Relevant bibliographies by topics / Distribution energie initiale

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Distribution energie initiale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Distribution energie initiale"

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SZCZUREK, ANTONI. "DIFFRACTIVE DOUBLE-ELASTIC PRODUCTION OF η′ AND ηc IN THE pp → pXp REACTION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2007): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07036087.

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I discuss double-diffractive (double-elastic) production of the η′ and ηc mesons in the pp → pXp reaction within the formalism of unintegrated gluon distribution functions (UGDF). The contribution of γ*γ* → η′ fusion is estimated. The distributions in the Feynman xF (or rapidity), transferred four-momenta squared between initial and final protons (t1, t2) and azimuthal angle difference between outgoing protons (Φ) are calculated and discussed. The results are compared with the WA102 data. Predictions at higher energies are presented.
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DURÃES, F. O., F. S. NAVARRA, and M. NIELSEN. "J/ψ RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE SATURATION REGIME." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007490.

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In this work we calculate the J/ψ production in the initial stage of hadronic and nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC energies, taking into account the high parton density regime of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), where the physics of parton saturation is expected to be dominant. We perform a quantitative analysis of the rapidity distributions in these collisions with the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) approach. The ratio between distributions with or without saturated gluons shows that this mechanism produces a suppression of the J/ψ yield in the forward region only at very high energies.
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Soldin, Dennis. "Atmospheric Muons Measured with IceCube." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920808007.

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IceCube is a cubic-kilometer Cherenkov detector in the deep ice at the geographic South Pole. The dominant event yield is produced by penetrating atmospheric muons with energies above several 100 GeV. Due to its large detector volume, IceCube provides unique opportunities to study atmospheric muons with large statistics in detail. Measurements of the energy spectrum and the lateral separation distribution of muons offer insights into hadronic interactions during the air shower development and can be used to test hadronic models. We will present an overview of various measurements of atmospheric muons in IceCube, including the energy spectrum of muons between 10 TeV and 1 PeV. This is used to derive an estimate of the prompt contribution of muons, originating from the decay of heavy (mainly charmed) hadrons and unflavored mesons. We will also present measurements of the lateral separation distributions of TeV muons between 150m and 450m for several initial cosmic ray energies between 1 PeV and 16 PeV. Finally, the angular distribution of atmospheric muons in IceCube will be discussed.
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Mezei, Zsolt J., Michel D. Epée Epée, Ousmanou Motapon, and Ioan F. Schneider. "Dissociative Recombination of CH+ Molecular Ion Induced by Very Low Energy Electrons." Atoms 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms7030082.

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We used the multichannel quantum defect theory to compute cross sections and rate coefficients for the dissociative recombination of CH + initially in its lowest vibrational level v i + = 0 with electrons of incident energy below 0.2 eV. We have focused on the contribution of the 2 2 Π state which is the main dissociative recombination route at low collision energies. The final cross section is obtained by averaging the relevant initial rotational states ( N i + = 0 , ⋯ , 10 ) with a 300 K Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell isotropic rate coefficients for dissociative recombination are also calculated for different initial rotational states and for electronic temperatures up to a few hundred Kelvins. Our results are compared to storage-ring measurements.
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PIETRYCKI, TOMASZ, and ANTONI SZCZUREK. "DIRECT PHOTON PRODUCTION IN pp AND $p {\bar p}$ COLLISIONS AT HIGH ENERGIES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2007): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07035793.

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The invariant cross sections for direct photon production in hadron-hadron collisions are calculated for several initial energies (SPS, ISR, [Formula: see text], RHIC, Tevatron, LHC) including initial parton transverse momenta within the formalism of unintegrated parton distributions (UPDF). Kwieciński UPDFs provide very good description of all world data, especially at SPS and ISR energies. Inclusion of the QCD evolution effects and especially their effect on initial parton transverse momenta allowed to solve the long-standing problem of understanding the low energy and low transverse momentum data.
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Riahi, Rashid, and Morteza Raeisi. "Classical and semiclassical description of initial distributions of kaon capture by atomic hydrogen and deuterium." Canadian Journal of Physics 91, no. 3 (March 2013): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2012-0481.

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The moderation and capture of negative kaons by atomic hydrogen and deuterium were investigated by the classical trajectory Monte–Carlo (CTMC) and the semiclassical fermion molecular dynamics (FMD) methods. The dependence of ionization and capture cross sections on initial kaon energy was also studied. The initial populations of kaonic atom levels were calculated. The n distributions of kaonic atoms peaked close to the orbital giving optimum overlap with the displaced electronic orbital. The angular momentum distributions, l, are found to be approximately statistical but cut off at large l smaller than lmax = n − 1 in large n. The results are compared with the adiabatic ionization, diabatic states, and Born approximation methods. The FMD results were found to be in better agreement with quantum mechanical calculations than the ones from CTMC. The kaon kinetic energy spectrum prior to capture was calculated, which reveals that capture occurs at small collision energies up to the ionization energy. Also, the calculations show that kaonic hydrogen (deuterium) atoms have kinetic energies below 0.3 a.u. (0.15 a.u.) after formation.
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Pino, G. A., C. A. Rinaldi, E. A. Coronado, and J. C. Ferrero. "Collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited CF2O prepared with different initial energies and distribution functions." Journal of Chemical Physics 110, no. 4 (January 22, 1999): 1942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.477861.

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Konishi, Eiji. "Core-halo quasi-stationary states in the Hamiltonian mean-field model." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 12 (May 6, 2016): 1630007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216300073.

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A characteristic feature of long-range interacting systems is that they become trapped in a non-equilibrium and long-lived quasi-stationary state (QSS) during the early stages of their development. We present a comprehensive review of recent studies of the core-halo structure of QSSs, in the Hamiltonian mean-field model (HMF), which is a mean-field model of mutually coupled ferromagnetic XY spins located at a point, obtained by starting from various unsteady rectangular water-bag type initial phase-space distributions. The main result exposed in this review is that the core-halo structure can be described by the superposition of two independent Lynden–Bell distributions. We discuss the completeness of collisionless relaxation of this double Lynden–Bell distribution by using both of Lynden–Bell entropy and double Lynden–Bell entropy for the systems at low energies per particle.
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Berinskii, I., and V. A. Kuzkin. "Equilibration of energies in a two-dimensional harmonic graphene lattice." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2162 (November 25, 2019): 20190114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0114.

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We study dynamical phenomena in a harmonic graphene (honeycomb) lattice, consisting of equal particles connected by linear and angular springs. Equations of in-plane motion for the lattice are derived. Initial conditions typical for molecular dynamic modelling are considered. Particles have random initial velocities and zero displacements. In this case, the lattice is far from thermal equilibrium. In particular, initial kinetic and potential energies are not equal. Moreover, initial kinetic energies (and temperatures), corresponding to degrees of freedom of the unit cell, are generally different. The motion of particles leads to equilibration of kinetic and potential energies and redistribution of kinetic energy among degrees of freedom. During equilibration, the kinetic energy performs decaying high-frequency oscillations. We show that these oscillations are accurately described by an integral depending on dispersion relation and polarization matrix of the lattice. At large times, kinetic and potential energies tend to equal values. Kinetic energy is partially redistributed among degrees of freedom of the unit cell. Equilibrium distribution of the kinetic energies is accurately predicted by the non-equipartition theorem. Presented results may serve for better understanding of the approach to thermal equilibrium in graphene. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 2)’.
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SARCEVIC, INA. "KNO SCALING IN THE PARTON BRANCHING MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 07 (July 1987): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773238700063x.

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We obtain a parton branching distribution Pmn of m quarks and n gluons. We show that this distribution does not obey exact KNO scaling. In the case when quark evolution is neglected, the probability distribution becomes wider as energy increases, in agreement with experimental data. We find that moments fit the data remarkably well with an increasing initial number of gluons and decreasing initial number of quarks. In this model, we predict the upper bounds for the probability distribution and multiplicity moments. We also give theoretical predictions for the multiplicities and moments for Tevatron Collider energies, indicating the slow narrowing of the probability distribution in this energy range.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distribution energie initiale"

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Quichaud, Viviane. "Etude des processus elementaires : de synthese de la molecule no, en post-decharge en ecoulement, de collisions titane-gaz rares, titane-molecules, par perturbation laser resolue en temps." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066135.

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I. Etude de la preparation des etats excites de no dans un dispositif de post-decharge en ecoulement a partir de n::(2) excite (prepare par transfert d'excitation a partir d'atomes ar metastables dans une decharge basse pression) et de o (obtenu par dissociation de o::(2) dans une decharge de he). Observation d'une emission intense des bandes gamma de no, qui implique un etat a courte duree de vie (b) de n::(2) et le premier etat metastable de o. Ii. Analyse des processus d'extinction et de transfert d'excitation a partir d'etats a courte duree de vie de ti (crees dans un dispositif a cathode creuse) lors de collisions avec des gaz rares (ar, ne, he) et des molecules (n::(2),h::(2)). Ces experiences permettent l'etude de cinetiques de reactions elementaires au sein d'un plasma basse pression ensemence de vapeurs metalliques, a l'aide du dispositif de post-decharge en ecoulement
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Suraud, Marie-Gabrielle. "Etude par spectrométrie X (10 [angström] [inférieur ou égal à] [lamda] [inférieur ou égal à] 100 [angström]) de l'échange de charge lors de collision à basse énergie, entre un ion multichargé et une cible neutre." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10038.

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Mesures des valeurs absolues des sections efficaces d'emission de rayons x, dont on deduit les valeurs absolues des sections efficaces de capture, pour les systemes c**(6+)-he,h::(2), n**(7+)-he,h::(2), o**(8+)-he,h::(c). Pour les projectiles a 2 electrons dans l'etat metastable 1s2s **(3)s, l'echange de charge peut s'accompagner de l'excitation de l'electron "2s" de l'ion incident vers des etats 1s2pnl **(3)p avec une probabilite variant suivant le systeme de collision, l'echange de charge simple restant preponderant dans tous les cas
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Astruc, Jean-Pierre. "Transfert d'électron entre atomes excités et molécules dans une expérience en jets croisés avec fluorescence résolue dans le temps." Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132020.

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Etude experimentale avec résolution temporelle à l'échelle de la nanoseconde des valeurs absolues des séctions efficaces pour les transferts partiels d'énergie électronique entre Na(4d) et He, Ar, N(2), O(2), N(2)o et SF(6). Développement quantitatif de deux modèles à intermediaire ionique : réseau de multicroisement et diffusion résonnants atome excité-molecule. Emploi de l'approximation d'impact avec correction d'effet de coeur pour la transfert de moment orbital na(4d -> 4f)
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Sadeghi, Hamed. "EFFECTS OF INITIAL CONDITIONS ON TURBULENCE LENGTH SCALE AND ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE NEAR TO INTERMEDIATE FIELD OF A ROUND FREE JET." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7134.

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This thesis examines the effects of spatial location, Reynolds number and near exit flow modification on the development region of a round, free, turbulent jet. It is based on the publications generated by the author. The experiments were carried out over the range of Reynolds numbers between 10000 < ReD < 50000, where ReD is calculated based on the jet exit mean velocity and the nozzle exit diameter. The measurements were performed in the near- to intermediate-field region of a free jet defined between 0 ≤ x/D ≤ 30. In order to control the flow near the exit, two wire rings, with square cross-sections, of sides h = 1.5 mm, and outer diameter Dwire = 71.6 mm (positioned in the shear layer and called Rsl) and Dwire = 60 mm (positioned in the potential core and called Rpc) were placed at a stand-off distance downstream of the jet nozzle exit plane x/D = 0.03. Both stationary and flying hot wires were used to investigate the jet flow field. The results showed a considerable reduction in the jet spread rate and turbulence intensity using the passive rings. The reduction in the velocity decay rate was more obvious in the case of Rsl in lower Re; however, it was observed that as Re increases, the velocity decay rate became nearly the same for both cases of Rsl and Rpc. The axial velocity spectra showed the initial shear layer instability (shear layer mode) was suppressed while the jet preferred instability (preferred mode) remained active as the shear layer and potential core were modified. This shows the separation of these modes and is at variance with ideas that appeared in the literature that claimed the dependency of these two modes.
Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-27 16:06:31.03
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Book chapters on the topic "Distribution energie initiale"

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Tordella, D., and M. Iovieno. "Step onset from an initial uniform distribution of turbulent kinetic energy." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 677–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_163.

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Nitzan, Abraham. "Electron Transfer and Transmission at Molecule–Metal and Molecule–Semiconductor Interfaces." In Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529798.003.0024.

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This chapter continues our discussion of electron transfer processes, now focusing on the interface between molecular systems and solid conductors. Interest in such processes has recently surged within the emerging field of molecular electronics, itself part of a general multidisciplinary effort on nanotechnology. Notwithstanding new concepts, new experimental and theoretical methods, and new terminology, the start of this interest dates back to the early days of electrochemistry, marked by the famous experiments of Galvani and Volta in the late eighteenth century. The first part of this chapter discusses electron transfer in what might now be called “traditional” electrochemistry where the fundamental process is electron transfer between a molecule or a molecular ion and a metal electrode. The second part constitutes an introduction to molecular electronics, focusing on the problem of molecular conduction, which is essentially electron transfer (in this context better termed electron transmission) between two metal electrodes through a molecular layer or sometimes even a single molecule. In Chapter 16 we have focused on electron transfer processes of the following characteristics: (1) Two electronic states, one associated with the donor species, the other with the acceptor, are involved. (2) Energetics is determined by the electronic energies of the donor and acceptor states and by the electrostatic solvation of the initial and final charge distributions in their electronic and nuclear environments. (3) The energy barrier to the transfer process originates from the fact that electronic and nuclear motions occur on vastly different timescales. (4) Irreversibility is driven by nuclear relaxation about the initial and final electronic charge distributions. How will this change if one of the two electronic species is replaced by a metal? We can imagine an electron transfer process between a metal substrate and a molecule adsorbed on its surface, however the most common process of this kind takes place at the interface between a metal electrode and an electrolyte solution, where the molecular species is an ion residing in the electrolyte, near the metal surface. Electron transfer in this configuration is the fundamental process of electrochemistry.
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Jouvet, C., and D. Solgadi. "Photochemistry of van der Waals Complexes and Small Clusters." In Chemical Reactions in Clusters. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090048.003.0007.

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In a chemical reaction, the shape of the potential energy surface (PES) dictates the reaction rate and energy disposal in the products. Not only does the dynamics depend crucially upon the features of the surface, but, ultimately one seeks to influence the course of the reaction by preparing selectively certain regions of the surface. For harpooning reactions, the propensity rules for energy disposal in the products (influence of the entrance kinetic energy, effect of the early or late barrier) have been established by Polanyi (1972) and have been used later as guidelines. Here, the surface may easily be modeled in simple terms using long-range electrostatic interaction in the entrance valley. There was, then, need of an experimental method which allows the possibility of observing directly the characteristic regions of this potential energy surface, but also to investigate precisely the surface in other types of reaction. The study of the reactivity of van der Waals complexes is intended to fulfil this purpose. In classical experiments, the surface is obtained by inversion of the experimental data which are differential cross sections and internal energy distribution of the products. This procedure is difficult and not unambiguous. The first step is to determine the correlation between the entrance channel's parameters (kinetic energy, internal energy, angular momentum) and the final states of the products (kinetic energy, internal energy, angular distribution). This requires a precise control of the entrance channel. Therefore, the goal of many experiments is to reduce the initial states to a small subset, and to measure the energy disposal in the products with the greatest accuracy. This was first achieved by controlling the kinetic energy of the reactants in crossed beam experiments. Later, a certain control of the collision geometry was obtained by orienting the molecules or the atomic orbitals in crossed beam experiments or by using prealigned systems in a van der Waals complex: this subject is discussed in Buelow et al. (1986).
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Guo, Ying, and Rongxin Li. "A Multi-Agent Machine Learning Framework for Intelligent Energy Demand Management." In Machine Learning, 318–32. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-818-7.ch214.

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In order to cope with the unpredictability of the energy market and provide rapid response when supply is strained by demand, an emerging technology, called energy demand management, enables appliances to manage and defer their electricity consumption when price soars. Initial experiments with our multi-agent, power load management simulator, showed a marked reduction in energy consumption when price-based constraints were imposed on the system. However, these results also revealed an unforeseen, negative effect: that reducing consumption for a bounded time interval decreases system stability. The reason is that price-driven control synchronizes the energy consumption of individual agents. Hence price, alone, is an insufficient measure to define global goals in a power load management system. In this chapter the authors explore the effectiveness of a multi-objective, system-level goal which combines both price and system stability. The authors apply the commonly known reinforcement learning framework, enabling the energy distribution system to be both cost saving and stable. They test the robustness of their algorithm by applying it to two separate systems, one with indirect feedback and one with direct feedback from local load agents. Results show that their method is not only adaptive to multiple systems, but is also able to find the optimal balance between both system stability and energy cost.
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Guo, Ying, and Rongxin Li. "A Multi-Agent Machine Learning Framework for Intelligent Energy Demand Management." In Developments in Intelligent Agent Technologies and Multi-Agent Systems, 198–212. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-171-3.ch013.

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In order to cope with the unpredictability of the energy market and provide rapid response when supply is strained by demand, an emerging technology, called energy demand management, enables appliances to manage and defer their electricity consumption when price soars. Initial experiments with our multi-agent, power load management simulator, showed a marked reduction in energy consumption when price-based constraints were imposed on the system. However, these results also revealed an unforeseen, negative effect: that reducing consumption for a bounded time interval decreases system stability. The reason is that price-driven control synchronizes the energy consumption of individual agents. Hence price, alone, is an insufficient measure to define global goals in a power load management system. In this chapter the authors explore the effectiveness of a multi-objective, system-level goal which combines both price and system stability. The authors apply the commonly known reinforcement learning framework, enabling the energy distribution system to be both cost saving and stable. They test the robustness of their algorithm by applying it to two separate systems, one with indirect feedback and one with direct feedback from local load agents. Results show that their method is not only adaptive to multiple systems, but is also able to find the optimal balance between both system stability and energy cost.
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Shabaniverki, Soheila, and S. Serajzadeh. "Microstructural Changes During Annealing of Aluminum Alloy: Modeling." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000226.

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Determination of microstructural events during heat treatment operations is an important task to obtain the desired microstructures and mechanical properties. Accordingly, during heat treatment of materials that have high stalking fault energy such as aluminum alloys, concurrent occurrence of recovery and recrystallization needs to be considered. On the other hand, the annealing processes may be performed under non-isothermal conditions in which a part of softening process is carried out during heating and/or cooling stage, particularly for the case of large-scale products. Thus, for estimation of softening fraction and microstructural events, different types of problems need to be taken into account such as the deformation analysis, the kinetics of metallurgical events, and heat conduction problem. In this entry, a combined analysis is discussed to manage the above-mentioned phenomena employing the finite element analysis together with cellular automata (CA) modeling. For this purpose, the distribution of plastic strain and the stored energy after cold rolling are determined utilizing finite element formulation, while they are considered as the initial conditions for the microstructural modeling. In the next stage, a two-dimensional CA coupled with a first-order equation is used to assess the softening rate, while a thermal finite element analysis is simultaneously employed to define temperature distribution during non-isothermal annealing. The model is then examined on softening behavior of cold-rolled AA1050 plate.
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Thomas, Dimitrios, and Evangelos Kotsakis. "Energy Management and Optimal Power Scheduling in a Smart Building under Uncertainty." In Smart Cities [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94989.

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In this Chapter, we consider a microgrid with a certain number of distributed energy resources (DER) components connected to an office building (in a university campus) provided with electricity by a utility company. We develop the initial version of the energy management system which is responsible for the optimal energy scheduling of the microgrid’s distributed energy resources. These resources include a photovoltaic (PV) installation, a Storage Energy System (ESS), a small Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit, and a fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) used for work-related trips. The mobility behavior of the EVs fleet is modeled considering deterministic realizations of the probabilistic distributions used for the arrival/departure, and the time EVs remain parked. To investigate the impact of renewable generation and load unpredictability on the energy management system (EMS) operation, PV production and electric load are modeled under uncertainty using actual smart meters data for the scenarios formulation. We also assume that each DER component, through an EMS, can communicate and control the power exchange from and towards this component and that, two way communication with the utility company can be reached through aggregators using advanced metering equipment. We also consider a simplified thermal model that provides a specific level of thermal comfort to the building’s occupants, by meeting the predicted heating load. The energy produced by the DERs can be sold back to the grid by the microgrid manager and/or it can be stored for future utilization.
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Calvert, Jack G., John J. Orlando, William R. Stockwell, and Timothy J. Wallington. "Photodecomposition of Light-Absorbing Oxygenates and Its Influence on Ozone Levels in the Atmosphere." In The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233020.003.0011.

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Photochemistry provides the important driving force that initiates chemistry in the atmosphere. We saw in Chapter II how light absorbed by ozone generates the important HO radical, and, in Chapter III, we reviewed how light absorption by NO2 leads to ozone formation. In this chapter, we discuss the photochemistry of the light-absorbing oxygenates: their photochemical lifetimes and the nature of the modes of photodecomposition they undergo. Of course, light of sufficient energy per quantum must be absorbed by a molecule if its photodecomposition is to occur. The hydrocarbons do not absorb tropospheric sunlight, as seen in Figure VIII-A-1. The light gray and dark gray lines, respectively, show the distribution of actinic flux present in the troposphere and upper stratosphere for overhead Sun. It can be seen that the larger alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons absorb at somewhat longer wavelengths than the first member of the family, but none can be electronically excited by tropospheric radiation. Among the hydrocarbons, only the polycyclic aromatics absorb appreciable tropospheric sunlight, and their π → π* excitation does not result in decomposition but likely generates O2(1Δg) molecules by energy transfer; these molecules are usually quenched by collision to ground state O2(3Σg−) molecules (see Calvert et al., 2000). As atmospheric oxidation of the hydrocarbons occurs, initiated largely by HO radicals, a multitude of oxygenated organic species are generated. The absorption region for the oxygenates is generally shifted to longer wavelengths, although the alcohols, ethers, acids, and esters still show no overlap of the regions of tropospheric actinic flux. For the families of compounds shown, the only significant absorbers of tropospheric sunlight are the aldehydes (e.g., CH2O) and the ketones (e.g., CH3C(O)CH3). Formic acid and methyl formate, as well as the larger members of the acid and ester families, absorb sunlight available only at the higher altitudes of the stratosphere, where they are expected to photodecompose. However, these species are not expected to be present in the stratosphere because they are removed in the troposphere largely via HO reactions. In this chapter, we focus on the rates and pathways for photodecomposition of the aldehydes and ketones with less detailed considerations of the other less prevalent light-absorbing trace compounds.
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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Economic, Environmental, and Social Aspects of OTEC Implementation." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0016.

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The financial analyses presented in Chapters 7 and 8 indicate that commercial development of OTEC will have a significant impact on the economics of U.S. energy production and use. Two scenarios for commercial development are examined in this section: 1. Development of OTEC methanol capacity sufficient to replace all U.S. gasoline produced from imported oil. 2. Development of OTEC ammonia capacity sufficient to replace all gasoline used in U.S. transportation. Commercialization of this option implies a project goal to produce methanol plantships with enough total methanol capacity to replace the gasoline used in the United States that is now produced from imported petroleum, 47 billion gallons of gasoline in 1990 (DOE/EIA, 1990). This would require a total of 427 200-MWe plantships, each producing 199 million gallons of methanol per year (1.8 gallons of methanol give the same automobile mileage as 1 gallon of gasoline. We assume financing based on an initial nominal plant investment of $960M (1990$) and an eighth plant investment of $664M. With repeated manufacture, the cost will be reduced to $438M for the 427th plantship, assuming that an experience exponent of 0.93 applies for all production of identical plantships after the first three. The average plant investment for the total production is then $507M. If financial support is maintained to complete the program, the year 2020 is a reasonable target date for achieving the full fuel production capacity. This implies construction of OTEC plantships at an average rate of 17 per year after commercial production is established. This rate could be accommodated in U.S. shipyards with feasible modifications to satisfy specific OTEC requirements. The U.S. shipbuilding facilities are discussed in Section 4.1. In addition to the investments required for OTEC, methanol automobiles must be in production, and distribution systems for methanol must be installed. The associated costs must be included in the financial analysis. Offsetting these costs are the savings resulting from: 1. Large improvements in the U.S. balance of trade through elimination of oil imports. 2. Tax receipts accruing from reinvigorated U.S. shipbuilding and associated manufacturing industries. 3. Economic benefits of stabilized world fuel prices.
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Bunker, Bruce C., and William H. Casey. "The Chemistry of Extended Oxide Surfaces." In The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.003.0011.

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In Chapters 4 and 5, we demonstrated that local structures and charge distributions have an enormous impact on the equilibrium constants, trajectories, and kinetics of reactions involving soluble oxide precursors. In this chapter, we highlight those features that make reactions on extended oxide surfaces either similar to or dramatically different from the reactions documented in hydrolysis diagrams for each metal cation (see Chapter 5). We first describe oxide surface structures and then discuss how these structures impact both acid–base and ligand-exchange phenomena. In addition to dense oxides, we also introduce some of the chemistry associated with layered materials. Lamellar materials are important from both a fundamental and technological perspective, because water and ions can readily penetrate such structures and provide conditions under which almost every oxygen anion is at an oxide–water interface (see Chapter 10 and Chapter 11). This chapter focuses on oxides containing octahedral cations. The distinctive chemistry of oxides based on tetrahedral cations, including the clay minerals and the zeolites, are the focus of Part Five. The structures of bulk oxides were introduced in Chapter 2. However, for many oxides, the surface structures that interact with aqueous solutions are substantially different from structures found in the bulk. Here, we introduce the basic principles of oxide surfaces that make them chemically active. As a starting point, consider ideal oxide surfaces containing +2 octahedral cations. Pristine oxide surfaces can be created by cleaving perfect crystals in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. The creation of new surfaces requires an expenditure of energy corresponding to the cohesive energy of the solid, which in turn represents the energy required to break every bond along a given fracture plane. For MgO, the Mg−O bond energy is 380 kJ/mole. Each surface created contains 1.4.1019 oxygen atoms/m2, or 2.4.10−5 moles of bonds. Because two surfaces are created in the fracture event, the initial interfacial energy of each resulting MgO surface is (1/2)(380 kJ/mole)/(2.4_10−5 mole/m2 )=4560 mJ/m2.
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Conference papers on the topic "Distribution energie initiale"

1

Ayres, V. M., and J. Walsh. "Universal scaling and initial energy distribution for magnetron." In 1990 Plasma Science IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1990.110765.

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Khan, Md Ashfaquzzaman, Can Hankendi, Ayse Kivilcim Coskun, and Martin C. Herbordt. "Software optimization for performance, energy, and thermal distribution: Initial case studies." In 2011 International Green Computing Conference (IGCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igcc.2011.6008575.

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Krpan, M., I. Kuzle, and Y. Liu. "Analysing Frequency Support from DFIG-based Wind Turbines - Impact of Parameters and Initial Conditions." In Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1930.

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Zhan, J., S. Seetahal, D. Alexander, H. Hejazi, J. Paul Cao, R. He, K. Zhang, and Z. Chen. "Characterization of Hydraulically-Induced Fracture Initial Water Saturation Distribution Using Arp's Correlation." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180885-ms.

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Jing Yan, Chunjing Tao, and Shizeng Wu. "Energy Transform and Initial Acoustic Pressure Distribution in Microwave-induced Thermoacoustic Tomography." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616722.

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Zarrilli, Donato, Antonio Vicino, and Pierluigi Mancarella. "Sharing energy resources in distribution networks: An initial investigation through OPF studies." In 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2016.7796403.

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Gao, Hanjun, Yidu Zhang, Qiong Wu, and Chang Liu. "Influence of initial residual stress distribution on machining deformation of plate blank." In ADVANCES IN ENERGY SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING: Proceedings of the 2017 International Workshop on Advances in Energy Science and Environment Engineering (AESEE 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4979764.

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Popadic, B., B. Dumnic, D. Milicevic, L. Strezoski, and N. Petrovic. "INITIAL FAULT RESPONSE OF THE INVERTER CONTROLLED BY THE NEW DSC BASED TECHNIQUE." In The 12th Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2020). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1278.

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Oh, HyeJin, and Foluso Ladeinde. "Probability density distributions in detonation initiated by compressible turbulent thermodynamic fluctuations." In AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2021 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3614.

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Kim, W., S. Mitra, Xianguo Li, L. Prociw, and T. Hu. "Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays: Modelling and Comparison with Experiments." In 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC). Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-5946.

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