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1

COSTA, Jackson Maurício L. "O USO CLÍNICO DAS PENTAMIDINAS COM ESPECIAL REFERÊNCIA NAS LEISHMANIOSES." Acta Amazonica 23, no. 2-3 (1993): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921993233172.

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O autor apresenta uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre as diamidinas aromáticas (Pentamidinas), dando ênfase à terapêutica das leishmanioses, considerando a possibilidade desta droga ser usada como segunda opção no tratamento das mesmas. Destaca aspectos relacionados à farmacodinâmica e efeitos adversos quando do uso clínico do referido medicamento.
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2

Yang, Gyongseon, Gahee Choi, and Joo Hwan No. "Antileishmanial Mechanism of Diamidines Involves Targeting Kinetoplasts." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 11 (2016): 6828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01129-16.

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ABSTRACTLeishmaniasis is a disease caused by pathogenicLeishmaniaparasites; current treatments are toxic and expensive, and drug resistance has emerged. While pentamidine, a diamidine-type compound, is one of the treatments, its antileishmanial mechanism of action has not been investigated in depth. Here we tested several diamidines, including pentamidine and its analog DB75, againstLeishmania donovaniand elucidated their antileishmanial mechanisms. We identified three promising new antileishmanial diamidine compounds with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 3.2, 3.4, and 4.5 μM, while pen
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3

Yang, Sihyung, Tanja Wenzler, Patrik N. Miller, et al. "Pharmacokinetic Comparison To Determine the Mechanisms Underlying the Differential Efficacies of Cationic Diamidines against First- and Second-Stage Human African Trypanosomiasis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 7 (2014): 4064–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02605-14.

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ABSTRACTHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a neglected tropical disease, is fatal without treatment. Pentamidine, a cationic diamidine, has been used to treat first-stage (hemolymphatic) HAT since the 1940s, but it is ineffective against second-stage (meningoencephalitic, or central nervous system [CNS]) infection. Novel diamidines (DB75, DB820, and DB829) have shown promising efficacy in both mouse and monkey models of first-stage HAT. However, only DB829 cured animals with second-stage infection. In this study, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacies of
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da Silva, Cristiane França, Marcos Meuser Batista, Denise da Gama Jaen Batista, et al. "In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of the Trypanocidal Activity of a Diarylthiophene Diamidine against Trypanosoma cruzi." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 9 (2008): 3307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00038-08.

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ABSTRACT Aromatic diamidines are DNA minor groove-binding ligands that display excellent antimicrobial activity against fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. Due to the currently unsatisfactory chemotherapy for Chagas’ disease and in view of our previous reports regarding the effect of diamidines and analogues against both in vitro and in vivo Trypanosoma cruzi infection, this study evaluated the effects of a diarylthiophene diamidine (DB1362) against both amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease. The data show the potent in vitro activity of D
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5

Nehrbass-Stuedli, Angela, David Boykin, Richard R. Tidwell, and Reto Brun. "Novel Diamidines with Activity against Babesia divergensIn Vitroand Babesia microtiIn Vivo." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 7 (2011): 3439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01482-10.

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ABSTRACTDicationic diamidines, such as diminazene and pentamidine, are well-studied chemotherapeutic agents with significant activity against parasitic diseases. Thein vitroactivities of novel diamidine compounds against theBabesia divergensstrains 1903B and 4201 were investigated. The most potent compound, a diphenyl furan, had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.5 ng/ml. In a murine model, several test compounds were effective enough to cure mice infected withBabesia microtiat a dose of 12.5 and/or 25 mg/kg of body weight given by the subcutaneous route for 4 days. The best antibabesi
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6

Hall, James Edwin, John E. Kerrigan, Kishore Ramachandran, et al. "Anti-Pneumocystis Activities of Aromatic Diamidoxime Prodrugs." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 3 (1998): 666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.3.666.

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ABSTRACT Aromatic dicationic compounds, such as pentamidine, have potent antimicrobial activities. Clinical use of these compounds has been restricted, however, by their toxicity and limited oral activity. A novel approach, using amidoxime derivatives as prodrugs, has recently been proposed to overcome these limitations. Although results were presented for amidoxime derivatives of only one diamidine, pentamidine, the authors in the original proposal claimed that amidoxime derivatives would work as effective prodrugs for all pharmacologically active diamidines. Nine novel amidoxime derivatives
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7

Lanteri, Charlotte A., Bernard L. Trumpower, Richard R. Tidwell, and Steven R. Meshnick. "DB75, a Novel Trypanocidal Agent, Disrupts Mitochondrial Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 10 (2004): 3968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.10.3968-3974.2004.

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ABSTRACT The aromatic diamidines represent a class of compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, their development is hindered by a lack of understanding of their mechanism of antimicrobial action. DB75 [2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan] is a trypanocidal aromatic diamidine that was originally developed as a structural analogue of the antitrypanosomal agent pentamidine. DB289, a novel orally active prodrug of DB75, is undergoing phase IIb clinical trials for early-stage human African trypanosomiasis, Pneumocystis jiroveci carinii pneumonia, and malaria. The purpose of this stu
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8

Mathis, Amanda M., Jacqueline L. Holman, Lisa M. Sturk, et al. "Accumulation and Intracellular Distribution of Antitrypanosomal Diamidine Compounds DB75 and DB820 in African Trypanosomes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 6 (2006): 2185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00192-06.

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ABSTRACT The aromatic diamidine pentamidine has long been used to treat early-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Two analogs of pentamidine, DB75 and DB820, have been shown to be more potent and less toxic than pentamidine in murine models of trypanosomiasis. The diphenyl furan diamidine, DB75, is the active metabolite of the prodrug DB289, which is currently in phase III clinical trials as a new orally active candidate drug to treat first-stage HAT. The new aza analog, DB820, is the active diamidine of the prodrug DB844, currently undergoing preclinical evaluation as a new candidate t
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9

Wenzler, Tanja, David W. Boykin, Mohamed A. Ismail, James Edwin Hall, Richard R. Tidwell, and Reto Brun. "New Treatment Option for Second-Stage African Sleeping Sickness: In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Aza Analogs of DB289." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 10 (2009): 4185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00225-09.

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ABSTRACT African sleeping sickness is a fatal parasitic disease, and all drugs currently in use for treatment have strong liabilities. It is essential to find new, effective, and less toxic drugs, ideally with oral application, to control the disease. In this study, the aromatic diamidine DB75 (furamidine) and two aza analogs, DB820 and DB829 (CPD-0801), as well as their methoxyamidine prodrugs and amidoxime metabolites, were evaluated against African trypanosomes. The active parent diamidines showed similar in vitro profiles against different Trypanosoma brucei strains, melarsoprol- and penta
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10

Wenzler, Tanja, Sihyung Yang, Donald A. Patrick, et al. "In VitroandIn VivoEvaluation of 28DAP010, a Novel Diamidine for Treatment of Second-Stage African Sleeping Sickness." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 8 (2014): 4452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02309-13.

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ABSTRACTAfrican sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by tsetse flies. New and better drugs are still needed especially for its second stage, which is fatal if untreated. 28DAP010, a dipyridylbenzene analogue of DB829, is the second simple diamidine found to cure mice with central nervous system infections by a parenteral route of administration. 28DAP010 showed efficacy similar to that of DB829 in dose-response studies in mouse models of first- and second-stage African sleeping sickness. Thein vitrotime to kill, determined by microcalorimetry, and the parasite clearanc
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11

Rice, Christopher A., Beatrice L. Colon, Mehmet Alp, Hakan Göker, David W. Boykin, and Dennis E. Kyle. "Bis-Benzimidazole Hits against Naegleria fowleri Discovered with New High-Throughput Screens." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 4 (2015): 2037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05122-14.

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ABSTRACTNaegleria fowleriis a pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA) that causes an acute fatal disease known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The major problem for infections with any pathogenic FLA is a lack of effective therapeutics, since PAM has a case mortality rate approaching 99%. Clearly, new drugs that are potent and have rapid onset of action are needed to enhance the treatment regimens for PAM. Diamidines have demonstrated potency against multiple pathogens, including FLA, and are known to cross the blood-brain barrier to cure other protozoan diseases of the central nervo
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12

Mathis, Amanda M., Arlene S. Bridges, Mohamed A. Ismail, et al. "Diphenyl Furans and Aza Analogs: Effects of Structural Modification on In Vitro Activity, DNA Binding, and Accumulation and Distribution in Trypanosomes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (2007): 2801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00005-07.

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ABSTRACT Human African trypanosomiasis is a devastating disease with only a few treatment options, including pentamidine. Diamidine compounds such as pentamidine, DB75, and DB820 are potent antitrypanosomal compounds. Previous investigations have shown that diamidines accumulate to high concentrations in trypanosomes. However, the mechanism of action of this class of compounds remains unknown. A long-hypothesized mechanism of action has been binding to DNA and interference with DNA-associated enzymes. The fluorescent diamidines, DB75 and DB820, have been shown to localize not only in the DNA-c
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13

Basselin, Mireille, Hubert Denise, Graham H. Coombs, and Michael P. Barrett. "Resistance to Pentamidine in Leishmania mexicana Involves Exclusion of the Drug from the Mitochondrion." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 12 (2002): 3731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.12.3731-3738.2002.

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ABSTRACT The uptake of [3H]pentamidine into wild-type and drug-resistant strains of Leishmania mexicana was compared. Uptake was carrier mediated. Pentamidine-resistant parasites showed cross-resistance to other toxic diamidine derivatives. A substantial decrease in accumulation of the drug accompanied the resistance phenotype, although the apparent affinity for pentamidine by its carrier was not altered when initial uptake velocity was measured. The apparent V max, however, was reduced. An efflux of pentamidine could be measured in both wild-type and resistant cells. Only a relatively small p
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14

Simões-Silva, M. R., A. S. G. Nefertiti, J. S. De Araújo, et al. "Phenotypic ScreeningIn Vitroof Novel Aromatic Amidines against Trypanosoma cruzi." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 8 (2016): 4701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01788-15.

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ABSTRACTThe current treatment of Chagas disease (CD), based on nifurtimox and benznidazole (Bz), is unsatisfactory. In this context, we performed the phenotypicin vitroscreening of novel mono- and diamidines and drug interaction assays with selected compounds. Ten novel amidines were tested for their activities against bloodstream trypomastigote (BT) and amastigote forms ofTrypanosoma cruzi(Y and Tulahuen strains) and their toxicities for mammalian host cells (L929 cells and cardiac cells). Seven of 10 molecules were more active than Bz against BT, with the most active compound being the diami
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15

Chaires, Jonathan B., Jinsong Ren, Donald Hamelberg, et al. "Structural Selectivity of Aromatic Diamidines." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, no. 23 (2004): 5729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm049491e.

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16

Soeiro, M. NC, E. M. De Souza, C. E. Stephens, and D. W. Boykin. "Aromatic diamidines as antiparasitic agents." Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14, no. 8 (2005): 957–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.14.8.957.

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17

Hu, Laixing, Reem K. Arafa, Mohamed A. Ismail, et al. "Azaterphenyl diamidines as antileishmanial agents." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 1 (2008): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.091.

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18

Gillingwater, Kirsten, Arvind Kumar, Mariappan Anbazhagan, David W. Boykin, Richard R. Tidwell, and Reto Brun. "In Vivo Investigations of Selected Diamidine Compounds against Trypanosoma evansi Using a Mouse Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 12 (2009): 5074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00422-09.

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ABSTRACT Surra is an animal pathogenic protozoan infection, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, that develops into a fatal wasting disease. Control measures rely on diagnosis and treatment. However, with the continuous emergence of drug resistance, this tactic is failing, and the pressing need for new chemotherapeutic agents is becoming critical. With the introduction of novel aromatic diamidines, a new category of antitrypanosomal drugs was discovered. Nevertheless, their efficacy within a T. evansi-infected mouse model was not known. In total, 30 compounds previously selected based on their in vit
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19

Gillingwater, Kirsten. "In vitro and in vivo efficacy of diamidines against Trypanosoma equiperdum strains." Parasitology 145, no. 7 (2017): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017002098.

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AbstractTrypanosoma equiperdum is a protozoan parasite responsible for causing Dourine, a debilitating neglected veterinary disease, found worldwide affecting equids. It is the only pathogenic trypanosome species that does not require an invertebrate vector for transmission, thus being passed from animal to animal via coitus. At present, there is no officially recognized form of chemotherapeutic treatment and therefore all confirmed (or suspected) cases of infected animals must be slaughtered immediately. For many global communities and farming populations, which rely heavily on their animals
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20

Spychała, Jarosław. "A general synthesis of diaryl cyclic diamidines." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 14 (1999): 2841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00307-x.

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21

Giordani, Federica, Manoj Munde, W. David Wilson, et al. "Green Fluorescent Diamidines as Diagnostic Probes for Trypanosomes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 3 (2013): 1793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02024-13.

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ABSTRACTLight-emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy offers potential benefits in the diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis and in other aspects of diseases management, such as detection of drug-resistant strains. To advance such approaches, reliable and specific fluorescent markers to stain parasites in human fluids are needed. Here we describe a series of novel green fluorescent diamidines and their suitability as probes with which to stain trypanosomes.
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22

Stenderup, Aksel. "EFFECT OF DIAMIDINES ON CANDIDA ALBICANS IN VITRO." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 36, no. 4 (2009): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1955.tb04630.x.

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23

Bakker, Jeroen, Annemarie Sanders, and Nico Van Rooijen. "Effects of liposome-encapsulated drugs on macrophages: comparative activity of the diamidine 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and the phenanthridinium salts ethidium bromide and propidium iodide." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1373, no. 1 (1998): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00089-3.

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24

Girard, Richard M. B. M., Marcell Crispim, Ivana Stolić, et al. "An Aromatic Diamidine That Targets Kinetoplast DNA, Impairs the Cell Cycle in Trypanosoma cruzi, and Diminishes Trypomastigote Release from Infected Mammalian Host Cells." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 10 (2016): 5867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01595-15.

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ABSTRACTTrypanosoma cruziis the etiological agent of Chagas disease, affecting approximately 10 million people in the Americas and with some 40 million people at risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-T. cruziactivity of three new diamidines that have a 3,4-ethylenedioxy extension of the thiophene core, designated MB17, MB19, and MB38. All three diamidines exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of epimastigote replication. The mechanisms of action of these diamidines were investigated. Unlike MB17 and MB19, MB38 exhibited a significant increase in the number of annexin-propidi
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Silva, C. F., Marcos Meuser Batista, Renata Alves Mota, et al. "Activity of “reversed” diamidines against Trypanosoma cruzi “in vitro”." Biochemical Pharmacology 73, no. 12 (2007): 1939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.03.020.

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26

Soeiro, Maria de Nazaré C., Elen M. de Souza, and David W. Boykin. "Antiparasitic activity of aromatic diamidines and their patented literature." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 17, no. 8 (2007): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.17.8.927.

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27

Steinmann, Udo, Claus-Jürgen Estler, and Otto Dann. "Plasma Histamine Levels in Rats Treated with Trypanocidal Diamidines." Pharmacology 36, no. 3 (1988): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000138385.

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28

Spychala, Jaroslaw. "ChemInform Abstract: A General Synthesis of Diaryl Cyclic Diamidines." ChemInform 30, no. 27 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199927146.

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29

Lanteri, Charlotte A., Richard R. Tidwell, and Steven R. Meshnick. "The Mitochondrion Is a Site of Trypanocidal Action of the Aromatic Diamidine DB75 in Bloodstream Forms of Trypanosoma brucei." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 3 (2007): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00642-07.

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ABSTRACT Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a fatal tropical disease caused by infection with protozoans of the species Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. An oral prodrug, DB289, is a promising new therapy undergoing phase III clinical trials for early-stage HAT. DB289 is metabolically converted to the active trypanocidal diamidine DB75 [2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan]. We previously determined that DB75 inhibits yeast mitochondrial function (C. A. Lanteri, B. L. Trumpower, R. R. Tidwell, and S. R. Meshnick, Antimicrob. Agent Chemother. 48:3968-3974, 2004). The purpose of t
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30

Paul, Ananya, Arvind Kumar, Rupesh Nanjunda, Abdelbasset A. Farahat, David W. Boykin, and W. David Wilson. "Systematic synthetic and biophysical development of mixed sequence DNA binding agents." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 4 (2017): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob02390h.

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31

Gluth, Wolfram P., Gerald Kaliwoda, and Otto Dann. "Determination of fluorescent trypanocidal diamidines by quantitative thin-layer chromatography." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 378 (January 1986): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80711-2.

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32

TIMM, B. L., P. B. DA SILVA, M. M. BATISTA, et al. "In vitroinvestigation of the efficacy of novel diamidines againstTrypanosoma cruzi." Parasitology 141, no. 10 (2014): 1272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000407.

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SUMMARYChagas’ disease is a neglected tropical disease caused byTrypanosoma cruziand constitutes a serious public health problem for Latin America. Its unsatisfactory chemotherapy stimulates the search for novel antiparasitic compounds. Amidines and related compounds exhibit well-known activity towards different microbes includingT. cruzi. In this vein, our present aim was to evaluate the biological effect of 10 novel structurally related amidinesin vitroagainst bloodstream and intracellular forms of the parasite as well as their potential toxicity on cardiac cell cultures. Our results show th
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33

Cubría, J. C., R. Balan̄a Fouce, M. L. Alvarez-Bujidos, A. Negro, A. I. Ortiz, and D. Ordón̄ez. "Aromatic diamidines are reversible inhibitors of porcine kidney diamine oxidase." Biochemical Pharmacology 45, no. 6 (1993): 1355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(93)90290-d.

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Francesconi, Iris, W. David Wilson, Farial A. Tanious, et al. "2,4-Diphenyl Furan Diamidines as Novel Anti-Pneumocystis cariniiPneumonia Agents." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, no. 12 (1999): 2260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm990071c.

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Huang, Tien L., Annie Mayence, and Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde. "Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 7 (2014): 1983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.049.

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36

Reguera, R., R. Balan̄a Fouce, J. C. Cubria, M. L. Alvarez Bujidos, and D. Ordon̄ez. "Putrescine uptake inhibition by aromatic diamidines in leishmania infantum promastigotes." Biochemical Pharmacology 47, no. 10 (1994): 1859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(94)90316-6.

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37

Miller, Joseph M. "Diamidine Use in Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 8 (1989): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30146912.

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Miller, Joseph M. "Diamidine Use in Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 8 (1989): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646042.

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39

Timofeev, B. A., I. M. Bolotin, L. P. Stepanova, et al. "Liposomal diamidine (imidocarb): Preparation and animal studies." Journal of Microencapsulation 11, no. 6 (1994): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652049409051112.

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40

Stanicki, Dimitri, Muriel Pottier, Nausicaa Gantois, et al. "Diamidines versus Monoamidines as Anti-Pneumocystis Agents: An in Vivo Study." Pharmaceuticals 6, no. 7 (2013): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph6070837.

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41

Perrine, D., J. P. Chenu, P. Georges, J. C. Lancelot, C. Saturnino, and M. Robba. "Amoebicidal efficiencies of various diamidines against two strains of Acanthamoeba polyphaga." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39, no. 2 (1995): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.39.2.339.

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42

BAILLY, Christian, Daniel PERRINE, Jean-Charles LANCELOT, Carmela SATURNINO, Max ROBBA, and Michael J. WARING. "Sequence-selective binding to DNA of bis(amidinophenoxy)alkanes related to propamidine and pentamidine." Biochemical Journal 323, no. 1 (1997): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3230023.

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The DNA sequences targeted by a complete homologous series of aromatic diamidines have been determined at single-nucleotide resolution via protection from cutting by the endonucleases DNase I, DNase II and micrococcal nuclease. Propamidine, pentamidine and to a lesser extent hexamidine bind selectively to nucleotide sequences composed of at least four consecutive A-T base pairs. In contrast, the binding to DNA of butamidine, heptamidine, octamidine and nonamidine is poorly sequence-selective. Sequences composed of only three consecutive A-T base pairs do not afford a potential binding site for
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43

Stead, Andrew M. W., Patrick G. Bray, I. Geoffrey Edwards, et al. "Diamidine Compounds: Selective Uptake and Targeting inPlasmodium falciparum." Molecular Pharmacology 59, no. 5 (2001): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.59.5.1298.

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Siboni, Ruth B., Micah J. Bodner, Muhammad M. Khalifa, et al. "Biological Efficacy and Toxicity of Diamidines in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Models." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 58, no. 15 (2015): 5770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00356.

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BATISTA, D. G. J., M. G. O. PACHECO, A. KUMAR, et al. "Biological, ultrastructural effect and subcellular localization of aromatic diamidines in Trypanosoma cruzi." Parasitology 137, no. 2 (2009): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991223.

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Abstract:
SUMMARYNo vaccines or safe chemotherapy are available for Chagas disease. Pentamidine and related di-cations are DNA minor groove-binders with broad-spectrum anti-protozoal activity. Therefore our aim was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of di-cationic compounds – DB1645, DB1582, DB1651, DB1646, DB1670 and DB1627 – against bloodstream trypomastigotes (BT) and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Cellular targets of these compounds in treated parasites were also analysed by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DB1645, DB1582 and DB1651 were the most active against BT s
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Donkor, Isaac O., and Alice M. Clark. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of aromatic diamidines and diimidazolines related to pentamidine." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 34, no. 7-8 (1999): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0223-5234(00)80032-x.

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Daliry, Anissa, Patrícia B. Da Silva, Cristiane F. Da Silva, et al. "In vitro analyses of the effect of aromatic diamidines upon Trypanosoma cruzi." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64, no. 4 (2009): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp290.

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Rabanal, B., and A. Negro. "Study of Nine Aromatic Diamidines Designed to Optimize Their Analysis by HPLC." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 26, no. 20 (2003): 3511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jlc-120025605.

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Spychała, Jarosław. "The usefulness of cyclic diamidines with different core-substituents as antitumor agents." Bioorganic Chemistry 36, no. 4 (2008): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.05.002.

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Calonge, María M., Alaa E. Bayoumi, J. Carlos Cubría, Rafael Balana-Fouce, and David Ordóñez. "Effects of cationic diamidines on polyamine metabolism in the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata." Life Sciences 59, no. 12 (1996): PL191—PL197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00411-0.

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