Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Élasticité (Économie politique)'
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Rivory, Catherine. "Élasticité-prix de la consommation de médicaments." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020051.
Full textMicro-economic relations between general practitioner and patient have been thorougly analysed. We identify a possible demand induction from practioners. Practionner profit is not directly linked to prescribed drug cost where as patient utility rely on prescribed drug cost. Thus practioner can induce an incremental demand by lowering total drug cost. This induction power will be exercised in case of excess of supply by reducing the gap between optimal supply and demand. The analysis of the lipid lowering drugs consumption in france and germany between january 1995 and march 1997 has led us to estimate strong price elasticities around -7. 4 in france and -9. 45 in germany. Demand expressed in value terms is even more sensitive to real drug price variations amounting to -15. 5 for france and -12. 7 for germany, reflecting a strong substitution effect in favour of cheap therapeutics. Substitution effect amounts to -9 on french market and -4. 3 on german market. High results emphasized the importance of testing demand at disaggregated level, as price elasticity has generally been studied at a very aggregated level omitting a basic market caracteristic : drugs are not all therapeutics substitutes and the drug market is not an homogeneous commodity market
El, Arabi Abderahmane. "L'élasticité-prix de la balance courante des économies "sous développées" : application à l'économie marocaine." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50374-1996-235.pdf.
Full textAlba-Saunal, Nathalie. "Les substitutions factorielles dans l'industrie : une analyse théorique et économétrique." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA01A005.
Full textThe study of input substitutions requires the use of theorical functions that relies on microeconomic theory of production. The analyst may derive demand functions and reveal substitutions elasticities. The first part is devoted to theorical study of functional forms, and to the analysis of resluts in franch industry. A second part goes deeper in those results by integrating a non-hicksien technical progress, and by searching for behaviour chanegs. The estimations that are described in firts and second parts lead to questionning the reasons of noticed gaps. Two types of evolutions are to be distinguished. In first case, cointegrating relations enable to conclude to a good appropriatness of the formulations in long period. Short term evolutions are more erratic. Some behaviours have been modified by oil crisis. This requires to acknowledge supplementary variables, such as technological choices. Price variations are inadequate to relate technical evolutions. Additionnal factors do matter. Integrating an anticipation structure of energy prices or using an integrating adjustment costs model enable to point out errors of estimation. On short and long terms, the technological evolution to come is also one of the elements to take into account
Sire, Bruno. "Contribution à la connaissance de la flexibilité potentielle des entreprises : l'exemple des PMI sous-traitantes de l'aéronautique en Midi-Pyrénées." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR1D011.
Full textFlexibility appears as a notion the significance of which is widely acknowlegded: it has been the subject of various and mostly functional approaches. Suggesting a synthetic measure remained to be done in order to make this multidimensional concept operational and check the validity of this measure. Such is subject of the present survey. After showing the interest of the firm flexibility-environment turbulence relation, a theoretical pattern likely to supply an overall measure of flexibility is suggested. This pattern is the subject of an empirical test concerning forty three small and medium size firms representative of aircraft subcontracting in midi-pyrenees. It enables for each of them to obtain a comparative score of potential flexibility at a "t" date. Once the measure is calculated, it is compared to various quantitative as well as qualitative criterions of performance covering a (t+2) - t period. Once the whole there seems to be a positive relationship between the level of flexibi- lity measured by the potential flexibility for "t" and the level of performance registered over the following period for these small and medium size firms with such a turbulent environment. The proposed pattern besides enables to test five suppositions of general
Fabre, Bruno. "Une contribution à la compréhension du désendettement des entreprises." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20004.
Full textGlérant-Glikson, Armelle. "Évolution de l'élasticité de la demande de biens durables aux éléments du marketing-mix au cours des phases du cycle de vie des produits : une application au marché automobile français." Paris 9, 1993. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1993PA090041.
Full textThe aim is to test Mikwitz's hypotheses concerning the elasticity of demand as the elements of the marketing-mix vary along the product life cycle. Up to now, these hypotheses have been applied to consumer goods, but here they will be applied to the automobile market. Tests were therefore carried out on some thirty vehicles on the French market from 1980 to 1989. The elasticities of demand were calculated using multiple regression analysis. This showed that automobile sales are influenced by three or four variables during each phase. The sensibility in demand of the perceived quality was thus seen to be at its maximum during the launch and growth phases. Moreover, the elasticity is significant during the phases of maturity and decline. The influence of advertising, measured by cumulated advertising expenditure, reach its maximum during the launch phase and declines during the maturity phase. During a product's decline, elasticity increases significantly as a result of promotions. The influence of both the perceived proximity of points of sales and the quality of reception and service are significant all through the product life cycle
Erkel-Rousse, Hélène. "Commerce international et différenciation de produit : modélisation théorique et applications empiriques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010049.
Full textKurashige, Yasuhiko. "Le déclin de l'agriculture japonaise : étude géographique économique." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040119.
Full textManadir, Abdellah. "Frictions financières : théories et évidences." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28173.
Full textThis thesis assesses the extent to which two types of financial frictions contribute to the ability of New-Keynesian-type-stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models (DSGE) to reproduce business cycles and the ability of hybrid models (DSGE-VAR) to forecast macroeconomic aggregates. The first type of financial friction originates from a problem of Costly State Verification à la Bernanke et al. [1999] and appears in debt contracts. This type of friction implies a wedge between the expected return on capital and the risk-free rate that depends on entrepreneurial leverage, whereas the wedge is absent in models with no frictions. The second type of friction results from a problem of Costly Enforcement à la Gertler and Karadi [2011], which also induces a wedge between the expected return on capital and the risk-free rate, that is now determined by the change in entrepreneurial leverage. The first chapter of thesis estimates three versions of Smets and Wouters [2003, 2007] using a Bayesian approach. Used as a benchmark, the first version considers financial markets as a veil and thus contains no financial friction. The second version incorporates the Costly State Verification-type-friction à la Bernanke et al. [1999], while the third version includes the Costly Enforcement-type-friction à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. The estimation results are used to answer to following questions: (i) Are models including financial frictions more compatible with U.S. macroeconomic data than those with no frictions? (ii) which types of financial friction are preferred by the data? Our findings indicate that adding financial frictions improves the New-Keynesian model's fit to data, in terms of data marginal density. In the case of Costly Enforcement problem, these improvements are both substantial and robust, while they are marginal and not robust in the case of the Costly State Verification problem. Second, estimating the risk premium elasticity to entrepreneurial leverage, rather than calibrating it to values commonly used in the literature, helps the Bernanke et al. [1999] model version to perform more well. This finding suggests that this elasticity should be revised (downwards), relative to the prior belief established in the literature. The second chapter estimates three versions of Smets and Wouters [2003, 2007] via the Bayesian methodology for both the U.S. and Euro economies. The first version serves as a basic model and considers financial markets as veil, thereby contains no financial frictions. The second version includes a Costly State Verification-type problem à la Bernanke et al. [1999], while the third one incorporates a Costly Enforcement problem à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. These three versions pay particular attention to long term trends that are present in data and thus incorporate a labour-augmenting technology process. The chapter then uses estimation results to answer to the following questions: (i) Is the importance of financial frictions different in the U.S. economy and in the Euro economy? Then, (ii) which factors can explain this difference? The main results are: First, the Costly State Verification-type-friction à la Bernanke et al. [1999] is more important in the Euro economy than in the U.S. economy, while the Costly Enforcement-type-friction à la Gertler and Karadi [2011] doesn't appear important to the both economies. Second, the relative importance of financial frictions in the Euro area can be explained by the high estimate of the risk premium elasticity to the leverage in the Euro economy. The third chapter of thesis develops three types of prior information for a VAR model, from a New-Keynesian model with no financial friction, a model incorporating a friction of Costly state Verification à la Bernanke et al. [1999] and a model including a friction of Costly Enforcement à la Gertler and Karadi [2011]. This last chapter then compares the three hybrid models (DSGE-VAR) via the root mean squared forecast errors, in order to answer to the following question: To which extent can the presence of financial structures (frictions) improve the forecasting ability of hybrid model DSGE-VAR? In terms of out-sample forecasts, the results show that the hybrid models with no financial frictions perform as well as those with frictions.
Gilbert, Alexandre. "Analyse de la demande pour l'efficacité énergétique des véhicules à l'aide de la méthode des prix hédoniques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24508/24508.pdf.
Full textCorriveau, Christopher. "Une analyse coût-bénéfice de la cimenterie de Port-Daniel-Gascon." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34037.
Full textTabarki, Badis. "Firm heterogeneity, country-level asymmetry and the structure of the gains from trade." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E022.
Full textThe main objective of this dissertation is to address three questions, which despite their theoretical appeal, received little attention in existing theoretical work in international trade, and are thus still open. The goal of this dissertation is thus threefold. The first consists in studying the welfare implications of standards liberalization under country-level asymmetry both in market size and stringency of local standards. The second is to examine both theoretically and empirically the income effect on trade margins and on the degree of their sensitivity to trade costs. The third objective is to concentrate on the firm-specific aspect of the demand elasticity beyond the CES, and to examine the role it plays in determining the magnitude and the structure of the gains from trade. Towards this goal, I embed alternative assumptions on both the demand and supply side in the canonical Melitz-Chaney model of international trade with heterogeneous firms (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). ln so doing, the current dissertation contributes to trade theory with heterogeneous firms along three lines. ln Chapter 1, I show that standards liberalization is welfare improving only when the cost hierarchy is "verti-zontal" and the trading partner is larger than the excluded country. ln Chapter 2, I show that the intensive margin of trade increases only with per-capita income in general equilibrium, and that per-capita income dampens the sensitivity of trade margins to trade costs. ln Chapter3, I demonstrate that demand curvature plays a crucial role in determining the structure and the magnitude of the gains from trade, whereas the type of preferences affects only marginally these results
Damette, Olivier. "Essais sur la taxation des transactions de change." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20005/document.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to expose a theoretical analysis of the effects that a currency transaction tax, usually called Tobin Tax, could entail. Five essays are outlined. The first one highlights the bases and limitations of this debated proposition. In the second one, a stochastic simulation model is built in order to study the effects of such a measure on real investments and the link between tax weight and expectations. Our result is the following one : the welfare of all agents decreases whereas long term investors are the least penalized. In the third one, by using macro-monetary models and microstructure theory, we analyse the interest of such a tax in terms of exchange market efficiency. The fourth essay proposes an econometrical analysis. With a real data set, we suggest to measure for the first time the sensibility of the transactions volume to the tax. Through a cointegration analysis using panel data, an estimation of the so-called foreign transactions elasticity to taxation is presented. The obtained value is - 0.45 for any currency parity. Following this idea, we set out an estimation of the revenues that such a tax would yield in the last fifth part of the dissertation
Belova, Alexandra. "Estimation of consumer demand on the air transport market." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E040/document.
Full textNowadays one of peculiarities of the liberalized airline market is a huge divergence of ticket prices for the same flights. Mostly it reflects the companies' being unable to easily change the volumes of production or/and store them. The development and use of the yield management models (seat allocation models) have centered on airlines offering a variety of different types of fares for travel on the same flight. The goal of this dissertation is to construct a number of economic models to explain the price dispersion on the airline market from the different points of view. In Part 3, I create a direct price mode! which explains how different product and consumer characteristics influence the price level. It is shown how different attributes like the moment of ticket reservation, ticket class, weekday of the departure and number of coupons define the price and how it corresponds to the consumer characteristics (gender, income, age, etc.). Part 4 is devoted to the differences of the price level from the competition point of view. In a strategic game where firms compete against each other the set of rationalizable strategies for each player entails ail the best responses to the others' decisions. This chapter proposes an empirical test of the existence of the unique Nash equilibrium in a Cournot oligopoly. In Part 5 I treat an airline passenger market as a market with the product differentiation and apply a multinomial logit model to calculate price elasticities. The logit model (with a special focus on the consumers heterogeneity) estimates how the different product characteristics influence the market shares
Bou, habib Chadi. "Flux internationaux, hypertrophie bancaire et syndrome hollandais dans les petites économies ouvertes." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22014/document.
Full textForeign financial inflows have developed quickly in the past 40 years. These inflows have increased the ability of the banking sector to further finance domestic demand. The transformation of foreign financial inflows into an income and demand shock generates Dutch Disease adjustments; with change in relative prices and adjustments in the productive system, resources movement, and change in the absolute and relative remunerations of factors of production. The phenomenon is of great importance in the case of small open economies that are price takers in the international market and exposed to exogenous shocks. We conceptualize the transmission of the shock and the adjustments over different time horizons for an economy composed of two sectors; one producing traded goods and the other producing non-traded goods. This economy is endowed with two factors of production, labor and capital, substitutable and mobile as time elapses. We experiment this conceptual framework in the cases of Lebanon, Luxemburg, and Iceland; the three economies having large banking sectors and benefiting from large foreign financial inflows prior to the 2008 crisis. We find that the direction and intensity of adjustments over the medium term depend on the differential of capital intensity between sectors. Over the longer term, the supply of factors of production would change. We also simulate the impact of policy choices, with focus on reserves policies, policies of money and credit, fiscal policies, and structural policies. The combination of measures leads to better results without putting the burden of the mitigation of adjustments on one single policy instrument
Yaseen, Muhammad Rizwan. "Modèles d'équilibre partiel pour les pays d'Asie du Sud : Déterminants et évolution de l'offre et de la demande pour l'alimentation d'humain et des animaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04136321.
Full textBeing the most populous countries of South Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh together represents about forty percent of the world total undernourished population. Thus, these three countries are of particular interest in food and feed analysis. On supply side, the own and cross gross product elasticities for each crop are calculated by translog model. The crop areas of the major crops (wheat and rice) are weakly gross product responsive as compared to the minor crops. On demand side, revenue elasticities and the own and cross uncompensated price elasticities of main vegetal products and animal products taken separately as well as together are calculated for these countries by using the LA-AIDS model. It appeared that main food products in these countries like wheat, rice, eggs and milk are relatively less price elastic as compared to other food (vegetal oils, sugar). When expenditure rises in these countries, then Pakistani and Indian consumer diversify their consumption from cereals to other products (milk, eggs) more than Bangladeshi. The own and cross price elasticities for different feed products are calculated by using regression model and translog model on pseudo data generated by a feed nutritional formulation for these three countries. It appeared that in these countries, wheat and rice are consumed directly on farm level by animals to some extent. Total brans and molasses are relatively high price elastic in Pakistan and India but relatively inelastic in Bangladesh. Maize is highly price elastic and substitute of brans in three countries. The partial equilibrium model for each of the three countries implemented in the GAMS with nonlinear solver COUENNE has allowed the realization of various scenarios for 2009 and 2025. These scenarios calculated influence of variation in key exogenous parameters (population, per capita income, total cultivated area, animal production and yields of various crops) on domestic prices, area and quantities (, production, consumption, external trade) from the actual situation of 2009. The scenario of limiting the increase in the overall deficit of Southeast Asia between 2009 and 2025 (in order to promote intra-zone exchange) would be more beneficial for Pakistan as compared to the other two countries while the scenario to control and harmonize the evolution of agricultural prices in the three countries would be more beneficial for India compared to the other two countries. In the conclusion the main limitations and some ways of improving these partial equilibrium models are presented with previous qualitative results
Hugot, Jules. "A quantitative history of trade globalization : 1827-2012." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0055.
Full textThis thesis relies on a data set that I put together. The data set gathers trade statistics, GDP, exchange rate and tariff data as well as gravity-related variables including distance, colonial and linguistic links. In chapter 2, I show that the globalization of the nineteenth century had already begun in the 1840s in Europe, while it only began in the late nineteenth century for the rest of the world. In chapter 3, I show that the border effect was halved over the course of both the First and the Second Globalization. I also find that the distance effect roughly doubled during both periods of globalization. In chapter 4, I show that the trade elasticity did not change significantly over the course of the First Globalization. In chapter 5, I show that Britain benefited from most of the trade creating effect of the Suez Canal, while the western coast of Latin America benefited from about 40% of the trade effect of the Panama Canal. I also show that time dimension estimates of the distance elasticity make it possible to reconcile the distance elasticity with the common estimates for its components: the trade elasticity and the elasticity of trade costs to shipping distance
Sicsic, Michaël. "Les incitations fiscales au travail et à la recherche et développement en France et leurs effets sur le marché du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020068.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the financial incentives to work and invest in R&D in France, their evolution and their effects. First, we simulate the incentives to work of the French population both at the intensive and extensive margin, taking into account all taxes on labor income and means-tested benefits. Our estimations show that incentives have increased at the bottom of the income distribution since 1998 as a result of reforms that occured in the 2000s, and that marginal tax rates have shifted from a U-shaped form based on income levels to a tilde-shaped form. Between 1998 and 2014, incentives to work at the intensive margin rose for very low incomes due to the implementation of several reforms. Then, individuals' behavioural responses to these incentives to work are evaluated exploiting tax and means-tested reforms that took place between 2006 and 2015. It shows that the effects of marginal tax rates on labour income are relatively small overall but very heterogeneous depending on individual characteristics. Reactions would be stronger for income tax reforms than for means-tested benefit reforms. Finally, we study the subsidies and tax incentives for R&D (Research Tax Credit and contribution reduction for Young Innovative Firms). We show that R&D support rates increased mostly for small firms in the 2000s. For these firms, we highlight the effect of the sharp increase in R&D public support on employment devoted to R&D activities. This effect would have been positive and increasing between 2004 and 2010, but less than the increase in aid received between 2008 and 2010
Michaud, Jonathan. "Le marché de l'électricité au Québec et dans l'est du Canada : tests de scénarios." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4101/1/M11979.pdf.
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