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1
Butler, J. "A Direct Marketeers View." BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040209.
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I was a farm manager of 2,500 acres, cereals, sugar beet, vegetables, milking cows, suckling cows and outdoor sow unit producing weaners. I moved to Mells in Suffolk 26 years ago and set up a 200 sow indoor unit producing weaners before turning that into 350 sow unit, finishing half of the progeny and selling the other half as weaners.In 1993 I set up a 600 Cotswold outdoor sow unit, producing weaners for Louis Dreyfus Livestock (LDL). My landlord was and still is a partner in the business. We have a very simple partnership, he provides the land, I run the business with no cost to each other; everything else is 50-50. After four years LDL wanted to get out of pigs altogether so we bought the herd. We then went on to finish pigs outdoors in large finishing kennels with runs, which was not brilliant in wet conditions!
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Hollmann, Isabell, Jan Berend Lingens, Volker Wilke, et al. "Epidemiological Study on Salmonella Prevalence in Sow Herds Using Direct and Indirect Detection Methods." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (2022): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081532.
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In piglet production, the beginning of pork production, Salmonella prevalence requires greater attention as having an impact on the subsequent production steps. The aim of this study was to investigate Salmonella prevalence in three sow herds with attached piglet rearing units. Salmonella prevalence was investigated either directly by boot swabs and feces or indirectly by serum samples taken during gilt integration, the peripartal period, and piglet rearing. Boot swabs and feces were analyzed by real-time PCR and subsequent microbiology. Results indicated that high biosecurity measures in sow husbandry do not necessarily result in a low Salmonella prevalence. Furthermore, the sow herds’ Salmonella prevalence should not be used to infer the situation in the associated piglet rearing. The proportion of positive boot swabs was 10.5, 3.6, and 21.3% for sows (gilts and peripartal) with an inverse situation in piglet rearing with 50.0, 63.3, and 5.8% positive swabs for farms A, B, and C, respectively. Boot swabs are suitable as a direct sampling method to gain an overview of Salmonella prevalence in both sows and piglets. Indirect serum antibody testing can be useful, although it should be evaluated considering age-dependent levels of antibody titres.
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Grandinson, K., L. Rydhmer, E. Strandberg, and F. X. Solanes. "Genetic analysis of body condition in the sow during lactation, and its relation to piglet survival and growth." Animal Science 80, no. 1 (2005): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc40580033.
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AbstractA study seeking to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for sow body condition around lactation and their relationship with piglet growth and survival is described. It also investigates the genetic relationship between piglet growth and survival, including both direct and maternal effects for both traits. Records were available from 24 549 Swedish Yorkshire piglets born in 2198 litters. Sows had records of weight and backfat depth at farrowing and at weaning. Piglets had individual records for weight at birth and weaning and cause of death for those that failed to survive during lactation. Mixed linear bivariate models were used to estimate correlations between traits. The models for the sow traits took into account the random effects of permanent environment and the genetic effect of the sow, whereas the models for the piglet traits included a litter effect as well as direct and maternal genetic effects. Estimated heritabilities for sow weight and backfat at farrowing and change of weight and backfat during lactation were low to moderate (0·10 to 0·47). We found significant genetic correlations between change of weight and backfat during lactation and piglet survival and growth, indicating that sows with the genetic capacity for rapid early piglet growth and high survival rate may lose more body reserves during lactation. Negative direct-maternal correlations for early piglet growth and survival imply that both the piglet and the sow trait should be included in a genetic evaluation for these traits. Genetic correlations between piglet survival and growth were not clearly favourable. Selection for the direct effect of piglet survival may lead to a decrease in early growth rate. We conclude that in a selection programme aiming at improving piglet survival and growth, attention should be paid to the sow's body condition during lactation. A high enough level of body reserves needs to be maintained in the sow if the incidence of reproductive problems and involuntary culling is not to increase.
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Mote, B. E., T. V. Serenius, C. Supakorn, and K. J. Stalder. "Genetic improvement of sow longevity and its economic impact on commercial pork production." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (2020): 1036–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.8.
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Sow longevity (sow productive lifetime) plays an important role in economically efficient piglet production. Direct selection for sow longevity is not commonly practiced in any pig-breeding program. In recent years, an increased number of peer reviewed articles addressing the economic impact, genetic parameter estimates, and genomic information (including markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms for sow longevity) have been published in the scientific literature. The studies in the literature indicate that sow longevity is a complex trait having economic value and is an animal well-being concern for commercial pork producers. Studies have concluded that sufficient genetic variation exists so that selection to improve sow longevity should be effective. Unlike the dairy industry, the primary parent animal used in the swine industry is a crossbred female, typically F1 (Landrace X Large White or Yorkshire). Sow longevity has shown to be genetically related with prolificacy and leg conformation traits. Sow longevity seems to be the ideal trait to utilize genomic selection when attempting to improve the trait. The genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred sow longevity is low. Since the crossbred sow is the breeding objective, phenotypic data from the crossbred females should ideally be used when estimating the breeding values for sow longevity that are used in the indexes to evaluate nucleus animals. Genomic selection is best suited for sex-limited traits, traits expressed later in life, and many animals do not reach some defined end-point parity, sow longevity seems ideally suited to be evaluated using the latest genome enabled selection technology.
 Keywords: heritability, leg conformation, selection, sow productive lifetime
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Holman, Devin B., Katherine E. Gzyl, and Arun Kommadath. "380 The Sow Milk Microbiome and Resistome." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (2023): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.373.
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Abstract In addition to oligosaccharides, proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins), lipids, vitamins, and other nutrients vital for piglet health, sow’s milk contains bacteria believed to be important in gut health. Therefore, certain sow milk isolates with potentially beneficial properties may be of interest for use as probiotic strains. Furthermore, given the relatively large reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria carried by commercial pigs even in the absence of direct antimicrobial exposure, it is possible that sow’s milk may also transfer antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to their piglets. The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiome of sow’s milk using both culturing and shotgun metagenomics. To do this, colostrum (within 24 h of farrowing) and milk samples (n = 42) were collected from 14 sows at d 0, 7, and 21 during the suckling phase. We recovered 323 isolates on four different culture media, and 135 of these were chosen for whole-genome sequencing based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to maximize isolate diversity. The majority (n = 90) of the sequenced isolates belonged to either the Staphylococcus or Streptococcus genera. Twelve isolates (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and Weissella paramesenteroides) were members of lactic acid-producing bacterial species noted for their beneficial properties in mammals. Several potentially pathogenic bacterial species were also isolated including Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Streptococcus suis. In addition, seven isolates could not be assigned to a specific species (< 95% average nucleotide identity) and thus may represent potentially novel bacterial species. We also mapped the shotgun metagenomic reads back to the sequenced isolate genomes and found Rothia spp. and L. amylovorus to be relatively most abundant ( > 0.25%). Nearly all of the isolates (n = 130) carried at least one antimicrobial resistance gene and many strains, including S. suis and S. dysgalactiae isolates, encoded genes conferring resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. The tetracycline resistance genes tet(W), tet(Q), tet(W/N/W), tet(K), and tet(O) were the relatively most abundant antimicrobial resistance genes in the colostrum and milk metagenomes. These results show that sow’s milk may be a source of both beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria as well as a significant source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
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Kim, Jun Ho, Ji-Qin Ni, Wonders Ogundare, et al. "Sow and Piglet Behavior Characterization Using Visual Observation, Sensor Detection, and Video Recording." Applied Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063018.
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Animal behaviors are key signs of animals’ stress, disease, and overall well-being. This study was conducted in an experimental farrowing building using eighteen sow pens: nine exposed to natural heat stress under summer indoor temperatures and nine receiving cooling treatments via innovative cooling pads. Sow and piglet behaviors were recorded in an ethogram through direct visual observation every 5 min for 48 h. Passive infrared detectors were used for continuous pig behavior monitoring every sec. Zmodo wireless cameras were used for video monitoring to validate sensor detection results. Visual observation revealed distinct pig behaviors between the treatments. The sows had peak times in eating, standing, and drinking approximately from 05:00 to 12:00 and from 16:00 to 22:00. The sows under heat stress spent 49.3% more time lying (p < 0.01). They spent 10.7% less time sleeping (p < 0.05). Piglets under heat stress spent more time sleeping but less time nursing. The sensor outputs and pig moving behaviors (i.e., sow eating + standing + drinking + sitting + piglet walking) had a strong positive correlation (ρ = 0.81 for heat stress and ρ = 0.74 for cooling). In contrast, there were strong-to-moderate negative correlations (ρ = −0.77 for heat stress and ρ = −0.56 for cooling) between the sensor outputs and sow on-body behaviors (i.e., sow lying + nursing + sleeping). Video recordings validated the response and sensitivity of the sensors, with them able to quickly capture changes in pig behaviors and provide behavioral information about the nuanced pig movements.
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Knol, E. F., B. J. Ducro, J. A. M. van Arendonk, and T. van der Lende. "Direct, maternal and nurse sow genetic effects on farrowing-, pre-weaning- and total piglet survival." Livestock Production Science 73, no. 2-3 (2002): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00248-2.
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Kołodziejczak, Anna. "Regionalna specjalizacja produkcji rolnej w Polsce = Regional specjalization of agricultural production in Poland." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 57 (2020): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.57.4.
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Agricultural production is subject to continuous economic and structural changes. Since the 1990s economic and organizational factors have exerted greater influence on agricultural production than environmental conditions. An important determinant affecting farming production was Poland’s accession to the EU, where agriculture was covered by Common Agricultural Policy. Proportion of plant products does not go directly to the market; it is processed on farms into animal products. At the same time, however, what has been developing for years are unfavorable relations between crop and animal products. The reasons for this state of affairs are complex. One of the ways to improve the results of agricultural production is specialization. This is quite a broad concept, embracing the research issue concerning agricultural production structure and directions of agricultural production, especially regarding commercial production which are defined in literature as directions of agricultural specialization (Kulikowski 2003). The aim of the study is to present changes in the regional specialization of crop and livestock production taking place in Poland in the years 2004‑2019. An attempt was made to answer the question in which agricultural production does a given region specialize and to what extent? The following research hypothesis was adopted: changes in the specialization of agricultural production in the regions are influenced by farmers benefiting from direct payments and other forms of financial aid under the Common Agricultural Policy. For the research on the regional specialization of agricultural production, the location quotient based on the share of crop and livestock commodity production in commodity production was used. The location quotient, apart from providing a static picture of the situation for comparative analyzes, allows for comparisons with regard to the dynamics of the specialization index, and to indicate differences in the dynamics of changes in individual agricultural production specializations. In the investigated period, crop production which is more dependent on climate conditions than animal breeding was much more diversified (changed over time). Western voivodships achieved a high level of specialization in plant production. It resulted from the agrarian structure of these regions, where large farms dominated. The lack of specialization in plant production was typical of the following voivodships: Podlaskie, Warmińsko-mazurskie and Wielkopolskie. With regard to animal production, the situation was different. The share of commercial animal production in the general commercial output was primarily affected by an apparent increase in the share of commercial milk production. This concerned north-eastern voivodships: Podlaskie and Warmińsko-mazurskie, which specialized in beef production as well. Wielkopolskie Voivodship also reached a high level of specialization not only in beef but mainly in pork production.
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Buch, Juhle-Marijke, Christian Visscher, Anton Schulte zu Sundern, Josef Schulte-Wülwer, Ansgar Deermann, and Carolin Holling. "Prevalence of Salmonella by Serological and Direct Detection Methods in Piglets from Inconspicuous, Conspicuous, and Vaccinated Sow Herds." Animals 10, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010029.
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Due to the zoonotic potential of Salmonella, the high prevalence of Salmonella on pig farms deserves particular attention. Because there is limited precise data on piglet-producing farms, this survey evaluated the Salmonella status of 24 different pig farms that had previously been divided into 12 Salmonella-conspicuous (SC) and 12 Salmonella-inconspicuous (SI) farms on the basis of the serological status of their piglets (25 kg). The evaluation was based on 498 environmental samples and 2641 blood samples, as well as on a biosecurity screening. SC farms were subdivided into farms with sow vaccination against Salmonella (n = 3) and those without vaccination (n = 9). In accordance with the previous classification, both the highest Salmonella prevalence in the environment and the highest antibody titers of the examined piglets were determined on SC farms at both defined time points. Piglets from vaccinated sows showed the highest OD% values, before and after vaccination. On SC farms, most Salmonella-positive samples could be obtained in rearing areas (2017: 40.8%, 2019: 26.0%). The results of this study indicate that sow vaccination alone cannot influence Salmonella prevalence at the farm level. Above all, general infection pressure seems to play a major role for Salmonella prevalence in the environment and for high OD% values of related pigs.
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Kiefer, Zoe, Jamie M. Studer, Amanda Chipman, Lucas Koester, Stephan Schmitz-Esser, and Jason W. Ross. "399 Towards improving pig livability: Strategies to understand and mitigate sow mortality." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.338.
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Abstract In response to increased sow mortality due to pelvic organ prolapse (POP), the Iowa Pork Industry Center (IPIC) at Iowa State University assembled a team to pursue better understanding of potential causative factors of sow POP in order to move towards developing and disseminating prevention strategies to help reduce POP incidence. One hundred and four commercial sow farms, representing approximately 385,000 sows across the U.S., were enrolled in a survey-based project. The farms varied in POP incidence rate, production system, geography, genetics, and management practices. This study cultivated a collaborative network of multidisciplinary experts across the swine industry and partnerships with producers across the U.S. Results of the project have allowed better understanding of the degree of the issue and prioritization of risk factors for future research in the pursuit of reducing POP-related sow mortality. A major outcome of this project was direct guidance on the most valuable experimental approaches to better understand the physiology occurring within a sow preceding POP so the most effective measurements can be determined when evaluating or testing potential on-farm mitigation strategies. We have continued to evaluate the utilization of a perineal scoring system during late gestation to assess risk of prolapse and to identify putative biological factors associated with POP risk for individual sows hypothesizing that sows differing in perineal score (and differing risk of POP) in late gestation would have physiological differences indicative of the underlying physiological conditions preceding POP. As expected, differences in immune cell populations, markers of inflammation, vaginal microflora, and steroid hormones exist between sows with differing levels of risk for POP prior to experiencing a prolapse. These projects are supported by the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research and National Pork Board projects #17–224 and #18–147 in addition to a vast network of industry collaborators.
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Solé, Emma, Roger Ros-Freixedes, Marc Tor, Josep Reixach, Ramona N. Pena, and Joan Estany. "Antagonistic maternal and direct effects of the leptin receptor gene on body weight in pigs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0246198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246198.
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Maternal effects on offspring growth can impact survival and evolution of natural and domesticated populations. Genetic correlation estimates often support a negative relationship between direct and maternal effects. However, the genetic underpinnings whereby this antagonism operates are unclear. In pigs, sow feeding status and body composition condition piglet development and growth. We hypothesized that variants in genes impacting these traits may be causative of maternal influences that could be antagonistic to the direct effects for piglet growth. A recessive missense mutation (C>T) in the porcine leptin receptor (LEPR) gene (rs709596309) has been identified as the possible causal polymorphism for increased feed intake and fatness. Using data from a Duroc line, we show that the TT sows exerted a negative impact on the body weight of their offspring at the end of the growing period of similar extent to the positive direct effect of the TT genotype over each individual. Thus, TT pigs from TT dams were about as heavy as CC and CT (C–) pigs from C–dams, but TT pigs from C–dams were around 5% heavier than C–pigs from TT dams. In contrast, body composition was only influenced by LEPR direct effects. This antagonism is due to a higher propensity of TT pigs for self-maintenance rather than for offspring investment. We show that TT pigs consumed more feed, favored fatty acid uptake over release, and produced lighter piglets at weaning than their C–counterparts. We conclude that LEPR underlies a transgenerational mechanism for energy distribution that allocates resources to the sow or the offspring according to whether selective pressure is exerted before or after weaning.
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Kiernan, Dillon P., John V. O’Doherty, and Torres Sweeney. "The Effect of Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Sow and Offspring Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Health, and Performance." Animals 13, no. 19 (2023): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13192996.
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The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens has prompted the reduction in antibiotic and antimicrobial use in commercial pig production. This has led to increased research efforts to identify alternative dietary interventions to support the health and development of the pig. The crucial role of the GIT microbiota in animal health and performance is becoming increasingly evident. Hence, promoting an improved GIT microbiota, particularly the pioneer microbiota in the young pig, is a fundamental focus. Recent research has indicated that the sow’s GIT microbiota is a significant contributor to the development of the offspring’s microbiota. Thus, dietary manipulation of the sow’s microbiota with probiotics or synbiotics, before farrowing and during lactation, is a compelling area of exploration. This review aims to identify the potential health benefits of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation to both the sow and her offspring and to explore their possible modes of action. Finally, the results of maternal sow probiotic and synbiotic supplementation studies are collated and summarized. Maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation offers an effective strategy to modulate the sow’s microbiota and thereby enhance the formation of a health-promoting pioneer microbiota in the offspring. In addition, this strategy can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the sow and her offspring, enhance the immune potential of the milk, the immune system development in the offspring, and the sow’s feed intake during lactation. Although many studies have used probiotics in the maternal sow diet, the most effective probiotic or probiotic blends remain unclear. To this extent, further direct comparative investigations using different probiotics are warranted to advance the current understanding in this area. Moreover, the number of investigations supplementing synbiotics in the maternal sow diet is limited and is an area where further exploration is warranted.
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Vos, E. A. "Direct elisa for estrone measurement in the feces of sows: Prospects for rapid, sow-side pregnancy diagnosis." Theriogenology 46, no. 2 (1996): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(96)00179-3.
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Dai, Fei, Wu Yun Zhao, Jie Yang, and Zeng Lu Shi. "Simulation Research of Sow Trajectory about Direct Insert Precision Hill-Seeder with Corn Whole Plastic-Film Mulching on Double Ridges." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3250.
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In order to solve the problems about picked film and tore film and kind of holes with seedlings dislocation which to be caused by the traditional film seeding machine, also to meet the requirements of planting techniques of dry-land corn whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in northwest China. A direct insert corn precision hill-seeder with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges was designed. By using ADAMS software to simulation research of sow trajectory about prototype hole-former, obtained the displacement curve that relative to the ground in theX,Ydirection and simulated the vertical insert of trajectory curve in the process of planting. With evaluating the working performance of direct insert precision hill-seeder with corn whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges, which to meet the requirements of agronomic techniques of dry-land corn furrow seeder with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges.
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Petrovskii, Sergei V., and Igor V. Kotovich. "Serum-biochemical syndromes in sow hepatopathy: changes and their diagnostic significance." Far Eastern Agrarian Herald 17, no. 4 (2023): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.22450/1999-6837-2023-17-4-99-110.
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This study was devoted to the study of changes in the biochemical composition of the blood of sows with hepatopathy (acute and chronic hepatosis, liver cirrhosis). Groups of sows were formed on the basis of macroscopic changes in the liver, identified during their post-mortem examination. Blood for biochemical research was taken from sows before slaughter. The studied blood biochemical parameters were grouped into 4 serum biochemical syndromes of liver diseases: inflammatory-mesenchymal, hepatodepressive, cytolytic and cholestatic. Changes in the blood composition of sows, characterizing the inflammatory-mesenchymal syndrome, were established in all studied hepatopathy. A positive thymol test, a decrease in the albumin-globulin ratio, an increase in the concentration of globulins were caused by dysproteinemia. Its development is associated not only with inflammatory, but also with dystrophic, necrobiotic and necrotic changes in the liver. The most significant decrease in these indicators was found in liver cirrhosis. Cytolytic changes were established in all studied hepatopathy. To a greater extent, these changes (increased activities of transaminases, bilirubin concentration) were expressed in the blood of sows with acute hepatosis. With cholestasis syndrome, a number of typical changes were absent in the blood, which was due to a decrease in the formation of cholesterol and direct bilirubin in the liver in chronic hepatosis and cirrhosis. An increase in the activities of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (higher than the reference values) and alkaline phosphatase (in comparison with the indicators of sows without signs of hepatopathy) were more pronounced in the blood of animals with signs of chronic hepatosis and liver cirrhosis. The data obtained indicate severe metabolic disorders in sows with the development of chronic hepatopathy. The results of the research can be used in diagnostic work and in monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing therapeutic and preventive measures.
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Hunter, E. J., S. A. Edwards, and P. H. Simmins. "Social activity and feeder use of a dynamic group of 40 sows using a sow-operated computerised feeder." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010825.
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Keeping sows in large groups necessitates ‘dynamic’ grouping, that is, the removal and addition of sows at regular intervals to a group of more or less constant size. However, the lack of stability of dynamic groups raises questions about the nature of the dominance hierarchy and the pattern of feeder use within them. Behaviour and feeder use was observed in a dynamic group of 35-40 sows by both direct observation and video-recording over 13 feed cycles. An initial 4-day recording was made of a stable group of 40 sows to evaluate each sow's feeder use before removal/addition began. On three occasions at weekly intervals five sows were removed and five trained sows added to the group after feeding. Recording covered each day before addition, the day of addition and the following day. Direct observation was carried out for 8 hours on the days before each addition and for 6.5 hours on the following days, starting within 20 minutes of sows being added to the group. The 25 sows remaining in the group throughout removal/addition (‘resident’ sows) were individually marked and observed. Each batch of five sows added was marked as a group and each groups’ feeder use and social activity was recorded.
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Foxcroft, George, and Jenny Patterson. "22 Poor management of breeding herd replacements is a key factor in poor sow lifetime productivity: Gilty as charged." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.016.
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Abstract Recently published research on gilt development using contemporary commercial dam-lines has confirmed: 1) That the growth performance of gilts is rarely below the lifetime growth rate of 0.55 kg.d that would limit the onset of sexual maturity; 2) The majority of gilts provided direct daily contact with mature boars from 160 days of age reach puberty by 200 days of age and represent a normal distribution of “early responders”; 3) Gilts that respond later to boar stimulation have poorer lifetime fertility and tend to be over weight at breeding; 4) Pubertal responses to direct boar contact are significantly higher than responses to fenceline contact with boars; 5) Even if pubertal responses to direct boar contact are delayed in particular cohorts of gilts, good pubertal responses to exogenous, low-dose eCG/hCG treatments (PG600) allow efficient replacement gilt flows to be maintained in most commercial situations; 6) Delaying breeding until second observed estrus, and providing at least 10 days of acclimation to individual stall accommodation, maximizes first litter performance. When gilts were managed in purpose designed facilities that allowed daily records of vulval and behavioral responses to effective boar stimuli to be recorded, the lifetime reproductive performance of know pubertal gilts entering the breeding herd exceeded industry benchmarks. Of 2,374 naturally cyclic and 741 PG600-induced gilts delivered to the breeding herd, 97.6 and 95.7%, respectively, were bred, 94.7 and 92.0%, respectively, farrowed a first litter and 70.6 and 65.3%, respectively, farrowed a fourth litter. In terms of key factors other than reproductive performance that affect retention rate, another recent large-scale study of commercial replacement gilts derived from multiplication sows with a known litter birth weight phenotype confirmed data based on individual gilt birth weight, in that high growth rates linked to heavy weights at breeding were a major risk factor for early removal from the breeding herd. Therefore, poor gilt management must still be viewed as a major factor limiting breeding herd performance.
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Dilwar Singh Parihar, Apoorv Prakash, Santosh Kumar, Anoop Dixit, and Amit Kumar. "Rice residue management using direct seeding technology." Agricultural Engineering Today 46, no. 4 (2025): 55–59. https://doi.org/10.52151/aet2022464.1610.
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The Indo Gangetic Plane (IGP) is an important region located in South Asia blessed with fertile agricultural farmlands and a diverse ecosystem. Rice-Wheat (RW) cropping system is predominant in the Indian region of the IGP. Almost complete rice area harvesting is performed with combine harvester which leave huge chunk of loose straw. Rice residues are often burned because managing of huge amount of straw in short window period is difficult task. Moreover, the loose straw hinders tillage and seeding operations for the following crop. Retaining crop residues in the field can replenish soil nutrient stocks and organic matter, contributing to sustainable RW production. Therefore, different seeders are available to sow wheat into the rice stubble field which avoids the burning of crop residue as well as several tillage operations to manage the residue. Machinery like Happy seeder, zero till drill, spatial till drill, smart seeder and super seeder gaining popularity among the farmers for timely sowing of the wheat under rice stubble condition. Use of Super Straw Management System (Super SMS) is the pre-requisite for the smooth operation of above said direct seeding machines. However, the adoptions of these technologies are still not up to desired levels due to lack of knowledge and higher cost of the machinery.
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Thayer, Morgan T., Jacob A. Richert, Karissa N. Rulon, et al. "241 Evaluation of a DFM and OA, Alone or in Combination, on Sow Reproductive and Litter Growth Performance." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.231.
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Abstract Forty-seven sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium chain and short chain fatty acids (OA), or in combination improves sow lactation feed and water intake, litter growth, and subsequent reproductive performance. On approximately d80 of gestation, sows were fed one of four diets in a 2 x 2 factorial design: 1) gestation control (CON; 0.55% SID Lysine), 2) CON with DFM (1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed), 3) CON with 0.4% OA, 4) CON with both DFM and OA. Dietary treatments were also fed throughout lactation (1.00% SID Lysine) starting on approximately d112 of gestation when sows entered farrowing facility. There was a tendency (P = 0.079) for DFM to decrease the amount of sow body weight loss in lactation by approximately 6% compared to sows not consuming the DFM, likely related to DFM sows numerically (P = 0.124) consuming 8.4% more feed during d7-14 of lactation. Sows fed the OA diets had fewer mummies/litter (P = 0.038) compared to diets not containing OA. Sows fed diets with the DFM gave birth to lighter pigs born alive (P = 0.003) compared to non-DFM fed sows, and a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.092) existed where feeding OA+DFM lessened the decrease in born alive BW. There was an interaction tendency (P = 0.133) where sows fed DFM returned to estrus 22 hours sooner than CON, but only 8 hours sooner when sows were fed the OA+DFM diet. In conclusion, feeding a Bacillus licheniformis DFM to sows may decrease pig born alive weight but reduce sow BW loss through 6.4% more lactation feed intake, quickening the return to estrus. Feeding the OA alone or in combination did not improve sow reproductive and litter growth performance in this study, and may require a larger sample size.
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Royall, Rafe Q., Karley Stephens, Mike D. Tokach, et al. "PSIV-19 Effects of Flavolac feed top dress in lactation on sow body weight change and litter performance." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_2 (2024): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.347.
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Abstract A total of 271 mixed parity sows (PIC 1050) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding Flavolac in lactation diets on sow farrowing performance and litter growth performance during summer conditions. Flavolac (Agroceres Multimix; Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil) is a commercial product containing several compounds, including amino acids, antioxidants, botanicals, direct fed-microbials, and vitamin-like compounds, that individually have previously been shown to improve litter weaning weight or preweaning mortality. However, there are no published data on the benefit when these compounds are used in combination. The experiment was conducted at a commercial sow farm located in northwest Texas. At approximately d 112 to 114 of gestation, sows were moved to the farrowing house, and randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments based on parity and caliper score. Treatments consisted of a control diet (no Flavolac) or the control diet with an added Flavolac top-dress (80 g/d in a single feeding). Sows were weighed before entering the farrowing house and at weaning. Sows were provided approximately 1.8 kg per day of a common lactation diet without Flavolac pre-farrowing. After farrowing, sows were provided ad libitum access to lactation feed. Application of treatments began after cross fostering, approximately 24 h post-farrowing. The weaning age averaged approximately 21.3 d. There was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) in sow body weight (BW) at entry, weaning, or overall BW change (Table). There was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) for sow entry caliper, weaning caliper score, caliper score change, or average daily lactation feed disappearance. In addition, there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) in total litter or piglet birth weight. However, administration of Flavolac tended (P &lt; 0.10) to increase litter weaning weight, total litter weight gain, and litter average daily gain. The inclusion of Flavolac led to a tendency (P = 0.091) for a reduction in pre-weaning mortality and therefore, an improvement in percentage of pigs weaned relative to those on d 2. In summary, inclusion of Flavolac during the lactation period resulted in a tendency for reduced pre-weaning mortality and tended to improve total litter weight gain, and thus litter weight at weaning.
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Obermier, Dalton, Megan Eickhoff, Benny E. Mote, Amanda Uitermarkt, Hyatt Frobose, and Bart Borg. "57 The Impact of Functional Teat Number on Piglet Survival and Sow Efficiency." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.254.
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Abstract Pre-weaning mortalities have become a pressing issue in modern swine production. Litter size at birth has greatly increased through direct genetic selection. Unfortunately, little emphasis was placed on improving functional teat number, resulting in a nutrient access shortage. Therefore, a total of 750 sows consisting of three genetic lines in a commercial barn in Nebraska, USA, were used to evaluate the impact of functional teat number on piglet survival. Teat traits recorded at farrowing included total teat number (TT), functional teat number (FT), and non-functional teat number (NFT); with population means of 14.84 (1.21), 14.55 (1.30), and 0.28 (0.56), respectively. Production traits recorded included total number born (TNB), wean number (WN), total pre-weaning mortality (PWM), and post-cross foster mortality (CFPWM). The lm function within RStudio was used to estimate regressions, with parity and piglets placed (PP) used as covariates for WN and CFPWM, and parity, PP, and TNB for PWM. One additional FT increased WN (P &lt; 0.01; 0.33), and reduced PWM (P &lt; 0.01; -3.04%) and reduced CFPWM (P &lt; 0.01; -3.71%). A subset of 274 sows were used to determine the effects of increasing functional teats on sow and piglet efficiency. Additional traits recorded included sow average daily feed intake (ADFI), backfat loss (BF) and average piglet weaning weight (WW). Parity, ADFI, backfat-entry, and WN were used as covariates for BF; parity, backfat-entry, and WN for ADFI; and parity, PP, ADFI, and WN were used for estimating WW. Regression estimates showed that an additional functional teat had no significant impact (P &gt; 0.05) on ADFI, BF, or WW. Taken together, these results suggest that improving functional teat number does not impact ADFI or BF for sows and does not influence average piglet weaning weight, but it does decrease PWM resulting in more pigs weaned per litter.
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Schmidt, CP, and RK Belford. "A comparison of different tillage-seeding systems: the interaction of tillage and time of sowing on sandplain soils in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 7 (1993): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930895.
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The effects of tillage-seeding method and 2 times of sowing on yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined on the sandplain soils in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Four methods were compared: sowing after cultivation, sowing followed by deep ripping, direct drilling (i.e. single-pass seeding with a tined drill), sowing with a new cultivation depth modified drill (CDM) modified to cultivate up to 14 cm deep while sowing at 4 cm. Crops direct-drilled with the CDM produced more grain than crops established with conventional direct drilling or 'crops sown later using the cultivate-sow method and had similar yields to late-sown deep-ripped crops, where appropriate cultivars were used. Early sowing followed by deep ripping produced the highest grain yield. However, increasing the depth of soil disturbance while sowing early with the CDM in a 1-pass system resulted in a progressive increase in grain yield. When the cost of the extra ripping or cultivation operation is taken into account, early direct drilling with the CDM drill is likely to be more profitable than either conventional direct drilling or sowing with deep ripping or cultivation.
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MOODLEY, A., F. LATRONICO, and L. GUARDABASSI. "Experimental colonization of pigs with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA): insights into the colonization and transmission of livestock-associated MRSA." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 10 (2010): 1594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002888.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYTwo models were used for colonizing pigs under experimental conditions. In the first model, six 5-week old piglets were challenged by nasal and gastrointestinal inoculation with a mixture of four strains representing the most prevalent methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) sequence types (ST398, ST9) andspatypes (t08, t011, t034, t899) associated with pig farming. In the second model, the vagina of a pregnant sow was inoculated with the same MRSA mixture shortly before farrowing. While MRSA carriage was unstable following nasal-gastrointestinal inoculation of piglets, vaginal inoculation of the sow resulted in persistent carriage of t011-ST398 and t899-ST9 in all newborn piglets. The results from the two models provide evidence that livestock-associated MRSA can efficiently spread by vertical perinatal transmission and that direct colonization of weaned piglets is hampered by unknown host, bacterial or environmental factors. The vaginal inoculation model described in this study represents a useful tool for studying MRSA–host interactions in pigs having the same genetic background.
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KIRN, Urška, and Manja ZUPAN. "Izražanje igre v povezavi s sesnim redom pri pujskih krškopoljske pasme – uvodna raziskava." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 108, no. 1 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.108.1.4.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether teat order affects piglets’ play during lactation. The 11 piglets of Krškopolje breed were observed in a pen with straw. Animals had two additional objects, the ball and the rope. Direct observations lasted 5 weeks, 3 times a week in 2 daily intervals (7.30 am–9.30 am, 11.00 am–1.00 pm) with 15 min of observational periods. Observations of play types (i.e. object -, social -, locomotor play, playing with a sow) started on the 4th day after birth while of teat order, which was determined with the help of photos representing a particular suckling teat, started on the 6th day after birth. Piglets expressed less locomotor play if they were heavier. The ones that were more playful expressed more play with a sow and more object play. Play was higher in the late than early mornings and did not differ across sexes. The most important finding is that play increased with the age irrespective of the teat order.
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Chance, Jenna A., Joel M. DeRouchey, Robert D. Goodband, et al. "129 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation and Nursery Diets on Nursery Pig Growth Performance." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (2022): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.095.
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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of diets with yeast-based direct fed microbials (DFM) in nursery pigs weaned from sows fed lactation diets with or without yeast additives. Treatment descriptions for both experiments are reviewed in Table 1. There was no evidence of sow and nursery treatment interactions for either experiment (P &gt; 0.05). In Exp. 1, 340 weaned pigs, initially 5.1 kg ± 0.02, were used to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs yeast additives; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) and nursery diets with or without DFM. Treatments were a 2×2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet) with 5 pigs/pen and 17 replications/treatment. Progeny from sows fed yeast additives had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from d 0-24 and d 0-45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives for the first 24 d in the nursery tended to have decreased d 0-45 ADG (P = 0.079). In Exp. 2, 330 weaned pigs, initially 5.8 kg ± 0.03, were used to evaluate diets with combinations of DFM. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 with main effects of sow (same as Exp. 1) and nursery treatment with 6 pigs/pen and 8 to 10 replications/treatment. From d 0-10 post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F. From d 24-38 when pigs were fed common diets with no added yeast-based products, ADG for pigs previously fed DFM2 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than control. In conclusion, feeding sows yeast during lactation improved offspring nursery growth performance in both studies. Interestingly, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts reduced nursery pig performance in Exp. 1; however, feeding DFM 2 improved growth later in the nursery in Exp. 2.
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Mapanga, Witness, Oluwatosin A. Ayeni, Wenlong Carl Chen, et al. "The South African breast cancer and HIV outcomes study: Profiling the cancer centres and cohort characteristics, diagnostic pathways, and treatment approaches." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 10 (2023): e0002432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002432.
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The South African Breast Cancer and HIV Outcomes prospective cohort (SABCHO) study was established to investigate survival determinants among HIV-positive and HIV-negative SA women with breast cancer. This paper describes common and unique characteristics of the cancer centres and their participants, examining disparities in pathways to diagnosis, treatment resources and approaches adopted to mitigate resource constraints. The Johannesburg (Jhb), Soweto (Sow), and Durban (Dbn) sites treat mainly urban, relatively better educated and more socioeconomically advantaged patients whereas the Pietermaritzburg (Pmb) and Empangeni (Emp) sites treat predominantly rural, less educated and more impoverished communities The Sow, Jhb, and Emp sites had relatively younger patients (mean ages 54 ±14.5, 55±13.7 and 54±14.3 respectively), whereas patients at the Dbn and Pmb sites, with greater representation of Asian Indian women, were relatively older (mean age 57 ±13.9 and 58 ±14.6 respectively). HIV prevalence among the cohort was high, ranging from 15%-42%, (Cohort obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) at 60%, self-reported hypertension (41%) and diabetes (13%). Direct referral of patients from primary care clinics to cancer centre occurred only at the Sow site which uniquely ran an open clinic and where early stage (I and II) proportions were highest at 48.5%. The other sites relied on indirect patient referral from regional hospitals where significant delays in diagnostics occurred and early-stage proportions were a low (15%- 37.3%). The Emp site referred patients for all treatments to the Dbn site located 200km away; the Sow site provided surgery and endocrine treatment services but referred patients to the Jhb site 30 Km away for chemo- and radiation therapy. The Jhb, Dbn and Pmb sites all provided complete oncology treatment services. All treatment centres followed international guidelines for their treatment approaches. Findings may inform policy interventions to address national and regional disparities in breast cancer care.
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J.S. MISHRA and V.P. SlNGH. "Integrated weed management in zero-till direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 52, no. 3 (2001): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v52i3.4923.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2004-05 and 2005-06 on clay-loam soil at Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh to find out the effect of integrated weed-management practices on weeds and yield of zero-till direct- seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Different methods of crop establishment were evaluated for getting higher produc- tivity and profitability of irrigated rice-wheat cropping system. For rice there were four methods, viz. direct seeding by zero-till drill, direct drilling in friable soil by seed drill, direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled soil, and transplanting; and for the succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) there were two methods, viz. sowing with zero-till drill and conventional sowing. Echinochloa colona and Commelina spp. were the major weeds in zero-till, direct-seeded rice, which reduced the grain yield by 27.4%. Pre-emergence application of pretilachlor at 750 glha or pendimethalin at 1.0 kglha each, followed by one hand-weeding at 30 days after sow- ing was on a par with hand-weeding twice, giving significantly higher grain yield (5.20 and 3.50 tlha) compared with the weedy check (3.98 and 2.25 tlha). Zero-till, direct-seeded rice with proper weed management resulted in significantly higher yield than transplanted rice. In the succeeding wheat crop, population of dominant weeds, viz. Chenopodium album and Medicago hispida, was found to be reduced when wheat was grown after zero-till, direct-seeded rice compared with other methods of rice establishment. The wheat sown after zero-till, direct- seeded rice yielded significantly higher (3.76 and 3.61 tlha) than when sown after other methods of rice estab- lishment. Zero tillage in direct-seeded rice-wheat system reduced the weed problem and increased the system productivity as well as profitability.
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Johnson, Jay S. "269 Bioenergetic Consequences of Pre- and Post-Natal Heat Stress on Swine Productivity." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.064.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Heat stress decreases the sustainability and profitability of global swine production and the reductive effects of pre- and post-natal heat stress on pig productivity have been well described. Decreased growth performance and sow milk production during heat stress exposure is generally attributed to reduced energy consumption and a corresponding catabolic state. Moreover, an assumed increase in maintenance costs due to energetic requirements for thermoregulation and greater chemical reaction rates is proposed to reduce energy available for growth and lactogenesis leading to decreased efficiency and productivity. Despite this, recent research has determined that postnatal heat stress can directly impact nutrient partitioning priorities and growth rate independent of energy intake, maintenance costs may be reduced in heat stressed pigs relative to thermoneutral controls, and that heat stress may have a direct negative effect on sow milk production and litter growth performance independent of sow energy intake. In addition to the postnatal consequences of heat stress, prenatal heat stress reduces postnatal growth rate and feed efficiency in pigs independent of the postnatal environment, increases fasting heat production during the growing phase, and alters nutrient partitioning priorities during the finishing phase leading to an increase in adipose tissue accretion at the expense of lean accretion. Furthermore, meat quality and quantity may be negatively impacted by prenatal heat stress exposure. In summary, both pre- and postnatal heat stress exposure elicit bioenergetic changes in pigs that influence postnatal productivity, and mitigating heat stress is and will likely continue to be a priority for the swine industry.
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BENCE, Angel Ricardo, María Celeste MORAN, Claudio Santiago CACCIATO, Javier SOTO, Silvina Elena GUTIERREZ, and Silvia Marcela ESTEIN. "Identification of a small-scale pig farm infected with Brucella suis linked to a clinical case of human brucellosis in Buenos Aires province, Argentina." FAVE Sección Ciencias Veterinarias 20, no. 1 (2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/favecv.v20i1.10055.
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Here we report a case of human brucellosis due to Brucella suis in a person who worked in a small-scale pig farm. The farm had no history of clinical brucellosis, and signs of the disease were not observed upon clinical examination of the animals. Serum from all the 3 boars, 16/22 sows and 9/25 gilts was obtained for serological examination by Buffered Plate Agglutination Test (BPAT), Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Fluorescent Polarization Assay (FPA). Bacteriological culture and Direct Fluorescence Antibody Test (DFAT) were performed in tissue samples from a seropositive boar and a sow. Specific antibodies were detected in 53 % (10/19) adult pigs, while all sampled gilts were seronegative. B. suis biovar 1 was isolated from one boar. In contrast, while the bacterium was not isolated from any tissue from a seropositive sow, it was detected by DFAT. From the bacteriological and serological evidence of B. suis endemic infection in the pig farm and the lack of preventive measures and biosecurity practices, it is concluded that the person most likely acquired the disease from the infected animals or by contact with contaminated environment in the farm.
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Wensley, Madie R., Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, et al. "103 Effect of Floor Feeding Creep Feed on the Growth Performance and Morbidity and Mortality of Pigs After Weaning." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.072.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A total of 264 litters corresponding to 2,497 nursery pigs were used in a 40-d trial to determine the effect of floor feeding pelleted creep feed or lactation feed on the growth performance and morbidity and mortality of pigs after weaning. Treatments were applied in the farrowing house for 4-d prior to weaning and consisted of a control (no creep), standard (0.32 cm) creep pellet, large (1.27 cm) creep pellet, or sow lactation feed in meal form. For each treatment, approximately 227 g of creep feed per day equally divided into 2 feedings was provided on the mat in farrowing stalls. At weaning, pigs were transported to the nursery facility and randomized to pen within creep feeding treatment. A total of 96 pens (48 feeders) were used, with one barrow pen and one gilt pen per feeder. Thus, feeder (2 pens) was the experimental unit. There were 26 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. During week 1 post-weaning, pigs fed standard or large pellet creep feed had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG compared with pigs fed sow lactation feed or no creep feed. This was not driven by improved ADFI but rather G:F (P &lt; 0.001). No differences in growth performance were observed throughout the remainder of the nursery period. Overall, on a per pig placed basis, pigs fed large pellet creep feed had increased ADG (P &lt; 0.05) and improved G:F (P &lt; 0.05) compared with pigs fed sow lactation feed, with the other 2 treatments intermediate. This response was a direct reflection of decreased (P &lt; 0.05) total mortality and removals for pigs fed large pellet creep feed. In summary, floor feeding large pellet creep feed starting 4-d preweaning improved nursery pig growth performance and fallout rates compared with creep feeding sow lactation feed, with standard pellet creep feed or no creep feed having an intermediate effect.
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Jiang, Jicai, Shauneen O’Neill, Christian Maltecca, et al. "PSXII-12 Partitioning direct and maternal genetic effects into additive and non-additive components for growth and maternal traits in Yorkshire pigs." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (2021): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.459.
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Abstract This study investigates how much direct and maternal non-additive genetic effects contribute to growth and maternal traits in swine. We analyzed a sample of 19,475 genotyped Yorkshire pigs from Acuity Ag Solutions, LLC (Carlyle, IL). Approximately 50K SNPs were kept after quality control, and missing genotypes were then imputed using findhap.f90. The genotypes were used to construct genomic relationship matrices (GRMs) corresponding to additive (A), dominance (D), and additive-by-additive epistasis (E) effects for both direct and maternal effects. The GRMs were subsequently employed as covariance structure matrices in a linear mixed model consisting of eight random components, namely three direct genetic effects (Ad, Dd, and Ed), three maternal genetic effects (Am, Dm, and Em), maternal environmental effect, and common litter environmental effect. We estimated these variance components (VCs) for six growth traits (birth weight, average daily gain, back fat, and loin area) and six maternal traits of a sow (total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive, average weight of piglets at birth, average weight of piglets weaned) using REML in MMAP (https://mmap.github.io/). As shown in Table 1, we found significant (P&lt; 0.05) direct dominance and epistasis VCs for all six growth traits. Additionally, direct epistasis effects explained a larger proportion of phenotypic variation than direct dominance for all growth traits (0.04–0.12 vs. 0.01–0.04). In contrast, direct non-additive VCs were not significant for any maternal trait except for epistasis in average weight of piglets weaned. As for maternal non-additive effects, we only discovered significant additive VC in birth weight and average daily gain and significant epistasis VC in back fat (P&lt; 0.05). Other maternal genetic VCs were largely negligible. In summary, direct dominance and epistasis effects play a prominent role in growth traits of Yorkshire pigs.
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Thayer, Morgan T., Jacob A. Richert, Karissa N. Rulon, et al. "242 Evaluation of a DFM and OA, Alone or in Combination, on Sow Offspring’s Nursery Growth Performance." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.234.
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Abstract Progeny from sows fed diets containing a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium and short chain fatty acids (OA), DFM+OA, or a control (CON) diet from d80 of gestation until weaning were used to determine if feeding CON, DFM, OA, or DFM+OA to the dam and/or progeny post-weaning improved nursery growth performance. Weaned pigs from 47 dams (n = 384, Initial BW=6.15 kg) were blocked by initial BW and sex and allotted (6 pigs/pen, 8 pens/treatment) to one of 8 nursery treatments. Pigs from CON sows were fed a negative (NC; no antibiotics, pharmacological Zn or Cu) or positive [PC; Neo-Terramycin phases 1 and 2 (827 and 551 ppm) and Carbadox phase 3 (55 ppm)] control diet. Pigs from sows fed DFM, OA, or DFM+OA were fed the NC diet or a diet representative of their dam. Diets with DFM contained 1.6x109 CFU/kg DFM and diets with OA contained 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3% OA in phases 1–3, respectively. Weaning weight was used as a covariate for nursery performance. For all phases and overall, PC fed pigs had greater ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P &lt; 0.05). Feeding DFM or OA in sow diets improved (interaction; P&lt; 0.042) nursery pig G:F, but DFM+OA offspring had no improvement for d7–14, 0–14, and 0–21 G:F. Feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI (interaction; P &lt; 0.042) but improved G:F (interaction; P &lt; 0.028) for d7–14 and 0–14 with DFM+OA having no improvement above CON. For d14–21 and 0–21, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI whereas DFM+OA increased ADFI above CON (interaction; P &lt; 0.019). In conclusion, feeding DFM or OA to sows or their offspring may improve nursery feed efficiency and feeding DFM+OA diet to sows and their progeny may increase ADFI late in the nursery period.
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Wang, Siqi, Yang Wang, Yibo Chen, et al. "MEIS1 Is a Common Transcription Repressor of the miR-23a and NORHA Axis in Granulosa Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043589.
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MicroRNA-23a (miR-23a) is an endogenous small activating RNA (saRNA) involved in ovarian granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis and sow fertility by activating lncRNA NORHA transcription. Here, we reported that both miR-23a and NORHA were repressed by a common transcription factor MEIS1, which forms a small network regulating sow GC apoptosis. We characterized the pig miR-23a core promoter, and the putative binding sites of 26 common transcription factors were detected in the core promoters of both miR-23a and NORHA. Of them, transcription factor MEIS1 expression was the highest in the ovary, and widely distributed in various ovarian cells, including GCs. Functionally, MEIS1 is involved in follicular atresia by inhibiting GC apoptosis. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays showed that transcription factor MEIS1 represses the transcription activity of miR-23a and NORHA through direct binding to their core promoters. Furthermore, MEIS1 represses miR-23a and NORHA expression in GCs. Additionally, MEIS1 inhibits the expression of FoxO1, a downstream of the miR-23a/NORHA axis, and GC apoptosis by repressing the miR-23a/NORHA axis. Overall, our findings point to MEIS1 as a common transcription repressor of miR-23a and NORHA, and develop the miR-23a/NORHA axis into a small regulatory network regulating GC apoptosis and female fertility.
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Barbosa, Leandro, Paulo Sávio Lopes, Adair José Regazzi, Robledo de Almeida Torres, Mário Luiz Santana Júnior, and Renata Veroneze. "Estimation of variance components, genetic parameters and genetic trends for litter size of swines." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 10 (2010): 2155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001000008.
Full textAbstract:
Records of Large White breed animals were used to estimate variance components, genetic parameters and trends for the character total number of born piglets (TNBP) as measure of litter size. For obtaining variance components and genetic parameters, it was used the Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method using MTDFREML software. Two mixed models (additive and repeatability) were evaluated. The additive model contained fixed effect of the contemporary group and the following random effects: direct additive genetic and residual effect for the first parturition. Repeatability model had the same effects of the additive model plus parturition order fixed effect and non-correlated animal permanent environment random effect for the second, third and forth parturition. Direct additive heritability estimates for TNBP were 0.15 and 0.20 for the additive and repeatability models, respectively. The estimate of the ration among variance of the non-correlated effect of animal permanent environment effect and the phenotypic variance, expressed as total variance proportion (c2) was 0.09. The estimates of yearly genetic trends obtained in the additive and repeatability models have similar behaviors (0.02 piglets/sow/year).
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Boyle, L. A., D. Regan, F. C. Leonard, P. B. Lynch, and P. Brophy. "The Effect of Mats on the Welfare of Sows and Piglets in the Farrowing House." Animal Welfare 9, no. 1 (2000): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022235.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the effect of providing mats in the farrowing pen on behaviour and lesions in sows (n = 38) and piglets. Nineteen of the sows and their litters housed in farrowing crates with metal slatted floors were provided with mats, the remaining 19 acting as controls. Sow skin was inspected pre-farrowing and at weaning: the skin and feet of piglets were examined when they were 6 days old. Skin lesions were scored (on a scale of 0 to 6) according to severity. Total lesion scores per sow and median total lesion scores per litter were calculated. Sow behaviour was recorded by direct observation at feeding. Usage of a heat pad for lying in the presence or absence of mats was assessed over a 2hr observation period. Median skin lesion scores of sows did not differ between treatments. Litters from the control treatment had lower skin lesion scores (median [range] 8 [2-12] vs 10 [5-21]; P < 0.05). Median lesion scores of the front legs tended to be higher for piglets on mats (median [range] 8 [1.5-13] vs 4 [1.5-8]; ns). Sows on metal flooring went from kneeling to lowering their hindquarters faster (median [range] 15 [2—45] s) than sows on mats (23 [11—54] s) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, they slipped more on their front (median [range] 2.7 [0-8.7] vs 0 [0-1.3] slips min1; P < 0.001) and hind (median [range] 5.3 [0.3-31.7] vs 1.9 [0-33.3] slips min1; P < 0.05) feet while standing, than sows on mats. More piglets lay on the heat pad when it was covered by a mat (mean ± SEM 45.97 ± 4.49 %) than when no mat was provided (29.29 ± 4.47 %)(P < 0.05). Mats improve sow comfort and reduce slipping. They encourage piglets to lie on the heat pad but cause damage to the skin of the front legs. Providing pigs with mats in the farrowing house could greatly improve welfare on slatted floors, but further research is needed to identify materials that are less abrasive.
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A.K. JHA, M.L. KEWAT, V.B. UPADHYAY, and S.K. VISHWAKARMA. "Effect of tillage and sowing methods on productivity, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivam) cropping system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 56, no. 1 (2001): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v56i1.4666.
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Field experiments were carried out from 2004-05 to 2008-09 at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the four tillage practices (direct seeding in dry fields, direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder, manual transplanting, and mechanical transplanting) in rice and four sowing methods (conventional till sowing, zero till sowing, strip till sowing and bed planting) in wheat on productivity, economics and energetics of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) - wheat ( Triticum aestivam L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder gave significantly higher grain yield of rice (5.70 t/ha), followed by direct seeding under dry field (5.32 t/ha) and mechanical transplanting (5.21 t/ha), whereas the lowest yield was re- corded in manual transplanted rice (5.11 t/ha). The wheat sown after dry seeding of rice in dry field produced sig- nificantly higher grain yield (4.26 t/ha) than other sowing methods of rice. In wheat, strip till drilling recorded the highest values of yield attributing characters and grain yield (4.56 t/ha) than other methods of sowing. Conse- quently, strip till sown wheat after preceding rice grown under direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder produced higher combined grain yields for entire cropping system in rice equivalent yield (11.88 t/ ha), net monetary returns ( 49,116/ha) and B: C ratio (3.2), when compared with other methods of sowing . More- over, direct seeding of sprouted seeds of rice followed by strip till sowing of wheat gave higher water productivity and energetics than that of other combinations of tillage and sowing methods by ensuring timely and cheep sow- ing without sacrificing the crop yields.
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R.K. SlNGH and K.N. NAMDEO. "Effect of fertility levels and herbicides on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)." Indian Journal of Agronomy 49, no. 1 (2001): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v49i1.5150.
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A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000, to find out the effect of fertility levels and herbicides on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The fertility level up to N4,P4,K,, + 25 kg ZnSO, + foliar spray of micronutrient mixture (thrice) proved the best, producing 6.34 qlha extra grain and Rs 6,9681ha extra net return over no fertility level. Hand-weeding (20 and 40 days after sow- ing) showed 72% weed-control efficiency with additional grain yield up to 9.91 qlha and net return up to Rs 5,0421ha over unweeded control. Pendimethalin 1.0 kglha or anilophos 0.40 kglha each with 2,4-D (Na-salt) 0.60 kglha showed 50 to 51% weed-control efficiency and proved the best substitute of hand-weeding (twice), the ex- tra net return being Rs 3,689 and Rs 3,074/ha, respectively, over unweeded control. The seed protein and nutri- .ent uptake were also increased significantly with increasing fertility levels and the herbicides over their respec- tive controls.
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Conway, Eadaoin, John V. O’Doherty, Anindya Mukhopadhya та ін. "Maternal and/or direct supplementation with a combination of a casein hydrolysate and yeast β-glucan on post-weaning performance and intestinal health in the pig". PLOS ONE 17, № 7 (2022): e0265051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265051.
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A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation from day 83 of gestation and/or direct supplementation from weaning of a bovine casein hydrolysate plus a yeast β-glucan (CH-YBG) on pig performance and intestinal health on day ten post-weaning. Twenty cross bred gilts (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups (n = 10 gilts/group): basal diet (basal sows) and basal diet supplemented with CH-YBG (supplemented sows) from day 83 of gestation until weaning (2g/sow/day). At weaning, 120 pigs (6 pigs/sow) were selected. The two dam groups were further divided, resulting in four experimental groups (10 replicates/group; 3 pigs/pen) as follows: 1) BB (basal sows + basal pigs); 2) BS (basal sows + supplemented pigs); 3) SB (supplemented sows + basal pigs); 4) SS (supplemented sows + supplemented pigs). Supplemented pigs were offered 0.5g CH-YBG/kg of feed for 10 days post-weaning. On day 10 post-weaning, 1 pig/pen was humanely sacrificed and samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract for analysis. Pigs weaned from supplemented sows (SS, SB) had reduced faecal scores and incidence of diarrhoea (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows (BB, BS), with SS pigs not displaying the transient rise in faecal scores seen in the other three groups from day 3 to day 10 post-weaning (P<0.05). Pigs weaned from supplemented sows had reduced feed intake (P<0.05), improved feed efficiency (P<0.05), increased butyrate concentrations (P<0.05), increased abundance of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows. In conclusion, maternal supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae while also increasing butyrate concentrations. The combination of maternal and direct supplementation led to pigs having the lowest faecal scores compared to all other groups.
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Sereda, Leonid, Ludmila Shvets, and Elena Trukhanska. "STRIP SEEDING OF GRASS IN MEADOWS." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 1(108) (August 27, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2020-1-1.
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For the successful development of animal husbandry in Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the area of pastures for which it is necessary to lend some of the arable land and re-plant some of the existing pastures, creating cultural pastures with a productivity of 60-80 c. fodder units per hectare. For rejuvenation of existing grasslands, the technology of direct sowing with minimal tillage is increasingly used. These technologies include operations to suppress existing grasses and sow the seeds of valuable fodder grasses into grooves specially prepared in the turf. Domestic and foreign experience shows that sowing herbs in pre-treated strips is more effective than traditional methods. The traditional technology of re-insulation of such bows is associated with considerable energy and labor costs and is also erosion-hazardous in areas with a slope angle exceeding 3%. Therefore, for such areas it is necessary to use re-salting technology without completely destroying the turf and to use special seeders of different designs, which perform in one pass the strip tillage, sowing of grass seeds and sealing. Therefore, this method of redevelopment is highly productive and therefore promising in Ukraine. The idea of sowing grass seeds in a cultivated strip of soil in the turf is the basis of the technology of direct accelerated grassland re-grassing. The cultivated strip of soil must meet the agrotechnical requirements for the quality of cultivation in growing grasses. The implementation of the proposed technology of direct strip sowing of grasses in the existing herbage is possible only in the presence of perfect working bodies. Foreign and domestic seeders intended for direct sowing of herbs in the turf do not fully meet the agrotechnical requirements for the quality of processing of the turf strip, so the technology of direct sowing with a developed, active working body in the form of a cutter is proposed.
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Gould, Nick, Michael R. Thorpe, Olga Koroleva, and Peter E. H. Minchin. "Phloem hydrostatic pressure relates to solute loading rate: a direct test of the Münch hypothesis." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 11 (2005): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05036.
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According to the Münch hypothesis, a flow of solution through the sieve tubes is driven by a hydrostatic pressure difference between the source (or collection) phloem and the sink (or release) phloem. A high hydrostatic pressure is maintained in the collection phloem by the active uptake of sugar and other solutes, with a concomitant inflow of water. A lower pressure is maintained in the release phloem through solute unloading. In this work we directly test the role of solute uptake in creating the hydrostatic pressure associated with phloem flow. Solute loading into the phloem of mature leaves of barley and sow thistle was reduced by replacing the air supply with nitrogen gas. Hydrostatic pressure in adjacent sieve elements was measured with a sieve-element pressure probe, a cell pressure probe glued to the exuding stylet of aphids that had been feeding from the phloem. Sieve element sap was sampled by aphid stylectomy; sap osmotic pressure was determined by picolitre osmometry and its sugar concentration by enzyme-linked fluorescence assays. Samples were taken with a time resolution of ~2–3 min. In accordance with Münch’s proposal a drop in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the source phloem following treatment of the source leaf with N2 was observed. A decrease in sugar concentration was the major contributor to the change in osmotic pressure. By observing these variables at a time resolution of minutes we have direct observation of the predictions of Münch.
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Yumnah, Siti. "Eksistensi Pendidikan Islam Nu dan Muhammadiyah sebagai Potret Islam Moderat di Indonesia." Proceedings of Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars 6, no. 1 (2022): 1152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/ancoms.v6i1.391.
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As "Islam with a cheerful face", Indonesian Islam is known as a peaceful and moderate Islam, so there is no conflict with modernity, democracy, human rights, or other tendencies in the modern world. The importance of government groups and non-governmental organizations to sow and strengthen moderate Islam through education, whether formal, informal, or non-formal. Muhammadiyah and NU, which were labeled as moderate Islam from the start, are likely to play an important role in empowering moderate Islam in Indonesia. It is time for moderate religious mass organizations, such as NU and Muhammadiyah, to direct religious groups to channel their religious militancy through wisdom, not terror and bloodshed. This paper aims to see how effective the existence of NU and Muhammadiyah Islamic Education is in promoting moderate Islam in Indonesia.
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Touchette, Brant W., Daniel S. Cox, Rebecca L. Carranza, and Harriette Palms. "A Different Way to Sow: Seed Enhancements Involving Gelatin Encapsulation with Controlled-Released Fertilizers Improve Seedling Growth in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Agrochemicals 4, no. 1 (2025): 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4010002.
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Seed enhancements involve post-harvest modifications that improve germination and plant performance. One form of enhancement involves coatings, which encompasses encrusting, pelleting, and film coats. These coatings may contain agrichemicals, such as fungicides and insecticides, and can foster conformational changes that improve the plantability of small or irregularly shaped seeds. Seed encapsulation using pharmaceutical capsules can be viewed as an extension of seed coatings where seeds and other beneficial agrichemicals can be combined into a single plantable unit. For many crops, direct contact with high levels of conventional fertilizers may induce some level of phytotoxicity, and early studies involving fertilizer-enriched seed coatings resulted in decreased seedling emergence and diminished plant performance. Encapsulation, however, provides greater delivery volumes compared to other coatings and may offer some degree of separation between seeds and potentially phytotoxic agrochemicals. This study considered tomato seed encapsulation with controlled-release fertilizers. In general, seed exposure to gelatin-based capsules delayed germination by 2- to 3- days. Nevertheless, seed encapsulation improved plant performance including increased plant height and dry mass production by as much as 75 and 460%, respectively. These growth responses mitigated any effects attributed to germination delays. Moreover, higher levels of controlled-release fertilizers (≥800 mg) fostered earlier flower induction by up to 3 weeks. Collectively, the results suggest that seed encapsulation can be an effective way to deliver fertilizers to plants in a manner that could reduce overall fertilizer application rates and possibly lessen the quantity of plant nutrient input necessary for tomato cultivation.
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Alves, K., F. S. Schenkel, L. F. Brito, and J. A. B. Robinson. "Estimation of direct and maternal genetic parameters for individual birth weight and probe weight using cross-fostering information." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 3 (2018): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0137.
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A total of 246 357 measurements of birth (BW) and probe (PW) weights of purebred Yorkshire and Landrace pigs were used to compare the fitting of two alternate models including either common-litter effect or cross-fostering group effect to account for common environmental variation. PW, is a live ultrasonic weight measurement taken when the pigs are 100 ± 30 kg, following national standards. The common-litter effect was defined as piglets born into the same litter, and the group effect was used to account for cross-fostering, and defined as the effect common to piglets raised by the same nurse-sow, regardless of whether that piglet was born into that litter or not. It was found that the cross-fostering group explained 5% more environmental variation in BW when compared with the common-litter effect, indication that BW is a criterion in cross-fostering. Cross-fostering also explained 1% more environmental variation in PW in both the Yorkshire and Landrace. When the cross-fostering group effect was included in place of the common-litter effect, the direct and maternal genetic heritability estimates were similar, but residual variances were reduced. This study advanced the understanding of the effects of cross-fostering on PW, its association with BW and its implications in modern pig breeding programs.
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Lee, G. J., and C. S. Haley. "Comparative farrowing to weaning performance in Meishan and Large White pigs and their crosses." Animal Science 60, no. 2 (1995): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800008432.
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AbstractGrowth and survival from birth to weaning were monitored during three generations of crossbreeding between British Large White (LW) and Chinese Meishan (MS) pigs. The design allowed comparisons between sow genotypes ranging from zero to all MS genes, which were mated toLWor MS boars, to produce progeny with proportions of 0·0 to 0·5 or 0·5 to 1·0 MS genes, respectively. Crossbreeding parameters of both maternal and direct piglet performance were estimated for the first two parities using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methods for litter traits (litter weight at birth, litter mean and within litter standard deviation of piglet weight at birth, proportion surviving to weaning, litter size and weight at weaning and litter mean piglet weight at weaning) and for traits of the piglet (birth weight, probability of survival and weaning weight). For litter traits, the estimated contribution of the additive maternal effect to the breed differences (MS-LW) was significant for litter mean piglet birth weight (–0·46 (s.e. 0·04) kg), survival to weaning (0·15 (s.e. 0·02)), litter size at weaning (1·6 (s.e. 0·16) piglets), litter weaning weight (–11·2 (s.e. 3·8) kg) and litter mean piglet weaning weight (2·54 (s.e. 0·24) kg). Adding litter size and litter mean piglet birth weight to the model removed the additive maternal contribution to the breed differences in survival, and litter size and reduced that for litter mean piglet weaning weight. The contribution of the direct additive effect to the breed difference (MS-LW) was significant for the within litter standard deviation in birth weight (0·018 (s.e. 0·006)), survival to weaning (0·12 (s.e. 0·02)) and litter size (1·12 (s.e. 0·64)) and weight (11·6 (s.e. 4·0) kg) at weaning, but not for piglet weight at birth or weaning. Fitting litter size and litter mean birth weight had comparatively little impact on the direct additive effects. There were significant maternal heterosis effects for litter weight at birth and litter size and weight at weaning, the estimated deviation of the F1 from the midpoint of the two purebreds 3·22 (s.e. 0·55) kg, 2·20 (s.e. 0·47) piglets, and 20·1 (s.e. 3·3) kg respectively, but none for survival or piglet weights. There were direct heterosis effects for litter weight and litter mean piglet weights, the estimated deviation of the Fjfrom the mid point of the two purebreds being 1·16 (s.e. 0·41) kg and 0·14 (s.e. 0·02) kg, for survival to weaning (0·04 (s.e. 0·02)) and for litter weight (11·2 (s.e. 2·5) kg) and litter mean piglet weight (0·96 (s.e. 0·17) kg) at weaning. Fitting litter size and litter mean piglet birth weight removed or reduced both maternal and direct heterosis effects. Individual piglet analyses gave similar results to analyses of the equivalent sow trait. It was concluded that in litters born to MS cows, the lower piglet survival and lower weaning weights were related to the larger litter sizes and lower piglet birth weights. For their birth weight, however, MS piglets have a greater ability to survive and thrive. The large direct and maternal heterosis effects observed for litter and mean piglet weight at weaning werepartly associated with the heavier birth weight of the crossbred piglet.
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Koenders-van Gog, Karien, Thomas Wijnands, Mirjam Lechner, Gerald Reiner, and Johanna Fink-Gremmels. "Screening of Piglets for Signs of Inflammation and Necrosis as Early Life Indicators of Animal Health and Welfare Hazards." Animals 15, no. 3 (2025): 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030378.
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Ensuring animal health and well-being requires animal-based measures for early and direct intervention at the point of care. Insight into the pathophysiology of Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) has led to a non-invasive, clinical scoring system that can be used in daily practice. This provides information on the cause of observed lesions for direct intervention in affected herds. The aim of the current study was to re-evaluate the practicality of the SINS scoring system under field conditions. In addition, this is the first study to provide insight into the prevalence of SINS on Dutch farms. This study involved the scoring of 5958 piglets from 20 visits on 13 farms randomly selected by a veterinary practice in the Netherlands. The results showed that up to 64.1% of the piglets had visible inflammatory alterations in different body parts within the first seven days of life. Sow rectal temperature, signs of coprostasis and water intake during pregnancy were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with the prevalence of SINS in piglets. In conclusion, the SINS scoring system is an easy-to-use, non-invasive diagnostic tool that summarises animal-based observations at the point of care, providing a valuable communication tool between farmers, nutritionists and veterinarians in their efforts to improve animal health and welfare.
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Parchami, Ali. "Born Out of Crisis, Revels in Turmoil: Iran’s Islamic Republic at Home and Abroad." Bustan The Middle East Book Review 15, no. 1 (2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bustan.15.1.0001.
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ABSTRACT Iran’s Islamic Republic regime is adept at functioning amidst turmoil. In Triumph and Despair, Mehran Kamrava shows how structural bifurcation, parallel institutions, and fluid political factions are enduring sources of tension within an already hybrid political system. Far from being a handicap, the regime uses internal friction to deflect blame from its shortcomings and to sow confusion among opponents. Nor does it recoil from domestic turmoil, with crisis management increasingly a strategy of choice to compensate for its diminishing legitimacy and failures in governance. Abroad, too, the Islamic Republic seems to revel in geopolitical upheaval in pursuit of overturning the Middle Eastern security architecture. Relying on non-state affiliates as deterrents and power multipliers, it is opportunistic in ensnaring adversaries in proxy conflicts, or exploiting their entanglements, while minimizing the risk of direct confrontation with itself. In Reading Revolutionary Iran, Ze’ev Maghen explains the strategic culture behind the regime’s ambitions.
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Aaron, Paul Gaston. "The Idolatry of Force: How Israel Embraced Targeted Killing." Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no. 4 (2017): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.4.75.
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Not until the Second Intifada did assassination emerge as an explicit, legally codified, and publicly announced doctrine of so-called targeted killing in Israel. This study, the first of a two-part series, explores the doctrine's historical roots and ideological lineage and tracks its rise under the premiership of Ariel Sharon. Targeted killing became institutionalized not just to reduce direct and imminent threats against Israelis but also to mobilize electoral support, field-test weapons and tactics, and eliminate key figures in order to sow chaos and stunt the development of an effective Palestinian national movement. The study frames the analysis within a wider meditation on Israel's idolatry of force. As much symbolic performance as military technique, targeted killing reenacts and ritualizes Palestinian humiliation and helplessness in the face of the Zionist state's irresistible power, making this dynamic appear a fact of life, ordained and immutable.
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Трофимов, Nikolay Trofimov, Сафиоллин, Faik Safiollin, Миннуллин, and Gennadiy Minnullin. "MAIN FACTORS OF CROP FORMATION OF FESCUE SEEDS ON GRAY FOREST SOILS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 1 (2014): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3831.
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The basis of biological farming is expanding the acreage of perennial grasses, which in the coming years should occupy at least 25% of the arable land of our Republic instead of 18-20% currently. To solve this problem annually more than 9 thousands tons of seeds of perennial grasses is reguired, including meadow fescue 0.7 thousands tons. The study revealed that despite the higher production costs of the two-phase method of harvesting and threshing, the profitability of seed production is higher to 7-21%, than the direct harvesting. In traditional two-phase harvesting (mowing in rolls, then threshing rolls), and seed moisture content of 12-14%, the loss of biological crop production reduces by almost twice, comparing with direct harvesting, but it is inferior to in two-phase threshing. The reason is very simple, the fescue panicles on the top reach harvest maturity faster, than the on the bottom. In the case of rainfall, they crumble, which is clearly manifested in the growth of grain dropping after threshing rolls. The each hectare of investigated variants of meadow fescue brings about 10-12 thousand rubles of net profit. Thus, in order to obtain from each hectare of crop 380-400 kg of low-cost uncoated, it is recommended to sow it with row spacing of 30 cm and organize two-phase threshing of harvest.
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Koester, Lucas R., Zoe E. Kiefer, Jamie M. Studer, et al. "184 Correlating Microbial Community Membership of Cervical Fluid, Vagina and Feces in Post-Partum Sows." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.141.
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Abstract Postpartum metritis, or the inflammation of the uterus after parturition, is often a direct result of bacterial infection and considered to contribute to agalactia / dysgalactia in multiple species. Diagnosing metritis has included evaluation of vaginal and cervical fluid (CF) discharge for signs of infection (i.e., purulent discharge, strong odor, and discoloration). Metritis in sows results in economic losses for the swine industry due to increased numbers of sows requiring repeat inseminations to establish pregnancy, longer weaning to estrus intervals, association with increased abortions, and is also linked to agalactia. This study aimed to compare the microbial communities of the CF, the vaginal cavity, and feces from sows shortly after parturition, to identify similarities and differences in relative microorganism abundance between these body sites. Fecal and vaginal swabs were collected from 82 sows within 24-36 hours post-parturition. Additionally, CF was collected from each sow and classified based on color and consistency. Extraction of DNA was performed from all 246 samples and used for 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Sequence analysis was conducted using MOTHUR (V1.43.0). No changes in CF microbial community composition or structure were determined related to CF color but differences (P &lt; 0.05) were detected relative to CF consistency. Taxa were compared across body sites to identify correlated phylotypes using CoNet (V1.1.1). The abundances of several phylotypes harboring metritis-relevant pathogens were correlated with common commensal microorganisms across body sites (including Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus) suggesting interactions between these body sites exist. This work provides initial insights into postpartum sow CF microbial communities, and the interconnectedness with the vaginal and fecal microbiota. This project was supported by Zoetis (TI-07021).
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Gagrcin, Mladen, Ivan Stancic, Aleksandar Bozic, Blagoje Stancic, R. Harvey, and R. Anderson. "Reproductive performance of gilts in a big farm in Vojvodina." Veterinarski glasnik 63, no. 1-2 (2009): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0902077g.
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The reproductive performance of gilts significantly affects the number of annually produced piglets per sow. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the reproductive performance of gilts on a big pig farm in Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia), with a capacity of around 5,500 sows. Out of the total of 19,000 female piglets selected for reproduction, insemination, aged 210 days, a total of 5,420 (28.5%) gilts are prepared, and 70% of these are inseminated. A total of 29.3% gilts are culled for reproduction because of longterm pre insemination anestria (estrus was not established until the age of 9 months). It is believed that the basic reason for the occurrence of long-term anestrias is the inadequate technology for detecting estrus on the farm (once every 24 hours, without direct contact between the test boar and the gilts). As a consequence, there are significant economic losses in piglet production on the examined farm.