Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'EICAT'

Ce travail présente une étude des raies de plasma observées à l'aide du radar à diffusion incohérente EISCAT. Le travail est centré sur deux points. Tout d'abord, la conception d'une expérience raies de plasma pour le radar EISCAT, avec une résolution spatiale améliorée. Puis, la comparaison de données raies de plasma acquises avec le radar EISCAT avec une théorie améliorée sur l'intensité et le décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma. Pour améliorer la résolution spatiale, nous avons conçu la première expérience raies de plasma mettant en oeuvre la technique du code alternatif. Cette expérience a été tournée avec succès avec une résolution spatiale de 3 km au lieu de 40-50 km obtenu avec les techniques conventionnelles. Parce qu'il est très difficile de construire un modèle cohérent de la fonction de distribution des vitesses des électrons satisfaisant tous les intervalles d'énergies pertinents, nous avons construit une représentation adéquate de la distribution des vitesses des électrons en séparant la distribution en deux populations : la thermique et la suprathermique. La population thermique est représentée par la fonction de Spitzer qui tient compte de l'effet d'un champ électrique et/ou d'un gradient de température. La population suprathermique est déduite du flux angulaire d'énergie calculé grâce à un modèle numérique du transport des électrons. Un code numérique a été développé pour calculer la fonction diélectrique et la fonction réduite de distribution des vitesses pour toutes distributions des vitesses à deux dimensions dont nous avons besoin pour modéliser l'intensité et le décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma. Nous avons pu reproduire les caractéristiques de l'intensité et du décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma avec des données mesurées avec le radar VHF EISCAT. En particulier, nous avons identifié deux pics étroits dans la distribution des vitesses des suprathermiques comme la signature de la photo-ionisation de N_2 et O. Ces pics ont été observés sur les données. L'effet d'un gradient de température - qui produit une correction importante au décalage Doppler des raies de plasma - a été pris en compte plus précisement que précédemment en calculant numériquement les intégrales singulières, au lieu d'utiliser les premiers termes d'une expansion en séries comme auparavant. C'est important car cela a permis pour la première fois à un modèle de reproduire précisément l'intensité et le décalage Doppler des raies de plasma mesurés par une expérience EISCAT.

Práctica Supervisada (IC)--FCEFN-UNC, 2016<br>Compara Diseño Geométrico entre las Normas de DNV' 67/80 y su actualización VN'10 propuesta por la EICAM de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan, estableciendo las similitudes y diferencias a través de cuadros y gráficos comparativos en una primera instancia.

Dans cette these, l'echappement des ions o#+ est etudie a l'aide des observations du radar esicat-vhf. De plus un code est mis au point pour simuler cet echappement. Dans la gamme d'altitudes observees par eiscat, les ions h#+ sont tres minoritaires, leurs vitesses sont tres difficiles a reduire de la frequence doppler du plasma. Pour etudier l'echappement des ions h#+, nous avons donc etabli une methode pour deduire la vitesse de h#+ a partir des donnees d'eiscat. Cette methode est examinee en rentrant une ionosphere theorique avec la vitesse h#+ connue dans le modele de barakat et al. 1987. La dynamique de l'echappement est etudiee en utilisant deux periodes d'observations correspondant a un cas magnetiquement calme et un cas agite. La difference entre ces deux cas est mise en evidence. Les flux et les vitesses de l'echappement sont etudies. Dans le code de simulation, les equations de continuite et du mouvement sont resolues pour les ions o#+ et h#+ dans les conditions de l'ionosphere a haute latitude en utilisant le modele msis86 pour l'atmosphere neutre. Les influences de l'atmosphere neutre et du vent neutre sont mis en evidence. La nature supersonique eventuelle du vent polaire est etudiee pour la simulation en conservant les conditions des observations

There was a large radar campaign during 2007 and 2008, the International Polar Year (IPY),and at that time the EISCAT Svalbard Radar was operated and measured the ionosphere continuouslyat most times. This report presents statistical results from an electron enhancementpoint of view. Until now there has been some research into the field and results based on theions in the ionosphere, and the enhancements we refer to as Naturally enhanced ion acousticlines (NEIALs). Plasma line data from May 2007 to February 2008 has been analysed inorder to find and classify enhancements as NEIALs have been classified but with respect tothe electron distribution instead of the ion distribution. A method of detection was developedin order to differentiate the enhancements from the background with a relation between theminimum and maximum power of each measured dump. Results show that there is a largedifference between the downshifted plasma lines and the upshifted plasma lines, both has arange distribution peak at 180 km and the upshifted plasma line has another peak at 230 kmwhich the downshifted plasma line does not. The occurrence rate of the enhancements was1.64 % for the downshifted plasma line and 4.69 % for the upshifted plasma line. Threedifferent types of enhancements are classified using the variance distribution for the peakfrequency of that detected dump, Single, Profile, and Diffuse. The Single enhancements havea bit different spectral, range, and time of day distributions than of the Profile and Diffusedistributions. The Diffuse classifications are mostly wrong classifications and aliasing and itis very similar to Profile enhancements as seen by its distribution.

Observations of modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region produced by powerful high-frequency waves transmitted in X-mode are presented. The experiments were performed during quiet nighttime conditions with low ionospheric densities so no reflections occurred. Nevertheless temperature enhancements of the order of 300-400K were obtained. The modifications found can be well described by the theory of Ohmic heating by the pump wave and both temporal and spatial changes are reproduced.  A brief overview of several different experimental campaigns at EISCAT facilities in the period from October 2006 to February 2008 are also given pointing out some interesting features from the different experiments. The main focus is then on the campaign during October 2006 and modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region.

Aurora occurs in various shapes, one of which is the hitherto unreported phenomenon of auroral fragments. For three periods of occurrence of these fragments their properties were studied in detail during this master’s thesis, using mainly ground-based instrumentation located near Longyearbyen on Svalbard, Norway. A base dataset was constructed from 103 all-sky camera images, manually marking 305 fragments for further analysis. This thesis reports and describes the fragment observations during the observed events, including the auroral and geomagnetic context. Fragments generally seem to fall into two categories, the first being singular, apparently randomly distributed fragments, and the second being periodic fragments that occur in groups with a regular spacing close to auroral arcs. A typical fragment has a small horizontal size below 20 km, a short lifetime of less than a minute and shows no field-aligned extent in the emission. The fragments appear mainly west of zenith (73%) during the three observation nights, whereas their north-south distribution is symmetric around the zenith. Almost all of them exhibit westward drift, the estimated speed for one of the fragments passing the field of view of ASK is ∼1 km/s. A spectral signature can be seen in the green auroral wavelength of O at 557.7 nm and red emission line of N2 at 673.0 nm, but no emission enhancement was observed in the blue wavelengths. One fragment passing the EISCAT Svalbard radar’s field of view shows a local ion temperature increase in a small altitude range of ∼15 km, whereas there is no visible increase in electron density. This could be explained by fragment generation due to locally strong horizontal electric fields. A potential mechanism for this might be electric fields of atmospheric waves superposing with the converging electric fields of auroral arcs created by particle precipitation and the corresponding field-aligned currents. The resulting field would be perpendicular to the magnetic field and the auroral arcs, leading to wave-like density variations of excited plasma close to the arcs. Further study is required to verify this hypothesis and improve the understanding of fragment properties determined from the limited dataset used for this thesis.

Etudier les invasions biologiques est essentiel dans le cadre de la conservation de la biodiversité. De plus, elles représentent de véritables expérimentations grandeur nature pour appréhender les processus écologiques et évolutifs. La problématique de cette thèse est d‟étudier la contribution de processus évolutifs dans le succès envahissant de l‟ajonc d‟Europe, Ulex europaeus, à travers le monde, notamment en relation avec la perte de ses ennemis naturels (Enemy Release). La première partie s‟intéresse à l‟évolution de l‟ajonc dans sa zone d‟origine et au moment de l‟introduction dans de nouvelles régions, (i) en synthétisant les résultats concernant le polymorphisme de traits et la plasticité phénotypique, (ii) en couplant des données historiques et moléculaires pour inférer le mode d‟introduction de l‟ajonc dans le monde et ses conséquences sur la diversité génétique introduite. La deuxième partie s‟intéresse à l‟évolution post-introduction des populations d‟ajonc. Elle s‟appuie principalement sur des comparaisons en jardin expérimental d‟ajoncs issus de populations de régions d‟origine et envahies. L‟évolution des traits d‟histoire de vie et des stratégies de défense contre les ennemis a été étudiée en lien avec la perte d‟ennemis spécialistes en zone introduite. Nos résultats suggèrent que l‟histoire évolutive dans la zone d‟origine et le mode d‟introduction volontaire par l‟Homme ont conféré un fort potentiel évolutif aux populations d‟ajonc introduites. De plus, un relâchement des corrélations génétiques dans les régions d‟introduction a pu entraîner une évolution plus libre des traits d‟histoire de vie, facilitant l‟adaptation locale à une large gamme d‟environnements. Ces résultats suggèrent que l‟étude conjointe des niches écologiques et des matrices G pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des processus impliqués dans les invasions biologiques.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la modélisation des ionosphères planétaires comme celle de la Terre et de Titan à travers les processus de transport cinétique des électrons et des protons. La modélisation des ions doublement chargés N2++, O2++ et O++ créés par photoionisation a constitué la première étape de ce travail. Les résultats de la simulation sont comparés avec succès aux seules données disponibles sur Terre pour O++. De cette validation expérimentale, nous prédisons ainsi la présence d'ions moléculaires doublement chargés dans l'ionosphère de la Terre et de Titan. Dans un deuxième temps, nous détaillons la genèse du modèle d'ionosphère TRANS4, à travers le couplage et l'optimisation de différents codes de transport cinétique et fluide capables de modéliser simultanément les précipitations d'électrons et de protons. Ce modèle constitue un outil unique et cohérent de diagnostic de l'impact combiné des protons et des électrons sur l'ionosphère en permettant notamment le calcul des profils de raies Balmer de l'hydrogène. La comparaison aux données a permis ensuite une approche quantitative du comportement de l'ionosphère soumis à un événement actif proton-électrons, sous le triple angle des données radar, satellite et optique. Les perspectives sont nombreuses et le portage du code dans d'autres ionosphères telles Titan, Mars ou Vénus est une voie de recherche privilégiée, qui coïncide avec les mesures en direct des sondes Cassini, Mars Express et Vénus Express. Une collaboration étroite avec le Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP, Orsay) ainsi qu'avec les universités d'Oslo et de Svalbard (UNIS) a été menée tout au long de ce travail.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>管理學院碩士在職專班科技管理組<br>98<br>This thesis reports on an analysis of operating strategy of the Taiwan’s EICT industry based on the model of innovation intensive services (IIS). By structuring a 4x5 matrix, encompassing four service packages and five innovation modes, we elucidated the strategic positioning and future development trend of the industry. It was found that core competence and externalities required to compete effectively are determined in the industry. The model respectively dissects four influential factors of industrial environments and technological systems at the industry-level analysis to verify the requirements of industrial innovation system. IIS-IIS Matrix will help deduce critical elements of industrial environment and technological systems at the industry level by strategic positioning and KSFs in the firm level. The requirements of industrial environment and technological systems will be consolidated into the industrial innovation systems by using the IIS approach. Results showed that in the Taiwan's EICT industry, the future trend needs to be moved to “Unique Service”, “Selective Service”, “Generic Service” and “Process Innovation” with the support of core competence in “validation”, “marketing”, “delivery”, “after service”, and “supporting activities” and the externalities of complementarities, production and market. The industry is still in its infancy stage; product innovation is the key element in Taiwan's EICT industry.

Ce travail présente une étude des raies de plasma observées à l'aide du radar à diffusion incohérente EISCAT. Le travail est centré sur deux points. Tout d'abord, la conception d'une expérience raies de plasma pour le radar EISCAT, avec une résolution spatiale améliorée. Puis, la comparaison de données raies de plasma acquises avec le radar EISCAT avec une théorie améliorée sur l'intensité et le décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma. Pour améliorer la résolution spatiale, nous avons conçu la première expérience raies de plasma mettant en oeuvre la technique du code alternatif. Cette expérience a été tournée avec succès avec une résolution spatiale de 3 km au lieu de 40-50 km obtenu avec les techniques conventionnelles. Parce qu'il est très difficile de construire un modèle cohérent de la fonction de distribution des vitesses des électrons satisfaisant tous les intervalles d'énergies pertinents, nous avons construit une représentation adéquate de la distribution des vitesses des électrons en séparant la distribution en deux populations : la thermique et la suprathermique. La population thermique est représentée par la fonction de Spitzer qui tient compte de l'effet d'un champ électrique et/ou d'un gradient de température. La population suprathermique est déduite du flux angulaire d'énergie calculé grâce à un modèle numérique du transport des électrons. Un code numérique a été développé pour calculer la fonction diélectrique et la fonction réduite de distribution des vitesses pour toutes distributions des vitesses à deux dimensions dont nous avons besoin pour modéliser l'intensité et le décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma. Nous avons pu reproduire les caractéristiques de l'intensité et du décalage Doppler en fréquence des raies de plasma avec des données mesurées avec le radar VHF EISCAT. En particulier, nous avons identifié deux pics étroits dans la distribution des vitesses des suprathermiques comme la signature de la photo-ionisation de N_2 et O. Ces pics ont été observés sur les données. L'effet d'un gradient de température - qui produit une correction importante au décalage Doppler des raies de plasma - a été pris en compte plus précisement que précédemment en calculant numériquement les intégrales singulières, au lieu d'utiliser les premiers termes d'une expansion en séries comme auparavant. C'est important car cela a permis pour la première fois à un modèle de reproduire précisément l'intensité et le décalage Doppler des raies de plasma mesurés par une expérience EISCAT.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>太空與電漿科學研究所<br>104<br>FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites use radio occultation and Abel inversion to observe the vertical electron density profile. The method assumes the density of the Earth is spherically symmetric. But the assumption may not correspond to real ionospheric situations. Therefore, this method of observations may lead to inaccurate results. 　　 This study aims to find out the factor that is important in affecting the discrepancy between the observed TEC by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and the radar observatory. We apply the observed electron density profiles to calculate TEC. 　　Parameters such as F10.7, Dst index, Kp index, AE index, AU index, AL index, local time and angle between the satellite and radar observations are examined as possible factors for the discrepancy. Finally, this study finds the discrepancy in TEC between FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and radar observations is mainly due to westward electrojet and eastward electrojet. The secondary reason is the angle between the observation locations of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and the radar observatory subtended at the center of the Earth. We find that the larger this angle, the larger the percentage error for the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC observations.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biologia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Plant invasions have an important impact in the environment and the economy. Once introduced in their non-native range, exotic plants can experience rapid evolutionary processes which can be crucial for invasive success. Assessing trait-shifts between native and non-native ranges is an important step for understanding evolutionary changes occurring in the non-native ranges and, ultimately, for the development of management plans. Centaurea solstitialis and Centaurea sulphurea are annual herbs native to the Mediterranean Basin region that were introduced into California (USA) two centuries ago. While C. sulphurea has only naturalized into three known populations in California, C. solstitialis has become a noxious and widespread weed invasive. C. solstitialis has also been introduced into Chile, Argentina and Australia with different invasive success. The main objective of this thesis was to assess trait-shifts between native and non-native ranges of the two congeneric Centaurea species. Two main comparative approaches were developed in greenhouse studies: competitive ability of individuals from native and non-native ranges of C. sulphurea, and herbivory responses from a generalist herbivore species fed with leaves of both Centaurea species. For the assessment of competitive ability, we assessed total biomass of plants from both ranges, as well as inter-regional hybrids either growing alone in a control group, or in competition with the common competitor grass Bromus hordeaceus. Individuals from California were found to be larger and better competitors than individuals from Spain, whereas inter-regional hybrids from both regions showed competitive responses more similar to that of individuals from California. To assess for biogeographic differences on the response of herbivore, we fed a generalist and widespread herbivore (common snail Helix aspersa), with plant leaves from both ranges in order to assess the snail’s final weight. Snails fed with leaves from Spanish native populations of non-invasive C. sulphurea grew significantly less compared to snails fed with leaves from non-native California. For snails fed with the invasive C. solstitialis, significant differences were also found among regions, but the response was more complex, depending on population, with snails fed with Turkish and Australian plants presenting higher growth rates than the rest of the regions. Overall, these results deliver solid evidence for rapid differentiation between ranges, illustrated by phenotypic changes which might contribute for the invasive potential of exotic species, as exemplified by the observed differences in invasive success between the two studied congeneric species.<br>As invasões por plantas desempenham um papel fulcral para o ambiente e economia globais. Uma vez introduzidas em áreas não-nativas, as plantas exóticas podem sofrer rápidos processos evolucionários que por sua vez são decisivos para o sucesso dos invasores. Conhecer as mudanças nas características destas plantas entre as áreas nativas e não-nativas é um importante passo para perceber as alterações evolutivas que ocorrem na área colonizada e, em última instância, para o desenvolvimento de plano de gestão e controlo. Centaurea solstitialis e Centaurea sulphurea são plantas anuais nativas da Bacia Mediterrânea e introduzidas na Califórnia (EUA) há cerca de dois séculos. Enquanto C. sulphurea está naturalizada sem comportamento invasor e apresenta apenas três populações conhecidas na Califórnia, C. solstitialis é atualmente uma invasora agressiva e bastante disseminada. C. solstitialis está também introduzida no Chile, Argentina e Austrália com diferentes graus de sucesso invasor. O principal objetivo deste projeto foi explorar as possíveis alterações em características específicas de plantas entre a zona nativa e a zona não-nativa das mesmas. Dois estudos comparativos em ambiente controlado de estufa foram realizados, avaliando nomeadamente a habilidade competitiva entre indivíduos das áreas nativa e não-nativa de C. sulphurea e a resposta herbívora por parte de um herbívoro generalista alimentado com folhas de ambas as espécies de Centaurea em estudo. Para o estudo de habilidade competitiva foi registada a biomassa total das plantas de ambas as áreas, assim como de híbridos inter-regionais, a crescer sozinhas ou em competição com uma herbácea abundante – Bromus hordeaceus. As plantas da Califórnia provaram ser maiores e melhores competidores que os seus conspecíficos oriundos de Espanha, enquanto os híbridos inter-regionais de ambas as regiões apresentaram respostas competitivas semelhantes a indivíduos da Califórnia. Para o estudo de herbívora, um herbívoro generalista de elevada dispersão – caracol de jardim Helix aspersa – foi alimentado com folhas de ambas as áreas e o peso final destes indivíduos registado a fim de explorar possíveis diferenças significativas. Os caracóis alimentados com folhas de populações nativas de Espanha da não-invasora C. sulphurea cresceram significativamente menos quando comparados com caracóis alimentados com folhas das populações não-nativas da Califórnia. Para os caracóis alimentados com a invasora C. solstitialis, foram também registadas diferenças significativas, no entanto as respostas foram mais complexas, dependendo da população em causa, com caracóis alimentados por populações da Turquia e Austrália a registarem taxas de crescimento mais elevadas. Estes resultados introduzem evidências para a rápida diferenciação entre zonas, ilustrada pelas alterações fenotípicas aqui registadas e que por sua vez poderão contribuir para o potencial invasor de espécies exóticas, como exemplificados pelas diferenças previamente conhecidas no sucesso invasor das duas espécies congêneres em estudo.

It has been shown in previous studies that at 110 km altitude, the electron temperature can be quite large in the presence of strong electric fields. This thesis explores the possibility of deviations from the normal trends in the high latitude E-region electron heating in reaction to strong electric fields. The study is based on data from the EISCAT Incoherent Scatter Radar during the International Polar Year. Out of a large number of possibilities (the radar operated essentially on a continuous basis for a year) only seven events proved to have sufficiently strong electric fields and large enough plasma densities to be characterized as ‘good heating events’. The electron temperature enhancements in these events, at 110 km, were several hundred K above from the background temperature and correlated well with ion temperature at 150 km altitude. The results for these good events agreed very well with past studies, aside from the smaller starting temperatures which were likely connected to the quiet solar conditions at the time. This stated, a different type of E region electron heating event was identified. In that case the E region electron densities were small (night-time conditions free of electron precipitation) and the electron temperatures reached a maximum near 150 km altitude. In those events the electron temperature enhancements extended down to the lower altitudes, introducing small, but detectable, electron temperature enhancements all the way down to 105 km altitude. .

Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia (Investigação em Ecologia), apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Processos rápidos de evolução desempenham muitas vezes um papel chave no processo de invasão por plantas exóticas. Oxalis pes-caprae, uma espécie geófita nativa da África do Sul, tornou-se uma invasora persistente e problemática, encontrando-se largamente distribuída em várias partes do mundo, particularmente em regiões de clima Mediterrânico. O objectivo desta Tese foi avaliar alterações evolutivas em populações de O. pes-caprae na área invadida da bacia do Mediterrâneo ocidental, onde a espécie foi introduzida na segunda metade do século XVIII. Para tal, foi avaliada a existência de diferenças de origem genética em características da planta determinantes no ciclo de vida entre populações invasoras (do oeste Mediterrâneo) e nativas (Sul-Africanas) através de uma experiência de estufa com plantas de ambas as áreas, a crescer em condições controladas, sozinhas ou em competição com Trifolium repens. As características da planta estudadas incluíram o tempo de emergência, o início da floração, a biomassa aérea, a quantidade de ácido oxálico nas folhas, a fluorescência clorofílica, a sobrevivência e a produção final de bolbos. Plantas da área invadida emergiram mais cedo, floriram mais tarde e produziram mais biomassa aérea e um maior número de bolbos do que as plantas da África do Sul. Para além disso, embora a competição interespecífica não tenha afectado qualquer das características estudadas em O. pes-caprae, independentemente da proveniência, o crescimento de T. repens foi significativamente mais afectado por plantas da área invadida do que por plantas nativas. Estes resultados constituem uma forte evidência da ocorrência de diferenciação genética, indicando uma mudança rápida em direcção a um fenótipo com maior potencial invasor em populações Mediterrânicas. Sugere-se que acontecimentos ligados à introdução da espécie e uma rápida evolução adaptativa após a introdução, possivelmente associada a uma realocação de recursos da defesa para o crescimento e reprodução na ausência de inimigos naturais, possam ter contribuído de forma independente ou em conjunto para esta divergência genética.<br>Rapid evolutionary processes often play key roles in determining the course of plant invasions. Oxalis pes-caprae, a geophyte native to South Africa, has become a persistent, troublesome and widespread invasive weed in several areas of the world, particularly in regions with a Mediterranean climate. The objective of this thesis was to assess evolutionary change in O. pes-caprae populations from the invaded range of the western Mediterranean basin, where the species was introduced at the second half of the eighteenth century. For this, genetically based differences in life-history traits between invasive (western Mediterranean basin) and native (South African) populations were tested for in a greenhouse experiment with plants from both ranges growing under controlled conditions, alone or in competition with Trifolium repens. The life-history traits studied included emergence time, beginning of flowering, aboveground biomass, amount of oxalic acid in the leaves, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, survival and final bulb production. Plants from the invaded region emerged earlier, began flowering later and produced more aboveground biomass and offspring bulbs when compared to South African plants. Furthermore, although interspecific competition had no significant effect on any life-history trait of O. pes-caprae regardless of provenance, T. repens growth was more severely affected by invasive plants than by their native conspecifics. These results provide strong evidence for genetic differentiation, indicating a rapid change toward a phenotype with higher invasive potential in invasive populations. It is suggested that founder events and rapid post-introduction adaptive evolution, possibly associated with a reallocation of resources from defense to growth and reproduction in the absence of natural enemies, may have contributed, independently or in concert, to this divergence.

The goal of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on energetic particle precipitation into the Earth’s atmosphere from the thermosphere to the surface. The particles origin from the Sun or from temporarily trapped populations inside the magnetosphere. The best documented influence of solar (high-) energetic particles on the atmosphere is the Ozone depletion in high latitudes, attributed to the generation of HOx and NOx by precipitating particles (Crutzen et al., 1975; Solomon et al., 1981; Reid et al., 1991). In addition Callis et al. (1996b, 2001) and Randall et al. (2005, 2006) point out the importance of low-energetic precipitating particles of magnetospheric origin, creating NOx in the lower thermosphere, which may be transported downwards where it also contributes to Ozone depletion. The incoming particle flux is dramatically changing as a function of auroral/geomagnetical activity and in particular during solar particle events. As a result, the degree of ionization and the chemical composition of the atmosphere are substantially affected by the state of the Sun. Therefore the direct energetic or dynamical influences of ions on the upper atmosphere depend on solar variability at different time scales. Influences on chemistry have been considered so far with simplified precipitation patterns, limited energy range and restrictions to certain particle species, see e.g. Jackman et al. (2000); Sinnhuber et al. (2003b, for solar energetic protons and no spatial differentiation), and Callis et al. (1996b, 2001, for magnetospheric electrons only). A comprehensive atmospheric ionization model with spatially resolved particle precipitation including a wide energy range and all main particle species as well as a dynamic magnetosphere was missing. In the scope of this work, a 3-D precipitation model of solar and magnetospheric particles has been developed. Temporal as well as spatial ionization patterns will be discussed. Apart from that, the ionization data are used in different climate models, allowing (a) simulations of NOx and HOx formation and transport, (b) comparisons to incoherent scatter radar measurements and (c) inter-comparison of the chemistry part in different models and comparison of model results to MIPAS observations. In a bigger scope the ionization data may be used to better constrain the natural sources of climate change or consequences for atmospheric dynamics due to local temperature changes by precipitating particles and their implications for chemistry. Thus the influence of precipitating energetic particles on the composition and dynamics of the atmosphere is a challenging issue in climate modeling. The ionization data is available online and can be adopted automatically to any user specific model grid.