To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: EFFECT OF COLOUR.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'EFFECT OF COLOUR'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'EFFECT OF COLOUR.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Smith, Geraldine. "Colour My World: The Effect of Colour and Context on Brand Personality." Thesis, The University of Sydney Business School, Discipline of Marketing, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29943.
Full textAbstract:
Colour has inherent meaning that evokes strong associations and is used by brand managers
to capture the consumers attention and convey the brand's personality. Despite the
importance of colour as a communication cue for brand identity, empirical studies of colour
are still needed to consider how the meaning of colour changes in the context of specific
product categories. An experiment was conducted with 1078 participants to test the effect
on both brand logo colour and product category context on brand personality perceptions,
as well as attitude towards the brand and purchase intention. The results of this study
indicate that the effect of brand logo colour on brand personality judgments, attitude
towards a brand and purchase intension is dependent upon product category context. For
example, while fashion brand may be viewed as dynamic when adopting a green logo, the
use of green logo in the context of technology was found to reduce perceptions that the
brand was dynamic. This research contributes to marketing literature through providing
initial evidence of context effects. Further, it provides marketing managers with insight into
the role of brand colour, within specific industry context.
2
Wikström, Daniel, and Ida Sandeberg. "Accessibility, With or Without Colour : A qualitative look on existing accessibility guidelines for colour vision deficiency and its effect on Swedish e-health services." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48237.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose WCAG is a set of guidelines to assist in developing websites accessible for everyone, for example people with colour vision deficiency (CVD). However, there are few guidelines relevant for CVD and with increasing dependant on websites the importance of accessibility on these websites increases as well. The purpose of the research study is therefore to investigate the impact the relevant guidelines for CVD in WCAG 2.1 has on Swedish health care websites and what the consequences are for people who live with CVD. Method An initial literature study was conducted to gain knowledge of previous findings and also evaluate the best approach for the research study. The research study is based on a qualitative approach to gain a deep understanding of the area and to gain insight into the feelings and experiences of the people affected. The methods used to gain the necessary knowledge are an evaluation of 1177.se and e-tjanster.1177.se also observations and interviews around these two websites. Findings The results show that WCAG 2.1 has a positive impact on Swedish health care websites, as well as on users with CVD. From evaluations, interviews and observations it is concluded that 1177.se and e-tjanster.1177.se are easy to perceive for people with CVD. Implications This research study was limited to the mobile version of the websites. However, the results could be different if the research was conducted on the desktop version due to the different structure of the websites and the inclusion of a cursor on desktop. The evaluation could have been affected by the sampling of pages while the interviews and observations should not have been. Limitations The research study was limited to Swedish health care website 1177.se and its subdomain etjanster. 1177.se. Further it was decided to evaluate the mobile version of these websites, although the elements should look similar on desktop and mobile. While not the initial intention, due to over representation of red-green CVD the study was also limited to people with red-green CVD. Also, the experience of browsing the web on a mobile device was considered to reduce the variables for frustrations. Further research For further research, another selection of WCAG guidelines could be considered to evaluate etjanster. 1177.se since the results shows that 1177.se’s and e-tjanster.1177.se's weaknesses seems to be in the structure of the website. A study researching the “blue-yellow colour blindness” compared to websites could contribute with new, relevant knowledge as well.
3
Grijseels, Dorieke. "The effect of colour use on the quality of websites." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-126406.
Full textAbstract:
The design of a website is important for the success of a company. Colours play an important part in websites. The goal of this thesis is to find out how the use of colour in websites relates to the quality of websites. Different aspects are studied. First it was found that the harmony of a colour palette only weakly correlates with the quality of a website. This correlation increases when only darker colour palettes are used. Next a method was proposed to extract the colour palette from a website. This novel method takes the saliency of the pixels in a website into account. Lastly, the palettes extracted using this method were utilized to propose a model to explain the relation between colour use and quality of websites. Sixty-one different features were tested using three different methods of feature selection. The accuracy achieved in the best model was low. Future work is suggested to improve on this, which should focus on identifying more relevant features and training the model using a better database.
4
Kitsara, Chrysiida. "Parametric effect of observer variability in cross-media colour reproduction." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.699229.
Full textAbstract:
The development of new imaging technologies has made the understanding of differences between observers even more demanding. The factors that influence the outcomes of cross-media colour-matching experiments were investigated in this study. In total.six cross media colour matching experiments were implemented, between physical samples and LCD monitors. The first experiment. implemented the use of a 46" LCD TV display and two sets of physical samples to perform colour matching tasks. The outcomes of this experiment are presented and discussed in two parts, each corresponding to the nature of the physical sample set. The first part, Part A, involved colour matching of the ColorChecker Chart. The second part, Part B, involved 5 garments. The garments were chosen to reflect dominant hues of the CIELAB colour space axes including red, green, yellow, blue and an achromatic grey. On both experimental parts the observers used a custom designed software interface to match the colour of the presented physical stimulus against its real size digital reproduction on the display screen. The results showed a similar magnitude of the inter-observer variations between the two experimental parts and better intra-observer performance in Part 2. The second experiment involved colour matching of solid colour printed surfaces on a desktop 20" LCD display. The printed samples were shown to two separate age groups of 10 observers under 4 different viewing angle conditions. The measured colour-matches from the LCD screen provided a dataset to estimate the inter-observer magnitude and the influence of age and viewing size factors. The dataset was used to test the newly proposed colorimetry methods using individual colour matchinq functions. On one hand the CIE2006 colorimetry framework was implemented and on the other Sarkar's Observer categories were used. The outcomes indicated the change in stimulus size as well the age of observers should be taken into consideration in colour-matching experiments. The use of the newly developed method for implementing individual colour matching functions indicated a better performance in fitting observer variability than that of the CIE Standard Observer.
5
Kao, Shih-Chueh. "Evaluating the effect of colour in stereoscopic three-dimensional perception." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10735/.
Full textAbstract:
An immersive stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) viewing experience is constructed on a successful scene design of the content. Colour is a remarkable factor that advantages human depth perception. Previous works in colour and depth perception have shown that long-wavelength stimuli, such as red or yellow, compete with short-wavelength stimuli such as blue or green, reds and yellows appear closer than blues or greens. Saturation and brightness are considered influential in spatial design. High saturated colours tend to capture more attention than neutral colours, and brighter colours appear advance while darker colours appear receded. This research explores stereoscopic depth perception based on investigating previous findings in colour and depth perception under a current 3D cinema viewing condition. The effect of colour on stereoscopic depth perception are examined from psychophysical and depth quality viewpoints. It considers the way in which depth perception is influenced by different decisions of hue, saturation and brightness, and identifies the thresholds and depth quality of stereoscopic depth perception in different colour arrangements. In particular, different levels of hue, saturation and brightness are tested on foreground and background colour palettes in computer-generated scenes. Psychophysical trials are utilised to examine the thresholds of observers’ depth perception. A depth quality assessment is then performed to evaluate different colour arrangements in practical scenes. A polarised projection system is built for stereoscopic viewing and the image stimuli are designed and rendered in the industry-standard 3D application package. The results indicate that hue, saturation and brightness are effective in stereoscopic depth perception. However, the discriminations of depth perception are equally efficient between the standard and reversed trials in hue and saturation section, which given an inference that contrast is a more dominant value in stereoscopic depth perception. Brightness is also a dominant factor but it can be resulted an undesired depth quality if the high brightness arranged in the foreground.
6
Millar, Samuel John. "The effect of ionising radiation on the appearance of meat." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241420.
Full text
7
Bell, Allison. "The effect of colour on audience response in theatre scenic design." Thesis, Bell, Allison (2013) The effect of colour on audience response in theatre scenic design. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/17053/.
Full textAbstract:
Designing for the stage involves the consideration of many aesthetic elements, one of the most important being colour. Colour can affect the audience physically, psychologically and emotionally. There are also many cultural, social, historical and religious links with colour that can influence audience response. A scenic designer needs to understand how to use colour effectively in order to effectively evoke appropriate audience responses. In order to address my topic, I have compiled my research into effective colour design into sections to facilitate the reader’s understanding of the ‘why’ and the ‘what’ of colour usage in scenic design. The ‘why’ are the choices we make in our designs, why we do what we do, whilst the ‘what’ is the response we induce from the viewer. Designing purely for aesthetic beauty is insufficient in my view: there is a strong need for an understanding as to why the choices we make may actually be powerful.
The case studies in this thesis involve a collection of scenic designs I have worked upon since 2010. As my understanding of this topic has developed, my designs have also evolved.
8
Huang, Judy. "Inhibition-based fan effect in children engaged in letter and colour blob flanker tasks." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10291.
Full textAbstract:
An inhibition-based fan effect was explored with two different negative priming tasks. Experiment 1 used a modified flanker-type colour blob task in both children and adults (Pritchard & Neumann, 2004), where two additional conditions were
included (C2 and IR2). Each set of the colour blobs for the additional conditions consist of two distractor colours instead of one distractor colour. Experiment 2 used Navon’s (1977) global-local letter task, where a global letter contains one, two, or
three local letters as distractors to see if an inhibitory fan effect operated on the should-be-ignored local letters. Results from both experiments did not support for the inhibition-based fan effect hypothesis. However, in line with Pritchard and Neumann
(2004) and Frings et al. (2007), there was evidence for the claim that selective control mechanism are developed much earlier in young children than previously thought.
9
Gouws, Anton. "Optimum temperatures for colour development in apples." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5164.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Peel colour is an important quality factor in the production of bi-coloured apple fruit. Most markets set minimum requirements for red colour coverage. Fruit that do not meet these requirements are downgraded and has a major impact on the profitability of apple production
in South Africa. South African apple production areas are amongst the warmest in the world.
Since anthocyanin accumulation requires induction at low temperature and synthesis require
mild temperatures, experiments were conducted to investigate optimum day and night temperatures for red colour development throughout fruit development for red and bi-coloured apple cultivars grown in South Africa. We found that redder strains of bi-coloured apple cultivars did not appear to owe their enhanced pigmentation to higher temperature optima for anthocyanin synthesis. The optimum day temperatures for red colour development in the
different cultivars seemed to differ between seasons, but not between production areas. In
general, red colour in the cultivars evaluated developed maximally between 17 ºC and 25 ºC.
The optimum day temperature for red colour development remained constant throughout fruit
development for most cultivars, but increased roughly from 14 ºC to 22 ºC in ‘Cripps’ Pink’
between January and April. The extent of red colour development increased during fruit development in all the cultivars assessed. We were unable to determine optimum induction temperatures for red colour development. ‘Royal Gala’ from Ceres seemed to benefit from
induction at 4 ºC while red colour in ‘Fuji’ decreased with decreasing temperature.
To explain the presence of anthocyanins in immature apple fruit, we tested the hypothesis
that anthocyanins protect the peel from photoinhibition and photooxidative damage during
conditions of increased light stress. First we established that the rate of colour change in
response to a passing cold front appears to be sufficient to provide photoprotection during a
cold snap. Also in agreement with the hypothesis, ‘Cripps Pink’ peel incurred significantly
more photoinhibition at low temperature (16 ºC) compared to mild (24 and 32 ºC) and high (40
ºC) temperature under high irradiance with visible light. Recovery rate was temperaturedependent,
being the slowest at low temperature and increasing with temperature. The photoapparatus in ‘Cripps Pink’ peel appears to be particularly sensitive to light stress at low temperature throughout the season, with significant photoinhibition occurring even at
moderate temperature (24 ºC). The sensitivity of the apple peel to photoinhibition increased throughout the season at lower irradiance levels, but remained the same at higher irradiance.
In our final experiment, fruit were exposed to high irradiance at low and mild temperature before exposure to high temperature in combination with high irradiance. This was done to test the hypothesis that photoinhibition incurred during cold snaps predisposes peel to photothermal damage when temperature increases again after the cold snap. Unfortunately, due to the severity of the stress incurred in response to high temperature treatment, the
results were inconclusive.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrugkleur is ‘n belangrike kwaliteitsfaktor in die produksie van tweekleurappels. Die meeste markte stel minimum vereistes vir rooi kleurbedekking. Vrugte wat nie aan hierdie vereistes voldoen nie, word afgegradeer. Suid-Afrika se appel produksie areas word beskou as van die warmste ter wêreld. Antosianien akkumulasie benodig induksie by lae temperature gevolg
deur sintese in lig by matige temperature. Gevolglik het swak rooi kleurontwikkeling onder
plaaslike toestande ‘n groot impak op die winsgewendheid van appelproduksie in Suid-Afrika.
Eksperimente is uitgevoer om die optimum dag- en nagtemperature vir rooi kleurontwikkeling tydens vrugontwikkeling vir die rooi en tweekleur appel kultivars wat in Suid-Afrika geproduseer word te bepaal. Ons het gevind dat die verhoogde pigmentasie van rooier
seleksies van tweekleurappel kultivars nie aan ‘n hoër temperatuur optimum vir antosianiensintese toegeskryf kan word nie. Die optimum dag temperature vir rooi kleurontwikkeling vir die onderskeie kultivars verskil klaarblyklik tussen seisoene, maar nie tussen produksie areas nie. Oor die algemeen het kleurontwikkeling maksimaal plaasgevind tussen 17 ºC en 25 ºC. Die optimum dagtemperatuur vir rooi kleurontwikkeling het konstant
gebly tydens vrugontwikkeling, buiten vir ‘Cripps’ Pink’ waar dit toegeneem het van ongeveer
14 ºC tot 22 ºC vanaf Januarie tot April. Die mate van rooi kleurontwikkeling het in al die
kultivars toegeneem deur die loop van vrugontwikkeling . Ons kon nie daarin slaag om optimum induksie temperature vir rooi kleurontwikkeling vas te stel nie. Rooi kleurontwikkeling
van ‘Royal Gala’ uit Ceres is moontlik bevorder deur induksie by 4 ºC, terwyl ‘Fuji’ se rooi
kleur afgeneem het met ‘n verlaging in induksie temperatuur.
Ten einde die teenwoordigheid van antosianien in onvolwasse appelvruggies te verduidelik,
het ons die hipotese getoets dat antosianien die vrugskil beskerm teen fotoinhibisie en fotooksidatiewe beskadiging gedurende tydperke van verhoogde ligstres. Eerstens het ons
bevestig dat die tempo van kleurontwikkeling in reaksie op ‘n koue front waarskynlik vinnig
genoeg is om fotobeskerming te verleen. Vervolgens is gevind dat ‘Cripps’ Pink’ vrugskil
aansienlik meer fotoinhibisie ervaar het by lae temperatuur (16 ºC) in vergelyking met matige
(24 ºC en 32 ºC) en hoë (40 ºC) temperatuur onder hoë irradiasie met sigbare lig. Die hersteltempo was temperatuur-afhanklik; dit was die stadigste by lae temperatuur en het toegeneem met ‘n toename in temperatuur. Die foto-apparaat in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ vrugskil blyk
besonder sensitief te wees vir ligstres by lae temperatuur regdeur die groeiseisoen met
aansienlike fotoinhibisie by selfs matige temperatuur (24 ºC). Die sensitiwiteit van die vrugskil
vir fotoinhibisie het toegeneem deur die groeiseisoen by laer ligvlakke, maar het dieselfde
gebly by hoër vlakke van irradiasie. Laastens is vrugte blootgestel aan hoë irradiasie by lae en matige temperatuur voordat dit vervolgens blootgestel is aan hoë temperatuur in kombinasie met hoë irradiasie. Dit was om die hipotese te toets dat fotoinhibisie wat
opgedoen word gedurende ‘n onverwagte koue periode, die skil meer vatbaar maak vir fototermiese
skade sodra die temperatuur weer styg na die koue periode verby is. Ongelukkig het
die hoë temperatuur stres al die behandelings tot so ‘n mate geaffekteer dat dit onmoontlik
was om enige gevolgtrekkings vanuit ons resultate te maak.
10
Aloumi, Ahmad E. "The effect of colour contrast combinations on the simplicity and complexity of design." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2013. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/20966/.
Full textAbstract:
A common goal for designers is to deliver an intentional message from the sender to the intended receivers via design. !e design can be constructed to be a crystal-clear and interesting model that viewers can easily and immediately understand. However, some designs are intricate, complex, and layered in detail, and these require more e"ort on the part of the viewer if they are to understand the design messages. During the design process, designers pass through several stages that a"ect the design outcome. One of these key stages is the colouring process. Colour has the power to make or break the design intention. In addition, colour can either add complexity to the design by the use of di"erent colour contrasts, or help simplify a complex design form. !is research investigates the e"ect of colour combinations on simple and complex design appearance, with regard to the e"ects of contrast when colours are juxtaposed in a design. !e aim of the research is to identify which colour contrast a"ects the simplicity and complexity of a design’s appearance. !e research demonstrates how design form could be evaluated di"erently in terms of the use of di"erent colour combinations. !e research uses applied experimental methods to analyze participant responses to colour combinations. It reveals the result of the study by describing the signs of simple and complex colour combinations and the e"ect of colour on di"erent designs. !e research also proposes methods for increasing or decreasing the level of complexity of a design solution by using di"erent colour combinations with their associated e"ects on the diversity of colour contrast. All of this information is used to create a design tool which will help designers and students to make colour choices which are more suited to the design solution.
11
Langridge, David Anthony. "The effect of sebaceous grease and hair colour on the mechanism of hair removal." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505929.
Full text
12
Kolatsis, Anna. "The effect of sequential exposure of colour conditions on rate and accuracy of graphic symbol location." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122009-181248.
Full text
13
Van, Wyk Angelique A. (Angelique Ann). "Time-temperature interaction on postharvest rind colour development of Citrus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16456.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rind colour is one of the most important external quality characteristics of citrus fruit and
plays an important role in purchasing decisions by consumers. Consumers perceive brightlycoloured
fruit to be sweet and mature, whereas citrus with a green rind is perceived to be sour
and immature. However, there is a poor correlation between rind colour and internal quality,
contradicting what is generally assumed by the fruit-buying public. In general, a bright
orange rind colour improves consumer acceptance. Thus, it is important to ensure that the
rind of citrus fruit is well-coloured on arrival at the market.
Various pre-harvest cultural practices and postharvest techniques can be applied to improve
rind colour. Degreening with ethylene gas is the most commonly used postharvest technology
to improve rind colour, but has various negative side-effects. Degreened fruit are more prone
to decay, have rinds which appear dull and flaccid, have been reported to develop off-flavours
and have a shorter shelf-life period. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternatives to ethylene
degreening and to extend shelf-life of citrus fruit.
Under normal orchard conditions, rind colour development is associated with low night
temperatures, usually experienced during autumn or following the passing of a cold front. To
simulate cold front conditions, a hydrocooler and cold room were used to rapidly drop fruit
temperature to 4 ºC for 6 hours, and then fruit were incubated at 20 to 22 ºC for 72 hours.
This “cold shock” treatment of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin improved rind colour to a level
similar to that of degreened fruit in the 2002 season due to a decrease in chlorophyll content
and increase in carotenoid content. However, this result could not be repeated. Storage temperature is one of the most important postharvest factors affecting rind colour.
Citrus fruit shipped to export markets requiring low temperatures (-0.6 ºC) for pest
disinfestations purposes have been reported to arrive with poor rind colour. Shipping under
low temperatures results in poor rind colour of fruit on arrival in the market. To comply with
the USA’s phytosanitary requirement for imported citrus, fruit is held at -0.6 ºC for a
minimum of 22 days. The effect of shipping at various temperatures (-0.6 ºC or 4.5 ºC),
durations and the influence of initial rind colour, “orange” or “yellow”, on fruit colour upon
arrival in the market was evaluated. Fruit shipped at a higher temperature (4.5 ºC) had a
marginally better rind colour than fruit shipped at -0.6 ºC. The perceived loss of rind colour
following shipping at sub-zero temperatures is probably due to carotenoid degradation.
Therefore, initial rind colour plays a critical role in final product quality. Depending on
market destination and shipping temperature, pale-coloured fruit should not be packed for
markets sensitive to rind colour.
Holding temperature after shipping can be effectively used to improve the rind colour of fruit
arriving in the market with undesirable rind colour. An intermediate holding temperature of
between 11 and 15 ºC resulted in the greatest improvement in rind colour after 2 weeks. A
high holding temperature (20 ºC) caused colour degradation, whereas a low holding
temperature (4.5 ºC) resulted in the maintenance of rind colour. By selecting the correct
holding temperature, even after shipping at sub-zero temperatures, final colour can be
improved.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tyd-temperatuur interaksie op na-oes skilkleur ontwikkeling by sitrus
Skilkleur is een van die belangrikste eksterne kwaliteitseienskappe van die sitrusvrug en spëel
ʼn belangrikke rol in wat verbruikers koop. Verbruikers verwag dat heldergekleurde vrugte
soet en ryp sal wees, terwyl sitrus met ʼn groen skil geassosieer word met onrypheid en ʼn suur
smaak. In teenstelling hiermee is daar egter ʼn swak korrelasie tussen skilkleur en interne
kwaliteit. Aangesien ʼn heldergekleurde oranje skil verbruikersaanvaarding verbeter, is dit dus
belangrik om te verseker dat die sitrusvrug ʼn goeie skilkleur het teen die tyd wat dit die mark
bereik.
Verskeie voor-oes bestuurspraktyke en na-oes tegnieke kan toegepas word om die skilkleur te
verbeter. Ontgroening met etileen gas is die tegnologie wat mees algemeen gebruik word om
skilkleur na oes te verbeter, maar dit het egter verskeie newe effekte tot gevolg. Ontgroende
vrugte is meer vatbaar vir bederf en verwelkde skille met ʼn dowwe voorkoms. Afsmaake kan
voorkom en ʼn verkorte rakleeftyd is al gerapporteer. Dit is dus noodsaaklik om ʼn alternatief
vir etileen ontgroening te ontwikkel en die rakleeftyd van sitrusvrugte te verleng.
Onder normale boordomstandighede word skilkleur ontwikkeling geassosieer met lae nag
temperature wat gewoonlik in die herfs of na ʼn kouefront ondervind word. Om soortgelyke
omstandighede na te boots, was ʼn “hydrocooler” en koelkamers gebruik om die temperatuur
vinnig te laat daal tot by 4 °C en dit vir 6 uur daar te hou. Die vrugte was dan by 20 tot 22 °C
geinkubeer vir 72 uur. Hierdie “koueskok” behandeling van ‘Nules Clementine’ mandaryn
het skilkleur verbeter tot ʼn vlak vergelykbaar met ontgroende vrugte in die 2002 seisoen wat ontstaan het weens ʼn verlaging in chlorofil en ʼn toename in die karotinoïed inhoud van die
skil.
Opbergingstemperatuur is een van die belangrikste na-oes faktore wat skilkleur beinvloed.
Sitrusvrugte wat verskeep word na uitvoermarkte wat lae temperature (-0.6 °C) vir
disinfestasie vereis arriveer soms by die mark met ʼn swak skilkleur. Om die fitosanitêre
vereistes vir die invoer van sitrus deur die VSA na tekom, was vrugte vir ʼn minimum van 22
dae by -0.6 °C gehou. Die effek van verskeping by verskeie temperature (-0.6 °C of 4.5 °C),
tydperke en die invloed van aanvanklike skilkleur, “oranje” of “geel” was geevalueer by
aankoms in die mark. Vrugte wat by hoër temperature (4.5 °C) verskeep was het ʼn effens
beter skilkleur as vrugte by -0.6 °C getoon. Die verlies in skilkleur wat waargeneem word na
verskeping onder vriespunt kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan karotenoiëd afbraak. Daarom
speel aanvanklike skilkleur ʼn kritieke rol in finale produk kwaliteit. Die finale mark
bestemming en verskepingstemperatuur sal bepaal of swakgekleurde vrugte verpak kan word.
Opbergingstemperatuur na verskeping kan effektief gebruik word om die skilkleur van vrugte
wat swak gekleur was met aankoms by die mark te verbeter. Matige temperature tussen 11 en
15 °C het na 2 weke die beste verbetering in skilkleur gelewer. Hoër temperature (20 °C) het
skilkleur nadelig beinvloed, terwyl lae temperature skilkleur behou het. Deur die korrekte
temperatuur te kies, selfs na verskeping by temperature onder vriespunt, kan uiteindelike
skilkleur steeds verbeter word.
14
De, Jonge Margaret. "Effect of vitamin E supplemented cattle on colour and lipid stability during retail processing and display." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0025/MQ51057.pdf.
Full text
15
Gusén, Anna. "Environmental variation and phenotypic plasticity : The effect of water visibility on body pigmentation in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-136956.
Full textAbstract:
Phenotypic plasticity is defined as an organism’s ability to express differentphenotypes depending on the environment. Predation is one of the key forces inecology and can indirectly cause a change of the phenotype in fish populations.Pigmentation change in order to match the background is one type of camouflage usedin fish and other organisms. Moreover, pigmentation might depend on environmentalconditions such as turbidity and water colour that affect the light spectrum and thusthe visibility in the water. The phenotypic variation in body pigmentation of perch(Perca fluviatilis L.) has rarely been studied to this date. In this study, I examined ifbody pigmentation of perch varied between different environments and betweenstructurally different habitats (littoral/pelagic). I tested long-term (phenotypicplasticity) and short-term (physiological-behavioural) changes in pigmentation byusing long-term pre-treatments and short-term aquarium experiments. Differences instructurally-diverse habitats were investigated in an extensive field study.Furthermore, experimental results were compared to data from the field. The resultsshow that pigmentation is determined by environmental factors, such as water colouror turbidity, and by structural complexity. Since fishes adapted their pigmentation totheir visual environment, pigmentation is likely used as predator avoidancemechanism in perch. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the environmentally-inducedpigmentation pattern determines the magnitude of short-term pigmentation in perch.
16
Freeman, Diane Elizabeth. "Effect of DOPA on the adsorption of colour and Maillard browning kinetics in sugar beet diffusion models." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396682.
Full text
17
Pascoe, Helen M. "The effect of malting and brewing on antioxidant activity, flavour compounds and colour of malt and beer." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250603.
Full text
18
Holloway, A. J. "The lethal gray mutant of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) : Its effect on embryonic development and coat colour." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373838.
Full text
19
Saeidi, Ghodratollah. "The effect of seed colour and linolenic acid concentration on germination, seed vigour, seed quality and agronomic characteristics of flax." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27429.pdf.
Full text
20
Fergusson, Stanley MacArthur, and mac fergusson@rmit edu au. "The Effect of Laundry Detergents and Residual Alkali on the Light Fastness of Reactive Dyes on 100% Cotton." RMIT University. Fashion and Textiles, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081128.162252.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents findings on the effect of domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fibre reactive dyes applied to cotton. The study was carried out to elucidate the reasons for the accelerated colour loss of cotton garments washed under Australian domestic laundering conditions. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents and a laboratory formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for two hours in the wet state. Quantities of detergent used were in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Exposures were repeated fifteen times equivalent to 30 hours exposure. Colour loss and colour difference were measured after 5, 10 and 15 wash cycles and 10, 20 and 30 hours exposure. When the fabric was exposed wet the colour faded more rapidly than when exposed dry to light. Detergents increased the colour loss even when the fabric was not exposed to light. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate) in the detergent increased colour loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali and oxidising bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye-fibre bond causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. Water alone increased the fading of the dyes most likely due to presence of dissolved oxygen held within the fibre. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.
21
Van, Noordwyk Marelize. "Interaction of water deficit, canopy modification and ripening : effect on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes & subsequent wine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71763.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phenolic compounds are important quality indicators of a red wine, as they can contribute to the
colour of a young red wine, colour stability during ageing as well as astringency, bitterness,
body and overall mouthfeel properties. Wine composition is commonly influenced by
winemaking and viticultural practices.
In South Africa it often happens that vines are excessively vigorous, resulting in canopies
that are too dense, which in turn could have a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the
grapes produced. Viticultural practices such as judicious canopy management and irrigation are
designed to control vine vigour and yield, thus improving fruit ripening and colour development.
Artificial shading and water deficit have been reported to have an influence on the sensory
properties of red wine as well as on the flavonoid composition. These effects are dependent on
a number of factors, however, including the season, cultivar, light intensity, and the extent and
timing of water deficit.
There is limited research on the possible interactive effects of grapevine water deficits and
canopy manipulation on grape and wine flavonoid composition in Shiraz, as well as the
relationships between berry and wine composition. We thus investigated the effect of canopy
reduction in combination with water deficit on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz
grapes at different levels of ripeness, and in their corresponding wines after alcoholic and
malolactic fermentation as well as after six months’ ageing. This study found that it is possible to
improve the phenolic composition of grapes and wine by shoot removal, and some of the
tendencies in the wines were also observed after the ageing period. If the shoot removal is not
performed at a very early stage, sunburn damage can occur and this will result in berries with a
lower mass and volume at harvest due to excessive exposure without the berry having adapted
to the imposed conditions.
Harvesting at different ripeness levels also affected the chemical and phenolic composition
of the grapes and resulting wines. The water deficit effect on most phenolic parameters
measured in the grapes and wine was not as prominent as that of the canopy manipulation
treatment.
This study improved our understanding of how an improvement in the canopy microclimate
of Shiraz could be reflected in the phenolic composition of wines, along with a potentially
important effect of harvesting date. On this basis it may be possible to attain a specific wine
style. Harvesting at a ripe stage, for example, could result in the production of wines with higher
colour density and astringency, while unripe grapes could result in wines with higher levels of
perceivable fresh berry attributes. In particular, canopy reduction could increase the astringency
and body of wines made from grapes subjected to water deficit.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fenoliese verbindings is belangrike kwaliteitsparameters van rooiwyn, aangesien dit kan bydra
tot die kleur van ‘n rooiwyn, kleurstabiliteit tydens veroudering sowel as frankheid, bitterigheid
en mondgevoel. ‘n Wyn se fenoliese samestelling word algemeen bepaal deur wynmaak- en
wingerdkundige praktyke.
In Suid-Afrika gebeur dit gereeld dat wingerde uitermatig groeikragtig is, wat lei tot te digte
lower wat sodoende ‘n negatiewe effek op kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die druiwe wat
geproduseer word, het. Wingerdkundige praktyke soos oordeelkundige lowerbestuur en
besproeiing is ontwerp om wingerdstokke se groeikrag en opbrengs te beheer, en sodoende
vrugrypwording en kleurontwikkeling te verbeter.
Kunsmatige beskaduwing en waterstres is gerapporteer om ‘n invloed te hê op die
sensoriese eienskappe van rooiwyn sowel as op die flavonoïedsamestelling. Hierdie effekte is
egter afhanklik van ‘n verskeidenheid faktore, insluitende die seisoen, kultivar, ligintensiteit en
die mate en tyd van waterstres toegepas.
Daar is beperkte navorsing op die moontlike interaktiewe effekte van waterstres en
lowermanipulasie op die druif en wyn flavonoïedsamestelling in Shiraz, sowel as die
verhoudings tussen druif en wyn samestelling. Ons het dus die effekte van lowerbestuur in
kombinasie met waterstres op die fenoliese en kleursamestelling van Shiraz druiwe by
verskillende rypheidsvlakke ondersoek, asook in hul ooreenstemmende wyne na alkoholieseen
appelmelksuurfermentasie sowel as na ses maande veroudering. Hierdie studie het gevind
dat dit moontlik is om die fenoliese samestelling van druiwe en wyn deur lootverwydering te
verbeter, en sommige van die tendense is ook waargeneem in die wyn na die
verouderingsperiode. Indien lootverwydering nie toegepas word by ‘n baie vroeë stadium nie,
kan sonbrand voorkom en dit kan lei tot korrels met ‘n laer massa en volume by oes as gevolg
van oormatige blootstelling sonder dat die korrel aangepas het by die spesifieke kondisies.
Oes by verskillende rypheidsvlakke affekteer ook die chemiese en fenoliese samestelling
van die druiwe en ooreenstemmende wyne. Die waterstreseffek op meeste van die fenoliese
parameters gemeet in druiwe en wyn was nie so prominent soos dié van die lowermanipulasie
behandeling nie.
Hierdie studie het ons begrip verbeter van hoe ‘n verbetering van die lower mikroklimaat
van Shiraz gereflekteer kan word op die fenoliese samestelling van die wyn, saam met ‘n
potensiële belangrike effek van oesdatum. Op grond van hierdie basis is dit dus moontlik om ‘n
spesifieke wynstyl te verkry. Oes by ‘n ryp stadium, byvoorbeeld, kan die produksie van wyn
met ‘n hoër kleurdigtheid en frankheid tot gevolg hê, terwyl onryp druiwe wyne met hoër vlakke
van waarneembare vars bessiekenmerke tot gevolg kan hê. Verlaging van lowerdigtheid kan
veral die frankheid en mondgevoel van wyne gemaak van druiwe blootgestel aan waterstres,
verbeter.
22
Foster, Liesel Ann. "Effect of heat stress on six beef breeds in the Zastron District : the significance of breed, coat colour and coat type." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/32.
Full text
23
Bylund, Alexandra, and Louise Graham. "Att kommunicera genom logotyp : ”The boobie necklace effect”." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27603.
Full textAbstract:
Syfte: Att utformning av logotyp har stor vikt för företagets identitet är allmän känt, men detär minst lika viktigt för ett företag att ha en logotyp som kan förmedla deras budskap ut tillkonsument. Syftet med detta arbete blev därmed att analysera hur de atmosfäriska stimulivariabler,färg, typografi och symbol, påverkar konsumentens uppfattning av logotypensavsedda kundbudskap inom tjänsteföretag. Metod: Detta arbete grundades på ”mixed methods”, vilket är en kombination av kvalitativoch kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Den empiriska undersökningen skedde genom fyra styckensemistrukturerade intervjuer och därefter genomfördes en webbaserad enkätundersökning.Informationen som framställdes från intervjuerna användes för att utformaenkätundersökningen, och den population enkätundersökningen omfattades uppgick tillungefär 5 695 respondenter. Sedan analyserades inkomna enkätsvar med hjälp av enkorrelationsanalys och en klusteranalys, som skapades i programmet SPSS, och jämfördesmed tidigare teori samt företagens intervjuer. Resultat & slutsats: Företag kan ha budskap med goda motiveringar bakom dem, men trotsdetta finns svårigheter för respondenter att uppfatta dessa budskap genom endast en logotyp.Det är därför mycket möjligt att mer än en ensam logotyp behövs för att dessa budskap ska nåhela vägen fram, exempelvis en symbol eller slogan. Respondenterna uppfattar en logotypsom lättare att komma ihåg de gånger som färgen sticker ut, typsnittet är “utöver det vanliga”eller när logotypen innehåller en symbol. Examensarbetets bidrag: Undersökningens genomförande har tillfört både praktiska ochteoretiska bidrag, framförallt inom forskning som berör färg och typografi i logotypen. Bland annat har undersökningen visat att företag med god eftertanke och välmotiverade val kanförmedla flera budskap och deras affärsidé ut till konsument. Detta visar på att det inte endastär företags fysiska agerande som är av betydelse, utan lika stor del av konsumentensuppfattning om företaget ligger i företagets grafiska marknadsföring utåt. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ytterligare forskning kring de atmosfäriska stimulivariablernafärg, typografi och symboler i den grafiska profilen behövs. Att då undersökavilka färger som klassificeras som varma, kalla och neutrala inom olika områden, såsomSverige, Norden, Skandinavien och Europa, hade varit relevant. Likaså hade undersökning avi vilken utsträckning typsnitt med normal tjocklek och fet tjocklek påverkar läsbarheten varitintressant.<br>Aim: The design of a logo is of great importance to the company's identity, but it is equallyimportant for a company to have a logo that can convey their message to the consumer aswell. The purpose of this paper was thus to analyze how the atmospheric stimuli-variables,colour, typography and symbol affect the customer's perception of the logo's intendedcustomer messages within service companies. Method: This work was based on “mixed methods”, which is a combination of qualitativeand quantitative research methods. The empirical survey was conducted through foursemistructured interviews and an online survey was conducted. The information obtainedfrom the interviews was used to design the survey, and the population that the survey coveredamounted to approximately 5,695 respondents. Then, surveyed questionnaires were analyzedusing a correlation analysis and a cluster analysis, created in the SPSS-program, compared toprevious theory and corporate interviews. Result & Conclusions: Companies can have messages with good motivations behind them,but despite that it is difficult for respondents to perceive them through just one logo. Therefore, it is possible that more than a single logo is needed for these messages to reach allthe way, for example with a symbol or slogan. Respondents perceive a logo as easier toremember the times the colour stands out, the font is "beyond the usual" or when the logocontains a symbol. Contribution of the thesis: The study's implementation has added both practical andtheoretical contributions, especially in research related to colour and typography in logotypes.Among other things, the survey has shown that companies with good reflection and wellmotivatedchoices can convey several messages and their business idea to consumers. Thisshows that it is not only corporate physical activity that is important, but as much is perceivedin the company's graphic marketing towards consumers. Suggestions for future research: To carry out further studies on the atmospheric stimulivariables colour, typography and symbols in the graphic profile is needed. To investigatewhich colours classified as warm, cold and neutral in different areas, such as Sweden, Nordiccountries, Scandinavia and Europe, would been relevant. Similarly, examination of the extentto which fonts of normal thickness and fat thickness affect readability would be interesting.
24
Pereira, Barbosa Lenice. "L'effet couleur au cinéma - Manifestations chromatiques du temps." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835009.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail vise à penser les événements couleurs, activés par la projection, comme effets chromatiques, en considérant que ceux-ci peuvent engendrer des perceptions temporelles de durée et d'instant. Il s'agit de penser la couleur en tant que cinéma, son interférence sur la relation avec le temps à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur des plans, ainsi que sa relation avec le spectateur comme part constituante de l'oeuvre. Celui-ci est livré à une expérience de l'ordre de la sensation esthétique. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'élargir le sens attribué à l'élément couleur au cinéma et de mettre en exergue le rapport entre les manifestations chromatiques et la perception du temps. À partir de ces points, il est également possible de reconsidérer certaines problématiques existant entre la couleur, l'espace et le temps, inspirées par l'évidence de la continuité-discontinuité qui, en tout cas au cinéma, n'est pas nécessairement un dilemme. Ainsi, il s'agit alors de faire coexister dans une approche phénoménologique certaines conceptions de Bergson et de Bachelard concernant la perception du temps. Dans cette démarche, nous ne procéderons pas en isolant les éléments des théories, mais plutôt en les analysant dans une cohabitation transdisciplinaire avec les autres dispositifs cinématographiques. Cette étude permet non seulement de tisser une compréhension sur l'action de l'effet couleur dans le cinéma et dans l'Art contemporain, mais rend possible également d'élargir la compréhension autour de ce sujet et d'approfondir les modalités de la jonction du visuel et du sensationnel dans les chambres de projections.
25
Dicey, M. "The effect of cold maceration with and without sulphur dioxide on pinot noir wine." Lincoln University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1057.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of varying levels of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) on the cold maceration process was investigated with Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) wine. The effects of these varying levels on the wines composition and colour parameters were examined. Cold maceration is a technique whereby grapes are crushed and placed at low temperatures (4 - lO°C) in the presence 50 - 150 mgL⁻¹ SO₂. This process is believed to provide a medium for the extraction of water soluble phenolic compounds, rather than the alcoholic extraction employed in normal fermentations. The extraction of these phenolic compounds was monitored from the juice through to six months of bottle age. The changes were measured using both Spectrophotometric and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) procedures. Cold maceration wines were found to be not significantly different to the control wine in all compositional parameters other than titrateable acidity which was found to be less than the control for all the cold maceration wines. The unsulphured cold maceration wine was not significantly different from the control wine in any of the spectral measurements except natural degree of ionisation, in which it was higher, and total phenolics, in which it was lower. These results indicate that the cold maceration process alone does not alter the extraction of phenolic compounds. The HPLC analysis of the wine confirmed the spectral results indicating that their were no significant differences in the levels of extraction of anthocyanins. The sulphured cold maceration wines were significantly greater than the control in visible colour, colour density, total anthocyanins, natural degree of ionisation, ionised anthocyanins and total phenolics. These results followed similar patterns with wine ageing, at six months these wines were still significantly greater in all the measurements apart from natural degree of ionisation. The results for the sulphured cold maceration wines indicates that SO₂ is acting as a solvent for the extraction of phenolic compounds including anthocyanins. The 50 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine had similar colour and phenolic content to the 100 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine at bottling, at six months the 50 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine still retained a similar colour to the 100 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine but had vastly reduced anthocyanin content. This indicates that for the grapes utilised in this study the most appropriate level of addition at cold maceration would be 50 mgL⁻¹ of SO₂. With grapes of differing phenolic content the level of addition required will vary.
26
Chih, Hui Jun. "Effect of processing techniques on yield and quality of Western Australian olive oil." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/975.
Full textAbstract:
Many studies have shown that regular consumption of olive oil lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases, breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. These benefits are thought to be due primarily to the high level of monounsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolic compounds in the olive oil. An increased awareness of these health benefits has led to a significant increase in the demand for olive oil around the world. However, the current production volume of olive oil is unable to meet the increasing demand. The techniques currently used by the industry extract less than 60 % of oil and 10 % of bioactive phenolic compounds from the olive fruits. There is therefore a need to not only increase the yield of oil extraction but also the extent of recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of extending the length of olive paste mixing period to 60 minutes and addition of processing aids to the olive paste (citric acid, Viscozymes and Pectolyase) on the extraction and quality of olive oil. The study was conducted over a 2 year period on Frantoio olives harvested from Gingin, Swan Valley and Margaret River in Western Australia at various maturity levels. The effects of these processing techniques were assessed on the yield of oil extraction, oil recovery, concentration of total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity, peroxides value, acidity level, fatty acid composition in terms of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), level of conjugated diene (K232) and conjugated triene (K270), variation of specific extinction (AK), colour in terms of brightness (L*), greenness (a*) and yellowness (b*) as well as the sensory properties of the extracted olive oil samples. The oil samples extracted were also compared to the commercial olive oil samples in terms of these parameters. Significant differences between the quality of the extracted olive oil samples were detected at C=0.05 level on the estimated marginal means value as generated by the Univariate ANOVA procedure.The results from this study indicate that the interaction between the processing techniques and maturity levels did not significantly affect the quality of extracted oil. However, the interaction between the processing techniques and the olive growing sites did significantly affect the quality of the extracted oil. In addition, the quality of the olive oil samples varied in relation to the different processing techniques applied.Among the processing techniques investigated, addition of 0.15 g/mL of citric acid or Viscozymes were both effective in increasing the yield of oil extraction to around 12 % and the oil recovery to above 60 %. However, they were not effective at improving the extraction of phenolic compounds to the oil. Addition of citric acid at the higher concentration of 0.30 g/mL was the most effective technique in increasing the concentration of total phenolic compounds in the extracted oil. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was increased to 266.32 mg/kg oil when compared to the control sample (113.09 mg/kg oil). The antiradical activity of the extracted oil (47.61 % inhibition of DPPH radicals) was also higher than that of the control sample (32.49 % inhibition of DPPH radicals). Addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid to olive paste lowered the percentage of saturated palmitic acid and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids: polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. The addition of citric acid at 0.30 g/mL to the olive paste was beneficial in protecting the extracted olive oil against oxidation, as the peroxides value was significantly reduced. The olive oil extracted by addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid also has comparable colour compared to the control olive oil sample. In addition, the quality of olive oil extracted by addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid has comparable sensory profile to the commercial EVOO samples.
27
Han, Jin. "The effect of pre-rigor infusion of lamb with kiwifruit juice on meat quality." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/334.
Full textAbstract:
Tenderness, juiciness, colour and flavour are the most important meat quality attributes affecting the consumer acceptance. Maintaining the consistency of meat products by avoiding variable quality has become a major concern and great challenge to the meat industry. This in turn will also benefit meat end-users in the marketplace by having more tender meat. The present study was designed to evaluate the overall effects of pre-rigor infusion with kiwifruit juice, which contains the plant protease, actinidin, on lamb quality. A total of 18 lambs (12 months old) were divided into three treatment groups (6 lambs per each treatment). After exsanguination, lamb carcasses were infused (10% body weight) with fresh kiwifruit juice (Ac), water (W) and compared with a noninfusion treatment which acted as a control (C). Samples from different muscle/cuts (longissimus dorsi (LD) vs leg chops) at different post-mortem times (1 day post-mortem vs. 3 wks vacuum packaged storage at 2°C) and display time (0 to 6 days after the post-mortem storage) were analysed to monitor the changes on meat physical properties (e.g., tenderness, temperature, drip and cooking loss, colour), biochemical changes (pH, proteins and lipids) and volatile flavour compounds after the infusion treatments. The most tender meat (lowest shear force values) (P < 0.001) detected in the Ac carcasses post-mortem compared with C and W carcasses demonstrated that kiwifruit juice was a very powerful meat tenderizer, and could contribute to the meat tenderization process efficiently and effectively. Compared with C and W carcasses, the enhanced proteolytic activity (P = 0.002) resulting from the actinidin in kiwifruit juice in Ac carcasses caused degradation of the myofibrillar proteins and the appearance of new peptides during postmortem ageing. A slight positive effect in a*-value (redness) and decreased lipid oxidation, found in leg chops, was thought to be caused by the natural antioxidants in kiwifruit juice. Kiwifruit juice infused into the meat did not alter (P > 0.05) the volatile flavour compound profile indicating that the meat from Ac treated carcasses maintained its natural lamb flavour. No treatment differences were found for the temperature decline (P > 0.05) between the infused treatments and C. The higher rate of pH decline (P < 0.05) found in W carcasses might have contributed to the higher drip and cooking loss. The unbound water in meat might contribute to the higher L*-values (lightness) found in W carcasses. In summary, the proteolytic tenderizing infusion treatment using kiwifruit juice is a feasible approach for the commercial meat industry to increase profits, and also could satisfy the eating quality standards required by the consumers. In addition, tenderizing meat by using kiwifruit juice could also provide the kiwifruit processors an additional option for use of their product to gain a more profitable return.
28
Ballen, Margaret. "Biology of colour signalling reptiles." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10034.
Full textAbstract:
Given abundant evidence that suggests colour patches serve as important social signals in reptiles, the ‘honesty’ of such colours can be best understood in relation to the mechanisms mediating colour expression. One such mechanism is oxidative stress by free radicals. The first part of my PhD thesis thus focuses on factors that dictate signal phenotype and expression with an emphasis on free radicals, which constrain fitness-related traits such as colour. We show that systemic free radical levels change in opposing ways among the sexes in response to different activity levels in the painted dragon lizard, Ctenophorus pictus. We demonstrate that oxidative stress strongly contributes to telomere attrition, which is also influenced by maternal telomere length, and may be counterbalanced by maternal reproductive investment. Systemic free radicals are negatively associated with total ROS production by immune cells after an immune challenge, and antioxidant status is negatively related to ROS production after the immune challenge. The second part of my thesis largely explores how developmental conditions and previous social experiences shape behaviour, phenotype, and colour expression in the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Incubation temperature affects hatchling behaviour and morphology, but fitness costs associated with being incubated in low (suboptimal) nest temperatures may be offset by superior post-hatch growth and foraging abilities later in life. Incubation temperature, along with egg mass, also determines sex in veiled chameleons. Previous social experience also affects subsequent social behaviour and colour in chameleons. Social interactions during the first two months of life affected a chameleon’s behavioural and colour responses to newly-encountered conspecifics in standardised social trials. We conclude that social isolation early in life can impair the development of squamate reptiles, as it does in mammals and birds.
29
Kooroshnia, Marjan. "Creating diverse colour-changing effects on textiles." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3722.
Full textAbstract:
With the technological progress of materials science, the palette of colours with which to print on textiles has expanded beyond those with previously known properties and expressions to a new generation, with more advanced functionality and expressive properties. This new range of colours is characterised by their ability when printed on textiles to change colour in relation to external factors and internal programmes; for example, leuco dye-based thermochromic inks generally change colour in response to temperature fluctuations. This research explores the design properties and potentials of leuco dye-based thermochromic inks printed on textiles, with regard to creating a wider range of colour-changing effects for textile applications. The significance of this for textile design is related to the development of a methodology for designing dynamic surface patterns. The research was conducted by creating a series of design experiments using leuco dye-based thermochromic inks, which resulted in different recipes and methods, along with a pedagogical tool. The results highlighted the diverse colour-changing properties of leuco dye-based thermochromic inks, which have the potential to create more complex patterns on textiles. The outcome of this research proposes a foundation for textile designers with which to approach new ways of thinking and designing.
30
Carney, Ovidia Cornelia Blough. "Effects of age and ethnicity on color preference and on association of color with symbol and with emotion." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1882.
Full text
31
Trinschek, Sarah Christine. "Modélisation de films minces de fluides complexes et de colonies bactériennes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY012/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les bactéries se répandent aux interfaces en formant des colonies, qui peuvent être considérées comme des suspensions denses actives. L'objet de cette thèse est le développement et l'analyse de modèles simples pour élucider le rôle des phénomènes physico-chimiques et passifs - tels que l'osmose, la tension de surface et le mouillage - dans l'expansion des colonies bactériennes aux interfaces solide/air. Les modèles sont basés sur une description hydrodynamique des couches minces de suspensions liquides, qui est complété par des processus bioactifs.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'expansion osmotique des biofilms. Dans ce mécanisme, la bactérie sécrète une matrice polymérique qui agit comme un osmolyte et entraîne un afflux d'eau, riche en nutriments, du substrat humide vers le biofilm. Nous avons constaté que la mouillabilité du substrat est une des déterminantes principales de la vitesse d'expansion du biofilm. En-dessous d'une mouillabilité critique l'expansion s'interrompt, bien que la colonie soit biologiquement active. Cependant, une légère réduction de la tension de surface et une amélioration de la mouillabilité qui en résulte suffisent à induire un étalement continu. Les bactéries peuvent activement contrôler la tension de surface par la production de bio-surfactants.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'expansion de colonies bactériennes aidée par des molécules biologiques tensioactives auto-produites. Dans ce mécanisme, des flux de Marangoni résultant d'une concentration non uniforme de molécules tensioactives aux bords de la colonie peuvent favoriser l'expansion coopérative et provoquer une instabilité de la forme axi-symétrique des colonies bactériennes. Notre modèle nous a permis de reproduire quatre modes de développement différentes, à savoir l'étalement arrêté et continu des colonies circulaires, l'étalement des colonies avec des bords légèrement modulées et la formation de doigts prononcés.Dans la dernière partie, nous avons fait un premier pas vers l'incorporation de la motilité actif des bactéries dans notre modèle et présentons donc un modèle phénoménologique pour un film mince active<br>Bacteria colonise interfaces by the formation of dense aggregates. In this thesis, we develop and analyse simple models to clarify the role of passive physico-chemical forces and processes - such as osmosis, surface tension effects and wettability - in the spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces. The models are based on a hydrodynamic description for thin films of liquid suspensions that is supplemented by bioactive processes.We first focus on the osmotic spreading mechanism of bacterial colonies that relies on the generation of osmotic pressure gradients. The bacteria secrete a polymeric matrix which acts as an osmolyte and triggers the influx of nutrient-rich water from the moist substrate into the colony. We find that wettability crucially affects the spreading dynamics. At low wettability, the lateral expansion of the colony is arrested, albeit the colony is biologically active. However, a small reduction of the surface tension and the resulting improvement of the wettability suffices to induce continuous spreading. This can, e.g., result from the production of bio-surfactants by the bacteria.Next, we study passive liquid films covered by insoluble surfactants before developing a model for the surfactant-driven spreading of bacterial colonies. In this spreading mechanism, Marangoni fluxes arising due to a non-uniform surfactant concentration at the edges of the colony drive cooperative spreading and may cause an instability of the circular colony shape. We find that variations in wettability and surfactant production suffice to reproduce four different types of colony growth, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers.In the final part, we take a first step towards the incorporation of active collective bacterial motion in the employed thin-film framework and present a phenomenologically derived model for active polar films
32
Ahmed, F. A. W. "Pleiotropic effects of coat-colour mutants in mice." Thesis, University of Essex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375647.
Full text
33
Jonas, Clare. "Effects of synaesthetic colour and space on cognition." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7596/.
Full textAbstract:
A small proportion of the population experiences synaesthesia, in which a stimulus (the inducer) causes a percept (the concurrent) in its own sensory domain, and in another domain, or another sub-domain of the same sense. This thesis is concerned with synaesthesiae in which numbers and letters take on spatial locations or colours. In Paper 1, alphabet-form synaesthesia is investigated. The majority of alphabet forms belonging to native English speakers are straight, horizontal lines. Any breaks, gaps or direction changes tend to fall in line with the parsing of the Alphabet Song. Synaesthetes show greater inducer-concurrent consistency than controls; their spatial attention can also be cued by letters. In Paper 2, synaesthetes with alphabet forms and number forms took part in case or parity judgement tasks. Synaesthetes behave similarly to controls on the parity judgement tasks (i.e. both groups categorise small numbers more quickly with the left hand than the right hand). In the case judgement task neither group shows an equivalent effect for letters of the alphabet. Controls alone show a QWERTY effect, in which letters on the left of the keyboard are categorised more quickly with the left hand than the right hand. A large-scale study of letter-colour and number-colour synaesthesia in Paper 3 shows that correlations between letter frequency and saturation, alphabetical position and saturation, magnitude and luminance, magnitude and saturation are seen when luminance and saturation are considered as across-hue and within-hue variables. Papers 4 and 5 are concerned with synaesthetic bidirectionality, wherein concurrents can elicit implicit mental representations of their inducers. While no experiment in these papers shows evidence for bidirectionality, this may be due to the presentation of concurrent colours as graphemes instead of colour blocks. However, priming effects appear during a synaesthetic Stroop task when numbers are presented as digits, suggesting a stronger role for digits than other notations in number-colour synaesthesia.
34
Songur, Yasemin. "Waffle Contrasts : Reinterpreting the Traditional Waffle Weave through Technical, Material and Colour Research." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23801.
Full textAbstract:
Asking the question: How can the waffle weave be reinterpreted through material, technical and colour research, the investigation of this MA thesis revolves around the weaving technique with the aim of presenting a collection of various woven textiles, where the waffle has been used in different ways. The weave, with its three- dimensional structure creates an interesting canvas to experiment upon as its structure creates both texture as well as depth to the textile. Furthermore, the research is conducted through a systematic exploration of the different aspects mentioned above, where theory and practise go hand in hand. Moreover, the practical experiments start as sketches on the computerised ARM looms and then are scaled up and revised on the industrial jacquard looms. The results showcase a variety of waffle weaves; from flat to three- dimensional, with various colour and surface effects as well as different compositions and overall forms. So, through this research, the degree project aims to explore and experiment the potential and possibilities of the waffle weave
35
Hendrikse, Egbert Johannes. "Influence of blue/green versus red and white light sources on human dark adaptation and other selected visual functions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009497.
Full textAbstract:
Red interior lighting used to preserve dark-adaptation needs to be replaced in military applications by blue/green lighting which is not detectable by 3rd-generation image intensifiers. This study investigated the influence of blue/green as compared to red and white light of equal photopic intensity on subsequent visual acuity , contrast sensitivity and dark-adaptation. Male subjects (n = 90) were assigned to one of 15 treatment conditions (n = 6) as determined by the colour (blue/green, red or white) and intensity (0.1; 0.4; 1.6; 6.4 and 25.6 cd/m²) of the pre-adaptation stimuli. A modified Goldmann/Weekers adaptometer was used to present the preadaptation stimuli, test stimuli and record visual (luminance) thresholds of each subject. Blue/green lighting had the same affect on visual (photopic) acuity and contrast sensitivity as white and red lighting. Blue/green affected visual (absolute) threshold at the start and during the process of dark-adaptation in the same manner as white but not the same as red lighting. White and red lighting did not differ significantly (p < 0.01) at low intensities (mesopic range) but did at the higher intensities (photopic range). After exposure to blue/green and white light, it will take longer to reach the same level of dark-adaptation than after exposure to red. These time differences increase with" increased intensities. The brightness ratio between red and white lights to produce the same dark-adaptation increases with an increase in intensity. At the upper mesopic region the differences between the effects of white and red lighting on subsequent dark-adaptation become irregular due to the inability to accurately equate non-monochromatic lights in the mesopic range.
36
Keith, Kayla. "The Effect of Color on Organizational Attraction." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1468915053.
Full text
37
Wu, Ray-chin. "Simultaneous contrast effects in luminous and non-luminous colour." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/115.
Full text
38
Ho, Kai Man Raymond. "The development of colour-difference formula for parametric effects." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441235.
Full text
39
Nicholls, Cherry A. "Visual and instrumental characterisation of special effect colours." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369072.
Full text
40
Mendelsohn, Ellie Michelle. "The Effects of Color in Advertising." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321895.
Full text
41
Berglund, Hilda-Linn. "Effects of flower abundance and colour on pan-trap catches." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133077.
Full textAbstract:
Pollinating insects are important for many plants and for the human population. To be able to monitor pollinators and assess improvements made for them, it is important to get information about pollinator population changes. Therefore, it is essential that the methods used to collect data are accurate (i.e. that they represent the pollinator fauna). One commonly used method is pan-traps, but this method is suggested to be affected by the abundance of surrounding flowers. The results in the present study showed that catches in pan-traps can be affected by flower cover and the colour of the flowers, depending on which colours are preferred by the insects. The effects differed when looking at a larger scale (2-6 ha) and a smaller scale (25 m2) around the pan-traps. When comparing cover of flowers with catches in pan-traps in the small scale there were some results that showed linear positive correlations (expected), but also, negative linear and quadratic correlations. In contrast, in the large scale there were no significant positive linear correlations. When comparing catches in hand-net and pan-traps, only in one out of six taxonomical groups there were a correlation. The results in this study show that catches in pan-traps can be misleading if catches are done to survey pollinator population fauna and the cover of flowers is not considered.
42
Koc, Seyma. "Categorical Effect Studied Through Fmri In Color Perception." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614802/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely accepted that color is perceived categorically. Categorical perception of color can be defined as the tendency to discriminate colors that are from different categories easier, quicker and more accurately than colors that are from the same category. The present study investigated whether brain activity patterns verifies the concept of categorical color perception, an instantiation of top-down influences on low-level perception. Participants performed a color discrimination task on color pairs. Three categories of color pairs are defined in the green-blue region as follows. One of the pairs was specified as cross-category pair by choosing one color from green side of the green-blue boundary and the other color from blue side. The other two pairs were featured as within-category pairs by choosing two shades of green for within-green pair and two shades of blue for within-blue pair. Crucially, the pairs varied only in hue dimension and the physical distance between each of three pairs was set to 10 degrees in CIE LCh space. Pairs on the screen are displayed adjacently or with gaps in between, to further investigate the effect of space in color discrimination. Correct responses, reaction times and fMRI BOLD signals are recorded. Behavioral findings yielded a decrementing pattern from green to blue region challenging the prediction of categorical perception argument that performance is better at green-blue boundary than both within green and blue regions. Behavioral findings also indicated that adjacent display of colors facilitated color discrimination when compared to display of colors with spatial gaps. Brain activity patterns indicated that separate neural processes might underlie these distinct behavioral differences. Although standardized with respect to the color metric, the three categories of our experiment might have involved differences with respect to difficulty levels and memory requirements. Brain activity differences reported in the within-green condition versus cross-category condition are focused on Frontal Eye Fields and Fusiform Gyrus, which is seem to be modulated by Frontal Eye Field activity<br>increased activation in these regions is related to enhanced visual performance and higher scores, which is consistent with significantly better performance in within-green discrimination than cross-category discrimination. For the same contrast, Parahippocampal Gyrus and Precuneus activations suggest better visual recall and behavioral improvement due to more efficient maintenance in spatial working memory for within-green discrimination than cross-category discrimination. Brain activity differences reported in the within-blue condition versus cross-category condition is focused on Superior Temporal Gyrus, which is involved in color discrimination having the role of color memory. When within-green and within-blue conditions are compared, there was differential activation in the Fusiform Gyrus, and this is the only brain activity which might be attributed to a categorical effect. This comparison also yielded activity in Medial Frontal and Superior Frontal regions concerning more confident perceptual decisions and improved performance on within-green discrimination than within-blue discrimination. In addition, spatial separation of stimuli entailed more cognitive resources to color discrimination than adjacent stimuli as suggested by Cuneus and Lingual Gyrus activations. Overall, to the best of our knowledge our study is the first to investigate the neural framework for color perception, which revealed that color perception might involve several complex sub-processes that activate memory and attention.
43
Robertson, Nicholas Andrew. "Investigations into colour reconnection effects in WâºWâ» events from 183GeV to 202GeV with the ALEPH detector at LEP2." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274233.
Full text
44
Mangine, Heather Noelle. "Variability in experimental color matching conditions effects of observers, daylight simulators, and color inconstancy /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117549884.
Full text
45
Donohoo, Daniel T. "Accomodation with displays having color contrast." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53872.
Full textAbstract:
Much concern has been expressed about the ability of the visual display terminal to provide adequate stimuli for accommodation. As a result it has been hypothesized that an observer may have to continually refocus to maintain accommodation on the display and this contributes to the visual fatigue experienced by VDT users. The increased use of multicolor CRTs in the workplace adds yet another factor, chromatic aberration, to affect the observers' accommodation to information presented on the CRT. Two experiments were run to determine the effect of viewing characters of one chromaticity and purity on a background of another chromaticity or purity or chromaticity and purity. The observer's accommodation response was continuously sampled throughout the presentation of each target/background combination. Mean accommodation response and the standard deviation of the mean accommodation response were then calculated to ascertain the effect the target background combination had on the observers' accommodation response. The observers' were also required to perform a visual performance task for each target/background combination.
The data collected indicate that chromatic characters when observed on chromatic background do not provide a strong stimulus for accommodation. Mean changes in the observers accommodation response were all within the depth of field except when characters were viewed on blue backgrounds. The variability in the observers accommodation response was not found to be a good predictor of image quality where only color contrast exists between foreground and surround. Task performance was highly correlated with effective contrast between the target and background as quantified by uniform color space modeling.<br>Ph. D.
46
Abbas, Nadeen, and nadeen2000@yahoo com. "Psychological and Physiological Effects of Light and Colour on Space Users." RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070213.160424.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of colour and lighting conditions on the emotions and performance of people is gaining greater importance in our urban societies. While large resources are allocated for well designed spaces with the right choices of colour and lighting conditions, there is little scientific evidence that supports these choices. Although the literature on light and colour is extensive, it does not present a uniform set of findings for a consistent perspective on the influence of colour and light. Most of the research reported in this field uses subjective measures to study the emotional effects of light and colour on people. It has been reported in literature that emotion manifests itself in three separate sections; (i) physiological (i.e. objective measures), (ii) psychological (subjective measures), (iii) behavioral, and it is necessary that studies not be limited to the assessment of a single response but include sample measures from each of the three manifestations. This research is built on the current body of knowledge that there is a need for a study on the emotional effects of light and colour on people using physiological and psychological measures, to ensure the objectivity and reproductivity of the experiments. It is well documented in literature that there is close correlation between emotions, heart rate (HR), and skin conductance (SC). Hence HR and SC are expected to be good physiological measures of environmental conditions on people. Thus this thesis reports changes in the HR, SC and self-assessment reports of arousal and valence (SAM) for people when exposed to different colour and intensity lights. The aim is to help provide an objective rationale for the choice for light intensity and colour by architects, interior designers and other professionals. The experiments were conducted on 15 participants who were exposed to 8 different colour and intensity light conditions. The participants' HR and SC were recorded under each colour and intensity light, and they were asked to complete SAM. The research demonstrates that there is a change in HR, SC, arousal and valence of participants due to change in the colour and intensity of lights. However, the direction of change was subject dependent, where the same colour and intensity light can have different effects on people. The research suggests that architects and designers of any space must take into account the individual differences of the predicted users when designing the lights and colours. It is also seen from the results that some colour and intensity lights have greater impact on the emotions of participants than others. Although it is not possible to correlate the colour and lighting conditions to a specific effect on all participants, general effects for some colour lights were drawn from the results. It is well documented in literature that HR and SC are a good measure of emotion. However the results of this study show very high inter subject variation in HR and SC. This is due to people having different HR and SC in normal conditions. This research demonstrates that the use of HR and SC to measure the effect of a stimulus on a group of people is unreliable because it is hard to compare the results.
47
Johansson, Dennis. "Heat treatment of solid wood : effects on absorption, strength and colour /." Luleå : Division of Wood Physics, Luleå University of Technology, 2008. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2008/53.
Full text
48
Alanazi, Fayez Khalaf. "Investigating the Effect of Vehicle Color on Crash Risk." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1480552576128957.
Full text
49
Restrepo-Kennedy, Natalia. "Effect Of dehydration on in-office bleaching color changes." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3372.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: The aim of this pilot study is the evaluation and measurement of color stability from baseline until stabilization of color associated with bleaching and the dehydration and rehydration process of the teeth.
Method: Six extracted intact human third molars were randomly selected, cleaned, and stored in artificial saliva at 370C. A custom positioning jig was fabricated for each tooth for reproducible color measurement. A baseline shade was recorded according to the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* (CIE-L*a*b*) using a Minolta Chromameter CR-(200). Color measurement for all testing was taking at baseline, 15 min, 30 min, 2h, 12h and every 2 h thereafter until color stabilization occurred. Phase 1(dehydration-rehydration w/o bleaching): For dehydration, all teeth lightened and color stability occurred at 6 h. Rehydration of teeth to the baseline of color was achieved after 14 hours. Phase 2 (Effect of bleaching): An in-office bleach material (Zoom 25% HP) was applied to each tooth according to the Kwon technique (polyethylene wrap placed to cover the gel) for one hour. All comparisons were made to a Delta value of 2.6 (perceivable difference).
Result: Phase 1: A mean äL*=-13.05(±15.62) was observed for tooth dehydration with no perceivable changes in chroma äa* and äb*. Phase 2: In-office bleaching produced dehydration and chroma changes when measured immediately after bleaching with a mean of äL*=-12.45(±2.4), äa*=0.31(±0.53), and äb*= 3.67(±1.76). After rehydration of bleached teeth, luminosity values (äL*) returned to normal and only chromaticity changes (äb#8727;) were observed with a mean of 4.77(%B11.91).
Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, in-office bleaching produced dehydration and chroma changes, represented by äL* and äb*. Upon rehydration, the color changes were not as discernible. Further study will be conducted to determine the validity of these findings.
50
Wang, Chihwe Jeffrey. "An evaluation of the effect of registration on GCR and conventional chromatic separation methods in multicolor halftone printing /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10324.
Full text