dispositivo de memória flash ( sd card ). Em seguida, com o objetivo de verificar a confiabilidade quanto ao funcionamento, cada sistema foi submetido a três testes de coleta de dados, em três locais diferentes operando em simultâneo com sistemas convencionais utilizados pelo Laboratório de Micrometeorologia da UFSM (LMMET/UFSM). Os locais dos testes estão situados no município de Santa Maria, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As condições de microclima entre os testes eram diferentes em virtude do local. O primeiro teste foi realizado no terraço das instalações do INPE-UFSM, o segundo teste no laboratório de micrometeorologia da UFSM e o terceiro em uma área rural do campus central da UFSM, caracterizada pelo bioma pampa, onde fica localizada uma torre de monitoramento da rede micro-sulfux. As coletas ocorreram durante os meses de abril a junho, correspondendo a etapa final da estação de outono e início do inverno no ano de 2015. O primeiro teste durou onze dias, o segundo treze e o terceiro onze. A discretização temporal das coletas foi de um minuto. Com os dados coletados realizou-se análise comparativa dos sistemas de baixo custo e os sistemas convencionais mediante a análise de gráficos, medidas descritivas, e de estatísticas tais como a correlação linear de Pearson, análise de variância e teste Tukey. Com valores de coeficiente de determinação (R2) superiores a 0,90 em todos os testes e não havendo diferença significativa entre os sensores de baixo custo analisados e o sistemas convencional, com apenas uma única exceção, os resultados indicaram a viabilidade do uso destes sensores para geração de dados médios de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para intervalo de tempo mínimo de geração de 1 minuto, 15 minutos, 30 minutos e 1 hora. Os resultados também indicaram a possibilidade de pesquisas quantitativas posteriores sobre a influência do abrigo dos sensores nos dados mensurados.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out by measuring the production of carbon dioxide that man produces in various types of physical activity. Using the model, the goal is to simulate real carbon dioxide production for a type object and to design a way of automatic regulation, air supply and drainage to obtain better indoor environment (represented by carbon dioxide).

This work is dealing with the design and implementation of an embedded system for aerology measuring. The aim of the system is to monitor atmospheric states during an ascent in the suspension under an meteorological balloon.   First of all, attention is given to the Earth's atmosphere and its quantities, then an overview of existing systems for performing aerological measurements. The core of the work is focused on the choice of measurement techniques and the selection of suitable measuring elements for a given scenario. The aerological probe is using atmospheric sensors HIH-8131-021-001, MS5611-01BA03 and PT1000-550 for temperature sensing, while GNSS data is received using the MAX-M8Q-0 module and the measured data is stored on a microSD card and transmitted in parallel using the MTX2-434.650-10 radio module. The system is controlled by STM32L1 from STMicroelectronics programmed in C using  HAL abstraction layer.

Master’s thesis describes design of smart nightstand device. Aim of this system is to monitor and recognize stages of sleep with subsequent transfer of the data to alarm clock to provide the most comfortable awakening. The alarm clock is backed up by batteries. The system controls parameters of surrounding environment using advanced sensors. The device is equipped with a removable light part which is backed up by power supply for illumination during a potential power outage. A pad for wireless charging with standard Qi is also part of this system.

Лазаренко, С. М. Програмно-апаратна реалізація припливно витяжної установки й управління елементами вентиляції як частина системи «розумного дому» : дипломна робота : 123 - Комп’ютерна інженерія / С. М. Лазаренко ; керівник роботи Є. В. Риндич ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра Інформаційних та комп’ютерних систем. - Чернігів, 2021. - 98 с.<br>Роботу присвячено розгляду і розробці системи припливно-витяжної вентиляції з рекуперацією тепла і вологи у приватному будинку як частини системи «розумного дому». Створено класифікації функціональних і структурних особливостей систем «розумного дому» й описано комплекси функцій, які здатні виконувати його різноманітні підсистеми. «Розумний дім» розглядається в роботі як високотехнологічне устаткування сучасного житлового будинку, система елементів комп’ютерного управління сукупністю відповідних підсистем, що разом реалізують низку функцій, пов’язаних із створенням безпечних і комфортних умов проживання людини. Для створення програмно-апаратної частини системи припливно витяжної вентиляції обрано мікропроцесорну плату Arduino і систему автоматизації «MajorDoMo», з дротовим способом підключення. Передбачено, що контролер працюватиме як в автоматичному, так і в ручному режимах. Файли розробленої програми, пов'язані з різними елементами обладнання, було вирішено підключати індивідуально. У межах механічної частини системи вентиляції у приватному будинку вирішено використати систему з примусовим спонуканням, до яких входить вентилятор, гексагональний і ентальпійний теплообмінники, повітроводи та вентиляційні решітки. Було створено корпус рекупераційної установки, виготовлено шумоглушники і придбано заслінки для регулювання потоку повітря сервоприводами. Апаратну частину системи було вкомплектовано контролером Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3, платою розширення W5500 Ethernet Shield, сукупністю датчиків, сервоприводів, реле, димерів, LCD екраном, енкодером / потенціометром тощо. Для її монтажу було створено схему розташування пристроїв на плані приватного будинку. Роботу системи припливно-витяжної вентиляції було представлено на основі макетної плати, для створення якої використано сервоприводи та датчики. Перевірка показала, що все обладнання працює згідно з передбаченими для нього алгоритмами, а розроблена програма може ефективно застосовуватися для експлуатації системи припливно-витяжної вентиляції у приватному будинку<br>The paper focuses on the review and analysis of the supply-and-exhaust ventilation with the recovery of heat and moisture in a detached house as a part of the Intelligent building system. The classification of functional and structural features of Intelligent building systems is presented, and complexes of functions which their various subsystems are able to fulfil are described. In the paper the Intelligent building is viewed as state-of-art equipment of a modern detached house, a software system controlling the work of the relevant subsystems which jointly carry out a set of functions, connected with the provision of safe and comfortable living conditions for the residents of the house. A microprocessor card Arduino and MajorDoMo automation system with wired connection were chosen to create the software and hardware parts of the supply-and-exhaust ventilation. The controller is supposed to work in both automatic and manual modes. Software files related to different hardware components are connected independently. A decision was made that an induced natural ventilation system comprising a fan, hexagonal and enthalpy heat exchangers, air ducts and air grids would be used in the mechanical part of the detached house ventilation. The frame of the recovery facility and mufflers were constructed, and shutters were purchased for servodrives to be able to regulate the air flow. The hardware part of the system is comprised of Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3 controller, W5500 Ethernet Shield expansion card, a complex of sensors, servodrives, relays, dimmers, an LCD screen, an encoder / potentiometer, etc. A scheme of the equipment layout was drafted on the detached house plan. The work of the supply-and-exhaust ventilation system was demonstrated with the help of a model board on which servodrives and sensors were installed. The check demonstrated that the equipment can work according to the predetermined algorithms, and the developed software can be effectively used for the maintenance of the supply-and-exhaust ventilation in a detached house.

Among various nanofillers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a significant attention due to their excellent physical properties. Incorporation of a very low amount of CNTs in polymer matrices enhances mechanical, thermal and optical properties of conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) tremendously. For mechanical sensors, the piezoresistive property of CNTs/polymer nanocomposites exhibits a great potential for the realization of stable, sensitive, tunable and cost-effective strain sensors. Achieving homogeneous CNTs dispersion within the polymer matrices, understanding their complex piezoresistivity and conduction mechanisms, as well as the response of the nanocomposites under humidity and temperature effects, is highly required for the realization of piezoresistive CNTs/polymer based nanocomposites. This research primarily aims to synthesize and characterize CNTs/polymer based strain sensitive nanocomposites, which are cost-effective, applicable on both rigid and flexible substrates and require a non-complex fabrication process. A comprehensive understanding of the complex conduction and piezoresistive mechanisms of CNTs/polymer nanocomposites and their responses under humidity and temperature effects is another purpose of this thesis. For this purpose, synthesis and complex electromechanical characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy nanocomposites are realized. In order to realize strain sensors for the strain range up to 1 % the use of epoxy is focused due to its good adhesion, dimensional stability, and good mechanical properties. The nanocomposites with up to 1 wt.% MWCNTs are synthesized by a non-complex direct mixing method and the final nanocomposites are deposited on flexible Kapton and rigid FR4 substrates and their corresponding morphological, electrical, electromechanical, as well as the response of the nanocomposite under humidity and temperature influences, are examined. The deformation over the sensor area is tested by digital image correlation (DIC) under quasi-static uniaxial tension. Quantitative piezoresistive characterization is performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) over a wide range of frequencies. Further, dispersion quality of MWCNTs in the epoxy polymer matrix is monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, in order to tailor the piezoresistivity of the strain sensor, an R-C equivalent circuit is derived based on the impedance responses and the corresponding parameters are extracted from the applied strain. Obtained SEM images confirm that MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites with different MWCNTs concentrations have a good homogeneity and dispersion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis show that the samples have relatively good surface topography and fairly homogeneous CNTs networks. Higher sensitivity is achieved in particular at the concentrations close to the percolation threshold. A non-linear piezoresistive behavior is observed at low MWCNTs concentrations due to the dominance of tunneling effect. The strain sensitive nanocomposites deposited on FR4 substrates present high-performance strain sensing properties, including high sensitivity, good stability, and durability after cyclic loading and unloading. In addition, MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites show quite a small creep, low hysteresis under cyclic tensile and compressive loadings and fast response and recovery times. Nanocomposites provide an opportunity to measure 2-D strain in one position including amplitude and direction for complex configuration of structures in real-time systems or products. In contrast to present solutions for multi-directional strain sensing, MWCNTs/epoxy based nanocomposites give promising results in terms of durability, easy-processability, and tunable piezoresistivity. Unlike commercially-available approaches for crack/damage identification, MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites are capable of detecting the applied crack directly over a certain area. From the humidity influence, it has been found that resistance of nanocomposites increases with the increase of humidity exposure due to swelling of the polymer. Temperature investigations show that MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites give negative temperature coefficient (NTC) response due to thermal activation of charge carriers and the temperature sensitivity increases with the increase of filler concentration. The proposed approach can be further developed by combining differently fabricated sensors for realizing a compact structural health monitoring system or multi-functional sensor, where pressure, strain, temperature, and humidity can be monitored simultaneously.<br>Unter den verschiedenen Nanofillern haben CNTs aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden physikalischen Eigenschaften eine bedeutende Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Die Einarbeitung einer sehr geringen Menge an CNTs in Polymermatrizen verbessert die mechanischen, thermischen und optischen Eigenschaften von CPNs enorm. Für mechanische Sensoren bietet die piezoresistive Eigenschaft von CNTs/Polymer-Nanokompositen ein großes Potenzial zur Realisierung stabiler, empfindlicher, abstimmbarer und kostengünstiger Dehnungssensoren. Die Erzielung einer homogenen CNT-Dispersion innerhalb der Polymermatrizen, das Verständnis ihrer komplexen Piezoresistivitäts- und Leitungsmechanismen sowie die Reaktion der Nanokomposite unter Feuchte- und Temperatureinflüssen ist für die Realisierung piezoresistiver CNTs/Polymer-basierter Nanokomposite unerlässlich. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, CNTs/polymerbasierte dehnungsempfindliche Nanokomposite herzustellen und zu charakterisieren. Diese Nanokompositen sollen kostengünstig, sowohl auf starren als auch auf flexiblen Substraten anwendbar sein und ein nicht komplexes Herstellungsverfahren erfordern. Ein umfassendes Verständnis der komplexen leitungs- und piezoresistive Mechanismen von CNTs/ Polymer-Nanokompositen und deren Reaktionen unter Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatureinflüssen ist ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit. Zu diesem Zweck werden Synthese und komplexe elektromechanische Charakterisierung von MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites realisiert. Um Dehnungssensoren für den Dehnungsbereich bis zu 1 % realisieren zu können, wird der Einsatz von Epoxy aufgrund seiner guten Haftung, Dimensionsstabilität und guten mechanischen Eigenschaften fokussiert. Zufällig verteilte MWCNTs mit bis zu 1 wt.% MWCNTs-Konzentration ist durch ein direktes Mischen synthetisiert und die Nanokomposite werden auf flexiblen Kapton und starren FR4 Substraten durch Siebdruck appliziert und anschließend deren morphologische, elektrische, elektromechanische sowie die Reaktion des Nanocomposits unter Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatureinflüssen untersucht. Die Verformung über den Sensorbereich wird duch die Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Methode unter quasi-statischer uniaxialer Spannung getestet. Die quantitative piezoresistive Charakterisierung wird mit elektrische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) in einem breitem Frquenzspektrum durchgeführt. Ferner wird die Dispersionsqualität von MWCNTs in der Epoxidepolymermatrix durch Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) überprüft. Zusätzlich ist, um die Piezoresistivität des Dehnungssensors abzustimmen, eine RC-Äquivalenzschaltung auf der Grundlage der Impedanzantworten abgeleitet und die entsprechenden Parameter unter Belastung extrahiert. Erhaltene SEM-Bilder bestätigen, dass MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite mit unterschiedlichen MWCNTs-Konzentrationen eine gute Homogenität und Dispersion aufweisen. Die atomic force microscopy (AFM) Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Proben relativ gute Oberflächentopographie und ziemlich homogene CNT-Netzwerke aufweisen. Eine höhere Empfindlichkeit wird insbesondere bei den Konzentrationen nahe der Perkolationsschwelle erreicht. Eine nichtlineare Piezoresistivität wird bei niedrigen MWCNTs Konzentrationen aufgrund der Dominanz des Tunnelwirkungseffekts beobachtet. Die auf FR4-Substraten applizierten dehnungsempfindlichen Nanokomposite weisen ausgezeichnete Dehnungsmessungseigenschaften einschließlich hohe Empfindlichkeit, gute Stabilität und Haltbarkeit nach zyklischer Be- und Entlastung auf. Darüber hinaus zeigen MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite ein geringes Kriechen, eine kleine Hysterese unter zyklischen Zug- und Druckbelastungen, sowie schnelle Reaktionsund Wiederherstellungszeiten. Nanokomposite bieten die Möglichkeit, 2-D-Dehnungen in einer Position einschließlich Amplitude und Richtung innerhalb einer Materialstruktur in Echtzeitsystemen oder Produkten zu messen. Im Gegensatz zu aktuellen Lösungen für die multi-direktionale Dehnungsmessung, bieten die MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite vielversprechende Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Langlebigkeit, leichte Verarbeitung und einstellbare Piezoresistivität. Im Unterschied zu kommerziell verfügbaren Ansätzen wird festgestellt, dassMWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite zur Riss-/Schadenserkennung in der Lage sind, den angelegten Riss direkt über einen bestimmten Bereich zu detektieren. Aus dem Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit hat sich herausgestellt, dass die Resistenz von Nanokompositen mit zunehmender Feuchtigkeitsbelastung durch Quellung des Polymers zunimmt. Temperaturuntersuchungen zeigen, dass MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite aufgrund der thermischen Aktivierung von Ladungsträgern auf Temperatureinflüsse reagieren und die Temperaturempfindlichkeit mit der Erhöhung der Füllstoffkonzentration zunimmt. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz kann durch die Kombination unterschiedlich hergestellte Sensoren zur Realisierung eines kompakten zur Überwachung des Zustands von Strukturen oder von multifunktionalen Sensoren weiterentwickelt werden, bei denen gleichzeitig Druck, Dehnung, Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit überwacht werden können.

The diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of the system that will control the water supply for the family house and its garden. The system aslo allows you to store a history that can be viewed via the web interface. The web interface also allows you to set system parameters and monitor the current status.

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>電子工程系碩士班<br>102<br>For the capability of multiple functionalities of the sensors, MQ-2, DS1821, and DHT11 are utilized to implement carbon monoxide sensing, temperature sensing, and humidity sensing in this work. This system is driven by the microcontroller AT89S51, and the values of the ambient temperature and humidity are displayed in liquid crystal display (LCD). The extra buttons can adjust the temperature and the humidity, and set the upper and the lower boundaries. When the upper or the lower boundaries are reached, the alarms will keep beeping until the values of the temperature and the humidity lower than the setted values. MQ-2 senses the carbon monoxide and automatically transmits the detected values to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) ADC0804, and then the data will be performed through a microcontroller and display in a LCD panel. The measured results demonstrate that when densities reach 70 ppm, 150 ppm, and 400 ppm, this system can display the different values of the densities and beep directly to alarm. As a result, this project achieves the purpose of the multi-functional alarms.

碩士<br>臺灣大學<br>應用力學研究所<br>96<br>The control of relative humidity (RH) and ambient temperature is required for a broad spectrum of human comfort, medical instrument, chemical industry, agriculture, and etc. To reduce cost and increase lifetime, a passively wireless sensor which is capable of measuring relative humidity and ambient temperature should be developed to meet this demand. In this thesis, an impedance loaded SAW hybrid sensor is successfully accomplished by integrating a 433MHz 128˚ YX-LiNbO3 based SAW tag with external sensors such as thermistor and resistive RH sensor. The combination exhibits attractive advantages, such as wireless sensing, passive operation, and size minimization. First, the coupling-of-modes model was employed to design the SAW tag and predict its frequency response. To enhance the sensitivity of the resistive RH sensor, CSA-doped polyaniline nanofibers were utilized as sensitive film due to its easy synthesis and stable performance. Finally, the hybrid sensor was constructed and measured to evaluate performances. The results indicate our SAW hybrid sensor exhibits good linearity and high sensitivity.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>電機工程學系<br>98<br>This work presents a sensor chip which consists of a humidity sensor and a temperature sensor, and a readout circuit with digital output. We use the polyimide as a sensing material. The readout circuit is designed to detect the capacitance and current changes for sensing the humidity and temperature changes, respectively. The chip is implemented using 0.35μm CMOS-MEMS process provided by CIC. The simulation result of digital output for humidity sensor is 685-863 when the capacitance changes from 2.928pF to 3.697pF, and temperature sensor is 50-393 when the temperature changes from 0-100°C. The power dissipation is less than 1.1mW. Beside, a micro heater is used to accelerate the release of water vapor.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>動力機械工程學系<br>105<br>This study demonstrates the vertically integrated environment sensor with a capacitive relative humidity sensor (RH sensor) and a resistive temperature detector (RTD) using the TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process and simple in-house post-CMOS processes. Features of this study are: (1) multiple sensing unit could be integrated and achieved in one chip; (2) fast response humidity sensor are realized based on capacitive sensing principle; (3) simple post-CMOS processes using metal wet etching, reactive ion etching, pneumatic dispensing of polyimide (PI), curing process, and wire bonding. The main measurement results indicate the RH sensor with sensitivity of 0.051%/%RH and response time of 16s; thus, the sensitivity of RTD is 0.28%/℃.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>動力機械工程學系<br>106<br>This research presents a monolithically integrated environment sensing hub utilizing the TSMC CMOS platform. This study first focuses on the structure design of humidity sensors, with the intention of improving the sensors’ response time and sensitivity, then in order to fully utilize the CMOS platform, a pressure sensor and a temperature detector are integrated monolithically on the same chip, the core concept of this research is to fabricate all four sensors at once, without the fabrication process inteferring each other. Experimental measurements will be operated seperately once all the fabrication processes are completed, experiment results show the performance of each device are all above average, proving the feasibility of monolithic integration upon the CMOS platform.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>機械工程學所<br>92<br>The purpose of this thesis is to analyze a polyimide-based co-structure membrane sensor, especially the effect of temperature, humidity and pressure on the sensor. Following the membrane theory, the finite element model constructed by the software ANSYS was employed to simulate different payloads. In order to determine the significance levels of different payloads, the Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient (PLCC) of the data resulting from the Monte Carlo simulation method was calculated. According to the simulation results, a co-structure membrane sensor (300μm×300μm×10μm) was constructed with a coverage ratio of the mesa of 0.8 % (8μm thickness). The temperature (-40~100℃) had a nonlinear effect on the strain when pressure was less than 5E5Pa. The humidity payload was insignificant for the strain when the pressure was less than 1E5Pa. The calculated PLCCs were almost 0.98 for pressure and strain, -0.11 for temperature and strain, and 0.096 for humidity and strain.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>材料科學與工程學系所<br>103<br>Conquering humidity influence on the gas sensing property at room temperature has been a major challenge in applied gas sensor device. Herein, we report a multi-functional hybrid system consisting of pearl-like NiO nanoparticles funtionalized on In2O3 nanoicicles by thermal vapor transport and chemical wet approach with tailored sensing properties. In this report, we demonstrate a novel structure of In2O3 nanoicicles with intrigued and sophisticated morphology. The growth mechanism of the In2O3 nanoicicles was investigated and discussed by observing structural evolution during the synthesis processes. The growth mechanism of the In2O3 nanoicicles can be ascribed to Au-catalytic VLS mechanism along [123] direction for the axial growth and VS mechanism for the lateral growth. As the axial growth rate was much faster than the lateral growth, resulted in the evolution of tapered nanoicicles. Pearl-like NiO, on the other side, was controlled and synthesized successfully with a radius 5 nm well distributed on the In2O3 backbone via chemical wet approach. The NiO-functionalized In2O3 nanoicicles (NiO/In2O3) with p-n junction on the contact bridge enhanced surface area and exhibited a remarkable sensing property as well as a selective detection toward NO2 gases owing to the transport behavior of the electron conduction channel. When exposed to NO2 gases with concentration of 30, 15, and 3 ppm, NiO/In2O3 exhibited a remarkable sensing performance with response of 46.6, 8.5, and 3.35 at 100˚C, and a room temperature sensing performance with response of 4.34, 2.1 and 1.76 respectively. In2O3 nanoicicles on the other hand, changed the resistance followed the same trend but with the response of 6.7, 3.56 and 3.01 at 100˚C, and a room temperature sensing performance with response of 2.51, 2.01 and 1.4 respectively. Furthermore, humidity dependence of the gas sensing property was reduced since the presense of NiO can minimize the humidity influence and eventually provided a promising gas sensing property for the application of room temperature gas sensor device.

This work explores the blending of e-textile technology with the porous electrode of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and with smart wound patches to allow monitoring and in-situ diagnostics. This work includes contributions to understanding water transport and conductivity in the carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL), and further developing thread-based relative humidity (RH) and temperature sensors, which can be sewn on a cloth GDL in PEMFCs. We also explore the application of the developed RH and temperature sensors in wearable biomonitoring. First, an experimental prototype is developed for evaluating water transport, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of carbon cloth GDLs under different hydrophobic coatings and compressions. Second, we demonstrate the addition of external threads to the carbon cloth GDL to (1) facilitate water transport and (2) measure local RH and temperature with a minimal impact on the physical, microstructural and transport properties of the GDL. We illustrate the roll-to-roll process for fabricating RH and temperature sensors by dip-coating commodity threads into a carbon nanotubes (CNTs) suspension. The thread-based sensors response to RH and temperature in the working environment of PEMFCs is investigated. As a proof-of-concept, the local temperature of carbon cloth GDL is monitored in an ex-situ experiment. Finally, we optimized the coating parameters (e.g. CNTs concentration, surfactant concentration and a number of dipping) for the thread-based sensors. The response of the thread-based sensors in room conditions is evaluated and shows a linear resistance decrease to temperature and a quadratic resistance increase to RH. We also evaluated the biocompatibility of the sensors by performing cell cytotoxicity and studying wound healing in an animal model. The novel thread-based sensors are not only applicable for textile electrochemical devices but also, show a promising future in wearable biomonitoring applications.<br>Graduate

Помазан А. О. Дослідження та розробка мікроелектронної системи формування мікроклімату господарьских приміщень : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 153 "Мікро- та наносистемна техніка" / наук. керівник C. Л. Хрипко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 84 с.<br>UA : Розроблена модульна система контролю дозволяє підтримувати параметри мікроклімату у заданих межах<br>EN : The developed modular control system allows you to maintain microclimate parameters within specified limits

Кваліфікаційна робота присвячена розробці інформаційно системи GPS- контролю перевезення багажу. Розроблена інформаційна система дозволить користувачу вирішувати різнотипні проблеми при перевезенні багажів. В першому розділі кваліфікаційної роботи: розглянуто відомі рішення, наведено їх порівняльну характеристику, обґрунтовано актуальність розробки інформаційної систими GPS – контролю перевезень багажу. В другому розділі кваліфікаційної роботи: розроблено структурну схему системи, розроблено функціональну схему пристрою та алгоритм, вибрано програмне забезпечення та написано тексти програми, розроблено інструкцію з експлуатації електричного пристрою, розроблено алгоритм дій при виявленні несправностей.<br>Qualification work is devoted to the development of information system GPS-control of luggage transportation. The developed information system will allow the user to solve various types of problems when transporting luggage. In the first section of the qualification work: the known solutions are considered, their comparative characteristics are given, the urgency of development of information system GPS - control of luggage transportation is substantiated. In the second section of the qualification work: the structural scheme of the system is developed, the functional scheme of the device and algorithm are developed, the software is selected and the program texts are written, the instruction on operation of the electric device is developed, the algorithm of actions at detection of malfunctions is developed.<br>ВСТУП...7 РОЗДІЛ 1. ПОСТАНОВКА ЗАДАЧІ НА РОЗРОБКУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ...9 1.1 Aналітичний огляд відомих рішень...9 1.2 Обґрунтування актуальності теми та постановка задачі на розробку...14 1.3 Висновок до першого розділу...15 РОЗДІЛ 2. СТРУКТУРИЗАЦІЯ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ТЕХНІЧНОГО ПРОЄКТУ...16 2.1 Розробка структурної схеми...13 2.2 Вибір та обґрунтування вибору елементної бази...18 2.3 Розробка функціональної схеми пристрою...26 2.4 Розробка алгоритму та написання текстів програми...27 2.5 Розробка інструкції з експлуатації електричного пристрою...30 2.6 Пошук, виявлення та виправлення несправностей системи...34 2.7 Висновок до другого розділу...35 РОЗДІЛ 3. БЕЗПЕКА ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ, ОСНОВИ ХОРОНИ ПРАЦІ...36 3.1 Характеристика життєдіяльності людини у системі “людина – машина – середовище існування”….36 3.2 Безпечність при виконанні вантажопідйомних робіт та транспортуванні вантажів...38 3.3 Особливості безпеки праці під час вантажно-розвантажувальних робіт...40 3.4 Висновок до третього розділу...43 ВИСНОВКИ...44 ПЕРЕЛІК ДЖЕРЕЛ...45 ДОДАТКИ

This thesis deals with creating hardware and software equipment of intelligent beehive for data collection purpose. Measurement characteristics are temperature, humidity, weight of beehive and audio record of bees. They are measured by available IoT technology. They are simple single-chip component with a clear focus. This thesis also include creation of software for measurements this characteristics and communications with server. The software featured of the remote server are also documented. This software analyze incoming measurement and also provides their displays. Software in this thesis is developed in language Python.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Mecatrónica<br>A hidroponia é um método de cultivo onde as plantas crescem sem solo, que usa apenas uma solução baseada em nutrientes para alimentar as plantas. (Saaid, et al., 2013) As produções agrícolas são afetadas por diversos fenómenos meteorológicos, em particular, no caso da hidroponia para além desses fatores existem outros ligados à solução nutritiva que interferem no crescimento das plantas. Neste trabalho, é feita a monitorização da solução nutritiva e também da temperatura, humidade e luminosidade através de uma rede de sensores sem fios. O sistema é destinado ao interior de uma estufa e disponibiliza informação em tempo real, sobre as variáveis recolhidas, ao agricultor a partir de um computador. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho consiste em fazer um levantamento das necessidades na cultura por hidroponia, seguidamente fazer um estudo de mercado sobre componentes eletrónicos – sensores e por fim desenvolver todo o sistema, software e hardware.<br>Hydroponic method of growing plants is based on a mineral nutrient solution (in water) without soil. There are several weather phenomena which affect the crop yields and, on this particular case of hydroponics crop, there are other factors that interfere with the plants’ growth such as nutrient solution. (Saaid, et al., 2013) Therefore, in this work is made the nutrient solution monitoring and also the temperature, humidity and luminosity monitoring by a wireless sensor network. The system is conceived for the insides of a greenhouse and it provides to the farmer real time information on the collected variables from a computer. The methodology in this project consists in doing a statement of requirements in hydroponics culture, a research and market study about electronic components (like sensors) and, in the end, develop a system.

This work involves both hardware and software. The hardware part consists of a low-cost sensor network prepared to measure pollution in the city of Lisbon. Data on environmental pollution is collected by a gas sensor, a temperature, humidity and pressure sensor, a dust sensor and a GPS module. The system will be mounted on buses, however, it is scalable enough to be placed on other vehicles. It has various forms of power supply, one of them is photovoltaic panels, which provide clean energy. The data collected by the sensors are sent by MQTT to an Ubuntu server and placed in a PostgreSQL database. A web application was designed for the system using HTML, CSS and Javascript, which allows the user to view graphs with the values collected by the sensors, consult a HeatMap with red, yellow, and green zones according to the levels of pollution in the locations. Even more important, the application allows creating a route avoiding exposure to polluted areas with a starting point and endpoint in the desired places by the user. Lastly, some tests were made with the photovoltaic panels with the system stopped. Other tests were done using a powerful power bank, also with the stopped system. The motion tests were made with two forms of power supply, one was again the power bank and the other was the battery of the electric bike used to move the system around the city of Lisbon.<br>Este trabalho envolve tanto hardware como software. A parte de hardware consiste numa rede de sensores low-cost preparada para medir a poluição na cidade de Lisboa. Os dados sobre a poluição ambiental são recolhidos por um sensor de gás, um sensor de temperatura, humidade e pressão, um sensor de partículas em suspensão e um módulo GPS. O sistema irá ser montado em cima de autocarros, no entanto é um sistema escalável o suficiente para ser montado noutros veículos. Este tem várias formas de alimentação energética, sendo uma delas panéis fotovoltaicos o que permite uma maior mobilidade. Os dados recolhidos pelos sensores são enviados por MQTT para um servidor Ubuntu e colocados numa base de dados PostgreSQL. Foi também feita uma aplicação web em HTML, CSS e Javascript, que permite ao utilizador consultar gráficos com os valores recolhidos pelos sensores, consultar um HeatMap com zonas encarnadas, amarelas e verdes conforme os níveis de poluição nos locais e mais importante é lhe permitido criar uma rota que evita zonas poluídas com um ponto de início e fim nos sítios desejados. Por último foram feitos alguns testes, uns com os painéis fotovoltaicos e com o sistema parado no mesmo sítio, outros testes foram feitos com recurso a um power bank potente também com o sistema parado. Os testes em movimento foram feitos com duas formas de fornecimento de energia, uma foi novamente o power bank e outra foi a bateria da bicicleta elétrica usada para mover o sistema pela cidade de Lisboa.