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Journal articles on the topic "Dwarf cashew"

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Lima, Geovani Soares de, Jailson Batista da Silva, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Hans Raj Gheyi, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, and Leandro de Pádua Souza. "Physiological indices and phytomass partition in precocious dwarf cashew clones irrigated with saline waters." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (March 12, 2020): e3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i0.3196.

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This research aimed to evaluate the physiological indices and the accumulation of phytomass in clones of precocious dwarf cashew under salt stress during rootstock formation. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in the municipality of Pombal-PB. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, and the treatments were organized in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, constituting the levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water - ECw (0.4 -Control; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8, and 3.6 dS m-1) and the clones of precocious dwarf cashew (Faga 11, Embrapa 51, CCP 76), with three replications and two plants per plot. Water salinity higher than 0.4 dS m-1 resulted in a decrease of the relative growth in plant height, leaf area, and phytomass accumulation in the cashew plant. The cashew clones are sensitive to water salinity from 0.4 dS m-1. Among the physiological indicators, the leaf area ratio, the sclerophylly index, and the root/shoot ratio of the precocious dwarf cashew are highlighted as salt stress indicators. The use of water with 0.4 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity is recommended for the formation of cashew rootstocks.
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Galdino, Antonia, Laiza Brito Ribeiro, Carlos Moura, Francisca Frenna Verezza Rodrigues de Amorim, and Renato Innecco. "Physical analysis of peduncles of dwarf cashew clones for consumption, processed or natural." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 13, no. 2 (2019): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2019v13i2.9808.

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The physical characteristics of cashew-dwarf peduncles were evaluated to later indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/or processing, considering that consumers appreciate products for their visual attractiveness. The objective of this study was to analyze peduncles of dwarf cashew clones obtained from the Genetic Improvement Program of Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Cruz-CE experimental area, in order to make inferences about the physical characteristics and indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/or processing. The analyzed variables were: total mass of the cashew (MT), chestnut mass (MC), peduncle mass (MP), apical diameter (DA), basal diameter (DB), length and firmness. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with 25 treatments (clones) with 3 replications and up to 12 cashews per plot (four plants in total). The analysis of variance and the comparison of the means by the Scott and Knott test was realized. When analyzing the MT values, it was found that 100% of the clones were classified as types 4 (approximately 150 g), 5 (approximately 100 g) and 6 (approximately 150 g) cashews/tray. As for MC, there was a variation from 8.18 to 15.08 g. General averages of 95.16, 50.07 and 41.38 mm were found for the variables length, DB and DA of peduncle, respectively. It is concluded that, in general, all clones presented good characteristics; however, clone 108-6 is the preference for most consumers since it has red staining, as did the control (CCP 76). Therefore, all clones presented desirable characteristics for natural consumption and/or processing.
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Lima, Geovani S. de, Jailson B. da Silva, Leandro de P. Souza, Reginaldo G. Nobre, Lauriane A. dos A. Soares, and Hans R. Gheyi. "Tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to salt stress during rootstock formation stage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 7 (2020): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n7p474-481.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to irrigation with waters of different salinity levels during rootstock formation. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and three clones of precocious dwarf cashew (Faga 11, Embrapa 51, CCP 76), with three replicates. Water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1 inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and growth, but led to cashew seedlings with the Dickson Quality Index (DQI) higher than the acceptable limit. Based on the relative yield of the total dry mass, the clones Faga 11, Embrapa 51 and CCP 76, at the highest salinity level studied, were classified as moderately sensitive, sensitive and moderately tolerant, respectively. There was interaction between water salinity and precocious dwarf cashew clones for chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and DQI at 75 days after sowing.
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Meera Manjusha, A. V., and B. Jayaprakash Naik. "PLD 57 - A PROMISING DWARF CASHEW." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.21.

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Barros, L. M., J. R. Paiva, J. J. V. Cavalcanti, R. E. Alves, and A. C. Lima. "BRS 189 dwarf cashew clone cultivar." Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (2002): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v02n01a20.

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Lima, Geovani Soares de, Jailson Batista da Silva, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, et al. "Effect of water salinity and potassium doses on physiological traits and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) rootstock." NOVEMBER 2020, no. 14(11):2020 (November 10, 2020): 1748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.11.p2471.

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In the semiarid regions, plants are constantly exposed to different conditions of abiotic stresses due to the occurrence of excess salts in both soil and water. Thus, it is extremely important to identify an alternative capable of minimizing the effects of salt stress on plants as a way to ensure the expansion of irrigated areas. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the chloroplast pigments, photochemical efficiency and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew as a function of irrigation with saline water and potassium fertilization in the rootstock formation stage. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Pombal, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and two doses of potassium fertilization - KD (100 and 150% of the recommendation corresponding to 150 and 225 g K2O kg-1 soil), with two plants per plot and three replicates. Water salinity from 0.4 induced reductions in chlorophyll a and b synthesis, maximum and variable fluorescence and growth in sexually propagated precocious dwarf cashew seedlings and increases in carotenoid content and initial chlorophyll fluorescence. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II in cashew plants was decreased sharply with the increment in water salinity levels, standing out as indicative of damage to the photosystem II reaction centres. 'Embrapa 51' precocious dwarf cashew plants can be classified as sensitive to water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1. Potassium doses of 100 and 150% of the recommendation did not alleviate the effects of salt stress during the precocious dwarf cashew rootstock production phase.
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Carneiro, Paulo Torres, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Hans Raj Gheyi, Frederico Antônio Loureiro Soares, and Sergio Batista Assis Viana. "Salt tolerance of precocious-dwarf cashew rootstocks: physiological and growth indexes." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (2004): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100002.

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The cashew crop (Anacardium occiedentale L.) is of great economic and social importance for Northeast Brazil, a region usually affected by water and soil salinity. The present study was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of four salinity levels established through electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.7, 1.4, 2.1 and 2.8 dS m-1, at 25ºC), on growth and physiological indexes of five rootstocks of dwarf-precocious cashew varieties CCP06, CCP09, CCP1001, EMBRAPA50, and EMBRAPA51. Plant height, leaf area, dry weight of root, shoot and total; water content of leaves, root/shoot ratio, leaf area ratio, absolute and relative growth rates and rate of net assimilation were evaluated. The majority of the evaluated variables were found to be affected by ECw and the effects varied among clones; however, no significant interactive effects were observed for factors. The value of ECw = 1.39 dS m-1 was considered as a threshold tolerance for the precocious cashew rootstocks used in this study. The dwarf-precocious cashew is moderately sensible to soil salinity during the formation phase of rootstock. Clones EMBRAPA51 and EMBRAPA50 presented, respectively, the least and the best development indexes.
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Dadzie, A. M., P. K. K. Adu-Gyamfi, A. Akpertey, et al. "Assessment of Juvenile Growth and Yield Relationship Among Dwarf Cashew Types in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 10 (2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n10p116.

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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical cash crop cultivated in Ghana. It provides livelihood for about 200,000 people and contributes 6.1% to Ghana’s gross domestic product (GDP). Four Brazilian dwarf accessions were introduced to improve nut yield. Objectives of this study were to (1) assess the agronomic performance of the accessions across two contrasting ecologies, (2) determine environmental influence on juvenile growth, (3) determine the relationship between early vegetative growth and yield and (4) explore heritability and genetic advance for the measured agronomic traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) environmental influence on growth and yield of cashew. Transitional savanna agro-ecology is more suitable for cashew growth and development. Crop year, location and crop year × location interactions also influenced most of the agronomic traits. Early growth characteristics alone were not enough to predict yield. Genotype B2 ranked highest yielding across the agro-ecologies. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advance estimates were observed for nut yield, plant height and girth, an indication of variability among accessions needed for cashew improvement in Ghana.
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López, Ana Maria Queijeiro, and John Alexander Lucas. "Reaction of dwarf cashew clones to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates in controlled environment." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (2010): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200016.

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The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) crop is an important source of income for the population of the Brazilian Northeast, and anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides leads to significant production loss. However, there is little information on either the host resistance or the variation in the aggressiveness of the pathogen under controlled environment. The reaction of commercial (CCP-06, CCP-09, CCP-76 and CCP-1001) and one non-commercial (CAP-14) dwarf cashew clones was assessed against 36 isolates of this fungus controlled environmental conditions. All the isolates, including those from hosts other than cashew, were able to cause lesions on leaves and stems of most clones, albeit to different degrees. Clone CCP-06 was the most susceptible, while clone CCP-1001 showed a level of resistance to a number of the isolates, including isolate 905, while isolates 910 and 912 were aggressive to all clones. Injury increased the susceptibility of the clones to all isolates, indicating that resistance also might be associated with structural barriers that hinder penetration. Ripened cashew apples (8-week-old), of commercial clones were susceptible to isolates 905 and 910. Immature pseudo-fruits (2-week-old), with exception of clone CCP-76 which was susceptible to both isolates showed resistance against these isolates, suggesting the presence of structural and chemical barriers. Developed nuts (8-week-old), however, were more resistant than immature nuts (2-week-old) to both isolates, probably due to their thicker exocarp cuticle and reduced number of stomatal pores.
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Lopes, Mônica Maria de Almeida, Maria Raquel Alcântara de Miranda, Carlos Farley Herbster Moura, and Joaquim Enéas Filho. "Bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacity of cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) during the ripening of early dwarf cashew clones." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 3 (2012): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000300008.

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Lately, tropical fruit consumption has increased due to a higher knowledge of its nutritional and therapeutic value. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of cashew apples from different early dwarf clones during their ripening. The clones analyzed included: CCP 76, CCP 09, BRS 189 and BRS 265 in seven ripening stages. They were analyzed for vitamin C, total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, yellow flavonoids and polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity. Clone BRS 265 ripe cashew apple presented the highest vitamin C content (279.37 mg x 100 g-1). The ripe BRS 189 cashew apple is colored bright red, and its total anthocyanin content was the highest (21.16 mg x 100 g-1). The yellow flavonoids content was higher for ripe CCP 76 and BRS 189 cashew apples with 56.32 and 50.75 mg x 100 g-1, respectively. The highest levels of extrable polyphenols and antioxidant capacity were observed in CCP 09 in the first five ripening stages. The antioxidant activity of cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) is mainly attributed to polyphenol content (r = 0.90; p < 0.01), and, therefore, they may be considered relevant sources of antioxidant compounds, which are necessary for human health. Cashew apples are consumed fresh which confers direct benefits for human health and present high potential for the development of new products with functional properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dwarf cashew"

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Nascimento, AntÃnio Henrique Cardoso do. "Physiological aspects of productive and clones dwarf cashew tho grown under schemes." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8282.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of the clones CCP 76 and BRS 189 of dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) that were subjected to two water regimes: irrigated and rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Field Curu, Embrapa Tropical in Paraipaba - CearÃ, from January to December 2009. Plants of the experiment were in full productive age (5 years). Monthly, we investigated the leaf water content, stomatal conductance to water vapor, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, foliar concentrations of inorganic ions and the concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates. In addition, we analyzed the nut productivity and postharvest quality of peduncle. In general, there were no significant differences between plants of the two water regimes for most variables, except foliar concentrations of some ions. This small change was probably due to excess precipitation occurred in the year of the study. Thus, under the conditions studied, the practice of irrigation did not influence the two clones of cashew evaluated. Regarding the two clones: BRS 189 and CCP 76, overall, no significant differences were found, except foliar concentrations of ions K and Ca in the clone CCP 76 when grown under rainfed conditions showed higher content these nutrients in the leaves during the months September to December and staining in the clone CCP 76 showed higher brightness and less red color than plants of the clone BRS 189.<br>O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas dos clones CCP 76 e BRS 189 de cajueiro anÃo precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.), submetidos a dois regimes hÃdricos: irrigado e sequeiro. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, da Embrapa AgroindÃstria tropical, em Paraipaba - CearÃ, de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. As plantas do experimento estavam em plena idade produtiva (5 anos). Mensalmente, foram investigados o teor de umidade foliar, a condutÃncia estomÃtica ao vapor dÂÃgua, a taxa transpiratÃria, a taxa fotossintÃtica, os teores foliares de Ãons inorgÃnicos e os teores de carboidratos solÃveis totais. AlÃm disso, foram analisadas a produtividade das castanhas e a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos. Em geral, nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre as plantas dos dois regimes hÃdricos para a maioria das variÃveis, com exceÃÃo dos teores foliares de alguns Ãons. Essa pequena variaÃÃo provavelmente se deveu ao excesso de precipitaÃÃo ocorrida no ano do estudo. Dessa forma, nas condiÃÃes estudadas, a prÃtica da irrigaÃÃo praticamente nÃo influenciou os dois clones de cajueiro avaliados e em termos globais tambÃm nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre os dois clones avaliados: BRS 189 e CCP 76, com exceÃÃo dos teores foliares dos Ãons K e Ca, em que o clone CCP 76, quando cultivado sob condiÃÃes de sequeiro apresentou maiores teor desses nutrientes nas folhas durante os meses setembro à dezembro e para a coloraÃÃo do pedÃnculo, em que o clone CCP 76 apresentou maior luminosidade e coloraÃÃo menos avermelhada do que as plantas do clone BRS 189.
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Lima, Michella de Albuquerque. "Physiological and metabolic effects of irrigation and drought regimen in two clones early dwarf cashew tress." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1999.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria<br>Os efeitos dos regimes irrigado e de sequeiro foram avaliados em folhas sombreadas e a pleno sol nos clones de cajueiro anÃo precoce (Anacardium occidentale L) CCP 76 e BRS 189. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na EstaÃÃo Experimental da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical, em Paraipaba, CearÃ, entre setembro de 2006 e agosto de 2007. Mensalmente, foram investigados a condutÃncia estomÃtica, a taxa transpiratÃria, a taxa fotossintÃtica, a relaÃÃo entre a concentraÃÃo interna e externa de CO2, o potencial osmÃtico. O teor de Ãgua, de proteÃnas solÃveis, de prolina, de N-aminossolÃveis, de carboidratos (aÃÃcares totais, redutores e nÃo redutores e de amido), a atividade das enzimas do metabolismo do carbono, sintase da sacarose fostato (SPS), sintase da sacarose (SuSy), pirofosforilase do ADP glicose (AGPase) e das amilases (alfa, beta e total) foram determinados nas folhas das plantas bi-mensalmente.AlÃm disso, foram analisadas a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos dos clones em ambos os tratamentos. Em geral, nÃo foram encontradas diferenÃas significativas entre os dois tipos de cultivos para os dois clones e tipos de folha em relaÃÃo aos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, tais como, fotossÃntese, transpiraÃÃo e condutÃncia estomÃtica. Essas variÃveis foram afetadas apenas em funÃÃo da Ãpoca do ano. Carboidratos, tais como amido e aÃÃcares redutores, tiveram uma tendÃncia de acÃmulo nas folhas de sol e de sombra no mÃs de maio, exibindo teores menores no mÃs de setembro, Ãpoca em que os teores de aÃÃcares nÃo-redutores (sacarose) aumentaram para suprir a formaÃÃo de frutos. Sob o regime nÃo irrigado, as enzimas SPS, SuSy e AGPase tiveram suas atividades justificadas parcialmente quando relacionadas com as variaÃÃes nos teores de aÃÃcares totais e amido. A atividade amilÃsica total variou para os regimes de irrigaÃÃo, clone e folhas em relaÃÃo ao perÃodo do ano. A supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo para os clones CCP 76 e BRS 189 durante o experimento nÃo foi capaz de modificar a qualidade pÃs-colheita dos pedÃnculos de caju. As variaÃÃes ao longo do experimento comprovam o efeito da forÃa dos drenos nas diversas fases fenolÃgicas e para os ÃrgÃos reprodutivos das plantas de cajueiro. As plantas de cajueiro anÃo precoce possuem, portanto, uma plasticidade, quando cultivadas em condiÃÃes de sequeiro, conseguindo manter suas atividades metabÃlica e fisiolÃgica vitais sem maiores danos à planta como um todo.<br>Effects of irrigation and drought regimen were evaluated on shaded and sunny leaves in clones of early dwarf cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale L) CCP 76 and BRS 189. The experiments were conducted at the Embrapa Agro indÃstria Tropical experimental station in Paraipaba, CearÃ, between Setember of 2006 and August of 2007. The means for the obtained data were statistically analysed at a 5% level of significance. Stomatal conductance(gs), respiratory rate(E), photosynthetic rate (A), relation between inner and outer concentration of CO2 (Ci/Car), osmotic potential (&#936;s) and water usage efficiency were accessed monthly. The relative water cont ent, of soluble proteins, prolin, N-amino soluble, of sugars (soluble, reductants, non- reductants, starch) and activity of carbon metabolism enzymes, sucrose-phosphate synt hase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP phosphorylase, glucose and amylases (alfa, beta and total) were determined on leaves each two months. Beyond that, the postharvest qual ity of pseudofruits of the clones on both treatments was accessed. In general, no significant differences were found among cultivations for both clones in relation to physiological parameters, like photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. These variants were affected only in function of the time of year. Independently of irrigation regimen, wate r usage efficiency was lower during the drought (from June to December) in relation to the months with higher pluviometric precipitation (from January to May). Carbohydr ates such as starch and reductant sugars tend to accumulate on both sunny and shaded leaves on May, while their contents are smaller on September, a time when non-reductant sugars (sucrose) increase in order to supply fruit formation. Under a drought regimen, enzymes SPS, SuSy and ADP correlate partially with the variations of contents of soluble sugars and starch. Total amylasic activity varied for irrigation regimens, clones and kind of leaves in relation to the period of the year. The supression of the hydric regimen for the clones CCP 76 and BRS 189 during the experiment wasn't able to chan ge the postharvest quality of the cashew pseudofruits. The variations shown during the experiment confirm the effect of drainage strength on several phenological phases and for the reprodutive or gans of the cashew trees. The trees of early dwarf cashew have, therefore, some plasticity when exposed to drought conditions, being able to maintain metaboli cal and physiological activity without major damage to the individual as a whole.
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PerdigÃo, Paulo de Cairo Nunes. "Effects of water levels and potassium fertilization in the development of dwarf-cashew, clone BRS-189." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5237.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>The main goal of this work was to analyze the effect of water and potassium and interaction between these factors parameters which are related with vegetative growth (height of the plant, diameter of trunk below of the coastal and the diameter of trunk above of the coastal) and the parameters related with nutritional situation (potassium, iron and sodium) of the precocious dwarfish cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) variety BRS 189. A field experiment was carried out in the parcel of ground D in at Curu-Pentecoste Irrigation District, CearÃ, Brazil, from september/2005 to february/2007. The statistical design was completely randomized blocks in split-plots, with four primary treatments, four secondary and four blocks. The main treatments corresponded to four water depths (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) with four levels of potassium (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O. plant-1.year-1). The crop was installed at 7.0m 7.0 m spacing, irrigated by a microsprinkle irrigation system with 50 L.h-1 emitters. The results showed that the water and interaction water and potassium were significant to none parameters analyzed. Potassium influenced significantly height of the plant and diameter of trunk below of the coastal. The height of plant presented significant influence on water level only on the treatment were none potassium was applied. As to total nutrients in the plants: potassium, iron and sodium in a plant, only potassium presented compatible significant (8.1%) to water. To crop in studies water deficit didnât limited growing of dwarfish cashew tree.<br>O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito das lÃminas de Ãgua, dos nÃveis de potÃssio e sua interaÃÃo sobre as variÃveis relacionadas ao crescimento vegetativo (altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule abaixo e acima do enxerto) e ao estado nutricional (potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio) do cajueiro anÃo-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) variedade BRS 189. Para isto foi realizado um experimento no nÃcleo D do PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, no perÃodo de setembro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, composto de quatro tratamentos primÃrios nas parcelas, quatro tratamentos secundÃrios nas subparcelas e quatro blocos. Os tratamentos primÃrios constituÃram-se da combinaÃÃo de quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) com quatro nÃveis de adubaÃÃo potÃssica (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O.planta-1.ano-1) localizados nas subparcelas. A cultura foi instalada no espaÃamento de 7,0 m x 7,0 m, irrigada por um sistema de irrigaÃÃo localizada tipo microaspersÃo, com microaspersores autocompensantes de 50 L.h-1 de vazÃo. ApÃs anÃlise dos resultados verificou-se que o fator Ãgua e sua interaÃÃo nÃo apresentaram efeitos significativos em nÃvel de 5% sobre nenhuma das variÃveis analisadas. O fator potÃssio influenciou significativamente a altura de plantas e o diÃmetro do caule abaixo do enxerto em nÃveis de 5%. A altura das plantas foi significativamente influenciada em nÃvel inferior a 5%, pelo fator Ãgua, apenas para o tratamento em que nÃo ocorreu aplicaÃÃo de potÃssio. Quanto à concentraÃÃo dos nutrientes: potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio nas folhas, apenas o teor de potÃssio se apresentou com nÃveis de significÃncia compatÃveis (8,1%) em relaÃÃo ao fator Ãgua. Com base nas variÃveis analisadas, o dÃficit hÃdrico nÃo se apresentou limitante ao desenvolvimento da cultura do cajueiro anÃo-precoce.
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Figueiredo, Raimundo Wilane de. "Desenvolvimento, maturação e armazenamento de pedúnculos de cajueiro anão precoce CCP-76 sob influência do cálcio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-25092014-120919/.

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Três experimentos foram desenvolvidos em duas etapas, utilizando-se as dependências e instalações da Embrapa - Agroindústria Tropical, em Fortaleza, CE, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar quanto aos aspectos físicos, físico-químicos, químicos e bioquímicos de pedúnculos de cajueiro anão precoce CCP-76 durante o desenvolvimento e maturação; caracterizar quantitativa e qualitativamente as alterações nos constituintes da parede celular do pedúnculo associadas aos processos de desenvolvimento e maturação, e verificar o efeito da aplicação pós-colheita de cálcio, em diferentes concentrações, sobre as características físicas, físico-químicas, químicas e bioquímicas dos pedúnculos submetidos a armazenamento refrigerado sob atmosfera modificada. Os cajus utilizados neste trabalho, foram obtidos na área comercial de clones de cajueiro anão precoce instalada na Empresa Mossoró Agro-industrial S.A. O clone selecionado para este estudo foi o CCP-76 por ser o mais cultivado para produção de pedúnculos para comercialização in natura. As colheitas foram feitas em junho e agosto de 1997 para os experimentos 1 e 2 respectivamente, e em novembro de 1998 para o experimento 3. Os cajus, depois de colhidos, foram imediatamente transportados para o laboratório, onde se deu início aos estudos conforme o experimento em questão. Para os experimentos 1 e 2, os cajus foram selecionados em sete estádios de desenvolvimento e maturação de acordo com a coloração externa do pedúnculo e da castanha: 1. verde com castanha verde; 2. verde com castanha madura e seca; 3. verde claro; 4. Início de coloração amarela; 5. Amarelo com início de cor laranja; 6. laranja claro e 7. laranja escuro. No primeiro experimento, foram realizadas análises físicas, físico-químicas, químicas e bioquímicas dos pedúnculos: peso total (castanha + pedúnculo) peso do pedúnculo e o da castanha, diâmetros e comprimento, firmeza, clorofilas, carotenóides, antocianinas, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez, vitamina C, cálcio, amido, açúcares, compostos fenólicos, pectinas, atividade das enzimas poligalacturonase, pectinametilesterase, polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. No segundo experimento, a partir de material de parede celular extraído, foram realizadas as seguintes análises: celulose, hemicelulose, uronídeos totais, grau de esterificação de pectinas e cálcio ligado. No terceiro experimento, os cajus foram colhidos no estádio de maturação comercial (estádio 7) e submetidos a seleção, préresfriamento, desinfecção em água clorada, secagem ao ar, nova seleção e tratamento com CaCI2 a 0,5%, 1% e 2% com espalhante adesivo, sendo que a testemunha foi apenas em água contendo o espalhante. Após secagem ao ar, os cajus foram acondicionados em bandejas, as quais foram envolvidas em PVC armazenadas em câmara com temperatura de 5°C ± 1°C e umidade relativa de 88% ± 3%. A cada 5 dias, por um período de 25 dias, foram tomadas amostras para execução das seguintes análises: perda de peso, firmeza, senescência, antocianinas, pectinas, compostos fenólicos, vitamina C, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez, açúcares solúveis, cálcio, atividades de pectinamestilesterase e poligalacturonase. A maior relação sólidos solúveis/acidez foi atingida no estádio 7, indicando que este é o ideal para a colheita de pedúnculos ocasião em que alcança sua máxima qualidade para o consumo. Os pedúnculos de caju apresentaram amaciamento acentuado durante o desenvolvimento e maturação, observando-se paralelamente redução no teor de pectina total e aumento na percentagem de solubilização. A firmeza dos pedúnculos apresentou correlação significativa e inversa com a solubilidade das pectinas e com a atividade das enzimas PME e PG. A solubilidade da pectina, por sua vez, mostrou correlação significativa e positiva com a atividade de ambas as enzimas, que se correlacionaram entre si positivamente. O ambiente refrigerado aliado a atmosfera modificada, pode ser usado com sucesso no retardamento do processo de senescência do pedúnculo de caju, uma vez que aumenta substancialmente sua vida pós-colheita sem causar injúrias fisiológicas por até 20 dias. Pedúnculos tratados com cálcio foram mais firmes do que os não tratados, sendo que a partir de 0,5% não se observou um aumento do efeito. Doses crescentes de cálcio proporcionaram teores médios de cálcio total, solúvel e insolúvel superiores aos da tetemunha. O tratamento com cálcio não inibiu a atividade da pectinametilesterase. Porém foi decisivo na atividade de poligalacturonase, uma vez que os pedúnculos não tratados obtiveram valores médios de atividade dessa enzima superiores aos tratados.<br>Three experiments were carried out in two stages, using the EMBRAPA (Tropical and Agricultural Industry) - plants and annexes in Fortaleza, CE aiming the following: to evaluate the physícal, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical characteristícs of cashew apples of the clone CCP-76 during maturation and developing stages; to characterize qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall contents of the cashew apples due to developing and maturation processes; and to verify the post harvest application effect of calcium under different concentrations on cashew apples. The physical, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of cashew apples stored under refrigeration and modified atmosphere were studied. The cashew apples used for this work were obtained from the clone experimental areas of early dwarf cashew trees of Mossoró Agricultural Company S.A. The selected clone for this study was the CPP-76 due to be recommended for commercial planting in function of its production aspects and cashew apple quality for consumption in natura. The harvests were done in June and August 1997 for the 1st and 2nd experiments, respectively and in November 1998 for the 3rd experíment. The cashew apples, after being harvested were transported immediately to the laboratories, for the starting of the due experiment. For the experiments 1 and 2, the cashew apples were selected in seven developing and maturation stages according to the cashew apple size and skin externai color as the following: 1- green cashew apple and nut; 2- green cashew apple with ripen dry nut; 3- light green cashew apple, 4- yellowish, 5- onset of the orange color, 6- light orange color, 7- dark orange color. For the first experiment the following physical, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical analyses were realized: total weight (cashew apple + nut), nut weights, cashew apple weights, diameters and lengths, firmness, chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, calcium, starch, sugars, phenolic compounds, pectins, polygalacturonase, pectinmethylesterase, polyphenoloxidade e peroxidase activities. In the second experiment, the following analyses on the cell wall material extracted, were realized: cellulose, hemicellulose, total uronides, pectin esterification degree and bound calcium. For the third experiment, the cashew apples were harvested on the commercial maturation stage and submitted to a selection, pre-cooling, chlorinated water washing, air drying, new selection and treatment with CaCI2 0.5%, 1% and 2% with thickener being the testimony, water and thickener only. After air drying, the cashew apples were placed on trays, involved with PVC film and stored at 5°C ± 1°C and relative humidity 88% ± 3%. Samples were taken for analyses at each 5 days during a 25 day period and the following analyses carried out: weight loss, firmness, senescence, anthocyanins, pectins, tannins, vitamin C, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, calcium, soluble sugars, polygalacturonase, pectinmethylesterase activities. The major ratio soluble solids/acidity was reached in the stage 7, indicating that stage as the ideal for cashew apple harvesting, occasion that the edible quality peak is reached. The cashew apples showed a sharp softness during the development and maturation in parallel to a decrease in total pectin levei and increase in soluble pectin/total pectin ratio. There was an inverse and significative correlation between cashew apples firmness and pectin solubility, PME and PG activities. On the other hand, pectin solubility showed a significative and positive correlation with the activity of both enzymes, which correlated, positively to each other. The refrigeration added to the modified atmosphere may be used with success to delay cashew apple senescence process once they increase substantially its post harvest shelf life without causing physiological damage up to 20 days of storage. The cashew apples treated with calcium showed better firmness than those without treatment did, although, under calcium concentration up to 0,5% that effect was not observed anymore. Increased calcium dosages gave mean levei of total, soluble and insoluble calcium higher than the testimony. The calcium treatment did not inhibit the pectinmethylesterase activity. However, calcium was decisive for polygalacturonase activity, once the cashew apples that did not receive calcium treatment, obtained mean values for that enzyme activity higher than those treated.
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5

ARAÚJO, Erbia Bressia Gonçalves. "Produção de porta-enxerto de cajueiro anão precoce com águas salinizadas e doses de matéria orgânica." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/770.

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Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-22T17:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ERBIA BRESSIA GONÇALVES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 1383874 bytes, checksum: b5f572bb8228fa61951814df473903f2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T17:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ERBIA BRESSIA GONÇALVES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 1383874 bytes, checksum: b5f572bb8228fa61951814df473903f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16<br>No Brasil, a maioria dos pomares de cajueiro está localizada no tropico semiárido, onde os recursos hídricos são escassos e apresentam problemas de salinidade. Diante da importância socioeconômica do cajueiro para região nordeste do Brasil bem como das dificuldades relacionadas a escassez hídrica e qualidade de agua para irrigação, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes doses de matéria orgânica combinadas com águas de distintos níveis salinos na produção de porta-enxerto de cajueiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação (ambiente protegido) do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), localizado no município de Pombal-PB. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com os tratamentos referentes à cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa de (0,3; 1,0; 1,7; 2,4 e 3,1 dS m-1 ) em interação com quatro doses matéria orgânica MO (2,5; 3,5; 4,5 e 5,5%). Utilizaram-se três repetições, com duas plantas úteis por parcela, onde se avaliou o clone de cajueiro anão precoce CCP 06. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e área foliar aos 20 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT), taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo da altura de planta e do diâmetro do caule nos períodos de 10 a 30 DAT, fitomassa fresca e seca de caule, folhas e parte aérea, fitomassa seca de raiz, seca total e o índice de qualidade de Dickson aos 30 DAT. As doses crescentes de matéria orgânica não atenuaram o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre as variáveis estudadas no presente trabalho. A transpiração, condutância estomática e a fotossíntese líquida dos porta-enxerto de cajueiro CCP 06 diminuem com o acréscimo da salinidade do extrato de saturação do solo.Doses crescentes de MO não reduzem o efeito deletério da irrigação com águas salinizadas sobre a fitomassa e a fisiologia de portaenxerto de cajueiro CCP 06. A irrigação de água CEa de até 2,49, 0,90 e 1,01 dS m-1 , na produção de porta-enxerto de cajueiro CCP 06 promove redução aceitável no crescimento (diâmetro, área foliar e TCRap), fisiologia e fitomassa aos 30 DAT de 10% respectivamente. A dose de matéria orgânica de 2,5% apresentou o melhor resultado para as variáveis estudadas.<br>In Brazil, most of the cashew orchards are located in the semi-arid tropics, where water resources are scarce and present salinity problems. In view of the socioeconomic importance of cashew trees in the northeastern region of Brazil, as well as the difficulties related to water scarcity and water quality for irrigation, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of different doses of organic matter combined with waters of different saline levels In the production of cashew rootstock. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse (protected environment) of the Center for Science and Technology Agro-Food of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA / UFCG), located in the municipality of Pombal-PB. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with the treatments referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of ECw irrigation water of (0.3, 1.0, 1.7, 2.4 and 3, 1 dS m-1 ) in interaction with four organic matter doses OM (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%). Three replicates were used, with two useful plants per plot, where the precocious dwarf cashew clone CCP 06 was evaluated. The variables of stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area were evaluated at 20 and 30 days after application of the treatments (DAT), absolute and relative growth rate of plant height and stem diameter in periods of 10 to 30 DAT, fresh and dry stem, leaf and shoot biomass, dry root phytomass, total dry matter and Quality of Dickson at 30 DAT. Increasing doses of organic matter did not attenuate the effect of irrigation water salinity on the variables studied in the present study. The transpiration, stomatal conductance and the net photosynthesis of the CCP 06 cashew rootstocks decrease with the increase of the salinity of the soil saturation extract. Increasing OM masses do not reduce the deleterious effect of irrigation with salinized waters on phytomass and physiology Of CCP 06 cashew tree rootstock. ECw water irrigation of up to 2.49, 0.90 and 1.01 dS m-1 in the production of CCP 06 cashew rootstock promotes acceptable growth reduction (diameter, Leaf area and TCRap), physiology and phytomass at 30 DAT of 10%, respectively. The organic matter dose of 2.5% presented the best results for the studied variables.
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6

Pizarro, Juan Carlos Alvarez. "Caracteres fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos da tolerÃncia à salinidade em clones de cajueiro anÃo precoce." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=980.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior<br>O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as respostas fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas de clones de cajueiro anÃo-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) ao estresse salino. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetaÃÃo, sendo as plÃntulas cultivadas em vasos plÃsticos contendo vermiculita. No primeiro experimento, cinco clones de cajueiro anÃo-precoce foram submetidos aos tratamentos com NaCl a 0 (controle), 8 e 16 dS.m-1 de condutividade elÃtrica e objetivou selecionar clones com tolerÃncias diferenciadas ao estresse salino. Para isso, foram estudados os efeitos da salinidade no crescimento, nas trocas gasosas, no teor de Ãgua, na suculÃncia foliar, no potencial osmÃtico, nas concentraÃÃes de prolina, N-aminossolÃveis e carboidratos solÃveis e nos teores dos Ãons inorgÃnicos (Na+, Cl- e K+). A salinidade reduziu o crescimento das plÃntulas de todos os clones estudados. Os efeitos inibitÃrios do NaCl foram mais conspÃcuos na parte aÃrea do que nas raÃzes. O clone CCP 06 foi aquele que apresentou maior reduÃÃo no crescimento foliar, enquanto os clones BRS 189 e CCP 09 foram os que apresentaram as menores reduÃÃes. A salinidade inibiu a mobilizaÃÃo das reservas cotiledonÃrias, principalmente, na dose mais elevada de sal. A reduÃÃo no crescimento, pela salinidade, correlacionou-se com a reduÃÃo na taxa de fotossÃntese lÃquida. Os clones CCP 06 e BRS 189 apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor reduÃÃo na taxa fotossintÃtica a 8 dS.m-1. Embora a salinidade tenha reduzido a condutÃncia estomÃtica dos clones de cajueiro anÃo-precoce, essa reduÃÃo nÃo foi acompanhada por mudanÃas nas concentraÃÃes internas de CO2. Os clones estudados nÃo apresentaram alteraÃÃes, em funÃÃo da salinidade, no estado hÃdrico das folhas e raÃzes, porÃm, apresentaram reduÃÃes no potencial osmÃtico, favorecendo o ajustamento osmÃtico e, consequentemente, a manutenÃÃo da turgescÃncia dos tecidos. Sob condiÃÃes de estresse salino, os clones BRS 189 e CCP 09 foram os mais eficientes na regulaÃÃo do transporte do Ãon Na+ para a parte aÃrea da plÃntula, acumulando-o nas raÃzes. Em relaÃÃo ao Cl-, o clone CCP 09 mostrou-se o mais eficiente no controle do transporte desse Ãon. PorÃm, CCP 06 foi o clone que mais acumulou ambos os Ãons tÃxicos na parte aÃrea da planta. Com o aumento da salinidade, os teores de potÃssio dos clones estudados tiveram seus valores reduzidos apenas nas raÃzes. Na dose de 8 dS.m-1, o BRS 189 foi o clone que mais aumento suas concentraÃÃes de N-aminosolÃveis e prolina no suco radicular. Nesse mesmo nÃvel de sal, a salinidade aumentou a concentraÃÃo de carboidratos apenas nos clones CCP 06 e BRS 189. De posse destes resultados, o segundo experimento foi realizado com os clones CCP 06 e BRS 189 que foram os que se mostraram, respectivamente, o menos e o mais tolerante à salinidade. Esse experimento teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da salinidade (NaCl a 8 dS.m-1) na atividade da H+-ATPase e na composiÃÃo e peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdios de membrana plasmÃtica isoladas de raÃzes das plÃntulas dos dois clones contrastantes. A salinidade estimulou a atividade da H+-ATPase apenas no clone tolerante, o BRS 189, sendo esse clone o que apresentou maior conteÃdo de esterÃis totais e menor relaÃÃo fosfolipÃdios totais (PLt)/ esterÃis totais (Et), tanto em condiÃÃes controle como de estresse. Esses resultados foram concordantes com o fato de ter sido o BRS 189 o clone que melhor excluiu o Na+ da parte aÃrea. Nesse clone nÃo foram observadas alteraÃÃes nos teores de malondialdeÃdo, diferentemente do que ocorreu com o CCP 06, cujos teores aumentaram com o estresse salino. A maior proteÃÃo da membrana plasmÃtica do clone BRS 189 ao dano oxidativo està de acordo com os maiores acÃmulos de prolina e N-aminossolÃveis observados nesse clone. Os principais fosfolipÃdios da membrana plasmÃtica isolada de raÃzes do clone BRS 189 foram fosfatilglicerol (PG), fosfatidiletalonamina (PE) e fosfatilserina (PS). A salinidade provocou alteraÃÃes nas proporÃÃes relativas dos fosfolipÃdios, sendo PE e fosfatidilinositol (PI) os que apresentaram maiores aumentos em relaÃÃo ao total, enquanto que fosfatidilglicerol (PG) e Ãcido fosfatÃdico (PA) foram os que apresentaram maiores reduÃÃes. A percentagem de PS, em relaÃÃo ao total, nÃo foi afetada pela salinidade. No entanto, a relaÃÃo entre essas mudanÃas na composiÃÃo lipÃdica do BRS 189 pela salinidade e o aumento na atividade da H+-ATPase necessita ser melhor investigada.<br>Early-dwarf cashew seedlings (Anacardium occidentale L.) were used in order to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes induced by salt stress. The seeds (nuts) were sown in plastics pots containing vermiculite moistened with either distilled water (control treatment) or NaCl solutions at 8 and 16 dS.m-1 of electrical conductivity (saline treatment), and kept in greenhouse throughout the experimental period. Uniform 28-day-old seedlings were used for the analyses. The first experiment aimed to select, among five clones (CCP 06, CCP 09, CCP 76, Embrapa 51 and BRS 189), the ones showing contrasting salt-tolerance. The effect of salinity on the growth, gas exchange, water content, leaf succulence, osmotic potential and inorganic (Na+, Cl-, K+) and organic (proline, soluble carbohydrates, quaternary ammonium compounds) solute concentration for both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant clones was studied. Salinity inhibited the growth of all clones studied, being the inhibitory effect on shoot growth more conspicuous than in root growth. Clone CCP 06 leaf area was the most inhibited by salt stress, while clones BRS 189 and CCP 09 leaf areas were the least affected by salinity. Salt stress caused a great decrease in the cotyledon reserve mobilization especially at 16 dS.m-1. Growth reduction was correlated to the reduction in net photosynthetic rate. CCP 06 and BRS 189 showed the greatest and the lowest reduction in photosynthetic rate at 8 dS.m-1, respectively. Although, salinity reduced stomatal conductance, this reduction was not followed by changes in CO2 internal concentration. The water status, expressed as water content in relation to dry mass, was not changed by salt-stress. Salinity induced the lowering of osmotic potential both in leaves and roots of all clones studied. This osmotic adjustment might have lead to turgor maintenance of those tissues. The concentrations of Cl- and Na+ increased with increasing salt stress. Clones BRS 189 and CCP 09 accumulated more Na+ in the roots, and this could explain their efficiency in maintaining a lower ion concentration in shoots, i.e. they regulated more efficiently the transport of Na+ from roots to shoots. The regulation of Cl- transport to shoots was more efficient in clone CCP 09 than in the others. Salinity did not induce significant changes in leaves and stems K+ concentration, but it induced a reduction of K+ concentration in roots. Salinity also induced increases of quaternary ammonium compounds and proline concentration in BRS 189 root at 8 dS.m-1. In addition, this level of salinity increased soluble carbohydrates in the root sap especially in clones BRS 189 and CCP 06. During the second experiment, the effect of salt stress (NaCl at 8 dS.m-1) on the activity of H+-ATPase, lipid composition and peroxidation of root plasma membrane of both salt-tolerant (BRS 189) and salt- sensitive (CCP 06) clones were studied. The vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase activity was studied in plasma membrane-enriched vesicles isolated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation from roots. ATP hidrolizing activity in this fraction was mostly inhibited by vanadate and scarcely, by azide and molybdate, indicating that it was essentially enriched in plasma membrane vesicles. Salinity induced a 1.3-fold increase in the H+-ATPase specific activity in roots of BRS 189 seedlings. Salinity had no appreciable effect on the hydrolytic activity of this enzyme during the growth of CCP 06 seedlings. Likewise, clone BRS 189 roots plasma membrane showed higher sterol content and lower phospholipids/total sterol ratio than clone CCP 06. Both properties could contribute to the decrease in Na+ influx or increase in Na+ efflux or âexclusionâ from roots. This could result in less Na+ being transported to the shoot, and thus explaining the higher salt-tolerance of clone BRS 189. The higher degree of root plasma membrane lipid peroxidation of clone, and the lower proline and ammonium quaternary compounds contents of CCP 06 when compared to BRS 189 could also explain the differences in salt-tolerance between the two clones. These organic solutes could protect and stabilize plasma membrane against oxidative stress. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) were the major phospholipids in the plasma membrane from BRS 189 roots. Salinity induced increases in the relative proportions of PE and phosphatidylinositol (PI), while PG and PA were reduced. No changes were detected in PS in relation to control plant. The importance of lipid composition changes on H+-ATPase activity must be more studied.
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7

Pizarro, Juan Carlos Alvarez. "Caracteres fisiológicos e bioquímicos da tolerância à salinidade em clones de cajueiro anão precoce." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18273.

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PIZARRO, Juan Carlos Alvarez. Caracteres fisiológicos e bioquímicos da tolerância à salinidade em clones de cajueiro anão precoce. 2006. 135 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.<br>Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T14:16:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jcapizarro.pdf: 935692 bytes, checksum: c709b8b0747f8a929112611a9c584729 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-12T23:10:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jcapizarro.pdf: 935692 bytes, checksum: c709b8b0747f8a929112611a9c584729 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T23:10:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jcapizarro.pdf: 935692 bytes, checksum: c709b8b0747f8a929112611a9c584729 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Early-dwarf cashew seedlings (Anacardium occidentale L.) were used in order to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes induced by salt stress. The seeds (nuts) were sown in plastics pots containing vermiculite moistened with either distilled water (control treatment) or NaCl solutions at 8 and 16 dS.m-1 of electrical conductivity (saline treatment), and kept in greenhouse throughout the experimental period. Uniform 28-day-old seedlings were used for the analyses. The first experiment aimed to select, among five clones (CCP 06, CCP 09, CCP 76, Embrapa 51 and BRS 189), the ones showing contrasting salt-tolerance. The effect of salinity on the growth, gas exchange, water content, leaf succulence, osmotic potential and inorganic (Na+, Cl-, K+) and organic (proline, soluble carbohydrates, quaternary ammonium compounds) solute concentration for both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant clones was studied. Salinity inhibited the growth of all clones studied, being the inhibitory effect on shoot growth more conspicuous than in root growth. Clone CCP 06 leaf area was the most inhibited by salt stress, while clones BRS 189 and CCP 09 leaf areas were the least affected by salinity. Salt stress caused a great decrease in the cotyledon reserve mobilization especially at 16 dS.m-1. Growth reduction was correlated to the reduction in net photosynthetic rate. CCP 06 and BRS 189 showed the greatest and the lowest reduction in photosynthetic rate at 8 dS.m-1, respectively. Although, salinity reduced stomatal conductance, this reduction was not followed by changes in CO2 internal concentration. The water status, expressed as water content in relation to dry mass, was not changed by salt-stress. Salinity induced the lowering of osmotic potential both in leaves and roots of all clones studied. This osmotic adjustment might have lead to turgor maintenance of those tissues. The concentrations of Cl- and Na+ increased with increasing salt stress. Clones BRS 189 and CCP 09 accumulated more Na+ in the roots, and this could explain their efficiency in maintaining a lower ion concentration in shoots, i.e. they regulated more efficiently the transport of Na+ from roots to shoots. The regulation of Cl- transport to shoots was more efficient in clone CCP 09 than in the others. Salinity did not induce significant changes in leaves and stems K+ concentration, but it induced a reduction of K+ concentration in roots. Salinity also induced increases of quaternary ammonium compounds and proline concentration in BRS 189 root at 8 dS.m-1. In addition, this level of salinity increased soluble carbohydrates in the root sap especially in clones BRS 189 and CCP 06. During the second experiment, the effect of salt stress (NaCl at 8 dS.m-1) on the activity of H+-ATPase, lipid composition and peroxidation of root plasma membrane of both salt-tolerant (BRS 189) and salt- sensitive (CCP 06) clones were studied. The vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase activity was studied in plasma membrane-enriched vesicles isolated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation from roots. ATP hidrolizing activity in this fraction was mostly inhibited by vanadate and scarcely, by azide and molybdate, indicating that it was essentially enriched in plasma membrane vesicles. Salinity induced a 1.3-fold increase in the H+-ATPase specific activity in roots of BRS 189 seedlings. Salinity had no appreciable effect on the hydrolytic activity of this enzyme during the growth of CCP 06 seedlings. Likewise, clone BRS 189 roots plasma membrane showed higher sterol content and lower phospholipids/total sterol ratio than clone CCP 06. Both properties could contribute to the decrease in Na+ influx or increase in Na+ efflux or “exclusion” from roots. This could result in less Na+ being transported to the shoot, and thus explaining the higher salt-tolerance of clone BRS 189. The higher degree of root plasma membrane lipid peroxidation of clone, and the lower proline and ammonium quaternary compounds contents of CCP 06 when compared to BRS 189 could also explain the differences in salt-tolerance between the two clones. These organic solutes could protect and stabilize plasma membrane against oxidative stress. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) were the major phospholipids in the plasma membrane from BRS 189 roots. Salinity induced increases in the relative proportions of PE and phosphatidylinositol (PI), while PG and PA were reduced. No changes were detected in PS in relation to control plant. The importance of lipid composition changes on H+-ATPase activity must be more studied.<br>O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de clones de cajueiro anão-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) ao estresse salino. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, sendo as plântulas cultivadas em vasos plásticos contendo vermiculita. No primeiro experimento, cinco clones de cajueiro anão-precoce foram submetidos aos tratamentos com NaCl a 0 (controle), 8 e 16 dS.m-1 de condutividade elétrica e objetivou selecionar clones com tolerâncias diferenciadas ao estresse salino. Para isso, foram estudados os efeitos da salinidade no crescimento, nas trocas gasosas, no teor de água, na suculência foliar, no potencial osmótico, nas concentrações de prolina, N-aminossolúveis e carboidratos solúveis e nos teores dos íons inorgânicos (Na+, Cl- e K+). A salinidade reduziu o crescimento das plântulas de todos os clones estudados. Os efeitos inibitórios do NaCl foram mais conspícuos na parte aérea do que nas raízes. O clone CCP 06 foi aquele que apresentou maior redução no crescimento foliar, enquanto os clones BRS 189 e CCP 09 foram os que apresentaram as menores reduções. A salinidade inibiu a mobilização das reservas cotiledonárias, principalmente, na dose mais elevada de sal. A redução no crescimento, pela salinidade, correlacionou-se com a redução na taxa de fotossíntese líquida. Os clones CCP 06 e BRS 189 apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor redução na taxa fotossintética a 8 dS.m-1. Embora a salinidade tenha reduzido a condutância estomática dos clones de cajueiro anão-precoce, essa redução não foi acompanhada por mudanças nas concentrações internas de CO2. Os clones estudados não apresentaram alterações, em função da salinidade, no estado hídrico das folhas e raízes, porém, apresentaram reduções no potencial osmótico, favorecendo o ajustamento osmótico e, consequentemente, a manutenção da turgescência dos tecidos. Sob condições de estresse salino, os clones BRS 189 e CCP 09 foram os mais eficientes na regulação do transporte do íon Na+ para a parte aérea da plântula, acumulando-o nas raízes. Em relação ao Cl-, o clone CCP 09 mostrou-se o mais eficiente no controle do transporte desse íon. Porém, CCP 06 foi o clone que mais acumulou ambos os íons tóxicos na parte aérea da planta. Com o aumento da salinidade, os teores de potássio dos clones estudados tiveram seus valores reduzidos apenas nas raízes. Na dose de 8 dS.m-1, o BRS 189 foi o clone que mais aumento suas concentrações de N-aminosolúveis e prolina no suco radicular. Nesse mesmo nível de sal, a salinidade aumentou a concentração de carboidratos apenas nos clones CCP 06 e BRS 189. De posse destes resultados, o segundo experimento foi realizado com os clones CCP 06 e BRS 189 que foram os que se mostraram, respectivamente, o menos e o mais tolerante à salinidade. Esse experimento teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da salinidade (NaCl a 8 dS.m-1) na atividade da H+-ATPase e na composição e peroxidação dos lipídios de membrana plasmática isoladas de raízes das plântulas dos dois clones contrastantes. A salinidade estimulou a atividade da H+-ATPase apenas no clone tolerante, o BRS 189, sendo esse clone o que apresentou maior conteúdo de esteróis totais e menor relação fosfolipídios totais (PLt)/ esteróis totais (Et), tanto em condições controle como de estresse. Esses resultados foram concordantes com o fato de ter sido o BRS 189 o clone que melhor excluiu o Na+ da parte aérea. Nesse clone não foram observadas alterações nos teores de malondialdeído, diferentemente do que ocorreu com o CCP 06, cujos teores aumentaram com o estresse salino. A maior proteção da membrana plasmática do clone BRS 189 ao dano oxidativo está de acordo com os maiores acúmulos de prolina e N-aminossolúveis observados nesse clone. Os principais fosfolipídios da membrana plasmática isolada de raízes do clone BRS 189 foram fosfatilglicerol (PG), fosfatidiletalonamina (PE) e fosfatilserina (PS). A salinidade provocou alterações nas proporções relativas dos fosfolipídios, sendo PE e fosfatidilinositol (PI) os que apresentaram maiores aumentos em relação ao total, enquanto que fosfatidilglicerol (PG) e ácido fosfatídico (PA) foram os que apresentaram maiores reduções. A percentagem de PS, em relação ao total, não foi afetada pela salinidade. No entanto, a relação entre essas mudanças na composição lipídica do BRS 189 pela salinidade e o aumento na atividade da H+-ATPase necessita ser melhor investigada.
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8

Abreu, Carlos Eduardo Braga de. "AlteraÃÃoes fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas em plÃntulas de cajueiro anÃo-precoce submetidas à salinidade em duas condiÃÃes de cultivo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2312.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as respostas fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas de plÃntulas de cajueiro anÃo-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) à salinidade em duas condiÃÃes ambientais de cultivo. Para isso, as plÃntulas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno contendo somente soluÃÃo nutritiva (tratamento controle) ou soluÃÃo nutritiva com NaCl a 50, 100, 150 e 200 mM (tratamentos salinos), sendo mantidas em duas condiÃÃes ambientais: casa de vegetaÃÃo e sala de germinaÃÃo. Os efeitos do estresse salino foram avaliados atravÃs de medidas de crescimento, trocas gasosas, teores de clorofila, potencial osmÃtico foliar e teores de solutos orgÃnicos (prolina, N-aminossolÃveis e carboidratos solÃveis) e inorgÃnicos (Na+, Cl- e K+) nas folhas e raÃzes. TambÃm foram estudadas as alteraÃÃes na expressÃo gÃnica com a salinidade, o que foi feito atravÃs da comparaÃÃo dos padrÃes eletroforÃticos 2D das proteÃnas de folhas e raÃzes. A salinidade reduziu o crescimento das plÃntulas em ambas as condiÃÃes ambientais de cultivo, sendo que nas plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo, a inibiÃÃo do crescimento foi mais acentuada do que naquelas da sala de germinaÃÃo. Este fato correlacionou-se com as maiores reduÃÃes na fotossÃntese lÃquida, na transpiraÃÃo e na condutÃncia estomÃtica das plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo em relaÃÃo Ãs da sala de germinaÃÃo. Nas duas condiÃÃes de cultivo, os efeitos inibitÃrios do NaCl foram mais conspÃcuos nas raÃzes do que na parte aÃrea. A salinidade nÃo causou grandes mudanÃas nas concentraÃÃes internas de CO2 das plÃntulas de cajueiro, sugerindo a participaÃÃo de fatores nÃo-estomÃticos na inibiÃÃo das taxas fotossintÃticas. Os teores foliares de clorofila a, b e total foram influenciados pela salinidade e pelas condiÃÃes de cultivo das plÃntulas, sendo que as da sala de germinaÃÃo apresentaram os maiores conteÃdos e as menores reduÃÃes desses pigmentos devido à salinidade. As leituras feitas com o medidor portÃtil de clorofila, SPAD-502, correlacionaram-se positivamente com os teores foliares de clorofila, expressos em &#61549;g.cm-2, tanto nas plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo quanto nas da sala de germinaÃÃo. As maiores reduÃÃes no potencial osmÃtico e os maiores acÃmulos de Na+ e Cl- nas folhas pela salinidade, em relaÃÃo ao controle, foram observados nas plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo. Por outro lado, os teores de K+ nesse ÃrgÃo nÃo diferiram muito entre as duas condiÃÃes de cultivo empregadas. As raÃzes acumularam grandes quantidades de Na+ e Cl- em seus tecidos, as quais foram acompanhadas de grandes decrÃscimos nos teores de K+, em ambas as condiÃÃes de cultivo. Com o aumento da salinidade, os teores de prolina foram aumentados, principalmente nas folhas, sendo os maiores incrementos observados nas plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis foram aumentados e reduzidos, devido à salinidade, somente nas folhas das plÃntulas da sala de germinaÃÃo e nas raÃzes das plÃntulas da casa de vegetaÃÃo, respectivamente. Nas duas condiÃÃes de cultivo, a salinidade aumentou os teores de N-aminossolÃveis nas folhas e nas raÃzes das plÃntulas de cajueiro. O padrÃo de expressÃo gÃnica das folhas e das raÃzes foi alterado pelo estresse salino em ambas as condiÃÃes ambientais. A salinidade causou aumentos e diminuiÃÃes nas taxas de expressÃo de vÃrias proteÃnas, sendo que algumas desapareceram completamente e outras foram aparentemente sintetizadas de novo nas plÃntulas estressadas. As proteÃnas diferencialmente reguladas pelo estresse salino foram bastante diferentes nas duas condiÃÃes ambientais empregadas. Faz-se necessÃrio o seqÃenciamento e a identificaÃÃo dessas proteÃnas para que se possa especular sobre seus possÃveis papÃis no processo de aclimataÃÃo das plÃntulas de cajueiro Ãs condiÃÃes de salinidade.<br>Early-dwarf cashew seedlings (Anacardium occidentale L.) were used in order to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes induced by salt stress in two environmental conditions. The seedlings were cultivated in plastics pots containing only nutrient solution (control treatment) or nutrient solution with NaCl at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM (saline treatment). They were kept in two environmental conditions: greenhouse and growth room. The effects of salinity on the growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, osmotic potential and organic (proline, soluble amino-N, soluble carbohydrates) and inorganic (Na+, Cl-, K+) solute contents from both leaves and roots were studied. Salt stress induced changes in gene expression were studied both in leaves and roots comparing 2D electrophoretic pattern. Salinity inhibited the growth of seedlings in both environmental conditions, being the reduction in seedlings growth in the greenhouse more conspicuous than those cultivated in the growth room. This fact was correlated with highest reductions in net photosynthetic rate, in transpiration and stomatal conductance of seedlings grown in the greenhouse when compared with those of growth room. In both cultivation conditions, the root growth was affected by NaCl than shoot growth. The salinity stress not caused great changes in CO2 internal concentration, suggesting that the inhibition of photosynthesis also may be attributed to non-stomatal factors. Leaf chlorophyll a, b and total contents were influenced by salinity and environmental conditions, being observed the highest contents and the lowest reductions of these pigments due to salinity in seedlings under growth room conditions. The readings of portable chlorophyll meter, SPAD-502, were positively correlated to leaf chlorophyll contents, expressed in &#61549;g.cm-2, both in greenhouse and growth room conditions. In the salt stress conditions, the higher reductions of osmotic potential and higher Na+ and Cl- accumulations in leaves were observed in seedlings grown in the greenhouse. On the other hand, leaves K+ contents did not differ much among the cultivation conditions used. The roots accumulated greater amounts of Na+ and Cl- in their tissues, which were accompanied of great decreases in the K+ contents in both cultivation conditions. Proline content increased with the increase in salt stress especially in leaves, being the greater increases observed in seedlings cultivated in the greenhouse. The soluble carbohydrates contents were increased and decreased, due to salinity, only in leaves of seedlings of growth room and roots of those grown in the greenhouse, respectively. In both cultivation conditions, salinity increased the leaf and root soluble amino-N contents of cashew seedlings. The gene expression patterns both leaves and roots were altered by salt stress, in both environmental conditions. Salinity induced increases and decreases in expression of various proteins, being that some proteins disappeared completely and other were apparently synthesized de novo in the seedlings stressed. The proteins differentially regulated by salt stress were enough different among the environmental conditions used. Future studies should be focused on sequencing and identification of proteins whose rate of synthesis varied as a result of salinity, in order to better characterize their possible roles in the process of acclimation of cashew seedlings to salinity conditions
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9

JÃnior, Josà Itamar Frota. "DivergÃncia genÃtica entre progÃnies de meios-irmÃos de cajueiro anÃo precoce." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9973.

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nÃo hÃ<br>O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar e avaliar a diversidade genÃtica de progÃnies de meios-irmÃos de cajueiro anÃo precoce da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical por meio de marcadores moleculares e morfolÃgicos, assim como, a indicaÃÃo dos materiais divergentes para o programa de melhoramento genÃtico. Foram utilizadas 50 progÃnies instaladas no Campo Experimental de Pacajus, CE. Na anÃlise molecular, cada progÃnie foi amostrada coletando-se folhas de duas plantas/parcela e analisadas no laboratÃrio de Biologia Molecular da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical. Foram realizadas extraÃÃes de DNA baseadas no mÃtodo CTAB (brometo de cetiltrimetilamÃnio) ajustado por Cavalcanti (2004) e utilizados marcadores do tipo ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de Jaccard e anÃlise de agrupamento UPGMA (MÃtodo de MÃdia AritmÃtica NÃo Ponderada) para anÃlise dos grupos. Doze iniciadores ISSR geraram 71 bandas das quais 27 foram polimÃrficas. A anÃlise de agrupamento permitiu a divisÃo em quatorze grupos de similaridade genÃtica, onde as progÃnies mais divergentes foram CNPAT 92-56, CNPAT 92- 62 e CNPAT 92-385 e as mais similares foram CNPAT 92-331 e CNPAT 92-335. Na anÃlise quantitativa foram utilizadas as seguintes variÃveis: altura da planta, diÃmetro da copa, nÃmero de castanhas e produÃÃo. Foi utilizada a DistÃncia Euclidiana para anÃlise da distÃncia genÃtica e UPGMA para a anÃlise de agrupamento. A produÃÃo foi a variÃvel que obteve maior contribuiÃÃo relativa para a divergÃncia genÃtica com 97,80%. A anÃlise de agrupamento UPGMA possibilitou a distribuiÃÃo de 11 grupos. O material mais divergente foi o CNPAT 92-331 oriundo da Fazenda Capisa (PiauÃ). Os mais similares formaram o subgrupo I do grupo I, CNPAT 92-54 e CNPAT 92-58 com 95% de similaridade. Hà variabilidade genÃtica, no entanto nÃo foram encontradas relaÃÃes diretas entre a anÃlise molecular e a quantitativa<br>The present work was developed in order to characterize and evaluate the genetic diversity of dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical using molecular and morphological markers as well as the indication of divergent materials to the breeding program. It was used 50 dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical collection located in the Experimental Center of Pacajus, CearÃ. In the molecular analysis, each progeny was sampled by collecting leaves from two plants per plot and then analyzed at EmbrapaÂs molecular biology lab. It was performed DNAÂs extractions based on CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method, adapted by Cavalcanti (2004). ISSRÂs markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) were used. JaccardÂs coefficient and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis were applied in the group analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the division into fourteen groups of genetic similarity being the most divergent progenies CNPAT 92-56, 92-62 and 92-385, and the most similar ones CNPAT 92-331 and 92-335. Variables such as plant height, diameter, number of nuts and production, were used in the quantitative analysis. Euclidian distance was used in the genetic distance analysis. UPGMA method were used in cluster analysis. The variable with highest relative contribution to genetic divergence was production, with 97,80%. The UPGMA cluster analysis allowed the division into eleven groups. The most divergent material was CNPAT 92-331 coming from Capisa farm in Piauà state. The most similar materials formed the subgroup I of group I, CNPAT 92-54 and 92-58 with 95% similarity. There is genetic variability, however no direct relationship between molecular and quantitative analysis was found
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10

Frota, Júnior José Itamar. "Divergência genética entre progênies de meios-irmãos de cajueiro anão precoce." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/16974.

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FROTA JUNIOR, José Itamar. Divergência genética entre progênies de meios-irmãos de cajueiro anão precoce. 2012. 106 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Tecnologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2012.<br>Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T13:27:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T13:29:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T13:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>The present work was developed in order to characterize and evaluate the genetic diversity of dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical using molecular and morphological markers as well as the indication of divergent materials to the breeding program. It was used 50 dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical collection located in the Experimental Center of Pacajus, Ceará. In the molecular analysis, each progeny was sampled by collecting leaves from two plants per plot and then analyzed at Embrapa´s molecular biology lab. It was performed DNA´s extractions based on CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method, adapted by Cavalcanti (2004). ISSR´s markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) were used. Jaccard´s coefficient and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis were applied in the group analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the division into fourteen groups of genetic similarity being the most divergent progenies CNPAT 92-56, 92-62 and 92-385, and the most similar ones CNPAT 92-331 and 92-335. Variables such as plant height, diameter, number of nuts and production, were used in the quantitative analysis. Euclidian distance was used in the genetic distance analysis. UPGMA method were used in cluster analysis. The variable with highest relative contribution to genetic divergence was production, with 97,80%. The UPGMA cluster analysis allowed the division into eleven groups. The most divergent material was CNPAT 92-331 coming from Capisa farm in Piauí state. The most similar materials formed the subgroup I of group I, CNPAT 92-54 and 92-58 with 95% similarity. There is genetic variability, however no direct relationship between molecular and quantitative analysis was found<br>O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar e avaliar a diversidade genética de progênies de meios-irmãos de cajueiro anão precoce da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical por meio de marcadores moleculares e morfológicos, assim como, a indicação dos materiais divergentes para o programa de melhoramento genético. Foram utilizadas 50 progênies instaladas no Campo Experimental de Pacajus, CE. Na análise molecular, cada progênie foi amostrada coletando-se folhas de duas plantas/parcela e analisadas no laboratório de Biologia Molecular da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. Foram realizadas extrações de DNA baseadas no método CTAB (brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio) ajustado por Cavalcanti (2004) e utilizados marcadores do tipo ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de Jaccard e análise de agrupamento UPGMA (Método de Média Aritmética Não Ponderada) para análise dos grupos. Doze iniciadores ISSR geraram 71 bandas das quais 27 foram polimórficas. A análise de agrupamento permitiu a divisão em quatorze grupos de similaridade genética, onde as progênies mais divergentes foram CNPAT 92-56, CNPAT 92- 62 e CNPAT 92-385 e as mais similares foram CNPAT 92-331 e CNPAT 92-335. Na análise quantitativa foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis: altura da planta, diâmetro da copa, número de castanhas e produção. Foi utilizada a Distância Euclidiana para análise da distância genética e UPGMA para a análise de agrupamento. A produção foi a variável que obteve maior contribuição relativa para a divergência genética com 97,80%. A análise de agrupamento UPGMA possibilitou a distribuição de 11 grupos. O material mais divergente foi o CNPAT 92-331 oriundo da Fazenda Capisa (Piauí). Os mais similares formaram o subgrupo I do grupo I, CNPAT 92-54 e CNPAT 92-58 com 95% de similaridade. Há variabilidade genética, no entanto não foram encontradas relações diretas entre a análise molecular e a quantitativa
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Books on the topic "Dwarf cashew"

1

Saha, Prasenjit, and Paul A. Taylor. Gravity versus Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0005.

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Formally, the title of this chapter is a statement of the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. A large number of stellar objects exist in the balance between gravity and pressure, with the large ‘zoo’ of observed types being due to the various physical phenomena providing the latter. This chapter is devoted to various applications of that equilibrium. Some cases can be solved exactly, such as spheres of solid rock or ice; some cases can only be solved in detail numerically, notably degenerate white dwarfs up to the Chandrasekhar mass limit. For other cases, analytical approximations such as a version of the virial theorem are helpful in understanding underlying structure and behaviour.
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2

Levin, Frank S. Macroscopic Manifestations of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0013.

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Some possibly unexpected macroscopic manifestations of quantum mechanics are described in Chapter 12. The first is a laser, a device both man-made and one that relies on phase effects to achieve its potent beam. How this is done is illustrated by a diagram. The next is an estimate of the maximum height of a mountain, whose result was originally shown to rely on quantum mechanics. That result, approximately 30 km, is followed by showing that white dwarf and neutron stars are each gigantic manifestations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, the first mainly consisting of carbon nuclei and electrons, the second mainly of neutrons. In each case, the primary constituent is a fermion, whose quantum behavior is governed by the Exclusion Principle. Along the way to showing this is a review of stellar evolution and energy sources. The final example is the first quantum machine, which is barely macroscopic.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dwarf cashew"

1

Mee, Nicholas. "Cosmic Spacequakes." In The Cosmic Mystery Tour. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0018.

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The fourth gravitational wave signal detected by LIGO GW170817 coincided with a short gamma ray burst and these signals have been interpreted as the result of a binary neutron star merger. It is thought that gold and other heavy elements are produced in binary neutron star collisions and the GW170817 event has provided support for this idea. Further evidence that heavy elements are produced in extremely rare events such as binary neutron star mergers has been deduced from the scarcity of these elements in dwarf galaxies. The Reticulum II dwarf galaxy is an exceptional case that does contain heavy elements that might have been created in a single such event.
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2

Hearn, Jonathan. "Theory: explaining financial crisis and conceptualising capitalism." In Salvage Ethnography in the Financial Sector. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719087998.003.0003.

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Building on the historical perspective of the previous chapter, this chapter begins by posing the basic questions ‘what is theory for?’. It argues that in the present case it is to situate the events under scrutiny within a hierarchy of more proximate and more general causes impinging on those events. Towards this end it first surveys a range of explanations that have been brought to bear on the post-2008 crisis, and then surveys a range more general theories of the long-term trajectory of capitalism. In both cases it suggests which theories and explanations are probably the most significant. It concludes by reflecting on the challenge of situating relatively small-scale ethnographic data within large historical explanations that seem to dwarf human agency.
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3

Schroeder, Daniel V. "Quantum Statistics." In An Introduction to Thermal Physics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895547.003.0007.

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This chapter begins by extending the Boltzmann distribution to the case of a system that exchanges particles with its environment. This idea finds direct applications ranging from hemoglobin adsorption to ionization of atoms in stars. But the main applications are to dense “gases” in which the quantum behavior of identical particles comes into play. Examples include conduction electrons in metals and semiconductors; white dwarf and neutron stars; photon gases and thermal radiation from incandescent objects; neutrino and electron-positron production in the early universe; quasiparticles associated with vibrations and magnetic excitations in solids; and Bose-Einstein condensation of ultracold clouds of atoms.
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4

Adepoju, Oluwaseun David David, Demilade Oluwasina, and Nji Mbitaownu Mughe Awah. "Social Skepticism and Its Effect on Shared Economy." In Africa's Platforms and the Evolving Sharing Economy. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3234-8.ch008.

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The new disruptive models of businesses are now making strangers meet strangers for economic and service benefits. This new shared economy system begs for a very pertinent question. Has human trust increased to that point where we can completely trust strangers? This chapter answered the above question within the African context while considering some case studies of failed start-ups that launched on shared economy models. This chapter also made some comparative analysis of some homegrown platforms that did not survive the valley of death in the Nigerian Innovation Ecosystem and successful similar foreign models imported into Africa. A definite opinion analysis through social scepticism lens was used in writing on gomyway.com, a Nigerian car-pooling start-up that failed after two years of operation. The chapter ended by making a strong case for models that dwarfs social scepticism to ensure the survival of the valley of death for platform entrepreneurship in Africa.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dwarf cashew"

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SILVA, S. S., R. V. PORDEUS, J. D. NETO, C. F. REIS, and R. R. CUNHA. "Physical water attributes of soil under pre-dwarf cashew tree cultivation in semiarid region." In IV Inovagri International Meeting. INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res1880693.

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Torres, Andrei B. B., José Adriano Filho, Atslands R. Da Rocha, Rubens Sonsol Gondim, and José Neuman De Souza. "Outlier detection methods and sensor data fusion for precision agriculture." In IX Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Ubíqua e Pervasiva. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcup.2017.3316.

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Precision agriculture is a concept regarding the use of technology to increase production yield while preserving and optimizing resources. One of the means to achieve that goal is to use sensors to monitor crops and adjust the cultivation according to its needs. This paper compares different techniques for sensor data fusion and detection and removal of outliers from gathered data to improve sensors accuracy and to identify possible sensor malfunction. As a case study, we monitored an experimental crop of precocious dwarf cashew using soil moisture sensors. Combining generalized ESD method and a weighted outlierrobust Kalman filter generated the best result, leading to more accurate data.
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Montgomery, M. H., Klaus Werner, and T. Rauch. "GD 358: The Case for Oblique Pulsation and Temperature Change." In 17TH EUROPEAN WHITE DWARF WORKSHOP. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3527882.

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Montgomery, M. H., J. J. Hermes, D. E. Winget, Klaus Werner, and T. Rauch. "Limits of Perturbative Nonlinear Light Curve Analyses: the Case of G117-B15A." In 17TH EUROPEAN WHITE DWARF WORKSHOP. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3527877.

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RUFFINI, REMO J. "ON THE CRITICAL MASS: THE CASE OF WHITE DWARFS." In A Festschrift in Honor of Ricardo Giacconi. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812792174_0026.

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Dupuis, J., P. Chayer, V. Hénault-Brunet, et al. "Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Hot DA White Dwarfs: The Case of Silicon." In FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY: A Conference Inspired by the Accomplishments of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Mission. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3154074.

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BOSHKAYEV, K., J. A. RUEDA, and R. RUFFINI. "SGRS AND AXPS AS MASSIVE FAST ROTATING HIGHLY MAGNETIZED WHITE DWARFS: THE CASE OF SGR 0418+5729." In Proceedings of the MG13 Meeting on General Relativity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814623995_0424.

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