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Journal articles on the topic 'Dwarf cashew'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lima, Geovani Soares de, Jailson Batista da Silva, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Hans Raj Gheyi, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, and Leandro de Pádua Souza. "Physiological indices and phytomass partition in precocious dwarf cashew clones irrigated with saline waters." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (March 12, 2020): e3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i0.3196.

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This research aimed to evaluate the physiological indices and the accumulation of phytomass in clones of precocious dwarf cashew under salt stress during rootstock formation. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse in the municipality of Pombal-PB. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, and the treatments were organized in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, constituting the levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water - ECw (0.4 -Control; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8, and 3.6 dS m-1) and the clones of precocious dwarf cashew (Faga 11, Embrapa 51, CCP 76), with three replications and two plants per plot. Water salinity higher than 0.4 dS m-1 resulted in a decrease of the relative growth in plant height, leaf area, and phytomass accumulation in the cashew plant. The cashew clones are sensitive to water salinity from 0.4 dS m-1. Among the physiological indicators, the leaf area ratio, the sclerophylly index, and the root/shoot ratio of the precocious dwarf cashew are highlighted as salt stress indicators. The use of water with 0.4 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity is recommended for the formation of cashew rootstocks.

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Galdino, Antonia, Laiza Brito Ribeiro, Carlos Moura, Francisca Frenna Verezza Rodrigues de Amorim, and Renato Innecco. "Physical analysis of peduncles of dwarf cashew clones for consumption, processed or natural." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 13, no. 2 (2019): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2019v13i2.9808.

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The physical characteristics of cashew-dwarf peduncles were evaluated to later indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/or processing, considering that consumers appreciate products for their visual attractiveness. The objective of this study was to analyze peduncles of dwarf cashew clones obtained from the Genetic Improvement Program of Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Cruz-CE experimental area, in order to make inferences about the physical characteristics and indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/or processing. The analyzed variables were: total mass of the cashew (MT), chestnut mass (MC), peduncle mass (MP), apical diameter (DA), basal diameter (DB), length and firmness. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with 25 treatments (clones) with 3 replications and up to 12 cashews per plot (four plants in total). The analysis of variance and the comparison of the means by the Scott and Knott test was realized. When analyzing the MT values, it was found that 100% of the clones were classified as types 4 (approximately 150 g), 5 (approximately 100 g) and 6 (approximately 150 g) cashews/tray. As for MC, there was a variation from 8.18 to 15.08 g. General averages of 95.16, 50.07 and 41.38 mm were found for the variables length, DB and DA of peduncle, respectively. It is concluded that, in general, all clones presented good characteristics; however, clone 108-6 is the preference for most consumers since it has red staining, as did the control (CCP 76). Therefore, all clones presented desirable characteristics for natural consumption and/or processing.

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Lima, Geovani S. de, Jailson B. da Silva, Leandro de P. Souza, Reginaldo G. Nobre, Lauriane A. dos A. Soares, and Hans R. Gheyi. "Tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to salt stress during rootstock formation stage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 7 (2020): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n7p474-481.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of precocious dwarf cashew clones to irrigation with waters of different salinity levels during rootstock formation. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and three clones of precocious dwarf cashew (Faga 11, Embrapa 51, CCP 76), with three replicates. Water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1 inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and growth, but led to cashew seedlings with the Dickson Quality Index (DQI) higher than the acceptable limit. Based on the relative yield of the total dry mass, the clones Faga 11, Embrapa 51 and CCP 76, at the highest salinity level studied, were classified as moderately sensitive, sensitive and moderately tolerant, respectively. There was interaction between water salinity and precocious dwarf cashew clones for chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and DQI at 75 days after sowing.

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Meera Manjusha, A. V., and B. Jayaprakash Naik. "PLD 57 - A PROMISING DWARF CASHEW." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1080 (March 2015): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1080.21.

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5

Barros, L. M., J. R. Paiva, J. J. V. Cavalcanti, R. E. Alves, and A. C. Lima. "BRS 189 dwarf cashew clone cultivar." Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (2002): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v02n01a20.

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6

Lima, Geovani Soares de, Jailson Batista da Silva, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, et al. "Effect of water salinity and potassium doses on physiological traits and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) rootstock." NOVEMBER 2020, no. 14(11):2020 (November 10, 2020): 1748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.11.p2471.

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In the semiarid regions, plants are constantly exposed to different conditions of abiotic stresses due to the occurrence of excess salts in both soil and water. Thus, it is extremely important to identify an alternative capable of minimizing the effects of salt stress on plants as a way to ensure the expansion of irrigated areas. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the chloroplast pigments, photochemical efficiency and growth of ‘Embrapa 51’ precocious dwarf cashew as a function of irrigation with saline water and potassium fertilization in the rootstock formation stage. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Pombal, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.4; 1.2; 2.0; 2.8 and 3.6 dS m-1) and two doses of potassium fertilization - KD (100 and 150% of the recommendation corresponding to 150 and 225 g K2O kg-1 soil), with two plants per plot and three replicates. Water salinity from 0.4 induced reductions in chlorophyll a and b synthesis, maximum and variable fluorescence and growth in sexually propagated precocious dwarf cashew seedlings and increases in carotenoid content and initial chlorophyll fluorescence. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II in cashew plants was decreased sharply with the increment in water salinity levels, standing out as indicative of damage to the photosystem II reaction centres. 'Embrapa 51' precocious dwarf cashew plants can be classified as sensitive to water salinity above 0.4 dS m-1. Potassium doses of 100 and 150% of the recommendation did not alleviate the effects of salt stress during the precocious dwarf cashew rootstock production phase.

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Carneiro, Paulo Torres, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Hans Raj Gheyi, Frederico Antônio Loureiro Soares, and Sergio Batista Assis Viana. "Salt tolerance of precocious-dwarf cashew rootstocks: physiological and growth indexes." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (2004): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100002.

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The cashew crop (Anacardium occiedentale L.) is of great economic and social importance for Northeast Brazil, a region usually affected by water and soil salinity. The present study was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of four salinity levels established through electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.7, 1.4, 2.1 and 2.8 dS m-1, at 25ºC), on growth and physiological indexes of five rootstocks of dwarf-precocious cashew varieties CCP06, CCP09, CCP1001, EMBRAPA50, and EMBRAPA51. Plant height, leaf area, dry weight of root, shoot and total; water content of leaves, root/shoot ratio, leaf area ratio, absolute and relative growth rates and rate of net assimilation were evaluated. The majority of the evaluated variables were found to be affected by ECw and the effects varied among clones; however, no significant interactive effects were observed for factors. The value of ECw = 1.39 dS m-1 was considered as a threshold tolerance for the precocious cashew rootstocks used in this study. The dwarf-precocious cashew is moderately sensible to soil salinity during the formation phase of rootstock. Clones EMBRAPA51 and EMBRAPA50 presented, respectively, the least and the best development indexes.

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Dadzie, A. M., P. K. K. Adu-Gyamfi, A. Akpertey, et al. "Assessment of Juvenile Growth and Yield Relationship Among Dwarf Cashew Types in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 10 (2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n10p116.

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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical cash crop cultivated in Ghana. It provides livelihood for about 200,000 people and contributes 6.1% to Ghana&rsquo;s gross domestic product (GDP). Four Brazilian dwarf accessions were introduced to improve nut yield. Objectives of this study were to (1) assess the agronomic performance of the accessions across two contrasting ecologies, (2) determine environmental influence on juvenile growth, (3) determine the relationship between early vegetative growth and yield and (4) explore heritability and genetic advance for the measured agronomic traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results revealed significant (p &lt; 0.05) environmental influence on growth and yield of cashew. Transitional savanna agro-ecology is more suitable for cashew growth and development. Crop year, location and crop year &times; location interactions also influenced most of the agronomic traits. Early growth characteristics alone were not enough to predict yield. Genotype B2 ranked highest yielding across the agro-ecologies. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advance estimates were observed for nut yield, plant height and girth, an indication of variability among accessions needed for cashew improvement in Ghana.

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López, Ana Maria Queijeiro, and John Alexander Lucas. "Reaction of dwarf cashew clones to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates in controlled environment." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (2010): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200016.

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The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) crop is an important source of income for the population of the Brazilian Northeast, and anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides leads to significant production loss. However, there is little information on either the host resistance or the variation in the aggressiveness of the pathogen under controlled environment. The reaction of commercial (CCP-06, CCP-09, CCP-76 and CCP-1001) and one non-commercial (CAP-14) dwarf cashew clones was assessed against 36 isolates of this fungus controlled environmental conditions. All the isolates, including those from hosts other than cashew, were able to cause lesions on leaves and stems of most clones, albeit to different degrees. Clone CCP-06 was the most susceptible, while clone CCP-1001 showed a level of resistance to a number of the isolates, including isolate 905, while isolates 910 and 912 were aggressive to all clones. Injury increased the susceptibility of the clones to all isolates, indicating that resistance also might be associated with structural barriers that hinder penetration. Ripened cashew apples (8-week-old), of commercial clones were susceptible to isolates 905 and 910. Immature pseudo-fruits (2-week-old), with exception of clone CCP-76 which was susceptible to both isolates showed resistance against these isolates, suggesting the presence of structural and chemical barriers. Developed nuts (8-week-old), however, were more resistant than immature nuts (2-week-old) to both isolates, probably due to their thicker exocarp cuticle and reduced number of stomatal pores.

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Lopes, Mônica Maria de Almeida, Maria Raquel Alcântara de Miranda, Carlos Farley Herbster Moura, and Joaquim Enéas Filho. "Bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacity of cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) during the ripening of early dwarf cashew clones." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 3 (2012): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000300008.

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Lately, tropical fruit consumption has increased due to a higher knowledge of its nutritional and therapeutic value. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of cashew apples from different early dwarf clones during their ripening. The clones analyzed included: CCP 76, CCP 09, BRS 189 and BRS 265 in seven ripening stages. They were analyzed for vitamin C, total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, yellow flavonoids and polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity. Clone BRS 265 ripe cashew apple presented the highest vitamin C content (279.37 mg x 100 g-1). The ripe BRS 189 cashew apple is colored bright red, and its total anthocyanin content was the highest (21.16 mg x 100 g-1). The yellow flavonoids content was higher for ripe CCP 76 and BRS 189 cashew apples with 56.32 and 50.75 mg x 100 g-1, respectively. The highest levels of extrable polyphenols and antioxidant capacity were observed in CCP 09 in the first five ripening stages. The antioxidant activity of cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.) is mainly attributed to polyphenol content (r = 0.90; p < 0.01), and, therefore, they may be considered relevant sources of antioxidant compounds, which are necessary for human health. Cashew apples are consumed fresh which confers direct benefits for human health and present high potential for the development of new products with functional properties.

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MACÊDO, MARCELO LIMA, Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa, and Kenya Gonçalves Nunes. "VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DO CULTIVO IRRIGADO DO CAJUEIRO-ANÃO PRECOCE NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR." IRRIGA 23, no. 1 (2018): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2018v23n1p55.

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VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DO CULTIVO IRRIGADO DO CAJUEIRO-ANÃO PRECOCE NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR MARCELO LIMA MACÊDO1; RAIMUNDO NONATO TÁVORA COSTA2 E KENYA GONÇALVES NUNES2 (I)Parte da dissertação de mestrado do primeiro autor.1Departamento de Construção Civil, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, marcelomacedom@yahoo.com.br2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, rntcosta@ufc.br, kenyagn@gmail.com 1 RESUMO O cajueiro sempre ocupou lugar de destaque na agricultura brasileira, principalmente na região Nordeste, com cultivo realizado em regime de sequeiro, baixo nível de tecnologia e baixa produtividade. A pesquisa objetivou avaliar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo irrigado do cajueiro-anão precoce. O estudo foi realizado no município de Pentecoste, Ceará, com base na produção de 1,0 hacultivado com o clone BRS 189, implantado em área de agricultura familiar. Para a análise foram considerados dados de produção de um período de dez anos, através dos indicadores de rentabilidade da análise de investimento: Relação Benefício/Custo, Valor Presente Líquido, Taxa Interna de Retorno e Período payback. A irrigação do cajueiro promoveu incremento médio na produtividade superior a 90%, praticamente sem alteração no período de colheita. Verificou-se relação direta entre o total anual de chuva e a produtividade do cajueiro, independentemente do cultivo ser realizado em regime de sequeiro ou irrigado. O cultivo do cajueiro-anão precoce irrigado é uma alternativa economicamente viável em um cenário em que não se contabilizaram os custos de mão de obra associados à colheita. Palavras-chave: Anacardium occidentale L., análise econômica, cajueiro irrigado, produtividade. MACÊDO, M. L.; COSTA, R. N. T.; NUNES, K. G.ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF EARLY DWARF CASHEW IRRIGATED IN FAMILY FARMING 2 ABSTRACT Cashew has always occupied a prominent place in Brazilian agriculture, especially in the Northeast region, and is cultivated under rain fed conditions, with low technology and productivity levels. The objective of this study was to assess the economic viability of the irrigated cultivation of the early dwarf cashew. The study was conducted in Pentecoste, Ceará, based on the production of 1.0 ha cultivated with BRS 189, deployed in area of family farming. Production data from a period of ten years was considered for analysis through indicators of profitability of investment analysis: Cost/benefit ratio, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Payback period. The irrigation of cashew promoted average increase in productivity over 90%, practically without change during the harvest period. There was a direct relationship between the total annual rainfall and productivity of cashew, regardless of the culture being under rain fed or irrigated regime. The cultivation of early dwarf cashew irrigated is an economically viable alternative in a scenario where costs of labor associated with harvesting are not taken into account. Keywords: Anacardium occidentale L., economic analysis, cashew irrigated, productivity.

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J O, Ocheja, Halilu A, Shittu B Ac, Eniolorunda S E, Ajagbe A. D, and Okolo S. E. "Hematology and serum biochemistry of yearling West African dwarf goats fed cashew nut shell based diets." Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal 2, no. 1 (2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.1.3.

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Yearling West African dwarf bucks were allotted into four (4) dietary treatments of four goats each. The goats were fed bamboo leaves at 250g/goat/day and concentrate supplement diets containing 0%,10%,15%and 20% cashew nutshell for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively at 150g per goat/day for a duration of sixty-three (63) days. The experimental design was a completely randomized design ,data were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance and least significant difference to separate the significant means.(SPSS version 23, 2015 edition) Concentrate diets and bamboo leaf samples were analyzed using the methods of AOAC ( 2000)), on the last day of the experiment blood samples for hematological and serological studies were collected in sample bottles from the jugular veins of the goats ,using needles and syringes. Values for daily supplement intake (62.40 – 98.80 g), and total daily feed intake (249.98- 285.10 g) were significantly(P<0.05) different, daily bamboo intake (182.75 – 187.63g) were not significant. (P>0.05) All the hematological parameters determined were not significantly(P>0.05) different, only the cholesterol (4.80- -9.88Mmol/l) showed significant(P<0.05) difference amongst all the serological parameters tested. It was therefore concluded that cashew nutshell up to 15% level of inclusion in supplement diets for yearling West African dwarf goats had no adverse effects on the hematological and serum biochemical indices of the goats Cashew nut shell at 15% level of inclusion was recommended in supplement diets for yearling West African dwarf goats. Further research using other species of ruminants such as sheep and cattle was also recommended.

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Adiga, J. Dinakara, D. Kalaivanan, R. K. Meena, G. S. Mohana, and Lakshmipathi. "Performance of Vigorous Cashew Cultivars as Influenced by Dwarf Rootstocks." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 27, no. 2 (2014): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2014.00038.x.

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Leite, Kelly N., Raimundo N. T. Costa, João R. Crisótomo, José A. Frizzone, and Albanise B. Marinho. "Economic analysis of cashew early dwarf Crop BRS - 189 depending on water levels and doses of potassium fertilization." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 4 (2013): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000400013.

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Water and fertilizer among the production factors are the elements that most restrict the production of cashew. The precise amount of these factors is essential to the success of the crop yield. This research aimed to determine the best factor-product ratio and analyze technical and economic indicators, of productivity of the cashew clone BRS 189 (Anacardium occidentale) to production factors water and potassium. The experiment was conducted from May 2009 to December 2009 in an experimental area of 56.0 m x 112.0 m in the irrigated Curu - Pentecoste, located in the municipality of Pentecoste, Ceará, Brazil. Production factors water (W) and potassium (K) were the independent variables and productivity (Y), the dependent variable. Ten statistical models that have proven satisfactory for obtaining production function were tested. The marginal rate of substitution was obtained through the ratio of the potassium marginal physical product and the water marginal physical product. The most suited model to the conditions of the experiment was the quadratic polynomial without intercept and interaction. Considering that the price of the water was 0.10 R$ mm -1, the price of the potassium 2.19 R$ kg -1 and the price of the cashew 0.60 R$ kg-1, the amounts of water and K2O to obtain the maximum net income were 6,349.1 L plant-1 of water and 128.7 g plant -1year, -1 respectively. Substituting the values obtained in the production function, the maximum net income was achieved with a yield of 7,496.8 kg ha-1 of cashew.

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Adiga, J. Dinakara, E. Eradasappa, G. S. Mohana, Thimmappaiah, R. K. Meena, and M. G. Bhat. "A Quest for Dwarf and Compact Hybrids in Cashew (Anacardium occidentaleL.)." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 28, no. 1 (2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2015.00004.x.

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silva dos santos Goiana, Eliane, Nivia da Silva Dias, Francisco das Chagas Vidal-Neto, Gabrila Priscila de Sousa Maciel, Patrik Luiz Pastori, and Jose Wagner Silva Melo. "Some biological parameters and colonization of Aleurodicus cocois on dwarf-cashew." Idesia (Arica), ahead (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-34292017005000030.

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Mion, Renildo L., Beatriz M. de Sousa, Igor M. Cordeiro, Weberte A. Sombra, José M. de L. Duarte, and Fidel C. B. Lucas. "Calibration of angles of nozzles and deposition of an axial-flow sprayer on dwarf cashew." Engenharia Agrícola 32, no. 4 (2012): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162012000400020.

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The study aimed to determine an optimum angle for the nozzles axial-flow sprayers a deposition for better vertical distribution focused on cashew. In laboratory tests were conducted adjusting the angle of the nozzle axial-flow sprayers. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The treatment for this test were two settings (with and without the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles ) and tree application volumes 273, 699 and 954 L ha-¹.The study was conducted in an orchard of dwarf cashew, with eight years of age. It was concluded that the volumetric distribution profile showed better vertical distribution uniformity when the angles of the nozzles were regulated for the canopy, the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles for the canopy provided greater deposition of droplets, the increased volume of application resulted in higher depositions in the leaves of the crop.

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De Souza Lemos, Moaciria, Patricia Do Nascimento Bordallo, Francisco Das Chagas Vidal Neto, Eveline Nogueira Lima, and Ioná Santos Araújo Holanda. "Genetical and physicochemical diversity among twelve Brazilian cultivars of cashew (Anacardium occidentale)." Acta Botanica Mexicana, no. 128 (April 20, 2021): e1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/abm128.2021.1775.

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Background and Aims: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a native Brazilian tree, cultivated in various warm climates across the world. The cashew kernels production has been an important economic activity for many tropical countries, providing a variety of food with great nutrition value. The genetic diversity among the early dwarf cultivars used to production is poorly understood, as is the nutritional composition among nuts from those plants. This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of cashew kernels and to study genetic diversity among twelve cultivars to indicate superior genotypes for future breeding programs. Methods: Cashew kernels from twelve cultivars were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, lipids and proteins. The genetic variability was assessed using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. Data from molecular and physicochemical analyses were used to estimate the genetic distances and Mantel test approach was applied to calculate Pearson’s correlation between the data.Key results: A high genetic variability was found among the cultivars. BRS 274 and BRS 275 were the closest genetically, while CCP 09 and BRS 189 were the most distant ones. On the other hand, EMBRAPA 51 and BRS 226 showed cashew kernels with more similar physicochemical characteristics, while BRS 189 and BRS 253 had the more different ones. Moreover, no correlation was found between the physicochemical and molecular results. Cashew kernels had pH close to neutrality, low acidity, considerable moisture content, and high lipid and protein contents. Conclusions: The cashew kernels from the cultivars studied here had low acidity and pH, considerable moisture and ash contents, and high protein and lipid contents. BRS 189, BRS 253, and CCP 1001 showed the best values for proteins, lipids, acidity, and pH. In addition, those cultivars have maximum distance genetic among them, which can be used as parents in future gene combinations in breeding programs.

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Souza, Leandro de Pádua, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, Hans Raj Gheyi, Reynaldo Teodoro de Fatima, and Joicy Lima Barbosa. "SALINE STRESS AND EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF PROLINE IN CASHEW ROOTSTCK." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (December 18, 2020): 488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.8305.

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The scarcity of good quality water and the occurrence of long dry periods are limiting factors for irrigated agriculture, especially in semiarid regions, which induces the use of saline water and technologies that enable its use in agriculture. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of proline on growth and phytomass of BRS 226 Planalto precocious dwarf cashew rootstock irrigated with water of different levels of salinity. The study was performed in a greenhouse, in the municipality of Pombal - PB, in a protected environment, using a randomized block design in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of different levels of electrical conductivities of irrigation water – ECw (0.3; 1.0; 1.7; 2.4 and 3.1 dS m-1) associated with foliar application of proline - P (0, 4, 8 and 12 mM), with three repetitions and two plants per plot. The irrigation with saline water of up to 0.85 dS m-1 can be used for the production of BRS 266 cashew rootstck. Proline concentration of 8 mM promoted largest dry phytomass of the BRS 226 Planalto cashew rootstock. The increase in proline concentration up to 12 mM applied via leaf does not attenuate the deleterious effects of salinity on the absolute growth rate of plant height and on the fresh and dry leaf phytomass of the BRS 226 Planalto cashew rootstock.

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Figueiredo, Raimundo Wilane de, Franco Maria Lajolo, Ricardo Elesbão Alves, and Heloı́sa Almeida Cunha Filgueiras. "Physical–chemical changes in early dwarf cashew pseudofruits during development and maturation." Food Chemistry 77, no. 3 (2002): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00358-2.

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Bezerra, M. A., F. C. Farias, A. S. F. Calvet, A. B. O. Sousa, and R. E. M. Lima. "SEED EMERGENCE OF GENOTYPES OF DWARF CASHEW CULTIVATED IN HIGH SALINITY CONDITIONS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 940 (December 2012): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.940.33.

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Cardoso, J. Emilson, J. Rodrigues Paiva, J. J. Vasconcelos Cavalcanti, A. Apoliano dos Santos, and J. Cal Vidal. "Evaluation of resistance in dwarf cashew to gummosis in north-eastern Brazil." Crop Protection 25, no. 8 (2006): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.11.010.

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Abreu, Carlos E. B. de, José T. Prisco, Ana R. C. Nogueira, Marlos A. Bezerra, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, and Enéas Gomes-Filho. "Physiological and biochemical changes occurring in dwarf-cashew seedlings subjected to salt stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 2 (2008): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202008000200003.

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The effects of salt stress on some physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated in dwarf-cashew seedlings at the same developmental stage. Seeds were sown in trays containing vermiculite moistened with distilled water or with NaCl solutions having different electrical conductivities: 0.7, 1.8, 6.0, 9.8, 13.4, 17.4 and 20.6 dS m-1. Salinity delayed and inhibited seedling growth and development, particularly in the shoot. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl-, but not of K+, increased with increasing stress severity. With the exception of proline, concentration of organic solutes was only marginally affected by salt stress. Catalase activity in leaves increased slightly as a result of salt stress, whereas guaiacol peroxidase activity was induced only under low levels of salt. In contrast, activities of guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increased dramatically in roots. Apparently, roots were better protected against oxidative damage than shoots, as judged from the decrease in lipid peroxidation in root tissues. In leaves, expression of 75 proteins, evaluated by 2D electrophoresis, was altered by salt stress: 35 of them increased their expression and three were apparently de novo synthesized. In roots, 69 proteins were modified by salt stress: 34 proteins increased their expression and two proteins appeared only in stressed seedlings. The changes in protein patterns were caused by the imposed salt stress rather than by a response to the developmental stage. Overall, these responses could play an important role in salt stress acclimation of cashew seedlings.

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Iti Yokomizo, Gilberto Ken, Francisco Das Chagas Vidal Neto, Kuang Hongyu, and Levi De Moura Barros. "GGE biplot for stability and adaptability in cashew tree clones." REVISTA AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE 12, no. 3 (2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v12i3.4887.

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The interaction genotype versus environment makes it difficult the genetic improvement of the species for the selection of more adapted and stable genotypes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate new clones of early dwarf cashews, in terms of stability and adaptability, employing the GGE biplot methodology. The experimental design was based on randomized blocks with four replications and 15 treatments (different clones). The variables evaluated were cashew production per plant (PCP), average mass of chashew (MMC) and early harvest (PRE). The clones G1 and G3 for MMC, G15, G2, G14 and G8 for PRE and G3, G10 and G2 for PCP approached the ideotype; the clones identified as top for each characteristic were not coincident; the majority of the clones were stable for MMC, while for PRE and PCP were not stable; the clone G4 had the best average in PRE, but with low stability; in the GGE biplot the environments A3 for MMC, A4 to PRE and A5 for PCP were the most discriminating; all environments had greater contribution in the differentiation of clones in PRE and MMC, for PCP were the environments A4 and A5; in relation at the average representativeness the environments A1 in MMC and A2 for PRE and PCP stood out.

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Pereira, A. C. S., C. M. Reges, I. S. Reges, et al. "QUALITY, BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CASHEW APPLES FROM PRECOCIOUS DWARF CASHEW CLONES CCP-09, CCP-76 AND BRS-189." Acta Horticulturae, no. 906 (September 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.906.5.

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Alves, R. E., F. C. Bezerra, F. A. P. Abreu, and H. A. C. Filgueiras. "DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF THE APPLE OF EARLY DWARF CASHEW TREE CCP-76." Acta Horticulturae, no. 485 (March 1999): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.485.2.

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Paiva, J. R., J. J. V. Cavalcanti, L. M. Barros, et al. "BRS 275 (BRS Dão): Hybrid clone of dwarf x common or giant cashew." Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 8, no. 3 (2008): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v08n03a12.

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Barreto, ACH, AEC Júnior, JEB Freitas, et al. "Biocomposites from dwarf-green Brazilian coconut impregnated with cashew nut shell liquid resin." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 4 (2012): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312441041.

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29

Cardoso, J. E., J. C. Vidal, A. A. dos Santos, F. C. O. Freire, and F. M. P. Viana. "First Report of Black Branch Dieback of Cashew Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Brazil." Plant Disease 86, no. 5 (2002): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.558b.

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Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is one of the most important cash crops of northeastern Brazil. A new disease, named here as black branch dieback, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was observed causing serious damage on as many as 30% of the trees in some orchards in both coastal and inland semiarid cashew-growing areas of Ceará and Piauí states of Brazil, respectively. The disease symptoms are first observed as darkened, elongated lesions on stems near the branch apexes of herbaceous tissues. Gum exudation is common from lesions, which expand rapidly to affect the entire branch, leading to branch death. Diseased plants were collected, and L. theobromae was consistently isolated from canker tissues. Fresh mycelial disks of the fungus were used for artificial inoculation of healthy plants. Shoots of young cashew plants were inoculated on the apex by inserting a 3-mm plug taken from actively growing colonies on potato dextrose agar into an incision made with a sterile scalpel. Agar plugs with no mycelium were placed into incised plant shoots to serve as controls. Plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 28°C. Symptoms developed within 15 days after inoculation. Artificially inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those that were naturally infected. L. theobromae was consistently reisolated from inoculated plants. The disease seems to occur throughout the year, but it spreads faster during the rainy season. A contagious disease pattern within the orchard was observed with a decreasing gradient from the orchard perimeter to the interior of the field, suggesting an external source of primary inoculum. All improved dwarf cashew clones were susceptible, but the newly released clone END-189 was the most susceptible. Black branch dieback may reduce tree growth, nut yield, and eventually cause plant death. Plant susceptibility is not related to its age however; only herbaceous tissues are vulnerable to natural infection. A similar disease on floral shoots of cashew caused by L. theobromae was reported by Olunloyo and Esuruoso in Nigeria (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing branch dieback in cashew orchards in Brazil. Reference: (1) O. A. Olunloyo and O. F. Esuruoso. Plant Dis. 59:176, 1975.

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Gondim, Rubens S., Luiz A. L. Serrano, Aline de H. N. Maia, and Janderson P. da Silva. "HYDROPHILIC POLYMER CHANGES THE WATER DEMAND IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A DWARF CASHEW ORCHARD." Engenharia Agrícola 40, no. 3 (2020): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v40n3p344-351/2020.

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dos Santos, Ricardo Miranda, William Natale, Carlos Alberto Kenji Taniguchi, Márcio Cleber de Medeiros Corrêa, Luiz Augusto Lopes Serrano, and Adriana Guirado Artur. "Association of controlled-release and foliar fertilizers in the production of grafted dwarf cashew seedlings." Journal of Plant Nutrition 43, no. 7 (2020): 1048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1711934.

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32

Josiah Omachi, Ocheja, Torhemen Micheal, Abalaka Ezra Onuh, et al. "Scrotal Morphometric Properties of Yearling West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cashew Nut Shell Based Diets." Animal and Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 4 (2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20200804.13.

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Goiana, Elaine SS, Nivia S. Dias‐Pini, Celli R. Muniz, et al. "Dwarf‐cashew resistance to whitefly ( Aleurodicus cocois ) linked to morphological and histochemical characteristics of leaves." Pest Management Science 76, no. 2 (2019): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5531.

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34

Abreu, C. R. A., G. A. Maia, R. W. Figueiredo, et al. "BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CASHEW APPLE (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) FROM COMMERCIAL EARLY DWARF CLONES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 841 (August 2009): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.841.56.

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Alencar, Paulo Gustavo de, Giovana Mira de Espindola, and Eduilson Lívio Neves da Costa Carneiro. "Dwarf cashew crop expansion in the Brazilian semiarid region: Assessing policy alternatives in Pio IX, Piauí." Land Use Policy 79 (December 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.042.

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36

Cardoso, J. E., J. J. V. Cavalcanti, M. de J. B. Cavalcante, M. do L. Aragão, and E. M. Felipe. "Genetic resistance of dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) to anthracnose, black mold, and angular leaf spot." Crop Protection 18, no. 1 (1999): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00084-2.

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37

Lima, Maria G. A., Nívia S. Dias-Pini, Élison F. B. Lima, Gabriela P. S. Maciel, and Francisco C. Vidal-Neto. "Identification and pest status of Holopothrips fulvus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on dwarf-cashew crops in northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 61, no. 4 (2017): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2017.07.007.

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Lhano, Marcos G., Luiz A. L. Serrano, Francisco C. Vidal‐Neto, and Nívia S. Dias‐Pini. "Tropidacris collaris (Orthoptera: Romaleidae) expands its damage in orchards of the dwarf cashew, Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae)." Entomological Science 22, no. 2 (2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12347.

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39

Viana, F. M. P., J. E. Cardoso, H. A. O. Saraiva, M. A. S. V. Ferreira, R. L. R. Mariano, and L. C. Trindade. "First Report of a Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (2007): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1361c.

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In 2003 and 2004, leaves and young fruits of cashew nut plants showing an undescribed disease symptom were observed on plants of an early-dwarf clone in a commercial orchard in Ceará and Piauí states in northeastern Brazil. Initial symptoms consisted of angular, water-soaked, dark-to-black spots on the leaf and at the mid-rib vein surrounding the leaf veins. Eventually, lesions also extended from the mid-rib to the secondary veins, delineating the vein system of the leaf. In young, green fruits, symptoms were large, dark, oily spots surrounded by conspicuous water-soaked areas. A yellow-pigmented colony was consistently recovered from the lesions on nutrient yeast-extract dextrose agar medium (3 g of meat extract, 5 g of peptone, 10 g of dextrose, 5 g of yeast extract, and 18 g of agar per liter). Physiological tests revealed colonies that were gram negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, lacking fluorescent pigmentation on King's B medium, urea hydrolase negative, and able to grow on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate medium yielding yellow colonies. These tests indicated that the bacterium belonged to the genus Xanthomonas. PCR amplification of bacterial DNA using RST2 (1) and Xcv3R (3) primers resulted in identical band patterns to mango isolates Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified products of six isolates of X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was conducted with HaeIII and showed different profile patterns on agarose gel, indicating genetic variability among these isolates. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently piercing and misting cashew leaves with a bacterial suspension adjusted to 106 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (29 ± 1°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 8 days, foliar symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated bacteria were characterized and found to be X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first description of commercially grown cashew plants as host to X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil. This disease may pose a serious problem to the cashew-growing industry in Brazil. This bacterial pathogen has been reported on mangoes (Mangifera indica) and cashew in India (2) under the former name of Pseudomonas mangiferae-indicae. References: (1) R. P. Leite, Jr. et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1068, 1994. (2) M. K. Patel et al. Curr. Sci. 17:189, 1948. (3) L. C. Trindade et al. Summa Phytopathol. 33:16, 2007.

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Silva, Anselmo F. da, Valéria F. de O. Sousa, Gisele L. dos Santos, et al. "Antioxidant Protection of Photosynthesis in Two Cashew Progenies Under Salt Stress." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 10 (2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p388.

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The present work evaluated the indicators of photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidative protection in cashew tree seedlings subjected to salinity stress. The study was conducted with seedlings of two advanced dwarf cashew clones (CCP09 and CCP76) subjected to salt stress with increasing doses of NaCl (0, control; 25; 50; 75; 100 mM) in the nutrient solution for 30 days under greenhouse conditions. The variables of gas exchange, CO2 assimilation (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (CI), photochemical activity, potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), effective quantum efficiency (&Delta;F/Fm&rsquo;) of photosystem II (PSII), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) electron transport rate (ETR) as well as the indicators of damage and oxidative protection were measured. Under these conditions, there was an intense accumulation Na+ associated with a reduction in the K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves of both clones in response to salt, with higher values for this ratio in clone CCP09 than in CCP76 the highest concentration of NaCl (100 mM). Salinity reduced PN, gS and E in the two clones evaluated, with lower reductions in CCP09 than in CCP76 at the highest salt dose. Instantaneous carboxylation (PN/CI) and water use (PN/E) efficiencies were strongly restricted by salinity but were less affected in CCP09 than in CCP76. Salinity stress also increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in CCP09, whereas lipid peroxidation decreased in both progenies. The clones presented specific antioxidant responses due to greater enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in CCP76, in addition to the activity of phenol peroxidase (POX) in CCP09.

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Okpanachi, U., G. A. C. Okpanachi, J. Kaye, C. I. Agu, and E. O. Odah. "Haematological Profile and Serum Biochemistry of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Sun-dried Yellow Cashew Pulp Based Diets." Journal of Applied Sciences 19, no. 4 (2019): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2019.319.324.

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42

Figueiredo, R. W., F. M. Lajolo, R. E. Alves, H. A. C. Filgueiras, and A. S. Almeida. "CHANGES IN CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS OF THE CASHEW APPLE OF EARLY DWARF CLONE CCP-76 DURING DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 575 (April 2002): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.575.82.

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43

Lima, Reivany Eduardo Morais, Laíse Ferreira De Araújo, Josivavia Rodrigues Barros, and Marlos Alves Bezerra. "Concomitant production of gum, nut and peduncle in dwarf cashew tree explored under different levels of irrigation and fertilization." Comunicata Scientiae 7, no. 4 (2017): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v7i4.1570.

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The main goal of this innovator study was to evaluate if the gum extraction influences the production of nut and peduncle of precocious dwarf cashew tree grown under different water regimes and mineral nutrition. Adult trees of CCP-76 clone were submitted to water regimes: irrigated (100% da ETpc) and non-irrigated, and three fertilization levels with NK: 50%, 100% and 150% of the recommended for the crop nutrition. Additionally was added a treatment in which the gum was not extracted from plants (control). The extraction of gum was performed monthly during a period of 15 months, while the nut and peduncle were collected at the end of the cropping season, after the gum extraction period. The quality of the peduncle was determined by the soluble solids content (SSP). The production of gum in the first semester of the year followed an increasing trend on every three months, regardless the water regime. In the second semester, an interaction between the factors was observed, with irrigated plants producing more gum in higher fertilizer levels (100 and 150%), while in the non-irrigated conditions, the highest gum production occurred with the lower fertilization level (50%). The production of nut and peduncle were not affected by treatments or gum extraction. The highest contents of SSP was observed when the plants were irrigated.

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Silva, Kathia Maria Barbosa e., Francisco Aécio Guedes Almeida, and Paulo Sérgio Lima e. Silva. "Peduncle and fruit yield, in six cropping seasons, of early dwarf cashew tree clones irrigated with different water regimes." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 26, no. 3 (2004): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452004000300024.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate peduncle and fruit yield in clone MS 076 and in a clonal population of drip-irrigated, early dwarf cashew trees propagated by layering, in six cropping seasons. In order to meet the increased water requirements of the crop resulting from plant growth and development, irrigation during the dry season was performed daily according to the following water regime: 15 min/plant/day during the 1st year, 30 min/plant/day during the 2nd year, 45 min/plant/day during the 3rd year and 60 min/plant/day during all subsequent years. Water was supplied by one drip emitter/plant, at an (adjustable) flow rate of 36 L/h.The research was carried out in Fortaleza-Ceará, Brazil, and a random block design was utilized, with five replicates and split-plots. The clones were assigned to plots and the cropping seasons were considered as subplots. The clonal population was superior to the clone only with regard to number of nut shells (NNS), and solely in the first season. The clone was superior to the population as to NNS and peduncle yield (PY) in the second season, and also with regard to the three evaluated traits - NNS, PY, and nut shell yield, in the last three cropping seasons.

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Xavier, Francisco Alisson da S., Stoécio Malta F. Maia, Kátia Araújo Ribeiro, Eduardo de Sá Mendonça, and Teógenes Senna de Oliveira. "Effect of cover plants on soil C and N dynamics in different soil management systems in dwarf cashew culture." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 165 (January 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.003.

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46

Lima, Rodrigo Lucas, Ricardo Andreazze, Herbet Tadeu de Almeida Andrade, and Marcos Paulo Gomes Pinheiro. "Riqueza de Famílias e Hábitos Alimentares em Coleoptera Capturados na Fazenda da EMPARN– Jiqui, Parnamirim / RN." EntomoBrasilis 3, no. 1 (2010): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v3i1.36.

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Os Coleópteros podem ser encontrados nos mais variados habitats terrestres e até aquáticos, com isso se alimentam de toda a sorte de matéria vegetais e animais encontradas pelo mundo. Com tanta diversidade, para se compreender melhor sua biologia e seus hábitos alimentares eles foram categorizados em cinco grupos tróficos: carnívoros, detritívoros, herbívoros, fungívoros e algívoros. Visando identificar as famílias e os hábitos alimentares em Coleoptera adultos, foram realizadas coletas na fazenda da EMPARN–Jiqui (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte), em quatro áreas, sendo um Fragmento de Mata Atlântica e três monoculturas: cajueiro anão precoce, coqueiro anão verde e coqueiro híbrido gigante. O tempo foi de 26 semanas consecutivas de 1º de janeiro a 1º julho de 2005. Foi utilizada para a captura dos Coleoptera em cada área uma armadilha do tipo Malaise, na qual foram colecionados 1544 indivíduos de trinta famílias nas quatro áreas amostradas, assim distribuídos: fragmento de mata com maior número de insetos e famílias respectivamente, 692 indivíduos e 28 famílias, seguida pelo coqueiro híbrido gigante com 533 indivíduos e 20 famílias, cajueiro anão precoce com 184 indivíduos e 15 famílias e por último o coqueiro anão verde com apenas 135 indivíduos e 18 famílias. Enquanto que entre os cinco grupos tróficos, quatro foram encontrados: herbívoros, compreendendo 14 famílias; carnívoros, com 9 famílias; detritívoros, 5 famílias; e fungívoros, com apenas 4 famílias; onde as cinco famílias mais numerosas são herbívoras e juntas representam 64% de todos os coleópteros amostrados, e o remanescente de mata tem o maior numero de famílias herbívoras. Com isso o Fragmento de mata demonstra ter uma grande diversidade de entomofauna, sendo um mantenedor e distribuidor mesmo cercado por monoculturas. Wealth of Families and Alimentary Habits in Beetles Captured in the Farm of EMPARN- Jiqui, Parnamirim/RN Abstract. The Beetles can be found in different terrestrial and aquatic habitats and feed of a large variety of vegetal and animal substances deriving from the environment. Searching to understand this high diversity and its alimentary habits they had been categorized in five trophic groups: carnivorous, detritivorous, herbivorous, fungivorous and algivorous. Aiming to recognize these groups, identify families and its alimentary habits in adult beetles, collects were done at the EMPARN – Jiqui farm, a experimental farm placed near the city of Natal, the principal city at Rio Grande do Norte State. Four areas were studied: an Atlantic forest fragment, a precocious dwarf cashew, a green dwarf coconut palm and a giant hybrid coconut palm. During 26 consecutive weeks between January to July 2005, malaise traps were used on each area collecting 1544 beetles of 30 families distributed like this: in forest fragment were captured 692 beetles of 28 families; giant hybrid coconut palm 533 beetles of 20 families; precocious dwarf cashew 184 beetles of 15 families and green-dwarf-coconut-palm where were collected 135 specimens of 18 families. The trophic groups classification shows that herbivorous had 14 families; carnivorous, 9 families; detritivorous 5 families and fungivorous had only 4 families. The five most numerous families were herbivorous representing 64% of all the Coleoptera and in the forest fragment we had the higher number of herbivorous families of all experiment. Then, this fragment has demonstrated to have a big insect diversity being a small support and spread area even so surrounded by monocultivations and the city.

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47

Aderinboye, R. Y., J. Njuguna, E. Machuka, K. O. Adebayo, K. O. Olagoke, and F. Stomeo. "Effect of dietary inclusion of cashew nut shell liquid on metabolic functions of rumen bacteria in West African dwarf goats." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 34, no. 1 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v34i1.15.

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48

S. de Lima, Geovani, Vicente Elias da S. Neto, Hans R. Gheyi, et al. "Photosynthetic pigments and photochemical efficiency of precocious dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) under salt stress and potassium fertilization." AIMS Agriculture and Food 4, no. 4 (2019): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2019.4.1007.

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Ocheja, J. O., O. P. Peter, A. Oyibo, C. O. Ode, and J. Natala. "Effects of Diets Containing Varying Levels of Cashew Nut Shell on Scrotal Morphometric Characteristics of Growing West African Dwarf Bucks." International Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18819/ijavs.2016.1557.

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50

Aderinboye, R. Y., A. A. Busari, O. N. Olaoye, O. O. Adelusi, K. O. Adebayo, and C. F. I. Onwuka. "Effect of dietary inclusion of cashew nut shell liquid on in vitro and in vivo protein digestibility and utilization in West African dwarf goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 1 (2020): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i1.321.

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Effect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in diets for West African dwarf (WAD) goats on protein digestibility and utilization was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Four diets consisting of Panicum maximum supplemented with concentrate pellets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15mL/kg of CNSL were used. Panicum and pellets were combined in ratio 70: 30 of required dry matter (DM). For in vitro experiment, 500 mg (n=8 per diet) of diet samples (DM basis) were incubated at 39°C for 48 h following the procedure of Menke and Steingass (1988). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and bacteria count were determined after 24 and 48 h incubation by recovering feed residues and rumen liquor. For in vivo experiment, twenty-four WAD goats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Each group was fed one of the four diets at 5% body weight (DM basis). Dry matter and crude protein intake, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, rumen NH3-N, bacteria count and crudeprotein digestibility were measured during 98 days of feeding and digestibility trial. Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design and data analyzed using one way analysis of variance procedure of SAS (1999). Results showed that 5 – 15 mL/kg CNSL in supplemental pellets reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility in vitro but increased (P < 0.05) total-tract protein digestibility in vivo. In vitro rumen NH3-N decreased (P < 0.05) with 5 – 15ml CNSL inclusion after 24 and 48 h. At 30 and 60 days post-feeding, 10 – 15 mL CNSL reduced (P < 0.05) rumen NH3-N in goats Protein efficiency ratio was higher (P < 0.05) with CNSL and goats fed 15 mL CNSL had the highest (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio. Rume bacteria population in vitro and in vivo decreased (P < 0.05) with 5 – 15 mL CNSL in supplemental pellets. In conclusion, the reduced in vitro protein digestibility with reduced NH3-Nproduction and bacteria population in vitro and in vivo suggests an inhibitory effect of CNSL on rumen proteolysis. Cashew nut shell liquid in supplemental pellet for WAD goats up to 15 mL/kg therefore inhibited dietary protein breakdown in the rumen with consequent improvement in protein digestibility and utilization at the lower tract.

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