Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Énergie – Expériences'
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Aubert, Philippe. "Quelques expériences numériques de milieux hyperélastiques hétérogènes en grandes déformations." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20217.
Full textSome applications such the mass or surface thickening involve the transverse compression of the wood fibers. From a numerical point of view, it is necessary to consider an important volum to obtain rigorous results. The homogenization allows us to overcome this difficulty. First, we confronted the numerical results with the theoretical ones. After the validation of the results obtained, we extend this study to a realistic energy density from a mechanical point of view. Lastly, this study has shown that the energy of the basic cell is an important factor
Becu-Robinault, Karine. "Rôle de l'expérience en classe de physique dans l'acquisition des connaissances sur les phénomènes énergétiques." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10050.
Full textCanal, Jean-Loup. "Courant, tension, résistance et énergie : essai de conceptualisation des grandeurs fondamentales en électricité (propositions d'analogies modélisantes)." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30056.
Full textCellier-Holzem, Flora. "Spectroscopie des supernovae de type Ia des expériences SuperNova Legacy Survey et Nearby SuperNova Factory pour la cosmologie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066568.
Full textType Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are a powerful tool in cosmology today to study the acceleration of the universal expansion. Using as standardisable candles, they allow us to constrain the dark energy equation of state via a Hubble diagram. The spectroscopy is essential to build this diagram, on the one hand to secure the type of SNe Ia and estimate the redhsift, and on the other hand for a better knowledge of their physical properties to reduce the systematic uncertainties which limit the use of SNe Ia for cosmological works. In this context, I build a new sample of SN Ia spectra measured by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) for the SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS) experiment. These SN Ia data complete the existing sample to constitute the final VLT spectroscopic dataset of the SNLS. In addition to the inclusion in the Hubble diagram for cosmological analysis, this spectroscopic sample can be used to test if SNe Ia properties evolve with the redshift. I investigate this fundamental question for cosmology using the new VLT spectra sample of distant SNe Ia and the nearby object of the Nearby SuperNova Factory (SNF) experiment. These two samples are also a rich source of physical information for a better knowledge of SNe Ia and a better standardisation. For this purpose, I compare these data with various SNe Ia formation models to identify discriminant spectral area or parameters in order to constrain and improve the models to reproduce the observations and the SNe Ia variability
Neveu, Jeremy. "Contraintes expérimentales sur des modèles à champ scalaire léger en cosmologie et physique des particules (expériences SNLS et CMS)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066233/document.
Full textThe nature of dark energy and dark matter is still unknown today. Light scalar field models have been proposed to explain the late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe and the apparent abundance of non-baryonic matter. In the first part of this thesis, the Galileon theory, a well-posed modified gravity theory preserving the local gravitation thanks to the Vainshtein screening effect, is accurately tested against recent cosmological data. Observational constraints are derived on the model parameters using cosmological distance and growth rate of structure measurements. A good agreement is observed between data and theory predictions. The Galileon theory appears therefore as a promising alternative to the cosmological constant scenario. In the second part, the dark matter question is explored through an extra-dimension theory containing massive and stable scalar fields called Branons. Branon production is searched for in the proton-proton collisions that were collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with a single photon and transverse missing energy are selected in this data set and compared to the Standard Model and instrumental background estimates. No signature of new physics is observed, so experimental limits on the Branon model parameters are derived. This thesis concludes with some ideas to reach an unified description of both models in the frame of extra-dimension theories
Liu, Hui. "Stockage inter-saisonnier d'énergie solaire pour l'habitat par absorption." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS045.
Full textAn innovative concept of seasonal storage of solar energy for house heating by absorption is developed in this thesis. The process is introduced and described. The study of the storage capacity, the efficiency, the operating pressure, the temperature need for solar energy, the possible temperature for house heating, the material security and the material economy of seven absorption couples : CaC12/H2O, Glycerin/H2O, KOH/H2O, LiBr/H2O, LiCI/H2O, NaOH/H2O and H2O/NH3 is performed by a static simulation. A prototype of demonstration of the feasibility of the concept with the absorption couple CaC12/H2O is designed, dimensioned and built. It has been optimized, in order to minimize the number of components of the system. Experimentations are carried out at different operating conditions. The thermodynamic performances and the problems of the prototype are analyzed. As the experimental results are influenced by several factors, for a better understanding of the process, a dynamic simulation is developed to represent the prototype. The optimal functioning of the prototype is thus studied through the dynamic simulation. An global annual dynamic simulation is performed in order to obtain the annual performance of the seasonal storage system in a building. Models of the storage system, of a solar collector, a building and weather conditions are used. The characteristics such as the pressure, the temperature, the mass, the mass fraction, the power, the efficiency, the storage capacity etc. Of the storage system are presented and analyzed
Driga, Olga. "Analyse des données des calorimètres d'ALICE et étude de la production des hadrons de basse impulsion dans les collisions de grande énergie." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=84303af8-6124-4a00-aa86-8018f03041b7.
Full textThe ALICE experiment at LHC is dedicated to the study of many facets of the strong interaction. The microscopic theory of the latter, QCD, and its manifestation in particle production can be thoroughly explored by studying jet observables. Central to the study of jet physics with ALICE is the mastering of its calorimetry. This is one of the topics addressed in this work namely carrying out one of the first tasks which is to verify the quality of available data. For this purpose the Quality Assurance (QA) framework for ALICE electromagnetic calorimeters, PHOS and EMCAL, was developed. On this base, the measurement of neutral pions, 0 and , via their two photon decays was performed. The success in understanding dynamics of soft particles inside jets relies on calculations of perturbative QCD, impressive accuracy of which has already been tested experimentally. The theory predicts that the inclusive particle spectrum inside jets is independent of a collision energy in the limiting case of zero momentum (p ! 0). In order to test this prediction, a systematic study of world experimental data from hadron and lepton colliders at the collision energies from tens of GeV up to the TeV scale at the LHC has been performed
Mermoud, Floriane. "Gazéification de charbon de bois à la vapeur d'eau : de la particule isolée au lit fixe continu." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7498/1/mermoud.pdf.
Full textDrevard, Déborah. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de la propagation d'ondes de gravité en zone de déferlement." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL0003.
Full textThe purpose of this work consists in studying experimentally and numerically the propagation and the breaking of gravity waves. In the first part, calculations, based on Stokes wave theory, are proposed for the measurement of partially standing wave from electromagnetic (S4) or acoustic (ADV) instruments giving velocities and/or pressure synchronous measurements. Influences of current, wave propagation direction, immersion depth of instrument and nonlinear effects are then studied for both laboratory and nearshore experiments. In the second part, an improved interface tracking algorithm (SL-VOF, Semi-Lagrangian Volume Of Fluid), inserted in an industrial code (EOLE, Principia R&D) is validated for gravity wave breaking in shallow water. Two applications are considered for the study of the shoaling and the breaking of a solitary wave: over a step (discontinuity of the bottom) and over a constant mild slope (1/15)
Neji, Jamel. "Fissuration des chaussées semi-rigides : expérience et modélisation." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0246.
Full textBellétoile, Arnaud. "Développement et analyse des données d'une expérience de radiodétection des rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00202782.
Full textAujourd'hui, la compréhension de l'origine et de la nature des rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie constitue l'un des enjeux scientifiques de premier plan pour la communauté des physiciens des astroparticules. Cependant, le très faible flux de particules à ces énergies rend difficile leur étude et nécessite la mise en place de détecteurs géants. C'est dans ce contexte et compte tenu des récents développements technologiques que la méthode de radio-détection des rayons cosmiques est réinvestiguée. Ses qualités intrinsèques doivent permettre, en complément des méthodes de détection existantes de renforcer la statistique et la précision des observatoires de ces rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie.
Après avoir rappelé la problématique des rayons cosmiques, nous présentons l'état actuel des connaissances concernant l'émission radioélectrique associée au développement de gerbes atmosphériques. Nous décrivons ensuite en détail les développements techniques mis en œuvre pour construire et rendre opérationnel le démonstrateur expérimental CODALEMA installé à Nançay. Nous discuterons les méthodes d'analyses ainsi que les résultats obtenus avec cet instrument qui a permis de démontrer pour la première fois, de manière non ambiguë, la détection d'un signal radio associé au passage d'une gerbe atmosphérique. Nous présentons aussi le banc de test implanté sur le détecteur géant Pierre Auger en Argentine, et dont le but est d'apporter des réponses sur les caractéristiques que devrait posséder un grand détecteur radio pour le domaine d'étude des énergies extrêmes
Courbois, Adrien. "Etude expérimentale du comportement dynamique d'une éolienne offshore flottante soumise à l'action conjuguée de la houle et du vent." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840511.
Full textScouflaire, Charlotte. "Mécanismes de rémunération de la capacité : évaluation analytique des expériences contemporaines et leçons pour la conception future des marchés de l'électricité. Real World Capacity Mechanisms: Context, Dynamics and Performance What Do Models Tell Us About Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms? Information Value in Capacity Market Designs Capacity Remuneration in Power Markets: An Empirical Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Precaution." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED017.
Full textCapacity remuneration mechanisms (CRMs) are widely implemented as an attempt of correcting the real-world imperfections of electricity markets and aligning market outcomes with social optimality. Mainly, many observers doubt theability of the EOM to provide sufficient investment incentives to ensure the security of supply, and CRMs are expected to mitigate the risk of failure. Unfortunately, the numerous real world experiences have led to limited academic publications.In addition, the abundant theoretical literature fails to deliver clear take away messages with respect to the performance ofCRMs in real life conditions. The empirical assessment of CRMs is all the more necessary as their performance depends on a number of country-specific, structural, technical and behavioral parameters, as well on the details of implementation that structure the incentives. Reducing the literature gap from both ends, this doctoral thesis represents the first attempts to empirically discuss CRM performance and design choices. It provides a conceptual reflection on the evolution of CRM designs over time (Chapter 1) and discusses the divergences existing in the quantitative literature (Chapter 2). It also contributesto the discussion on the net cost of such intervention thanks to an econometric cross-country analysis (Chapter4). From a theoretical stand point, an analytical model analyses the preferences for the precision of information available under different capacity market designs (Chapter 3)
Royer, Thierry. "Collisions atomiques aux énergies moyennes impliquant des états excités par laser." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112322.
Full textThe present work is devoted to the investigation of electronic transitions induced from excited aligned and oriented atoms in the medium energy range (between 350eV and 3keV), especially the direct excitation process in He-Na(3s) collisions by coherence analysis and the charge exchange reactions in the H++Na(3s,3p) collisions. The investigation of this collision requires performing a sophisticated experiment which combines two main techniques : (i) the angular and energy analysis of scattered particles, by high resolution time of flight spectroscopy and (ii) the preparation of an excited target by means of a tunable ring laser, locked on a selected Sodium hyperfine transition. We have identified the outgoïng: channels H(n)+Na+ populated and recorded the corresponding total cross sections. The present results should incite to further theoretical research on those systems
Van, Hecke Bruno. "Production π ⁺ , π ⁻ via effet Primakoff à 200 GeV : étude de la production du rho ⁻ : étude au seuil (expérience NA29)." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112066.
Full textThe two aims of NA29 experiment were: a. Determination of radiative decay width of ρ⁻meson, Γγ (ρ⁻ → π⁻ γ), b. Test of the low energy theorem which links the two processes ⁰ → 2γ and γ → 3π, leading to the number of quark colors. The first aim, carried out on SPS at CERN in June-July 1982, seems to be achieved; the second one remains a project. With a 200 GeV beam particle (π⁰); and two targets with high Z, Copper and Lead, used as coherent sources of quasi-real photons, we study the reactions π⁻ γ → ρ⁻ → π⁻ π⁰ and π⁻ γ → π⁻ π⁰ at threshold of π⁻ π⁰ production, via Primakoff Effect. Our analysis gives a radiative decay width of 64. 4 KeV; this value remains below the 90-100 KeV average value proposed by quark and VMD models. To facilitate the detection of charged particles emitted under an angle value less than 3 mrad, the Clermont-Ferrand group has produced a fast processor. This apparatus has been checked in May 1984. Then, we work out some theoretical calculations about the second part of NA29 experiment. We compare our results with one obtained in a recent experiment at Serpukhov. We conclude the test of the low energy theorem is not closed. At last, if we assume the hypothesis of 3 number quark of colors true, we furnish an estimation of the mass report of quarks u and d. The model used gives the average values: md/mu = 32
Anvar, Shebli. "Méthodologie de développement et de modélisation UML des systèmes d'acquisition et de traitement en temps réel pour les expériences de physique des hautes énergies." Paris 11, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002854.
Full textThe increasing complexity of the real-time data acquisition and processing systems (TDAQ : the so-called Trigger and Data AcQuisition systems) in high energy physics calls for an appropriate evolution of development tools. This work is about the interplay between in principle specifications of TDAQ systems and their actual design and realization on a concrete hardware and software platform. The basis of our work is to define a methodology for the development of TDAQ systems that meets the specific demands for the development of such systems. The result is the detailed specification of a "methodological framewor" based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and designed to manage a development process. The use of this UML-based methodological framework progressively leads to the setting up of a "home-made" framework, i. E. A development tool that comprises reusable components and generic architectural elements adapted to TDAQ systems. The main parts of this dissertation are sections II to IV. Section II is devoted to the characterization and evolution of TDAQ systems. In section III, we review the main technologies that are relevant to our problematic, namely software reuse techniques such as design patterns and frameworks, especially concerning the real-time and embedded systems domain. Our original conceptual contribution is presented in section IV, where we give a detailed, formalized and example- driven specification of our development model. Our final conclusions are presented in section V, where we present the MORDICUS project devoted to a concrete realization of our UML methodological framework, and the deep affinities between our work and the emerging "Model Driven Architecture" (MDA) paradigm developed by the Object Management Group
Poignon, Corinne. "Étude de la migration des impuretés dans le quartz." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10389.
Full textMacko, Miroslav. "Expérience SuperNEMO : Études des incertitudes systématiques sur la reconstruction de traces et sur l'étalonnage en énergie. Evaluation de la sensibilité de la 0nbb avec émission de Majoron pour le Se-82." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0368/document.
Full textPresented thesis is composed of variety of projects which I performed within theconstruction phase of SuperNEMO demonstrator during the period 2015-2018.SuperNEMO experiment, located at underground laboratory LSM, is designed to searchfor 0nbb of 82Se. Its technology, which takes advantage of particle tracking, is unique inthe field of double beta decay experiments. Event topology reconstruction is powerful toolfor suppression of naturally-occurring background radiation.Part of the thesis is dedicated to experimental work. I took part in assembly and testingof optical modules - the integral part of SuperNEMO calorimeter. Results of tests afterassembly of 520 optical modules are presented in the thesis. Furthermore, I present resultsof complete mapping of 207Bi sources performed using pixel detectors. I also present precisemeasurements of their activities for which I used HPGe detectors. These 207Bi sources willbe used for calibration of the calorimeter. Study played a key role in choice of 42 sourceswhich were installed in the demonstrator and will take part in calibration of the demonstrator.Another part of the thesis contains projects focused on Monte Carlo simulations. In firstof them, I studied a vertex reconstruction precision achievable by reconstruction algorithmdeveloped for SuperNEMO experiment. Precision is evaluated using different statisticalmethods in variety of different conditions (magnetic field, energy of electrons, angles ofemission, etc.). Factors influencing the precision, based on the achieved results are discussed.In 2018, I also performed simulations of neutron shielding. Variety of shielding materialswith different thicknesses were (in the simulation) exposed to realistic neutron spectrumfrom LSM and the fluxes behind the shielding were estimated. It was shown that the partsof the detector made of Iron should be expected to capture vast majority of neutrons passingthe shielding. I also discuss a problem with simulation of deexcitation gamma radiation,emitted after thermal neutron capture, which arises in standard software packages. I proposednew extended generator capable to resolve the problem and demonstrate the conceptin analytically solvable example.Along with standard 0nbb, SuperNEMO will be capable of searching for more exoticmodes of the decay. In the thesis, I present possible half-life limits achievable by SuperNEMOfor 0nbb with emission of one or two Majorons. The study is performed asa function of activity of internal contamination from 208Tl and 214Bi isotopes. Measurementperiod after which SuperNEMO should be able to improve half-life limits of NEMO-3 (incase the decay would not be observed) are estimated
Predkladaná dizertaˇcná práca je zložená z projektov rôzneho charakteru, na ktorýchsom pracoval vo fáze výstavby SuperNEMO demonštrátora v období rokov 2015-2018.Experiment SuperNEMO, umiestnený v podzemnom laboratóriu LSM, je zameraný nahl’adanie 0nbb v 82Se. Experiment je založený na technológii rekonštrukcie dráh elektrónovvznikajúcich v rozpade. Tento prístup je jedineˇcný v oblasti 0nbb experimentov.Rekonštrukcia topológie udalostí je silným nástrojom na potlaˇcenie pozad’ovej aktivity vyskytujúcejsa v laboratóriu, ako aj v konštrukˇcných materiáloch detektora.Cˇ ast’ práce je venovaná experimentálnym úlohám. Zúcˇastnil som sa na konštrukciioptických modulov - súˇcasti hlavného kalorimetra. Práca obsahuje výsledky prípravy atestovania 520 optických modulov, a takisto výsledky kompletného mapovania kalibraˇcných207Bi zdrojov vykonaného za pomoci pixelových detektorov. V tejto ˇcasti sú odprezentovanéaj výsledky merania ich aktivít za pomoci HPGe detektorov. Štúdia zohrávala kl’úˇcovúúlohu pri výbere 42 zdrojov, ktoré boli nainštalované do prvého SuperNEMO modulu, dodemonštrátora, a budú použité na jeho energetickú kalibráciu.ˇ Dalšiu ˇcast’ práce tvoria úlohy zamerané na Monte Carlo simulácie. Prvým z nich,je štúdia presnosti rekonštrukcie vertexu dvojitého beta rozpadu. Rozpadové vertexy súrekonštruované tzv. CAT (Cellular Automaton Tracker) algoritmom vyvinutým pre experimentSuperNEMO. V štúdii sú porovnávané viaceré spôsoby definovania presnosti rekonštrukcie.Presnost’ je skúmaná v závislosti na magnetickom poli v detektore, energii elektrónov,uhlov ich emisie atd’. Na základe výsledkov sú v štúdii pomenované faktory, ktoré ovplyvˇnujú presnost’ rekonštrukcie vertexov dvojitého beta rozpadu.V roku 2018 som takisto vypracoval štúdie neutrónového tienenia. Oˇcakávané toky neutrónovza tienením boli odhadnuté pomocou Monte Carlo simulácie. Kvalita odtienenia neutrónovz realistickéh pozad’ového spektra, nameraného v LSM, bola skúmana pre tri rôznemateriály rôznych hrúbok. Výsledky ukázali, že neutrónový tok prechádzajúci tienenímbude primárne zachytávaný na komponentoch detektora zhotoveného zo železa. V rámcištúdie neutrónového tienenia je takisto diskutovaný problém simulácie deexcitaˇcných gamakaskád, produkovaných jadrami, po záchyte termálnych neutrónov. Štandardné simulaˇcnésoftvérové balíˇcky využívajú generátory gama kaskád nepostaˇcujúce pre potreby štúdie.Navrhol som nový generátor, ktorý je schopný tieto problémy vyriešit’. Funkˇcnost’ generátorabola preukázaná na príklade jednoduchého systému.Okrem štandardného 0nbb je SuperNEMO experiment schopný hl’adat’ aj jeho exotickejšieverzie. V práci sa nachádzajú odhady limitov ˇcasu polpremeny 0nbb s emisiou jednéhoalebo dvoch Majorónov, dosiahnutel’né SuperNEMO demonštrátorom. Tieto limity sú študovanév závislosti na aktivite izotopov 208Tl a 214Bi, ktoré kontaminujú zdrojovú 82Se fóliu.Bola odhadnuá doba merania, za ktorú bude SuperNEMO schopný vylepšit’ limity ˇcasu polpremeny,pre dva spomenuté rozpadové módy, dosiahnutých experimentom NEMO-3
Bouhou, Boutayeb. "Recherche conjointe d'ondes gravitationnelles et de neutrino cosmiques de haute énergie avec les détecteurs VIRGO-LIGO et ANTARES." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819985.
Full textJollet, Cécile. "Expérience NEMO3 : Étude de la stabilité des étalonnages en énergie et en temps du calorimètre : Mesure de la contribution des neutrons au bruit de fond de la double désintégration bêta sans émission de neutrino." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12551.
Full textAbadie, Lana. "Une approche "autonomic" pour la configuration d'une expérience PHE (Physique des Hautes Energies) appliquée à LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty)." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066329.
Full textQuesne-Turin, Ambroise. "Etude de la réactivité de surface de matériaux d'électrode modèle de la famille des oxydes de lithium lamellaires : couplage expérience théorie." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3049/document.
Full textLiCoO2 from layered lithium oxide family, is the most widely used Li-ion batteries positive electrode material. To support the global demand for more efficient batteries material, much research has been performed to explore alternative materials as mixed transition metal oxides LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC), with a larger capacity (140 mAh.g-1 for LiCoO2 vs. 180 mAh.g-1 for NMC) and a good cyclability. Its main advantages are its lower cost and toxicity, due to the lower content in Co, as well as its higher thermal stability in the delithiated state, i.e. in the charge state of the battery. The large content in Mn at the tetravalent state, which is stable in temperature, allows to stabilize the layered structure and to postpone at higher temperatures all the reactions involved during the thermal degradation of NMC, i.e. the cationic migrations, the oxygen loss and the associated reduction of the transition metal ions. A new series of layered oxide compounds Li1+xM1-xO2, called the Li-rich, was recently shown to be very attractive as delivering exceptional reversible capacities (over 250 mAh.g-1).For these overlithiated manganese-rich compounds the redox processes were shown to involve reversibly (at least in part) the transition metal and the oxygen anion. For all these layered oxides, there is a partial dissolution of the transition metals in the electrolyte, whose rate strongly depends on the cycling conditions (temperature, potential window …) and especially on the aging and storage conditions.Within this framework, a strategy combining adsorption of gaseous probe molecules (SO2) monitored by XPS and periodic DFT calculations has been developed. At an experimental level, this methodology allows the identification of the adsorption mode and the determination of the active sites concentration. This strategy has been used with LiCoO2 and NMC material, and has shown the surface reactivity of these materials. The present work uses this strategy for studying the role of surface manganese on reactivity surface. We propose to study the material LiMn2O4 and Li2MnO3, as reference materials for respectively manganese +III/+IV and manganese +IV, to see the role of surface manganese oxidation state on layered lithium oxide surface for surface reactivity. We showed that the surface reactivity depends on the crystallographic face orientation of the material, in good agreement with experimental and theoretical studies.The surface reactivity depends on the crystallographic face in the case of LiMn2O4 crystals. The calculations of adsorption on the most stable surface show different an evolution of surface reactions. These calculations have been combining with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of LiMn2O4 materials
Ferchaud, Fabien. "Etude des bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone dans des agrosystèmes dédiés à la production de biomasse en fonction des espèces et des pratiques culturales." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0037.
Full textSecond generation biofuels could provide renewable energy to the transportation sector while mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gas, energy and environmental balances will probably depend on the feedstock used for their production. Bioenergy crops that could be used for second generation biofuels will have to fulfil several requirements, including high productivity, low input requirements, and low environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the water, N and C balances at the plot scale for various bioenergy crops with different management. The study is based on a long term field experiment, called “Biomass & Environment”, established at the INRA experimental station in Estrées-Mons, northern France. This experiment includes two perennial C4 crops (Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass), two semi-perennial forage C3 crops (fescue and alfalfa) and two annual C4/C3 crops (fibre sorghum and triticale). It compares two nitrogen treatments and two dates of harvest of perennial crops: early (October) or late harvest (February). Measurements have been carried out on: i) biomass production; ii) soil water stocks, monitored continuously during 7 years; iii) root depth and density; iv) drainage and nitrate concentration in drained water, assessed from soil water and mineral N content measurements (in mid-autumn and late winter) and using the STICS model; v) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 2006 and 2011-2012; vi) the fate of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied during 4 or 5 successive years.Thanks to their deep rooting system, perennial and semi-perennial crops consumed more water than annual crops. The amount of drained water was lower under semi-perennial than annual crops (64 vs. 133 mm yr-1 average over 7 years), despite an equivalent biomass production. It was intermediate under perennial crops (56-137 mm yr-1) and negatively correlated to biomass production, itself depending on crop species and N rate. Nitrate concentration in drained water varied between 2 and 23 mg l-1. It was generally lower under perennial than other crops, except for miscanthus on the first year of measurement. SOC stocks increased markedly over time under semi-perennial crops (+0.93 t C ha-1 yr-1), whereas no significant change occurred under perennial and annual crops. The 15N recovery in the harvested biomass was lower for perennial than other crops, particularly when harvested late, but compensated by a higher 15N recovery in belowground organs and soil. The overall 15N recovery in the soil-plant system was 69% in perennials, 61% in semi-perennials and 56% in annual crops, suggesting that important fertiliser losses occurred through volatilisation and denitrification. In our pedo-climatic conditions, the C4 perennial crops performed best in terms of production, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen losses towards the groundwater and the atmosphere. However, only semi-perennial crops yielded in SOC sequestration
Brown, Jonathan. "Search for WH associated production in the lνbb final state using the DØ detector at the Tevatron." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918068.
Full textAstruc, Jean-Pierre. "Transfert d'électron entre atomes excités et molécules dans une expérience en jets croisés avec fluorescence résolue dans le temps." Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132020.
Full textBondu, Olivier. "Etude des désintégrations radiatives Z$^0 \rightarrow \mu\mu\gamma$ et recherches du boson de Higgs dans le canal H$\rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ dans l'expérience CMS au LHC (CERN)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914252.
Full textMartin, Julie-Fiona. "Coulex fission of ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁷Np and ²³⁸Np studied within the SOFIA experimental program." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112315/document.
Full textSOFIA (Studies On FIssion with Aladin) is an experimental project which aims at systematically measuring the fission fragments' isotopic yields as well as their total kinetic energy, for a wide variety of fissioning nuclei. The PhD work presented in this dissertation takes part in the SOFIA project, and covers the fission of nuclei in the region of the actinides : ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁷Np and ²³⁸Np.The experiment is led at the heavy-ion accelerator GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. This facility provides intense relativistic primary beam of 238U. A fragmentation reaction of the primary beam permits to create a secondary beam of radioactive ions, some of which the fission is studied. The ions of the secondary beam are sorted and identified through the FR-S (FRagment Separator), a high resolution recoil spectrometer which is tuned to select the ions of interest.The selected - fissile - ions then fly further to Cave-C, an experimental area where the fission experiment itself takes place. At the entrance of the cave, the secondary beam is excited by Coulomb interaction when flying through an target; the de-excitation process involves low-energy fission. Both fission fragments fly forward in the laboratory frame, due to the relativistic boost inferred from the fissioning nucleus.A complete recoil spectrometer has been designed and built by the SOFIA collaboration in the path of the fission fragments, around the existing ALADIN magnet. The identification of the fragments is performed by means of energy loss, time of flight and deviation in the magnet measurements. Both fission fragments are fully (in mass and charge) and simultaneously identified.This document reports on the analysis performed for (1) the identification of the fissioning system, (2) the identification of both fission fragments, on an event-by-event basis, and (3) the extraction of fission observables: yields, TKE, total prompt neutron multiplicity. These results, concerning the actinides, are discussed, and the set of data extracted is provided
Bondu, Olivier. "Étude des désintégrations radiatives Z →μμγ et recherches du boson de Higgs dans le canal H→γγ dans l’expérience CMS au LHC (CERN)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10198/document.
Full textThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research) has been in operation since 2009 at the border between France and Switzerland. This particle accelerator has provided a significant quantity of proton-proton collisions, at center of mass energies of 7 TeV (2010 and 2011) and 8 TeV (since April 2012). One of the purposes of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, which records and analyses those collisions, is the search for Higgs bosons. In the Standard Model, this particle would be the quantum of the Higgs field, thought to explain the electroweak symmetry-breaking mechanism. One of the most sensitive channels for the search for a light Higgs boson (i.e. for masses between 90 GeV=c2 and 150 GeV=c2) at the LHC is through its decay into two photons. Indeed, the production of two highly energetic and isolated photons in the final state is a clean signal in hadronic collisions, despite the small branching ratio. Moreover, at these masses, the width of the reconstructed invariant mass peak is dominated by the detector resolution. Hence, a precise understanding of the photon object as reconstructed by the experiment is required. The first part of the work presented here is the study of radiative decays Z$^0 \rightarrow \mu\mu\gamma$ these decays are the only Standard Model source of high purity certified photons, for which the transverse momentum of the photon is relatively similar to the one of the photons coming from a Higgs boson decay. The study of these decays enables the determination of the differential photon energy scale in the 7 TeV data. These decays have also been used in the 8 TeV data as a validation tool of photon cluster shape variables in the simulation, and also as a way to determine the electron rejection criteria efficiency. The second part of the work concerns the search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons. This search is done in several event classes in order to increase the sensitivity of the analysis, the study of the class separation procedure is presented. Finally, a benchmark study for the search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons via vector-like top-partner decays at 14 TeV has been performed
Chasserat, Julien. "Recherche de leptoquarks de troisième génération dans l’expérience CMS au LHC." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10033/document.
Full textInstalled on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) ring, the CMS experiment (Compact Muon Solenoid) recorded a great amount of proton-proton collisions data from 2009 to 2012 at center of mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV. This experiment was designed for precise measurements of the Standard Model parameters, for Higgs boson studies and to test theories beyond the standard model. Some of these theories foresee the existence of leptoquarks which are new bosons with couplings to both leptons and quarks. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to a presentation of the Standard Model and to a leptoquarks theoretical introducion. The second one briefly explains how the LHC and the CMS experiment work. The third part details the work accomplished during the first year of my thesis in the CMS generator group. Finaly, the last one deals with data analysis and the search of third generation leptoquarks pair production. Three LQ desintegration channels are investigated : to a top quark and a tau lepton, to a top quark and a neutrino and at last to a top quark and a muon. This study is based on the full integrated luminosity recorded during 2012, namely 19.7 fb. Various selections requiring at least one lepton and several jets are scrutinized in order to identify the regions with best signal efficiency regarding to Standard model backgrounds. Finally, a selection optimisation on discriminative variables is performed to extract the best 95 No significative excess with respect to Standard Model expectations was found. Thus we were able to set limits on the leptoquarks pair production cross sections. Third generation leptoquarks with masses below 320 GeV, 240 GeV and 910 GeV are excluded for the top tau, top nu and top mu channels, respectively
Tannoury, N. "Calibration des algorithmes d'identification des jets issus de quarks b et mesure de la section efficace différentielle de production de paires de quarks top-antitop en fonction de la masse et de la rapidité du système top-antitopdans les collisions p-p à une énergie au centre de masse de 7 TeV auprès de l'expérience ATLAS au LHC." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785360.
Full textLaudrain, Antoine. "Layer Intercalibration of the ATLAS Electromagnetic Calorimeter and CP-odd Higgs Boson Couplings Measurements in the Four-Lepton Decay Channel with Run 2 Data of the LHC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS341.
Full textAfter the Higgs boson discovery at the LHC in 2012, interest turned to Higgs boson property measurements to refine the tests of the Standard Model and probe for new physics. One of its key properties is its spin-parity (CP), predicted to be 0+ in the Standard Model. Analyses of data collected during the Run 1 of the LHC rejected all pure spin-parity (CP) state other than 0+. However mixed CP states are still possible, and would indicate CP violation in the Higgs sector.The first part of this thesis focuses on the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter calibration, needed to reach a permil level on electron and photon energy resolution which are of prime importance for Higgs boson studies. One step of the calibration sequence consists of the layer intercalibration of the electromagnetic calorimeter, needed to correct residual electronics miscalibration and cross-talk effects. The Run 1 method has proven to be unreliable for the pileup levels in Run 2 and a new method was developed, ensuring a precise control on the systematic uncertainties.The second part of this thesis puts emphasis on the Higgs boson to vector boson CP-odd couplings, with the Higgs boson decaying to four leptons. This channel, despite low statistics, provides a clean signature and a signal-to-noise ratio over two, allowing for a precise determination of the Higgs boson properties. The vector boson fusion production channel offers the best sensitivity to CP effects thanks to its two characteristic tagging jets in the final state. The contamination from the gluon fusion production mode with additional jets is reduced using neural networks. To unambiguously distinguish yet unknown CP-even from possible CP-odd effects, a variable whose shape asymmetry only depends on CP-odd effects is built. This observable is based on the matrix element computation, maximally using the kinematic information available from Higgs boson and associated jets. Results are interpreted in a context of effective field theory, and the statistical precision on the tCzz Wilson coefficient is estimated to [-0.80, 0.80] at the 68% confidence level
Rustige, Lennart. "First evidence of standard model pp --> tttt production and performance studies of the ATLAS tile calorimeter for HL-LHC." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC046.
Full textTwo analyses in the field of particle physics are presented in this document. First, studies on the performance of the reconstruction of muons using calorimeter information under the conditions of the High-Luminosity Large-Hadron-Collider (HL-LHC) phase of the ATLAS detector. Second, the search for the Standard Model (SM) simultaneous production of four top quarks using the full Run-II data set recorded by ATLAS. This data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of L = 139 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre of mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. Here, the performance of the reconstruction of muons is probed for different pile-up scenarios, as those expected for the HL-LHC phase, and in light of different noise scenarios that emulate the loss of energy resolution and deterioration of detector acceptance due to ageing and irradiation of detector components. This study is conducted to test proposed detector upgrade scenarios before their implementation. The search for SM like four top quark production presented here, focuses on the decay modes with two same sign or more leptons in the final state. The search for this process is, among other factors, motivated by the very large energies involved and by the fact that it is likely on the verge of being discovered with currently available data sets. The final results are obtained in a profile likelihood fit involving the outcome of a boosted decision tree trained to discriminate between signal and background. The fit results in a production cross section of [1], which corresponds to an observed (expected) significance of Z = 4.3 (Z = 2.4). This represents the first evidence for this process. The obtained result is compatible with the SM prediction [2] within 1.7 standard deviations.Following first evidence, the possibility of reconstructing the four top quark system using a kinematic likelihood approach is developed and tested. These developments are performed with the KLFitter [3] tool set and yield an efficiency of correctly matching all four top quarks of ε = 33 ± 4% under optimal conditions in the single lepton final state. [1] ATLAS Collaboration. ‘Evidence for tt̄tt̄ production in the multilepton final state in proton– proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector’. Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020) [2] Rikkert Frederix et al. ‘Large NLO corrections in tt̄W ± and tt̄tt̄ hadroproduction from supposedly subleading EW contributions’. JHEP 02 (2018) [3] Johannes Erdmann et al. ‘A likelihood-based reconstruction algorithm for top- quark pairs and the KLFitter framework’. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 748 (2014)
Delgove, David. "Mesure des propriétés du boson de Higgs avec l'expérience ATLAS au LHC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS316/document.
Full textIn this thesis, I show my contribution to the study of the properties of the Higgs boson. My work has consisted in combining the different searches of the Standard Model Higgs boson to measure the rate of production, decay and the couplings. For example, the overall rate of production measured with the ATLAS dectector has been measured. These measurements can also be interpreted in the constext of models beyond the standard model such that composite models or models inspired from the MSSM (hMSSM). I have also participated to the studies of the performance of a particle flow algorithm to reconstruct the jet with a large radius. My contribution to the search of a pseudoscalar Higgs boson decaying into a Z boson and a Higgs boson and the search of the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a Z boson and decaying into a pair of b quarks are also shown
Wei, Xiaomin. "Study and improvement of radiation hard monolithic active pixel sensors of charged particle tracking." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953382.
Full textPeaucelle, Christophe. "La problématique de l'évolution des moments d'une densité de particules soumises à des forces non linéaires." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001153.
Full textDumitriu, Ana Elena. "Study of the Higgs production in association with tt quarks." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0295/document.
Full textThe scientific work presented in this thesis is based on proton proton collision produced, at 13 TeV in the center of mass, created by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and recorded between 2015 and 2017 by the ATLAS detector.After a short introduction on the physics program at LHC, the first chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the theoretical context and motivation. Then a complete description of the ATLAS detector and more generally the experimental setup is given with a highlight on the different physics objects used in this research.The third chapter is dealing with a measure of the performances of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter, namely the study of the electron identification efficiencies using W decaying into electrons and neutrinos events.In the following chapters, the core of this thesis work, the search and study of the associated Higgs boson production with top quark pair, so-called ttH production, within the Standard Model schema and beyond is treated. The observation for ttH production with the ATLAS detector recently announced in 2018 represents a significant milestone for the High-Energy Physics field. In order to broaden the spectrum of this ttH analysis beyond the SM, this 4L channel final states was also studied in the context of the search for doubly charged Higgs boson decaying into W±W±, H±±→W±W±.In conclusions, future prospects in Standard Model (SM) as well as Beyond SM (BSM) scientific results that could be reached using the full Run1 and Run2 combined available statistics are given
Chanon, Nicolas. "Observation des photons directs dans les premières données et préparation à la recherche du boson de Higgs dans l'expérience CMS au LHC (CERN)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598989.
Full textHelary, Louis. "Recherche de technicouleur avec l'expérience ATLAS. Développement d'outils et étude des performances du calorimètre à argon liquide." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673341.
Full textDéléage, Nicolas. "Étude des désintégrations B⁰(s)→D̅⁰K⁺K⁻ et des sous-modes B⁰(s)→D̅⁽*⁾⁰φ avec le détecteur LHCb." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY073.
Full textThe LHCb experiment has been designed to study flavor physics, notably CP violation, on the LHC proton-proton collider. The first LHC run goes from 2011 to 2012, during what LHCb saved 3.19~fb⁻¹ of data with a collision centre-of-mass energy at √s = 7~TeV and √s = 8~TeV.The analysis presented in this thesis is based on a data sample corresponding to the full first run of the LHC (2011-2012). The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mechanism describes CP violation in the Standard Model.In the previous decade, two dedicated experiments to flavor physics, BaBar and Belle, proved that the CKM mechanism is at work and dominated by Standard effects.Now LHCb aim is to improve precision on measurements of CKM parameters, in order to serves as the Standard Model reference points, to make in parallel indirect search of New Physics looking for deviations from the Standard Model reference points.Accurate measurements of CKM parameters through different processes provide sensitivity to new physics effects, by testing the global consistency of the Standard Model. This thesis is included inside the first LHCb aim: to improve CKM parameters measurements to constrain the Standard Model.This thesis reports the most precise measurement to date of the branching fraction of B⁰(s)→D̅⁰K⁺K⁻ decay, the first observation of the decays B⁰(s)→D̅⁰K⁺K⁻ and B⁰(s)→D̅⁽*⁾⁰φ with a polarization measurement for the second one, confirmation of the branching fraction measurement of B⁰(s)→D̅⁽*⁾⁰φ, and upper limits on branching fraction of B⁰(s)→D̅⁽*⁾⁰φ decay and on {ω - φ} mixing angle. The observation of B⁰(s)→D̅⁰K⁺K⁻ and B⁰(s)→D̅⁽*⁾⁰φ decays prepare the Dalitz analysis for these channels which will be used, combined with other methodes, to improve measurement on the γ complex-phase of the CKM mechanism
Giebels, Berrie. "A contribution to gamma-ray astronomy of GeV-TeV Active Galaxies with Fermi and H.E.S.S." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672596.
Full textNeu, Thibault. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la compression quasi isotherme d’air pour le stockage d’énergie en mer." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0021/document.
Full textEnergy storage by compressed air would be one of the required technologies for enabling massive use of intermittent solar or wind renewable energy sources. Air compression using a liquid piston enables an increase in the energy storage efficiency by inducing an intense heat exchange in the compression chamber. Few studies reported in the literature have focused on the description and evaluation of the convective heat exchange for a low ratio compression chamber (L/D). Using an experimental study and two test benches, the internal convective heat transfer during compression has been studied. In addition to measuring liquid piston position and air pressure, an inverse method was used to determine the instantaneous parietal convective heat flow during compression. After highlighting the presence of a systematic transition from laminar to turbulent convective regime in the compressed air, new convective heat transfer correlations were sought. On the basis of 73 experiments, several correlation forms based on dimensionless numbers were optimized and compared. Two new Nusselt number correlations, one for laminar and the other for turbulent flow, were then selected. A 1D thermodynamic transient model of the compression chamber was built using Matlab / Simulink environment in order to test the quality of these correlations. Thus, numerical results and experimental data were compared. Finally, results from two additional experiments carried out on a different test bench have confirmed the quality of the new proposed correlations for convective heat exchange