Relevant bibliographies by topics / Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on

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Academic literature on the topic 'Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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Hur, Jaeryung, and Eun Hea Jho. "Current Research Trends on the Effects of Microplastics in Soil Environment Using Earthworms: Mini-Review." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 4 (2021): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.4.299.

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Objectives : The increase in the amount of plastics used has brought convenience to human life, but has also caused various environmental problems such as problems related to microplastics. Microplastics are defined as small plastic particles with a size of under 5 mm. As of now, research on microplastics has been largely focusing on the marine environment, and studies on microplastics in soil environment are on the rise in very recent years. Thus, the environmental impact of microplastics on the soil environment are insufficient than those on the marine environment, and there is a need for more studies. Therefore, this mini-review attempts to examine the studies on microplastics in soil environment focusing on the studies using earthworms as a test species.Methods : Published studies on microplastics in soil environment were identified by searching Web of Science. The focus of this mini-review was to gather the published articles reporting the effect of microplastics on earthworms in the absence and presence of other chemical contaminants.Results and Discussions : The number of studies evaluating the effect of microplastics in soil are significantly increasing, and earthworms are being mostly used as the test species. Experimental conditions were divided into two types: Single exposure to microplastics and combined exposure to microplastics and other chemicals. In most studies, changes in the biomarkers which are related to oxidation stress of earthworms were confirmed, and direct damage to intestinal tissues of earthworms was also observed. However, in the case of the changes of the biomarkers of earthworms, their patterns were different depending on the experimental conditions (i.e., concentrations of microplastics and chemicals, microplastics size and type, exposure period, etc.). Also, the avoidance behavior of earthworms and the internal accumulation of microplastics and co-existing chemicals were not consistent among the studies. Thus, the effects of microplastics on earthworms are not clear yet, although they seem to have some adverse effects.Conclusions : This study showed that the interest in the impact of microplastics in the soil environment has been increased recently, and earthworms are being used mostly in the studies. Yet, there is no standardized method to study the effect of microplastics on earthworms. Studies so far confirmed that microplastics induced changes in and outside of earthworm bodies. However, due to various experimental conditions, it seemed that consistent results could not be confirmed in those researches. For that reason, this study suggests that standardized research methods for microplastics researches using earthworms as a test species need to be established and need to be applied to further studies.
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Miglani, Rashi, and Satpal Singh Bisht. "World of earthworms with pesticides and insecticides." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 12, no. 2 (2019): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0008.

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Abstract Earthworms are important organisms in soil communities and are known for sustaining the life of the soil. They are used as a model organism in environmental risk assessment of chemicals and soil toxicology. Soil provides physical and nutritive support to agriculture system by regulating biogeochemical cycles, nutrient cycle, waste degradation, organic matter degradation etc. The biggest threat to soil health are pesticides and synthetic chemicals including fertilizers. Earthworms are most severely hit by these xenobiotic compounds leading to a sizeable reduction of their population and adversely affecting soil fertility. Earthworms are incredible soil organisms playing a crucial role in maintaining soil health. Pesticides used in crop management are known to be most over-purchased and irrationally used soil toxicants, simultaneously, used insecticides contribute to a quantum of damage to earthworms and other non-target organisms. LC50 and LD50 studies revealed that earthworms are highly susceptible to insecticides causing immobility, rigidity and also show a significant effect on biomass reduction, growth and reproduction by disrupting various physiological activities leading to loss of earthworm population and soil biodiversity.
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Šestinová, Oľga, Lenka Findoráková, Silvia Dolinská, Jozef Hančuľák, Tomislav Špaldon, and Erika Fedorová. "Effect Of Environmental Load On The Toxicity Of Bottom Sediments." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 14, no. 1 (2015): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nbec-2015-0017.

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Abstract This study is devoted to Ecotoxicity tests, Terrestrial Plant Test (modification of OECD 208), Phytotoxkit microbiotest on Sinapis alba and chronic tests of Earthworm (Eisenia veneta), modification of OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals 317, Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial Oligochaetes on polluted sediments. Earthworms can accelerate the removal of contaminants from soil. The study materials are river sediments, which were obtained from a monitoring station - the Water reservoir the Ružín No.1 particularly, the river Hornád, Hnilec and sample from sludge bed Rudňany. The samples of sediment were used to assess of the potential phytotoxic effect of heavy metals on higher plants. Total mortality was established in earthworms using chronic toxicity test after 7 and 28 exposure days. Based on the phytotoxicity testing, phytotoxic effects of the metals contaminated sediments from the sludge bed Rudňany on S. alba seeds was observed. The largest concentration differences were recorded in the sample R7 after 7 days earthworms exposure. The earthworms mortality was not influenced by sediment neither after 7 nor 28 exposure days The spectra of samples H, HO and R showed broad peak at 1 419 - 1 512 cm−1 characteristic for carbonate radical. In the spectra of the samples (R and R7) the vibration of C-H groups at 2 926 and 2 921 cm−1, respectively were also observed, demonstrating the presence of organic matter. Our research will continue with determination of metals concentration in earthworms.
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Ehouman, N’guetta Moïse, Mamadou Touré, Pkan Pkan Kouakou Gains, Hervé Kouya Bi, and Seydou Tiho. "Effect of Different Agroecosystem on Earthworm Diversity in Azaguié Locality (Côte d'Ivoire)." Journal of Biology and Life Science 11, no. 2 (2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v12i1.17936.

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In most terrestrial ecosystems, earthworms are considered to be excellent bioindicators of biodiversity and soil quality. However, their diversity and abundance encountered depend on the systems considered and on the anthropic pressure exerted. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a land use on the earthworm community. Earthworms were collected in TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility) type monoliths by the direct manual sorting method in three types of farms (fallow, rubber plantation and mangosteen plantation) in the locality of Azaguié. Measurements of the physicochemical parameters of the soil, in particular, the total organic carbon level, the organic matter rate, the nitrogen rate, the conductivity, the hydrogen potential (pH) and the total phosphorus were carried out at the Laboratory Central of Agrochemistry and Ecotoxicology (LCAE) from 200 g of clod of soil sampled in different monoliths. These studies showed that in all the plots analyzed, the endogeic polyhumic worms presented the highest densities while the epigeic detritivorous worms presented the lowest densities. The distribution of earthworms in the mangosteen plot was homogeneous, unlike that of the other plots. However, the physico-chemical parameters of the soils were higher in the fallow. The canonical correspondence analysis carried out to assess the relationship between the variability of the earthworm density of the plots and the physicochemical parameters measured showed that the physicochemical parameters measured explained only a substantial part of this distribution of earthworms while the other part is possibly linked to other environmental factors.
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LONG, WONECA, ABDULLAH ANSARI, and DIANA SEECHARRAN. "The effect of urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida)." Cell Biology and Development 1, no. 2 (2017): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v010202.

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Long W, Ansari A, Seecharran D. 2017. The effect of urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida). Cell Biol Dev 1: 46-50. The use of chemical fertilizers in intensive agriculture has no doubt increased crop production but it has resulted in adverse effect on soil properties over a long period of time. The effects are clearly seen in the soil environment including the soil organisms living in that ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine effects of Urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida) in clay soil. A total of five doses of Urea were used i.e 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 250mg. They were labelled as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. A control group was also set up and the treatment groups were replicated three times. The results indicated that the addition of urea affected the soil chemical properties in treatments inoculated with earthworms (Eisenia foetida). The adult earthworm population was 70% in control when compared to different treatment dosage of Urea 50 mg/kg (T1)-85%, 100 mg/kg (T2)-66.67%, 150 mg/kg (T3)- 68.34%, 200 mg/kg (T4)- 86.67% and 250 mg/kg (T5)- 51.67%. The percentage mortality minimum in treatment T4 and T1 whereas it was maximum in treatment T5 (48%). 250 mg/kg was the most toxic dose of Urea in the soil inoculated with earthworms. The results were significant at p=0.05.
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Wu, Zexuan, Bangyi Yin, Xu Song, and Qi Zhao. "Effects of different lipid contents on growth of earthworms and the products during vermicomposting." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (2019): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19861683.

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In China, the production of kitchen waste was more than 97 million tons per year in 2016. The high lipid content of kitchen waste makes it hard to degrade. Vermicomposting is a kind of low-cost biotechnology through the combination of earthworms and microbes, which could be considered in converting kitchen waste to valuable products. However, the effect of the lipid in kitchen waste on earthworms and composting is not known yet. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of lipid on vermicomposting and to derive the most suitable lipid content in vermicomposting. In our study, kitchen waste with four different lipid contents was prepared: 0% (A), 5% (B), 10% (C) and 15% (D). The earthworm growth and chemical characters of substrates were measured at the interim (14 days) and the end (28 days) of vermicomposting. Our results showed that the high content of lipid had negative effects on growth of earthworms and products in vermicomposting. The kitchen waste with lower lipid content could be better composted by earthworms. The average body weight of the earthworm increased by 9% in treatment A. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and nitrate nitrogen of treatment A with 0% (measured value: 5%) lipid content were significantly higher than those in other treatments. Meanwhile, treatment A had the lowest carbon/nitrogen ratio which might be due to hindrances in the breathing and activities of earthworms. The high content of lipid makes growth of aerobic bacteria such as nitrifying bacteria difficult.
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Kaka, H., P. A. Opute, and M. S. Maboeta. "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Toxicity of Pesticides towards Earthworms." Journal of Toxicology 2021 (August 20, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8527991.

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This review examined one of the effects of climate change that has only recently received attention, i.e., climate change impacts on the distribution and toxicity of chemical contaminants in the environment. As ecosystem engineers, earthworms are potentially threatened by the increasing use of pesticides. Increases in temperature, precipitation regime changes, and related extreme climate events can potentially affect pesticide toxicity. This review of original research articles, reviews, and governmental and intergovernmental reports focused on the interactions between toxicants and environmental parameters. The latter included temperature, moisture, acidification, hypoxia, soil carbon cycle, and soil dynamics, as altered by climate change. Dynamic interactions between climate change and contaminants can be particularly problematic for organisms since organisms have an upper and lower physiological range, resulting in impacts on their acclimatization capacity. Climate change variables such as temperature and soil moisture also have an impact on acidification. An increase in temperature will impact precipitation which might impact soil pH. Also, an increase in precipitation can result in flooding which can reduce the population of earthworms by not giving juvenile earthworms enough time to develop into reproductive adults. As an independent stressor, hypoxia can affect soil organisms, alter bioavailability, and increase the toxicity of chemicals in some cases. Climate change variables, especially temperature and soil moisture, significantly affect the bioavailability of pesticides in the soil and the growth and reproduction of earthworm species.
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Gobi, Muthukaruppan, and Paramasamy Gunasekaran. "Effect of Butachlor Herbicide on EarthwormEisenia fetida—Its Histological Perspicuity." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/850758.

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With the advent of the Green Revolution, there has been a quantum leap in the use of synthetic herbicides and pesticides throughout the world to sustain high yielding crop varieties. Continuous use of these synthetic chemicals leads to loss of soil fertility and soil organisms. To explore the effect of exposure to commercial herbicide (Butachlor) on the life history parameters (biomass, clitellum development, and cocoon production) and the histological changes in the earthwormEisenia fetidaover 60 days, the dried cow dung was contaminated with 0.2575 mgkg−1, 0.5150 mgkg−1, and 2.5750 mgkg−1of butachlor based on theLC50value, and a control was maintained. The mean earthworm biomass was found to be decreased with increasing herbicide concentration. Similarly, cocoon production was also reduced by the increasing herbicide concentration. A possible explanation is an increased demand for energy, needed for the regulation and detoxification of herbicide. All earthworms in the exposed group were found to have glandular cell enlargement and to be vacuolated.
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Muchane, Mary N., Mirjam M. Pulleman, Bernard Vanlauwe, Joyce Jefwa, and Thomas W. Kuyper. "Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms on soil aggregate stability, glomalin, and performance of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan." Soil Research 57, no. 1 (2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18096.

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Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify soil physical and chemical properties. However, little is known about how their interactions affect water-stable aggregation, glomalin and crop performance. A greenhouse experiment was run for 9 months to test the effects of earthworms (endogeic, Pontoscolex corethrurus; and epigeic, Dichogaster bolaui) and AMF (none, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora verrucosa) on water-stable aggregation, glomalin levels in aggregate size classes and crop performance. The test crop was pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). The soil material used for the experiment was a humic nitisol from central Kenya mixed with sand (ratio 1:1). Grass residue (equivalent to 20tha–1) was placed on top. The AMF root colonisation and external hyphal length, water-stable macroaggregates and microaggregates, total and easily-extractable glomalin in aggregate size classes, plant biomass and plant N and P uptake were measured. Earthworms were a major source of variation for soil aggregation, glomalin content and crop performance. The epigeic earthworms (D. bolaui) increased the amount of water-stable macroaggregates (by 10%) and glomalin in microaggregates and improved crop (growth and biomass) performance. The endogeic earthworms (P. corethrurus) reduced external hyphal length, root colonisation and crop performance but had no effect on water-stable aggregates and glomalin levels in in aggregate size classes. A significant AMF×earthworm interaction was observed for plant biomass and concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The AMF species together with epigeic earthworms increased plant biomass and N and P concentrations. Our results contribute to the understanding of interactions between AMF and earthworms in relation to soil aggregation, plant productivity and nutrient uptake.
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Václav, Pižl, Jiří Schlaghamerský, and Jan Tříska. "The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on terrestrial annelids in urban soils." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (2009): 1050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800038.

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The effect of soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals on earthworms and enchytraeids was studied in urban parks, in Brno, Czech Republic. In spring and autumn 2007, annelids were collected and soil samples taken in lawns along transects, at three different distances (1, 5 and 30 m) from streets with heavy traffic. In both seasons, two parks with two transects each were sampled. Earthworms were collected using the electrical octet method. Enchytraeids were extracted by the wet funnel method from soil cores. All collected annelids were counted and identified. Basic chemical parameters and concentrations of 16 PAH, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were analysed from soil from each sampling point. PAH concentrations were rather low, decreasing with the distance from the street in spring but not in autumn. Heavy metal concentrations did not decrease significantly with increasing distance. Annelid densities did not significantly differ between distances, although there was a trend of increase in the number of earthworms with increasing distance. There were no significant correlations between soil content of PAH or heavy metals and earthworm or enchytraeid densities. Earthworm density and biomass were negatively correlated with soil pH; and enchytraeid density was positively correlated with soil phosphorus.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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Goats, Geoffrey Charles. "Assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals upon earthworms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37706.

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Gola, Nontuthuzelo Pearl. "A comparison of biomarkers in assessing the combined effects of pesticide mixtures on non-target soil invertebrates." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16327.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agricultural environments are usually contaminated with mixtures of antropogenically introduced chemicals as a result of pesticide spraying, which can affect beneficial, nontarget soil invertebrates, such as earthworms negatively. Most studies on mixture toxicity have focused on interactions of chemicals with similar structures and mechanisms. However, chemical mixtures may occur as conglomerates of diverse structures and toxicological mechanisms in the environment. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of pesticides singly, and in a mixture, on earthworms, using lifecycle parameters (growth and reproduction) and biomarkers (neutral red retention (NRR) assay and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition) as endpoints. Thus, to determine whether any interactions occurred between the pesticides as shown by the measured endpoints. Another aim was to validate the use of the chosen biomarkers for assessing mixture toxicity. The pesticides used were from three groups: organophosphates, heavy metal-containing pesticides and pyrethroids. From these three groups, four of the most commonly used pesticides in the orchards and vineyards of the Western Cape, South Africa, were chosen, namely chlorpyrifos (organophosphate), azinphos-methyl (organophosphate), copper oxychloride (heavy metal-containing fungicide) and cypermethrin (pyrethroid). Earthworms were exposed in the laboratory to a range of concentrations of chlorpyrifos and copper oxychloride singly, and in 1:1 mixtures of these pesticides in artificial soil, for four weeks. After the exposure period, the biomass change was determined as measure of growth, and cocoon production, hatching success and number of hatchlings per cocoon were determined as measures of reproduction. Growth (biomass change) and reproduction (cocoon production) were affected by the highest concentration treatment (20mg/kg) of chlorpyrifos, but copper oxychloride and the mixture of the two pesticides showed no observable effects on lifecycle parameters. Dose related effects on NRR times were however determined for both pesticides and the mixture. Dose related effects on AChE activity were found for chlopyrifos and the mixture of the two pesticides, but not for copper oxychloride. Short-term exposures (48 hours) of earthworms to the following pesticides in artificial groundwater: chlorpyrifos, copper oxychloride, azinphos-methyl, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-copper oxychloride, chlorpyrifos -azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-cypermethrin, were done followed by the determination of AChE inhibition. Dose related effects were exhibited on the AChE activity of earthworms exposed to chlorpyrifos, a mixture of chlorpyrifos and copper oxychloride, azinphos-methyl, and a mixture of azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos. Copper oxychloride, cypermethrin and the mixture of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin had no effect on AChE activity. Earthworms died at the highest exposure concentration of the mixture of chlopyrifos and cypermethrin. Results have shown that although the pesticides did not cause observable effects on lifecycle parameters, there were effects at subcellular and biochemical level, as shown by the biomarkers. Mixtures of pesticides, in some instances, affected earthworms differently from their single components, indicating interactions between the pesticides in mixtures, as shown by the measured endpoints. The NRR assay proved to be a good general biomarker of soil contamination, and the AChE activity could also be a valuable tool in assessing the effects of organophosphate mixtures and mixtures of organophosphates and pesticides from other groups.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie-teiken organismes, soos erdwurms, word negatief beïnvloed deur mengsels van antropogeniese chemikalieë in landbou-omgewings. Die meeste studies wat handel oor die toksisiteit van chemiese mengsels het tot dusver gefokus op chemikalieë van dieselfde aard en met dieselfde meganismes van werking. Mengsels van chemiese stowwe kan egter as konglomerate van 'n verskeidenheid strukturele eienskappe en met verskillende toksiese meganismes in die omgewing aangetref word. Tydens die studie is gepoog om die effekte van enkel pestisiede sowel as mengsels daarvan op erdwurms te bestudeer, deur van lewensloop kenmerke (groei en voortplanting) en biomerkers (neutraalrooi retensietyd - NNR en inhibisie van asetielcholienesterase -AChE) as eindpunte gebruik te maak. 'n Verdere doel van die studie was om vas te stel of daar enige wisselwerkings tussen die verskillende pestisiede plaasvind, soos aangetoon deur die gemete eindpunte, en verder ook om die gebruik van die gekose biomerkers as maatstawwe van mengseltoksisiteit te evalueer. Die pestisiede wat gebruik is, is van drie verskillende groepe afkomstig: organofosfate, swaarmetale en piretroiede. Van hierdie drie groepe is vier van die pestisiede wat vry algemeen in boorde en wingerde in die Weskaap, Suid-Afrika, gebruik word, geïdentifiseer. Hierdie stowwe is chlorpyrifos (organofosfaat), azinphos-metiel (organofosfaat), koperoksichloried (swaarmetaalbevattende fungisied) en sipermetrien (piretroied). Erdwurms is in die laboratorium aan 'n reeks konsentrasies van chlorpyrifos en koperoksichloried as enkel toksikante en as 1:1 mengsels in kunsmatige grond, vir vier weke blootgestel. Voor en na die blootstellingsperiode is die biomassa van die wurms, as maatstaf van groei, bepaal en kokonproduksie, uitbroeisukses en getal nakomelinge per kokon bepaal as maatstawwe van voortplantingsvaardigheid. Groei (biomassaverandering) en voortplanting (kokonproduksie) is beinvloed deur behandeling met die hoogste konsentrasie (20 mg/kg) chlorpyrifos, terwyl geen effek van koperoksichloried of die mengsel van hierdie twee pestisiede gevind is nie. Daar is gevind dat beide die pestisiede, enkel en in die mengsel, die NRR tye beinvloed het. Die AChE aktiwiteit is beinvloed deur chlorpyrifos en die mengsel, maar nie deur die koperoksichloried nie. Korttermyn blootstellings van erdwurms (48 uur), in kunsmatige grondwater, van erdwurms aan chlorpyrifos, koperoksichloried, azinphos-metiel en sipermetrien as enkel toksikante en mengsels van chlorpyrifos-koperoksichloried, chlorpyrifos-azinphos-metiel en chlorpyrifos-sipermetrien, is gedoen en gevolg deur die bepaling van AChE inhibisie. Koperoksichloried, cypermetrien en die chlorpyrifos-sipermetrien mengsel het geen waarneembare effek op die AChE aktiwiteit gehad nie ?????. Die erdwurms wat blootgestel is aan die hoogste konsentrasie in die mengsel van chlorpyrifos-sipermetrien het doodgegaan. Die resultate het getoon dat die pestisiede nie in die korttermyn die lewensloopkenmerke in enige waarneembare mate geaffekteer het nie maar daar was effekte op sellulêre en biochemiese vlakke soos aangetoon deur die biomerkers. Sommige mengsels van die pestisiede het die erdwurms verskillend van die enkelstowwe geaffekteer. Daar het dus wisselwerking tussen sommige van die pestisiede wat in mengsels aangewend is, plaasgevind, soos aangetoon deur die gemete eindpunte. Die NRR toets, as breë-spektrum biomerker was 'n goeie maatstaf van kontaminasie in grond en daar is aanduidings dat die AChE aktiwiteit, as 'n spesifieke biomerker, 'n nuttige maatstaf kan wees om die effekte van organofosfaatmengsels en mengsels van hierdie chemiese groep en die van ander chemikalieë aan te toon.
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Wong, Stephen W. "Reproductive toxicity and bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated artificial and natural soils using the earthworm." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79205.

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High concentrations of arsenic are found near gold-mine tailings. The most common form of arsenic found in soil is arsenate, which is a known toxicant. We used the standardised earthworm reproduction test for the species Eisenia andrei (E. andrei) to study the toxicity and bioavailability of arsenic-contaminated soil. Arsenic is toxic to earthworms as indicated by the decrease in survival and reproduction. Arsenic-spiked artificial soil was more toxic than arsenic-spiked field soil based on total arsenic concentration in soil. Moreover, soil from near mine tailings showed a reduced toxic effect despite its high soil arsenic concentration as compared to spiked field soil. Measurements of arsenic tissue concentrations in the earthworm indicated that uptake of arsenic into earthworm tissue was higher in spiked artificial soil as compared to spiked field soil and that the maximal body burden was 396 mug As/g dry tissue weight. However, when considering tissue arsenic concentration, spiked field soil is more toxic than spiked artificial soil. Therefore the tissue rather than soil content may better reflect the magnitude of arsenic toxicity to E. andrei.
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Leduc, Frédéric. "Linking the neuropeptide annetocin with reproductive success of the earthworm Eisenia fetida in two natural soils amended with the wood preservatives chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ)." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82274.

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Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), type C, was largely used as a wood preservative due to its exceptional fungicidal and insecticidal properties. Although this treatment was prohibited for residential purposes in Canada and in the United-States of America, concerns about CCA-treated wood focus on the possible threat on human health and the contamination of the environment, through the leaching of metals from existing structures. The objectives of this thesis are (1) to assess the effects of metals leached from CCA- and ACQ-treated wood on the survival, the growth and the reproductive success of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta), and (2) to evaluate if annetocin, a neuropeptide linked to reproduction, could be used as a biomarker of ecotoxicological responses of the worm E. fetida when exposed to metals from the CCA treatment. Ecotoxicological tests with E. fetida were carried out according to the protocol ISO-11268-2. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Voua, otomo Patricks. "The effects of long-term exposure to cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia Fetida (Oligochaeta) : an investigation of the development of genetic metal resistance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/22010.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of potential genetically based resistance to cadmium (Cd) after long-term exposure to this metal at a sublethal concentration, was investigated in earthworm specimens belonging to the genus Eisenia. Adult (clitellate) earthworms from a long-term laboratory Cdexposed population (> 78 generations) and from other populations having no previous history of metal exposure were exposed to increasing concentrations (0; 2.5; 5; 10 and 20 mg/l) of Cd in the form of CdSO4. Different biomarkers and molecular markers were used to determine whether the specimens from the long-term Cd-exposed population had acclimatized or adapted to the metal contaminated environment. Acclimation was investigated at different physiological and biochemical levels using the following three biomarkers: the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay) measuring mitochondrial activity and cell viability; the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) measuring DNA strand breaks and the biosynthesis of metallothioneins (MTs) that have the function of lowering metal toxicity. Earthworms from the long-term exposed substrate as well as specimens from populations not exposed to Cd were used. Adaptation was investigated by looking at both allozyme polymorphism at seven enzyme encoding loci and DNA polymorphism using chosen neutral and selectable genetic markers. The markers used were cytochrome c oxydase subunit I (COI) and metallothionein-2 (mt-2) respectively. This was done amongst the same pool of populations. Additionally, the DNA polymorphism study also aimed at genetically identifying the species utilized in this study thereby determining whether these earthworms belong to the species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. MTs biosynthesis did not generate the expected data mainly due to the fact that a suitable antibody could not be obtained (discussed in Chapter 5 section 5.3.3.). Similarly, the assessment of DNA polymorphism at the chosen selectable genetic marker mt-2 did provide information relevant to understanding the potential development of resistance to Cd in the long-term metal contaminated group. COI sequences generated in this study were compared to E. fetida and E. andrei COI sequences available on Genbank. Consequently, specimens used in this study were identified as possibly belonging to the species E. andrei. Allozyme polymorphism revealed no fixed genetic differences between the long-term Cd exposed laboratory culture and the rest of the populations. All the populations departed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2 > 5.9; p < 0.05), and showed a low mean heterozygosity per locus (Ho ≤ 0.21), probably due to inbreeding. Cell viability and proliferation as tested by the MTT assay revealed that coelomocytes, isolated from the long-term Cd-exposed group showed the highest viability (98.42%) compared to those from other groups (+/- 80%). Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (H2, 225=109.7165 p < 0.001) revealed that the long-term Cd-exposed laboratory culture showed a better response to acute exposure to Cd, thus demonstrating that these worms have developed some kind of tolerance to Cd. Similarly, the comet assay showed that in the long-term Cd-exposed specimens, less DNA breaks occurred after Cd exposure than in the unexposed groups. Of all the comet parameters assessed in this study (comet tail length, tail moment and tail DNA percentage), tail DNA percentage seemed to be more sensitive although all three parameters indicated that long-term Cd-exposed specimens were more resistant than unexposed specimens as shown by the number of single strand DNA breaks induced by exposure to higher concentrations of Cd (p < 0.001). The comet and the MTT assays indicated that the earthworms with a previous history of Cd exposure have developed increased fitness towards higher doses of Cd, compared to previously unexposed groups. These findings mainly proved that several mechanisms could come into play at the physiological and biochemical level to allow the Cd exposed population to acclimatize to its chemically stressful environment. Clear genetic support for the differences found between the tested populations was not obtained, but needs to be investigated further using Cd selectable markers such as the mt-2 gene, in order to come to a more conclusive deduction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike ontwikkeling van geneties gebaseerde weerstand teen kadmium (Cd) by erdwurms van die genus Eisenia, na langtermyn blootstelling aan die metaal by 'n subletale konsentrasie, is ondersoek. Volwasse (klitellate) erdwurms van 'n langtermyn laboratorium Cdblootgestelde bevolking (< 78 generasies) asook van ander bevolkings met geen voorgeskiedenis van metaal blootstelling nie, is blootgestel aan 'n reeks van Cd konsentrasies (0; 2.5; 5; 10; en 20 mg/l) in die vorm van CdSO4. Verskillende biomerkers en molekulêre merkers is gebruik om vas te stel of die erdwurms geakklimeer of aangepas het by die metaal in die gekontamineerde omgewing. Akklimasie is op verskillende fisiologiese en biochemiese vlakke getoets deur die volgende drie biomerkers te gebruik: Die 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromied toets (MTT toets), wat mitochondriale aktiwiteit en sel lewensvatbaarheid meet; die enkel sel elektroforese toets (Komeettoets) wat DNS string breuke meet; die biosintese van metallotioniene (MT's) wat metaalvergiftiging verlaag. Erdwurms van die langtermyn blootstellingsubstraat asook eksemplare van bevolkings wat nie aan kadmium blootgestel was nie, is gebruik. Aanpassing is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van allosiem polimorfisme, waar 7 ensiem koderende lokusse gebruik is asook van DNS polimorfisme deur neutrale genetiese merkers te selekteer. Die merkers wat gebruik is, was sitochroom c oksidase, subeenheid I (COI) en metallotionien-2 (mt-2) respektiwelik. Hierdie toetse is met dieselfde groepe bevolkings uitgevoer. 'n Bykomende van die studie aspek waar ook van DNS polimorfisme gebruik gemaak is, was daarop gemik om die spesie wat vir die huidige studie gebruik is, geneties te identifiseer en om vas te stel of die erdwurms aan die spesie Eisenia fetida of Eisenia andrei behoort. Die MT biosintese het nie die verwagte data gegenereer nie, hoofsaaklik weens die feit dat geskikte teenligaampies nie beskikbaar was nie (bespreek in Hoofstuk 5 afdeling 5.3.3). Soortgelyk, het die waardebepaling van DNS polimorfisme by die geselekteerde genetiese merker mt-2 nie genoegsame informasie verskaf om die potensiaal van die ontwikkeling van weerstand teen Cd in die langtermyn blootgestelde groep te verstaan nie. COI geenvolgordes van E. fetida en E. andrei wat op Genbank beskikbaar was, is gebruik om met die resultate van die huidige studie te vergelyk. Die spesie wat tydens die huidige studie gebruik is, is op hierdie wyse geïdentifiseer as E. andrei. Allosiem polimorfisme het geen vaste genetiese verskille tussen die langtermyn blootgestelde laboratoriumkulture en die ander bevolkings getoon nie. Al die bevolkings het verskil van die Hardy-Weinberg ewewigstoestand (χ2 > 5.9; p < 0.05) en het 'n lae heterosigositeit per lokus getoon (Ho ≤ 0.21), moontlik as gevolg van inteling. Sellewensvatbaarheid en proliferasie soos getoets met die MTT toets, het getoon dat selomosiete, geïsoleer vanuit die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde groep, die hoogste lewensvatbaarheid (98.42%) gehad het in vergelyking met die ander groepe (+/- 80%). Kruksal-Wallis ANOVA (H2, 225=109.7165 p < 0.001) het getoon dat die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde laboratoriumkultuur 'n beter respons vir akute blootstelling aan Cd gehad het. Hierdeur is gedemonstreer dat hierdie wurms 'n soort toleransie teenoor kadmium ontwikkel het. Soortgelyk het die komeettoets aangetoon dat daar in die langtermyn blootgestelde eksemplare minder DNS breuke voorgekom het na verdere blootstelling aan Cd as in die ander groepe. Van al die komeet parameters wat tydens die studie gemeet is (komeet stertlengte, Olive stert moment en stert DNS persentasie), het die stert DNS persentasie geblyk om die mees sensitiefste te wees, alhoewel al drie parameters aangetoon het dat die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde eksemplare meer weerstandbiedend was teen induksie van DNS enkelstring breuke weens Cd blootstelling (p < 0.001), as die wat nie voorheen blootgestel was nie. Die komeet en MTT toetse het aangetoon dat erdwurms met 'n voorgeskiedenis van Cd blootstelling 'n toenemende fiksheid teen hoër dososse van Cd ontwikkel het as die wat nie voorheen aan kadmium blootgestel was nie. My bevindings kon hoofsaaklik toon dat verskeie meganismes op die fisiologiese en biochemiese vlak 'n rol sou kon speel om Cd blootgestelde bevolkings by 'n chemies stresvolle omgewing te laat akklimeer. Duidelike ondersteuning vir die verskille tussen die getoetsde bevolkings deur van Cd geselekteerde merkers soos die mt-2 geen gebruik te maak om 'n meer finale afleiding te kan maak is nie verkry nie en behoort verder ondersoek te word.
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Filby, Amy Louisa. "Molecular effect pathways of endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439828.

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Eyambe, George Sona. "Cellular Biomarkers for Measuring Toxicity of Xenobiotics: Effects of PCBs on Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris Coelomocytes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332716/.

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The research presented herein provides information on coelomocyte (leukocyte) collection, function and immunotoxicity from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Research was undertaken as part of an overall goal to develop a well-documented and scientifically valid non-mammalian surrogate immunoassay with the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris to assess immunotoxic potential of xenobiotics. The principal objectives were to: (1) Develop an extrusion model for analyzing immunotoxicity of xenobiotics; (2) determine if coelomocytes can be collected repeatedly without obvious harm to the earthworm or change in immune response of the coelomocytes harvested and (3) validate the response sensitivity profiles of a panel of biomarkers {differential and total cell counts, erythrocyte rosette (ER) and secretory rosette (SR) formation with, and phagocytosis of antigenic rabbit red blood cells} in earthworms after acute exposure to a known mammalian and L. terrestris immunotoxin, the PCB Aroclor 1254.
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Coberly, Samantha W. "The effect of household chemicals on deciduous and permanent tooth class." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6807.

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Dental anthropology was wide ranging implications for the field of anthropology. Teeth have become important sources of data about the individual as well as possibly being able to identify them. One problem that can arise is the chemical destruction of teeth whether it be diagenesis in an archaeological context or deliberately in a forensic context. In terms of deliberate destruction of the body several household chemicals are cheap and easily assessable. The purpose of this research is to look at how six household chemicals affect both deciduous and permanent tooth classes. The six chemicals include, Vinegar (acetic acid), Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), Biz (Sodium per carbonate), Lye (Sodium Hydroxide) Ammonia and the control (tap water). The teeth were placed in jars containing the chemical for twenty-four hours. Every hour the weight and mesial/distal length were measured. Of the six chemicals, vinegar affected the teeth the most.
Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology
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Turan, Nahid. "The effect of plasticisers and related chemicals on sulphate supply enzymes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433746.

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Delacruz, C. Ligia. "The effect of natural toxicants and other chemicals on the kidney." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847359/.

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Repeated administration of ochratoxin A (OTA) caused renal morphological dose-related changes, that were associated with proximal tubular and glomerular damage the latter showing oedema and prominent PAS staining suggestive of glomerular basement membrane thickening. On the other hand, the combined administration of repeated doses of OTA and aflatoxin B[1] (2. 5 mg and 100 ug per kg, respectively), appeared to have a synergistic effect, characterized by severe disruption of proximal tubules and general morphological derrangement of the glomerulus, involving intense and faint staining nuclei (suggestive of cell necrosis) and cytoplasmic vacuolation, which was not seen with either toxin alone. When clinical biochemical parameters were measured after repeated administration of a low dose of OTA, enzymuria, glucosuria, polyuria and proteinuria were observed, with glucose and alkaline phosphatase as the most sensitive parameters. Metabolic studies performed in vitro showed that isolated pig and rat glomeruli incorporate different amino acids linearly for several hours at different rates and perform oxidative metabolism of glucose and fatty acids to CO[2] also linearly. For pig glomeruli the order of amino acid incorporation was LEU >> PRO = HIS > LYS > GLY and for rat glomeruli it was TRP >> PHE > TYR = LEU > PRO > HIS. The same amino acids were incorporated in a similar way in rat tubules, but the incorporation rate is 10-fold lower. When de novo synthesis of protein by pig glomeruli exposed to different chemicals was assessed, using proline (PRO) as the precursor, adriamycin (ADR) and ethacrynic acid (ETA) inhibited protein synthesis more than 2-bromoethanamine (BEA) and streptomycin (STR), and much more than puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). When isolated rat glomeruli were exposed to low concentrations of OTA, there was a generalized inhibition on de novo synthesis of protein from the six amino acids tested and the aromatic amino acids (TRP, TYR and PHE) were more sensitive to OTA effect than PRO. Low concentrations of OTA (10 - 100 uM) enhanced glomerular and tubular glucose metabolism to CO[2] and only high concentrations of the mycotoxin (1000 uM) caused significant inhibition of glomerular and proximal tubular linolenic acid metabolism.
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Books on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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1951-, Sheppard Stephen, and SETAC (Society), eds. Advances in earthworm ecotoxicology: Proceedings from the Second International Workshop on Earthworm Ecotoxicology, April 1997, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. SETAC Press, 1998.

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Riepert, Frank. Development of laboratory methods for testing effects of chemicals and pesticides on Collembola and earthworms =: Entwicklung von Labormethoden zur Prüfung der Wirkung von chemischen Stoffen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Collembolen und Regenwürmer. Parey, 1996.

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Płytycz, Barbara. Earthworms for monitoring metal contamination. Nova Science, 2009.

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Lee, Betty Lou. Coping with chemicals. Environment Canada, 1985.

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Halton, David M. What makes chemicals poisonous? Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 1988.

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The poison paradox: Chemicals as friends and foes. Oxford University Press, 2005.

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The poison paradox: Chemicals as friends and foes. Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Japan. Kankyōshō. Kankyō Hokenbu. Kankyō Risuku Hyōkashitsu. Nihonjin ni okeru kagaku busshitsu no bakuroryō ni tsuite: Kagaku busshitsu no hito e no bakuroryō monitaringu chōsa (2011-) = The exposure to chemical compounds in the Japanese people. Kankyōshō Kankyō Hokenbu Kankyō Risuku Hyōkashitsu, 2014.

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Nong zuo wu nong yao zhi yao hai. Dao xiang wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 1994.

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Kaiser, Klaus L. E. Ecotoxicity of chemicals to photobacterium phosphoreum. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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Edwards, Clive A., and Patrick J. Bohlen. "The Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Earthworms." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2890-5_2.

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Andrews, D. F., and A. M. Herzberg. "Effect of Chemicals on Earthworm Populations." In Springer Series in Statistics. Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5098-2_53.

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Vonk, J. W., D. M. M. Adema, and D. Barug. "Comparison of the Effects of Several Chemicals on Microorganisms, Higher Plants and Earthworms." In Contaminated Soil. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5181-5_25.

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Weekers, F., Ph Thonart, Ph Jacques, D. Springael, M. Mergeay, and L. Diels. "Effect of Drying on Bioremediation Bacteria Properties." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_30.

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Du, Liping, Aleš Prokop, and Robert D. Tanner. "Effect of Bubble Size on Foam Fractionation of Ovalbumin." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0119-9_87.

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Bredwell, M. D., M. D. Telgenhoff, S. Barnard, and R. M. Worden. "Effect of Surfactants on Carbon Monoxide Fermentations by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2312-2_56.

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Burapatana, Vorakan, Ernest E. Butler, Gaurav Chauhan, et al. "Effect of Lidocaine on Ovalbumin and Egg Albumin Foam Stability." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0057-4_76.

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Gottschalk, Leda M. F., Ronaldo Nobrega, and Elba P. S. Bon. "Effect of Aeration on Lignin Peroxidase Production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0057-4_67.

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Saxena, Ajit Kumar, and Amit Kumar. "Effect of Cyclophosphamide on Chromosomes." In Fish Analysis for Drug and Chemicals Mediated Cellular Toxicity. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4700-3_2.

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Mulisch, Hans-Martin, Werner Winter, and Hermann H. Dieter. "Assessment of the Effect Potential of Environmental Chemicals." In Exposure and Risk Assessment of Chemical Pollution — Contemporary Methodology. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2335-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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Kniuipytė, Inesa, Marius Praspaliauskas, Jūratė Žaltauskaitė, and Austra Dikšaitytė. "Bioremediation Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using Earthworm Eisenia Fetida." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.593.

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The amount of sewage sludge (SS) used in agriculture and forest plantations is constantly growing in EU. It’s known that even after various treatment methods some of contaminants still remain. The main risks of using SS in agriculture or forestry are related with hevy metals and organic pollutants content in SS. Heavy metals tend to acumu-late in the environment and living organisms and may cause different adverse effects. Bioremediation using earthworms can be used to eliminate or mitigate the threat of heavy metals. Bioremediation is cheaper, requiries less energy and is more environmentally friendly than conventional physical or chemical remediation methods. But it’s really important to evaluate bioremediation efficiency for SS, because there is evidence that nutrients in SS might improve efficiency of bioremediation. In this study earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed for 9 weeks to SS amended soil. Earthworm mortality, growth and heavy metals (Al, Fe) accumulation were evaluated. The results showed that SS had a highly significant effect on earthworm mortality (F=4.98; p;lt0.05) and growth (F=3.88–67.02; p;lt0.05). Both metals concentrations in soil were signifficant (p;lt0.05) lower after vermi-remediation than after SS soil amendments. SS concentration had a significant effect to Al concentration accumulated in earthworm tissue (F=33.71; p;lt0.05). This study demonstrated that bioremediation efficiency using E. fetida depends on concentrations of SS, survival and growth of earthworms.
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Hala I Chaoui, Patrick Topper, Robert E Graves, Mary Ann Bruns, and Thomas L Richard. "The effect of compost and earthworms casts biofilters on gaseous emissions from dairy manure stacks." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24408.

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Arbab, M. Hassan, Antao Chen, Eric I. Thorsos, Dale P. Winebrenner, and Lisa M. Zurk. "Effect of surface scattering on terahertz time domain spectroscopy of chemicals." In Integrated Optoelectronic Devices 2008, edited by Kurt J. Linden and Laurence P. Sadwick. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.769015.

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Yuce, H. H., A. D. Hasse, and P. L. Key. "Effect Of Common Chemicals On The Mechanical Properties Of Optical Fibers." In O-E/Fiber LASE '88, edited by Roger A. Greenwell, Dilip K. Paul, and Shekhar G. Wadekar. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.960047.

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Manu, J., and Vasudeva Madav. "Hydrodynamic effect of elastic and inelastic collisions in fluidized bubbling bed reactor." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (NCECB). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0005565.

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Xie, Qianyan, Debra Yeager, and Jack Chu. "The Effect of Chemicals and Solvents on Plastics -An Engineering Practice Guide." In International Congress & Exposition. SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950634.

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Kirk, Joseph W., and Romony E. Sin. "Laboratory Evaluation of the Effect of Treating Chemicals on Scale Inhibitor Performance." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/38800-ms.

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Zhou, Yunhe, Xiaodong Cheng, Leilei Wang, Guopu Wang, and Yong Huang. "Effect of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water Environment on Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5516586.

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Lee, Han-Shin, Jaehyuck Choi, DonGun Lee, et al. "Effect of EUV exposure upon surface residual chemicals on EUV mask surface." In Photomask and NGL Mask Technology XVII, edited by Kunihiro Hosono. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.868292.

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Hessling, J., and S. Shuler. "Effect of De-Icing Chemicals on Crack Sealant Performance in Colorado, USA." In GeoHunan International Conference 2009. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41043(350)14.

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Reports on the topic "Earthworms – Effect of chemicals on"

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Lorenz, P. B. The effect of alkaline agents on retention of EOR chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5629326.

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Petit, Sylvain, Joannie Chin, Amanda Forster, Michael Riley, and Kirk Rice. Effect of artificial perspiration and cleaning chemicals on mechanical and chemical properties of ballistic fibers. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7494.

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