Academic literature on the topic 'Effective anisotropy'

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Journal articles on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Zhang, Chao, Xiangzhuang Kong, Xian Wang, Yanxia Du, and Guangming Xiao. "A Predicting Model for the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Anisotropic Open-Cell Foam." Energies 15, no. 16 (2022): 6091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166091.

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The structural anisotropy of open-cell foam leads to the anisotropy of effective thermal conductivity (ETC). To quantitatively analyze the effect of structural anisotropy on the anisotropy of ETC, a new predicting model for the ETC of anisotropic open-cell foam was proposed based on an anisotropy tetrakaidecahedron cell (ATC). Feret diameters in three orthogonal directions obtained by morphological analysis of real foam structures were used to characterize the anisotropy of ATC. To validate our proposed anisotropic model, the ETCs of real foam structures in three orthogonal directions predicte
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Zhu, Yaping, Ilya Tsvankin, and Ivan Vasconcelos. "Effective attenuation anisotropy of thin-layered media." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 5 (2007): D93—D106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2754185.

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One of the well-known factors responsible for the anisotropy of seismic attenuation is interbedding of thin attenuative layers with different properties. Here, we apply Backus averaging to obtain the complex stiffness matrix of an effective medium formed by an arbitrary number of anisotropic, attenuative constituents. Unless the intrinsic attenuation is uncommonly strong, the effective velocity function is controlled by the real-valued stiffnesses (i.e., independent of attenuation) and can be determined from the known equations for purely elastic media. Attenuation analysis is more complicated
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Yao, Q., W. Liu, and Z. D. Zhang. "Effective anisotropy field in anisotropic nanostructured ferromagnetic materials." physica status solidi (b) 246, no. 7 (2009): 1709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200945003.

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Bachrach, Ran. "Elastic and resistivity anisotropy of shale during compaction and diagenesis: Joint effective medium modeling and field observations." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 6 (2011): E175—E186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0381.1.

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Shales are anisotropic materials which have been observed to have both electrical and elastic anisotropy. Shales also comprise most of the sedimentary column in clastic basins, and thus, the ability to model shale response to electrical and seismic fields may improve our ability to better resolve anisotropy by using different measurements. Compacting shale-effective media modeling, which captures the geological process of porosity reduction and geochemical compaction, was formulated in this research in microstructural parameters associated with particle alignment and pore-shape deformation. Th
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Ougier-Simonin, Audrey, Joël Sarout, and Yves Guéguen. "A simplified model of effective elasticity for anisotropic shales." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 3 (2009): D57—D63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3096616.

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A simple method to deal with cracklike pores in anisotropic matrix rock such as shales enhances analytical models and their applications. Actually, clayrocks (shales, in particular) are the dominant clastic component in sedimentary basins, representing about two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks. Shales are usually assumed to be transversely isotropic (TI) media. They are known to be highly anisotropic because of (1) intrinsic elastic anisotropy of the solid phase (matrix) forming the rock (more or less ordered clay layers) and (2) anisotropy induced by the presence of cracklike pores. We focus
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Hagiwara, Teruhiko. "Apparent dip and apparent anisotropy from multifrequency triaxial induction measurements." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 1 (2011): F1—F13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3511349.

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The triaxial (or multicomponent) induction log is used to measure not only the resistivity anisotropy of an anisotropic formation but also the relative dip of the tool with respect to the formation. The anisotropic resistivity and the relative dip of layered formations are also inverted from the triaxial induction-log measurements at a depth by assuming a homogeneous anisotropic formation or at multiple depths by assuming a multilayered formation model. When the triaxial induction log is run at multiple frequencies, multifrequency focusing can be applied to the log measurements. Then, the appa
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Banik, N. C. "An effective anisotropy parameter in transversely isotropic media." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 12 (1987): 1654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442282.

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An interesting physical meaning is presented for the anisotropy parameter δ, previously introduced by Thomsen to describe weak anisotropy in transversely isotropic media. Roughly, δ is the difference between the P-wave and SV-wave anisotropies of the medium. The observed systematic depth errors in the North Sea are reexamined in view of the new interpretation of the moveout velocity through δ. The changes in δ at an interface adequately describe the effects of transverse isotropy on the P-wave reflection amplitude, The reflection coefficient expression is linearized in terms of changes in elas
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Vidyasagar, A., S. Krödel, and D. M. Kochmann. "Microstructural patterns with tunable mechanical anisotropy obtained by simulating anisotropic spinodal decomposition." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2218 (2018): 20180535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0535.

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The generation of mechanical metamaterials with tailored effective properties through carefully engineered microstructures requires avenues to predict optimal microstructural architectures. Phase separation in heterogeneous systems naturally produces complex microstructural patterns whose effective response depends on the underlying process of spinodal decomposition. During this process, anisotropy may arise due to advection, diffusive chemical gradients or crystallographic interface energy, leading to anisotropic patterns with strongly directional effective properties. We explore the link bet
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Afremov, Leonid L., Sergey Anisimov, and Tamara Agapova. "Effective Anisotropy Constant of Bilayer Film." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.779.

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A reasonable composition of different kinds of magnetic anisotropy of bilayer film has been carried out. The criterium of magnetic uniaxiality of bilayer film contained the first-order and the second-order crystallographic anisotropy has been defined. It has been demonstrated that the effective constants of the first-order and the second-order magnetic anisotropy of bilayer film has a non-linear dependence on the corresponding constants of crystallographic anisotropy of the layers, angles between them and constants of interlayer exchange interaction.
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Yan, Fuyong, De-Hua Han, Tongcheng Han, and Xue-Lian Chen. "Comparison of seismic anisotropy of sedimentary strata at low- and high-frequency limits." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (2019): MR1—MR10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0677.1.

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The layer-induced seismic anisotropy of sedimentary strata is frequency-dependent. At the low-frequency limit, the effective anisotropic properties of the layered media can be estimated by the Backus averaging model. At the high-frequency limit, the apparent anisotropic properties of the layered media can be estimated by ray theory. First, we build a database of laboratory ultrasonic measurement on sedimentary rocks from the literature. The database includes ultrasonic velocity measurements on sandstones and carbonate rocks, and velocity-anisotropy measurements on shales. Then, we simulate the
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Mozul, K., A. Ishchenko, A. P. Kryshtal, L. P. Olkhovik, and Z. I. Sizova. "Magnetic Anisotropy of Ultra-small Nanocrystals of CoFe2O4." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35365.

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Ferrimagnetic nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 with dimensions of 4-16 nm were synthesized by pyrolysis of a mixture of acetylacetonates of iron and cobalt. In the temperature range 300-500 K investigated field dependence of magnetization up o 18 kOe. Found a significant contribution of "surface" anisotropy to the effective anisotropy of the nanoparticles. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35365
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Tazi, Hamza. "Propriétés élastiques et anisotropie des roches mères : approche expérimentale multi-échelle et modélisation par milieu effectif." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1022.

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La production d’huiles et de gaz issus des réservoirs non conventionnels représente aujourd’hui une très large part de la production d’Amérique du Nord. Une meilleure connaissance des propriétés des roches mères s’avère ainsi un enjeu scientifique et économique. Cette thèse s’oriente autour des propriétés élastiques et de l’anisotropie de ces roches. Elle combine des approches expérimentales à différentes échelles dont les résultats sont intégrés dans des modèles de milieu effectif.Les échantillons caractérisés proviennent des formations Montney et Doig (bassin sédimentaire ouest canadien). Le
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Du, Kou. "Modélisation micromécanique de géomatériaux en prenant en compte des anisotropies microstructurale et matricielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2021_0254_DU.pdf.

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Les propriétés mécaniques des géomatériaux hétérogènes sont évaluées en prenant simultanément en compte l'anisotropie microstructurale ainsi que celle du matériau matriciel. A cet effet, l'anisotropie de la microstructure est représentée par la complexité de forme poreuse et/ou d'inclusion qui est considérée dans le présent travail comme concave ou convexe en portant nos attentions particulières aux pores supersphériques et supersphéroïdaux axisymétriques. Les tenseurs de concentration et de contribution sont calculés numériquement à l'aide de la méthode des élément finis (FEM), qui est ensuit
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Maudet, Florian. "Couches nanostructurées par dépôt en incidence oblique : corrélations microstructure et propriétés optiques pour application aux traitements antireflets hautes performances dans le visible étendu et l'infrarouge." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2295/document.

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Les traitements antireflets (AR) sont très largement utilisés pour améliorer la transmission de systèmes optiques composés de hublots, lentilles, de lames séparatrices,… Dans cette thèse les gammes spectrales visées sont le visible étendu [400-1800nm] et le moyen infrarouge [3,7-4,8µm]. La méthode de nanostructuration par dépôts de films minces utilisant des techniques PVD en incidence oblique (Oblique Angle Deposition) a été choisie car elle permet d’envisager des AR hautes performances sur une large gamme de longueur d’onde, via un procédé industrialisable. L’introduction de porosité via le
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Ribeiro, ferreira Ayrton. "Modélisation micromécanique du comportement effectif des matériaux ductiles poreux anisotropes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN013.

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La fabrication de matériaux ductiles insère généralement des impuretés dans leurs compositions microscopiques. Ces impuretés peuvent se détacher de la matrice environnante et même se fissurer lors d’une déformation progressive. En raison de la résultante incapacité de ces particules indésirables à supporter toute contrainte, ces matériaux ductiles sont, de manière équivalente, supposés être poreux. Il a été largement démontré que la porosité joue un rôle fondamental dans les mécanismes de la rupture ductile. Depuis les années 1970, de nombreux modèles micromécaniques ont été proposés dans le b
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Noorian-Bidgoli, Majid. "Strength and deformability of fractured rocks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155719.

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This thesis presents a systematic numerical modeling framework to simulate the stress-deformation and coupled stress-deformation-flow processes by performing uniaxial and biaxial compressive tests on fractured rock models with considering the effects of different loading conditions, different loading directions (anisotropy), and coupled hydro-mechanical processes for evaluating strength and deformability behavior of fractured rocks. By using code UDEC of discrete element method (DEM), a series of numerical experiments were conducted on discrete fracture network models (DFN) at an established r
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Шрамко, Юрій Вікторович, Юрий Викторович Шрамко, Yurii Viktorovych Shramko, et al. "Structural Model of Nanocomposite with Anisotropic Matrix." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35518.

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A structural model of the nanocomposite (a thin anisotropic substrate on which a double-periodical system of nanorods been grown) is proposed. To determine the effective elastic parameters of nanocomposite the method of regular structures was used. Numeric results were achieved by the method of mechanical quadrature. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35518
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Garrett, R. Daniel. "Anisotropic Compressive Pressure-Dependent Effective Thermal Conductivity of Granular Beds." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1000.

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In situ planetary effective thermal conductivity measurements are typically made using a long needle-like probe, which measures effective thermal conductivity in the probe‟s radial (horizontal) direction. The desired effective vertical thermal conductivity for heat flow calculations is assumed to be the same as the measured effective horizontal thermal conductivity. However, it is known that effective thermal conductivity increases with increasing compressive pressure on granular beds and horizontal stress in a granular bed under gravity is related to the vertical stress through Jaky‟s at-rest
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Jeancolas, Antoine. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation micromécanique du comportement de composites hybrides : optimisation de la conductivité thermique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0285/document.

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L’augmentation de la puissance électrique des composants électroniques pose le problème de la dissipation de la chaleur générée. Les boîtiers électriques doivent permettre la dissipation de cette chaleur en conservant une isolation électrique. La solution retenue pour évacuer la chaleur par transfert thermique consiste en matériaux composites dont les renforts par leur structuration vont améliorer la conductivité thermique. Des composites à matrice polymère ont été choisis pour leur aptitude de mise en forme. La conductivité thermique et l’isolation électrique sont assurées par des charges cér
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Jeancolas, Antoine. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation micromécanique du comportement de composites hybrides : optimisation de la conductivité thermique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0285.

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L’augmentation de la puissance électrique des composants électroniques pose le problème de la dissipation de la chaleur générée. Les boîtiers électriques doivent permettre la dissipation de cette chaleur en conservant une isolation électrique. La solution retenue pour évacuer la chaleur par transfert thermique consiste en matériaux composites dont les renforts par leur structuration vont améliorer la conductivité thermique. Des composites à matrice polymère ont été choisis pour leur aptitude de mise en forme. La conductivité thermique et l’isolation électrique sont assurées par des charges cér
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Books on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Eriksson, Olle, Anders Bergman, Lars Bergqvist, and Johan Hellsvik. Atomistic Spin Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788669.001.0001.

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The purpose of this book is to provide a theoretical foundation and an understanding of atomistic spin-dynamics, and to give examples of where the atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation can and should be used. The contents involve a description of density functional theory both from a fundamental viewpoint as well as a practical one, with several examples of how this theory can be used for the evaluation of ground state properties like spin and orbital moments, magnetic form-factors, magnetic anisotropy, Heisenberg exchange parameters, and the Gilbert damping parameter. This book also outl
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Book chapters on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Mityushev, Vladimir, Tatjana Gric, Radoslaw Kycia, and Natalia Rylko. "Effective Medium Approximation." In Anisotropy of Metamaterials. CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032646633-3.

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Castañeda, Pedro Ponte. "Effective Anisotropic Properties of Creeping Composites." In Anisotropy and Localization of Plastic Deformation. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3644-0_4.

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Yolcu, Cem, Magnus Herberthson, Carl-Fredrik Westin, and Evren Özarslan. "Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Effective Confinement Anisotropy with Orientationally-Averaged Single and Double Diffusion Encoding." In Mathematics and Visualization. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56215-1_10.

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AbstractPorous or biological materials comprise a multitude of micro-domains containing water. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance measurements are sensitive to the anisotropy of the thermal motion of such water. This anisotropy can be due to the domain shape, as well as the (lack of) dispersion in their orientations. Averaging over measurements that span all orientations is a trick to suppress the latter, thereby untangling it from the influence of the domains’ anisotropy on the signal. Here, we consider domains whose anisotropy is modeled as being the result of a Hookean (spring) force, wh
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Topolov, Vitaly Yu, Christopher R. Bowen, and Paolo Bisegna. "Effective Piezoelectric Coefficients $$d_{ij}^{*}$$: From Microgeometry to Anisotropy." In Piezo-Active Composites. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93928-5_2.

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Jenkins, James T., and Luigi La Ragione. "Induced Anisotropy, Particle Spin, and Effective Moduli in Granular Materials." In Rational Continua, Classical and New. Springer Milan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2231-7_9.

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Lavorato, Gabriel C., Elin L. Winkler, Enio Lima, and Roberto D. Zysler. "Exchange-Coupled Bimagnetic Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Effective Magnetic Anisotropy." In Exchange Bias. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228459-2.

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Liu, L. M., W. Chen, M. G. Zhu, L. Y. Nie, A. J. Li, and J. J. Hu. "Exchange-Coupling Interaction and Effective Anisotropy in Two-Phase Nanocomposite Permanent Magnetic Materials." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.2173.

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Reker, T., H. Im, H. Choi, et al. "Effective mass anisotropy of Γ electrons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells due to interface band mixing." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59484-7_392.

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Zaidman, M., and P. Ponte Castañeda. "Effective Yield Surfaces for Anisotropic Composite Materials." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8494-4_57.

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Xu, Liu-Jun, and Ji-Ping Huang. "Theory for Invisible Thermal Sensors: Monolayer Scheme." In Transformation Thermotics and Extended Theories. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5908-0_11.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we propose an anisotropic monolayer scheme to prevent thermal sensors from distorting local and background temperature profiles, making them accurate and thermally invisible. We design metashells with anisotropic thermal conductivity and perform finite-element simulations in two or three dimensions for arbitrarily given thermal conductivity of sensors and backgrounds. We further experimentally fabricate a metashell with an anisotropic thermal conductivity based on the effective medium theory, which confirms the feasibility of our scheme. Our results are beneficial to i
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Conference papers on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Bakulin, Andrey, and Vladimir Grechka. "Effective anisotropy of layered media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2003. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1817615.

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Kotov, Valeri N. "Spiral Spin Order and Transport Anisotropy in Underdoped Cuprates." In EFFECTIVE MODELS FOR LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRONGLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2178036.

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Zhu, Yaping, Ilya Tsvankin, and Ivan Vasconcelos. "Effective attenuation anisotropy of layered media." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2006. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2369815.

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Bakulin, A. "Effective anisotropy due to thin VTI layers." In Geophysics of the 21st Century - The Leap into the Future. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.38.f053.

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Anno, P. "The Contribution of Layering to Effective Anisotropy." In 67th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.1.p096.

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Wang*, Hui, Umair bin Waheed, and Tariq Alkhalifah. "Effective anisotropy through traveltime and amplitude matching." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-1183.1.

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Prajapati, S., and D. Ghosh. "A Simple and Fast Algorithm to Estimate Effective Anisotropy Parameters." In 76th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2014. EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141287.

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Modak, S. S., F. Mazaleyrat, M. Lo Bue, L. K. Varga, and S. N. Kane. "Effective anisotropy field distribution of soft magnetic nanocrystalline Fe84Zr3.5Nb3.5B8Cu1 ribbons." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 56th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4710422.

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Gori, Fabio, Sandra Corasaniti, and Jean-François Ciparisse. "Theoretical Prediction of the Anisotropic Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86114.

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The composite is made of a matrix and a fiber-reinforced material to form a non-homogeneous anisotropic material. Thermal behaviour of composite materials is very important in many applications as heat shields and heat guides. The present paper investigates theoretically a composite material made of a silica matrix and a fiber reinforcement made of steel. The steady state effective thermal conductivity in the main directions are calculated theoretically for two extreme thermal assumptions, i.e. parallel isothermal lines and parallel heat flux lines. The effective thermal conductivity of the co
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Alexander, Amos, Jerome T. Tzeng, William H. Drysdale, and Bruce P. Burns. "Effective Properties of 3D Laminated Composites for Finite Element Applications." In ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1994-0439.

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Abstract A model has been developed to compute the effective properties for an arbitrarily shaped element with multiple anisotropic material regions. The analysis utilizes a finite element technique to resolve the complexity of three-dimensional layer geometry, anisotropy, ply orientations, and multi-material regions within an element. Accordingly, the model accounts for complex geometries requiring changes in mesh density and/or arbitrarily shaped elements that cannot be readily aligned with the layers of the laminate. Discontinuity due to ply drop-off or layer terminations within an element
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Reports on the topic "Effective anisotropy"

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Hart, Carl, and Gregory Lyons. A tutorial on the rapid distortion theory model for unidirectional, plane shearing of homogeneous turbulence. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44766.

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The theory of near-surface atmospheric wind noise is largely predicated on assuming turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic. For high turbulent wavenumbers, this is a fairly reasonable approximation, though it can introduce non-negligible errors in shear flows. Recent near-surface measurements of atmospheric turbulence suggest that anisotropic turbulence can be adequately modeled by rapid-distortion theory (RDT), which can serve as a natural extension of wind noise theory. Here, a solution for the RDT equations of unidirectional plane shearing of homogeneous turbulence is reproduced. It is ass
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume frac
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et al., Chen. L52347 Microstructure Model for Welding Simulations. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. https://doi.org/10.55274/r0010457.

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Welding of micro-alloyed, high strength steels such as X100 poses a number of challenges due to, in part, the sensitivity of weld mechanical properties to the welding parameters such as heat input, preheat temperature, etc. For design purpose, it is often required that the mechanical properties of the welds overmatch those of the pipe materials in terms of yield strength, ductility, and toughness. In general, high strength pipe steels exhibit lower strain hardening capability, lower ductility, and increased anisotropy than the traditional lower grade steels. For these steels, when exposed to w
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Crowne, Frank J. Derivation of Effective-Mass Expressions for Electrons and Holes in the Anisotropic Multiband Semimetals Ar, Sb, and Bi. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381337.

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