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1

Shao, Yu, Bing-Nan Zhou, Kan Ma, and Hou-Ming Wu. "Echinocystic Acid Saponins from Aster yunnanensis." Journal of Natural Products 58, no. 6 (1995): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50120a003.

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2

Shrivastava, Kumud. "Isolation and study of a Saponin (Echinocystic acid-3-o-α-l–Rhamnopyranosyl (1→5)–o–β-d–xylofuranosyl (1→5)–o–β-d–Arabinofuranosyl (1 → 4)–o–β-d–Glucopyranoside) from the leaves of Clematis nepaulensis D.C." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, № 2 (2019): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2412.

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A saponin (echinocystic acid-3-o- α -l – rhamnopyranosyl (1 à 5) – o – β - d – xylofuranosyl (1 à 5) – o – β - d – arabinofuranosyl (1 à 4) – o – β - d –glucopyranoside)have been isolated and identified from the leaves of clematis nepaulensis. Repeated chromatographic manipulations and spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, and Mass) suggested the structure of saponin.
 Keywords: Saponin, Echinocystic acid, Isolation, spectral analysis
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3

Miyase, Toshio, F. R. Melek, N. S. Ghaly, Tsutomu Warashina, M. El-Kady, and Marian Nabil. "Echinocystic acid 3,16-O-bisglycosides from Albizia procera." Phytochemistry 71, no. 11-12 (2010): 1375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.004.

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4

Dhaneshwar, N. N., D. D. Sawaikar, C. R. Narayanan, S. S. Tavale, and T. N. Guru Row. "Structure of an oxidation product of echinocystic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 43, no. 1 (1987): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270187096975.

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5

Yu Shao, Onoomar Poobrasert, Chi-Tang Ho, Chee-Kok Chin, and Geoffrey A. Cordell. "An echinocystic acid saponin derivative from Kalimeris shimadae." Phytochemistry 43, no. 1 (1996): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00247-6.

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6

Han, Li, Peng Lai, and Jun-Rong Du. "Deciphering Molecular Mechanism Underlying Hypolipidemic Activity of Echinocystic Acid." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823154.

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Our previous study showed that a triterpene mixture, consisting of echinocystic acid (EA) and oleanolic acid (OA) at a ratio of 4 : 1, dose-dependently ameliorated the hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits fed with high fat/high cholesterol diets. This study was aimed at exploring the mechanisms underlying antihyperlipidemic effect of EA. Molecular docking simulation of EA was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker (version: 4.3.0) to investigate the potential targets related to lipid metabolism. Based on the molecular docking information, isotope labeling method or spectrophotometry w
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7

Han, Lifeng, Erwei Liu, Agyemang Kojo, et al. "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis ofEclipta prostrataL. by LC/MS." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/980890.

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Eclipta prostrataL. is one of the Chinese medicinal tonics which are usually used for treating loose teeth, dizziness, tinnitus, hemoptysis, hematuria, and uterine bleeding. However, quality control of this herbal medicine has been not satisfactory. This study reported its qualitative and quantitative analyses based on LC/MS method. UHPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS fingerprinting and MS fragmentation cleavage pathway were investigated for qualitative analysis. Furthermore, a method for simultaneous quantitative determination of nine compounds, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, ecliptasaponin C, luteolin, ec
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8

Scott, Janelle P., Winston F. Tinto, and William F. Reynolds. "Triterpenoidal Saponins and Prosapogenins from Albizia Lebbeck (Leguminosae)." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 11 (2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301105.

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Four new echinocystic acid glycosides (1–4) were isolated from the dried seeds of Albizia lebbeck. The alkaline hydrolysate of the saponin fraction yielded two new prosapogenins (5–6). Their structures were determined by extensive NMR and spectroscopic analysis.
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9

Feng, Xu, Zhongmei Zou, Shaobin Fu, Lingzhi Sun, Zhiheng Su, and Di-An Sun. "Microbial oxidation and glucosidation of echinocystic acid by Nocardia corallina." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 66, no. 1-2 (2010): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.05.012.

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10

Tong, Xuhui, Shigang Lin, Makoto Fujii, and De-Xing Hou. "Molecular mechanisms of echinocystic acid-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 321, no. 3 (2004): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.004.

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11

Li, Shuo, Jing Han, Dong-sheng Wang, et al. "Echinocystic acid reduces reserpine-induced pain/depression dyad in mice." Metabolic Brain Disease 31, no. 2 (2016): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-015-9786-6.

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12

Fields, Paul G., Sheila Woods, and Wesley G. Taylor. "Triterpenoid saponins synergize insecticidal pea peptides: effect on feeding and survival of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 5 (2010): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-024.

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AbstractThe triterpenoid saponins soyasaponin I, dehydrosoyasaponin I, echinocystic acid 3-glucoside, β-escin, glycyrrhizic acid, hederacoside C, and α-hederin were tested alone and in combination with insecticidal PA1b peptide mixtures isolated from peas for their effects on the feeding and survival of a stored-product insect, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). There were two sources of peptides: a purified extract composed primarily of PA1b peptides and a partially purified extract (C8 extract) that contained mainly peptides and lesser amounts of soyasaponin I, dehydrosoyasaponin I, an
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13

Liu, Xiaojuan, and Meiyu Cao. "Determination of Echinocystic Acid in Extract of Spina Gleditsiae by HPLC." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 189 (November 6, 2018): 022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/189/2/022012.

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14

Zhou, Xue-Feng, Lan Tang, Peng Zhang, et al. "The Interleukin-18 Inhibitory Activities of Echinocystic Acid and its Saponins from Impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 64, no. 5-6 (2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2009-5-611.

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1Echinocystic acid (), an echinocystic acid saponin, 2, and four of its ester saponins, 3 - 6, obtained from the active fraction of Impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis, an traditional Chinese medicine for rheumatoid arthritis, were investigated for their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-18 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Three of them, 1, 2 and 6, showed obvious activity to inhibit the production of IL-18, especially the ester saponins with a sugar chain at C-28, 6. Structure-activity relationships are discussed in brief
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15

Yu, Fei, Qi Wang, Han Wang, et al. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of echinocystic acid derivatives as HCV entry inhibitors." Chinese Chemical Letters 27, no. 5 (2016): 711–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.01.050.

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16

Fu, Shao-Bin, Xu Feng, Qing-Feng Meng, Qing Cai, and Di-An Sun. "Two new echinocystic acid derivatives catalyzed by filamentous fungus Gliocladium roseum CGMCC 3.3657." Natural Product Research 33, no. 13 (2018): 1842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1477148.

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17

Sahu, Niranjan P., and Shashi B. Mahato. "Anti-inflammatory triterpene saponins of Pithecellobium dulce: Characterization of an echinocystic acid bisdesmoside." Phytochemistry 37, no. 5 (1994): 1425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90425-4.

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18

Hyam, Supriya R., Se-Eun Jang, Jin-Ju Jeong, Eun-Ha Joh, Myung Joo Han, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Echinocystic acid, a metabolite of lancemaside A, inhibits TNBS-induced colitis in mice." International Immunopharmacology 15, no. 2 (2013): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.017.

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19

Tong, Xuhui, Shigang Lin, Makoto Fujii, and De-Xing Hou. "Echinocystic acid induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through mitochondria-mediated death pathway." Cancer Letters 212, no. 1 (2004): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.035.

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20

Chen, Jianping, Zhonggui Li, Ken Y. Z. Zheng, et al. "Chemical fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of two common Gleditsia sinensis fruits using HPLC-DAD." Acta Pharmaceutica 63, no. 4 (2013): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2013-0036.

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Abstract Gleditsiae Fructus Abnormalis and Gleditsiae Sinensis Fructus are obtained from different developmental stages of fruits from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Leguminosae). The possible interchangeable usage of the two fruits, however, has long been very controversial. Here, high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection was developed to explore their chemical fingerprinting profiles. Besides, the amounts of aglycones of saponin compounds, echinocystic acid and oleanolic acid in both fruits were quantified. The results indicated that there was no significant differe
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21

Wang, Han, Qi Wang, Su-Long Xiao, et al. "Elucidation of the pharmacophore of echinocystic acid, a new lead for blocking HCV entry." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 64 (June 2013): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.041.

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22

Yang, Jian-hui, Bing Li, Qiong Wu, Jian-guo Lv та Hui-Yong Nie. "Echinocystic acid inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 477, № 4 (2016): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.118.

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23

Wu, Jianming, Jian Li, Zhiyong Zhu, et al. "Protective effects of echinocystic acid isolated from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. against acute myocardial ischemia." Fitoterapia 81, no. 1 (2010): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.015.

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24

Chen, Beilei, Yuanyuan Zhao, Wei Li, Jing Hang, Mengmei Yin, and Hailong Yu. "Echinocystic acid provides a neuroprotective effect via the PI3K/AKT pathway in intracerebral haemorrhage mice." Annals of Translational Medicine 8, no. 1 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.12.35.

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25

Ma, Zhiqiang, Yanlong Wang, Taikui Piao та Jianyu Liu. "Echinocystic Acid Inhibits IL-1β-Induced COX-2 and iNOS Expression in Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes". Inflammation 39, № 2 (2015): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0278-y.

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26

Jie, Chen, Xu Jing, Guan Bi-qiong, Luo Zi-ling, and Chen Jie. "PROTECTION OF ECHINOCYSTIC ACID ON THE PRIMARY CULTURED RAT CARDIOMYOCYTES SUBJECTED TO ANOXIA/REOXYGENATION INJURY." Heart 98, Suppl 2 (2012): E126.1—E126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302920b.40.

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27

Joh, Eun-Ha, Jin-Ju Jeong, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Inhibitory effect of echinocystic acid on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced dermatitis in mice." Archives of Pharmacal Research 37, no. 2 (2013): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0092-8.

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28

Cioffi, Giuseppina, Antonio Vassallo, Laura Lepore, Fabio Venturella, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, and Nunziatina De Tommasi. "Antiproliferative Oleanane Saponins from Polyscias Guilfoylei." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 10 (2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301017.

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Three new oleanane saponins (1–3), together with four known ones (4–7), were isolated from the aerial parts of Polyscias guilfoylei. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, including 1D TOCSY, DQF-COSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC spectroscopy, as well as ESIMS analysis. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated using three murine and human cancer cell lines; J774.A1, HEK-293, and WEHI-164. All the compounds were inactive except for 3β- O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid 28-[ O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6) O-β-D-glucopyranosyl]
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29

Kumar, Deepak, Raghuvir H. Gaonkar, Rina Ghosh та Bikas C. Pal. "Bio-assay Guided Isolation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Constituents from Eclipta alba". Natural Product Communications 7, № 8 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700807.

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Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk is used traditionally in diabetes mellitus in India and the plant extract is reported to possess anti-diabetic activity. A bioactivity-guided isolation approach based on α-glucosidase inhibition was used to identify the constituents contributing towards the inhibition of the enzyme and probably contributing towards its anti-diabetic activity. Four echinocystic acid glycosides were thus isolated, of which eclalbasaponin VI, isolated from the n-butanol fraction, was found to be the most potent (IC50 54.2 ± 1.3 μM). The compound is an uncompetitive type of inhibitor with K
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30

Lee, Kyung-Tae, Jongwon Choi, Won-Tae Jung, Jung-Hwan Nam, Hyun-Ju Jung, and Hee-Juhn Park. "Structure of a New Echinocystic Acid Bisdesmoside Isolated fromCodonopsis lanceolataRoots and the Cytotoxic Activity of Prosapogenins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, no. 15 (2002): 4190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf011647l.

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31

Park, Hye Jin, Huiyoung Kwon, Seungheon Lee, et al. "Echinocystic Acid Facilitates Neurite Outgrowth in Neuroblastoma Neuro2a Cells and Enhances Spatial Memory in Aged Mice." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40, no. 10 (2017): 1724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b17-00324.

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32

Deng, Ya-ting, Wen-bo Kang, Jian-ning Zhao, Gang Liu, and Ming-gao Zhao. "Osteoprotective Effect of Echinocystic Acid, a Triterpone Component from Eclipta prostrata, in Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporotic Rats." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (2015): e0136572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136572.

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33

Fu, Shaobin, Xu Feng, and Di-an Sun. "Microbe-mediate transformation of echinocystic acid by whole cells of filamentous fungus Cunninghamella blakesleana CGMCC 3.910." Molecular Biology Reports 45, no. 6 (2018): 2795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4357-7.

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34

Reibenspies, Joseph H., Howard J. Williams, Claudio Ortiz, et al. "Crystal and molecular structure of echinocystic acid diacetate, a secondary metabolite isolated from Cucurbita faetidissima H.B.K." Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research 22, no. 1 (1992): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01161374.

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35

Jæger, Diana, Chi P. Ndi, Christoph Crocoll, et al. "Isolation and Structural Characterization of Echinocystic Acid Triterpenoid Saponins from the Australian Medicinal and Food PlantAcacia ligulata." Journal of Natural Products 80, no. 10 (2017): 2692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00437.

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36

Yu, Hailong, Wei Li, Xiang Cao, et al. "Echinocystic acid, a natural plant extract, alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway." European Journal of Pharmacology 861 (October 2019): 172610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172610.

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37

Struby, K., and Z. Kasprzyk. "Changement du taux des triterpénoîdes dans Helianthus annuus L. pendant la période de végétation [Variations in the level of triterpenoids in Helianthus annuus during vegetation]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 2 (2015): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.022.

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The variations in the level of triterpenoids, i.e. methylsterols, sterols, triterpenic monols and diols as well as of oleanolic acid and echinicystic acid were investigated in different organs of <em>Helianthus annuus</em> plant during vegetation period till 120th day. It was found that all types of compounds investigated are present in considerable quantities in the whole plant during this period. The presence of 5 monols and of 5 diols with chromatographic properties of pentacyclic triterpenic alcohols identified previously in <em>Calendula officinalis</em> flowers wa
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38

KAGAO, Tsuneatsu, Ryuichiro TANAKA, Haruki SHIMOKAWA, and Hikaru OKABE. "Studies on the Constituents of Aster scaber THUNB. II. Structures of Echinocystic Acid Glycosides Isolated from the Root." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 39, no. 7 (1991): 1719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1719.

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39

Tava, Aldo, and Luciano Pecetti. "Chemical Investigation of Saponins from Twelve Annual Medicago Species and their Bioassay with the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 7 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700708.

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The saponin and sapogenin composition of the aerial growth of 12 annual Medicago species sampled at full senescence were investigated. Saponins were extracted from the plant material and obtained in a highly pure grade by reverse-phase chromatography, with a yield ranging from 0.38 ± 0.04% to 1.35 ± 0.08% dry matter, depending on the species. Sapogenins were then obtained after acid hydrolysis of saponins, and evaluated by GC/FID and GC/MS methods. Different compositions of the aglycone moieties were observed in the 12 Medicago species. Medicagenic acid was the dominant aglycone in M. × blanch
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40

Kwon, Se Jeong, Dohee Ahn, Hyun-Mo Yang, Hyo Jin Kang, and Sang J. Chung. "Polyphyllin D Shows Anticancer Effect through a Selective Inhibition of Src Homology Region 2-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-2 (SHP2)." Molecules 26, no. 4 (2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040848.

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Natural products have continued to offer tremendous opportunities for drug development, as they have long been used in traditional medicinal systems. SHP2 has served as an anticancer target. To identify novel SHP2 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity, we screened a library containing 658 natural products. Polyphyllin D was found to selectively inhibit SHP2 over SHP1, whereas two other identified compounds (echinocystic acid and oleanolic acid) demonstrated dual SHP1 and SHP2 inhibition. In a cell-based assay, polyphyllin D exhibited cytotoxicity in Jurkat cells, an acute lymphoma leuk
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41

Baglin, I., A. Mitaine-Offer, M. Nour, K. Tan, C. Cave, and M. Lacaille-Dubois. "A Review of Natural and Modified Betulinic, Ursolic and Echinocystic Acid Derivatives as Potential Antitumor and Anti-HIV Agents." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 6 (2003): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557033487917.

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42

Georgatza, Demetra, Vyron A. Gorgogietas, Paraskevi Kylindri, et al. "The triterpene echinocystic acid and its 3-O-glucoside derivative are revealed as potent and selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 79 (October 2016): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.028.

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43

Jung, Il-Hoon, Se-Eun Jang, Eun-Ha Joh, Jayong Chung, Myung Joo Han, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Lancemaside A isolated from Codonopsis lanceolata and its metabolite echinocystic acid ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory and learning deficits in mice." Phytomedicine 20, no. 1 (2012): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.005.

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44

NAGAO, Tsuneatsu, Yukiko IWASE, and Hikaru OKABE. "Studies on the Constituents of Aster scaber THUNB. V. Structures of Six New Echinocystic Acid Glycosides Isolated from the Herb." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 41, no. 9 (1993): 1562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.41.1562.

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45

NAGAO, Tsuneatsu, Ryuichiro TANAKA, Yukiko IWASE, and Hikaru OKABE. "Studies on the constituents of Aster scaber THUNB. IV. Structures of Four New Echinocystic Acid Glycosides Isolated from the Herb." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 41, no. 4 (1993): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.41.659.

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46

Chong, Wang, Xia Yu Feng, Gao Zheng Zhen, Lu Dan, and Dai Yue. "Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation by Saponins from Gleditsia Sinensis- Structure-Activity Relationships." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 6 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400608.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of saponins from the anomalous fruits of Gleditsia sinensis on mast cell degranulation triggered by compound 48/80 and to determine possible structure-activity relationships. Among the eleven saponins tested, four effectively inhibited β-hexosaminidase release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Studies of structure-activity relationships indicated that saponins with an aglycone of echinocystic acid instead of oleanolic acid were more effective. A sugar chain at C-3 was essential for the inhibitory effects, and a single sugar chain
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47

Lai, Peng, and Yixin Liu. "Echinocystic acid, isolated from Gleditsia sinensis fruit, protects endothelial progenitor cells from damage caused by oxLDL via the Akt/eNOS pathway." Life Sciences 114, no. 2 (2014): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.026.

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48

Wang, Han, Fei Yu, Yiyun Peng, et al. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of ring A and/or C expansion and opening echinocystic acid derivatives for anti-HCV entry inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 102 (September 2015): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.034.

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49

Tong, Xuhui, Shigang Lin, Makoto Fujii, and De-Xing Hou. "Erratum to “Echinocystic acid induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through mitochondria-mediated death pathway” [Cancer Letters 212 (2004) 21–32]☆." Cancer Letters 220, no. 2 (2005): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.015.

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50

Ngassapa, Olipa, Christopher W. W. Beecher, John M. Pezzuto, Norman R. Farnsworth, Thomas O. Henderson, and Gilbert L. Boye. "Isolation of Echinocystic Acid-3-O-Sulfate, a New Triterpene, from Tetrapleura tetraptera, and Evaluation of the Mutagenic Potential of Molluscicidal Extracts and Isolates." Journal of Natural Products 56, no. 11 (1993): 1872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50101a002.

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