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Journal articles on the topic 'Episodic long-term memory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Nickel, Allison E., Lauren S. Hopkins, Greta N. Minor, and Deborah E. Hannula. "Attention capture by episodic long-term memory." Cognition 201 (August 2020): 104312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104312.

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Yanes, Danielle, and Paul Loprinzi. "Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 6 (2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7060146.

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Ranganath, Charan, Marcia K. Johnson, and Mark D’Esposito. "Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory." Neuropsychologia 41, no. 3 (2003): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00169-0.

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Rotem-Turchinski, Nuphar, Ayelet Ramaty, and Avi Mendelsohn. "The opportunity to choose enhances long-term episodic memory." Memory 27, no. 4 (2018): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1515317.

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Foster, Jonathan K. "Cantor coding and chaotic itinerancy: Relevance for episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampus?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (2001): 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01280091.

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This commentary provides a critique of Tsuda's target article, focusing on the hippocampus and episodic long-term memory. More specifically, the relevance of Cantor coding and chaotic itinerancy for long-term memory functioning is considered, given what we know about the involvement of the hippocampus in the mediation of long-term episodic memory (based on empirical neuroimaging studies and investigations of brain-damaged amnesic patients).

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Humphreys, Michael S., Gerald Tehan, Oliver Baumann, and Shayne Loft. "Explaining short-term memory phenomena with an integrated episodic/semantic framework of long-term memory." Cognitive Psychology 123 (December 2020): 101346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101346.

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Wang, Qi, Van-Kim Bui, and Qingfang Song. "Narrative organisation at encoding facilitated children's long-term episodic memory." Memory 23, no. 4 (2014): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.914229.

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Shimi, Andria, and Robert H. Logie. "Feature binding in short-term memory and long-term learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (2018): 1387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818807718.

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In everyday experience, we encounter visual feature combinations. Some combinations are learned to support object recognition, and some are arbitrary and rapidly changing, so are retained briefly to complete ongoing tasks before being updated or forgotten. However, the boundary conditions between temporary retention of fleeting feature combinations and learning of feature bindings are unclear. Logie, Brockmole, and Vandenbroucke demonstrated that 60 repetitions of the same feature bindings for change detection resulted in no learning, but clear learning occurred with cued recall of the feature names. We extended those studies in two new experiments with the same array of colour–shape–location combinations repeated for 120 trials. In Experiment 1, change detection was well above chance from Trial 1, but improved only after 40 to 60 trials for participants who subsequently reported becoming aware of the repetition, and after 100 to 120 trials for participants reporting no awareness. Performance improved rapidly in Experiment 2 when participants reconstructed the array by selecting individual features from sets of colours, shapes, and locations. All participants subsequently reported becoming aware of the repetition. We conclude that change detection involves a visual cache memory that functions from the first trial, and retains feature bindings only for the duration of a trial. In addition, a weak residual episodic memory trace accumulates slowly across repetitions, eventually resulting in learning. Reconstructing feature combinations generates a much stronger episodic memory trace from trial to trial, and so learning is faster with performance supported both by the limited capacity visual cache and learning of the array.

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Erk, Susanne, Alexander von Kalckreuth, and Henrik Walter. "Neural long-term effects of emotion regulation on episodic memory processes." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 4 (2010): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.022.

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Nadel, L., L. Ryan, S. M. Hayes, A. Gilboa, and M. Moscovitch. "The role of the hippocampal complex in long-term episodic memory." International Congress Series 1250 (October 2003): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01069-0.

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Zec, Ronald F., Danielle Zellers, James Belman, et al. "Long-Term Consequences of Severe Closed Head Injury on Episodic Memory." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 23, no. 5 (2001): 671–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jcen.23.5.671.1247.

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Skowronek, Jeffrey S., Michelle D. Leichtman, and David B. Pillemer. "Long-Term Episodic Memory in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Learning Disabilities Research & Practice 23, no. 1 (2008): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00260.x.

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Giammarco, Maria, Adriana Paoletti, Emma B. Guild, and Naseem Al-Aidroos. "Attentional capture by items that match episodic long-term memory representations." Visual Cognition 24, no. 1 (2016): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2016.1195470.

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Avci, Gunes, Steven P. Woods, Marizela Verduzco, et al. "Effect of Retrieval Practice on Short-Term and Long-Term Retention in HIV+ Individuals." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 3 (2017): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716001089.

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AbstractObjectives: Episodic memory deficits are both common and impactful among persons infected with HIV; however, we know little about how to improve such deficits in the laboratory or in real life. Retrieval practice, by which retrieval of newly learned material improves subsequent recall more than simple restudy, is a robust memory boosting strategy that is effective in both healthy and clinical populations. In this study, we investigated the benefits of retrieval practice in 52 people living with HIV and 21 seronegatives. Methods: In a within-subjects design, all participants studied 48 verbal paired associates in 3 learning conditions: Massed-Restudy, Spaced-Restudy, and Spaced-Testing. Retention of verbal paired associates was assessed after short- (30 min) and long- (30 days) delay intervals. Results: After a short delay, both HIV+ persons and seronegatives benefited from retrieval practice more so than massed and spaced restudy. The same pattern of results was observed specifically for HIV+ persons with clinical levels of memory impairment. The long-term retention interval data evidenced a floor effect that precluded further analysis. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that retrieval practice improves verbal episodic memory more than some other mnemonic strategies among HIV+ persons. (JINS, 2017, 23, 214–222)

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Baldivia, Beatriz, Pablo Resende Saa, Maria Sheila Guimarães Rocha, and Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki. "Postencephalitic amnesia with long term-working memory impairment: A case report." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2, no. 4 (2008): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20400022.

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Abstract Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by virus, leading to focal necrosis in medial temporal lobes, hippocampal complex and basal forebrain. Cognitively, HSVE is associated to many dysfunctions which vary according to the extent of the lesion. Episodic memory impairment is the most common sequelae following HSVE episodes, although others can occur. The aim of this case report was to describe the cognitive profile of a 42 year-old man who had extensive bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe, insular bilateral and orbitofrontal cortices due to HSVE. Severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, naming deficits, perseverative behaviors and confabulations were observed on neuropsychological assessment. We discussed the concept of long term-working memory based on this evaluation. These cognitive impairments corroborated HSVE previous findings in the literature.

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Tixier, Maëlle, Corinne Cian, Pierre-Alain Barraud, Rafael Laboissiere, and Stéphane Rousset. "The Interaction Between Long-Term Memory and Postural Control: Different Effects of Episodic and Semantic Tasks." Motor Control 25, no. 2 (2021): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0061.

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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the postural response to specific types of long-term memory (episodic vs. semantic) in young adults performing an unperturbed upright stance. Although a similar level of steadiness (mean distance) was observed, dual tasking induced a higher velocity, more energy in the higher frequency range (power spectral density), and less regularity (sample entropy) compared with a simple postural task. Moreover, mean velocity was always greater in the semantic than in the episodic task. The differences in postural control during dual tasking may result from the types of processes involved in the memory task. Findings suggest a spatial process sharing between posture and episodic memory.

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Hodges, John R., and Kim S. Graham. "Episodic memory: insights from semantic dementia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0943.

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Semantic dementia, also known as the temporal lobe variant of fronto– temporal dementia, results in a progressive yet relatively pure loss of semantic knowledge about words, objects and people, and is associated with asymmetric, focal atrophy of the antero–lateral temporal lobes. Semantic dementia provides a unique opportunity to study the organization of long–term memory particularly since initial observations suggested sparing of episodic memory. Recent studies reveal, however, a more complex but theoretically revealing pattern. On tests of autobiographical memory, patients with semantic dementia show a ‘reverse step function’ with sparing of recall of events from the most recent 2 to 5 years but impairment on more distant life periods. Anterograde recognition memory for visual materials is extremely well preserved, except in the most deteriorated cases, although performance is heavily reliant upon perceptual information about the studied stimuli, particularly for items that are no longer known by the subjects. On tests of verbal anterograde memory such as word learning, performance is typically poor even for words which are ‘known’ to the patients. A source discrimination experiment, designed to evaluate familiarity and recollection–based anterograde memory processes, found that patients with semantic dementia showed good item detection, although recollection of source was sometimes impaired. Semantic knowledge about studied items and measures of item detection and source discrimination were largely independent. The implications of these findings for models of long–term memory are discussed. The results support the concept that episodic memory, or at least the recall of temporally specific autobiographical experiences, draws upon a number of separable memory processes, some of which can function independently of semantic knowledge.

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Guillery-Girard, B., P. Quinette, B. Desgranges, et al. "Long-term memory following transient global amnesia: an investigation of episodic and semantic memory." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 114, no. 5 (2006): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00625.x.

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Haynes, James T., Emily Frith, Eveleen Sng, and Paul D. Loprinzi. "Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Considerations for the Timing of Exercise." Psychological Reports 122, no. 5 (2018): 1744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118786688.

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Our previous work employing a between-subject randomized controlled trial design suggests that exercising prior to memory encoding is more advantageous in enhancing retrospective episodic memory function when compared to exercise occurring during or after memory encoding. The present experiment evaluates this potential temporal effect of acute exercise on memory function while employing a within-subject, counterbalanced design. In a counterbalanced order (via Latin squares), 24 participants completed four visits including (1) exercising (moderate-intensity walking) prior to memory encoding, (2) exercising during memory encoding, (3) exercising after memory encoding, and (4) a control visit (no exercise). Retrospective memory function (short term and long term; 24-hour follow-up) was assessed from a multitrial word list. Prospective memory was assessed from a time-based task. Compared to all other visits, short-term memory was greater in the visit that involved exercising prior to memory encoding (F = 3.76; P = .01; η2 = .79). Similar results occurred for long-term memory, with no significant effects for prospective memory performance. We provide robust evidence demonstrating that acute moderate-intensity exercise prior to memory encoding is optimal in enhancing short-term and long-term memory function when compared to no exercise as well as exercising during and after memory encoding.

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Knapp, Doug. "The Development of Semantic Memories through Interpretation." Journal of Interpretation Research 11, no. 2 (2006): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720601100203.

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This study used a phenomenological analysis to investigate the recollections of participants (N=36) of an interpretive program at Lowell National Historic Park. These individuals were interviewed six months following the experience. Four topic areas relating to the participants’ long-term memory of the interpretive program were identified: (a) personal connections with the tour, (b) program information retention, (c) positive visitor responses, and (d) ranger attributes. Results indicated that the personal connections made during the program were influential in creating vivid episodic memories. Some of the responses from the participants went beyond episodic information and could be associated with conceptual thinking associated with semantic memory or knowledge. The findings of this study, along with literature associated with long-term memory research, offer a potential model of learning for interpretation related to episodic/semantic memory systems.

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Orscheschek, Franziska, Tilo Strobach, Torsten Schubert, and Timothy Rickard. "Two retrievals from a single cue: A bottleneck persists across episodic and semantic memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 5 (2018): 1005–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818776818.

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There is evidence in the literature that two retrievals from long-term memory cannot occur in parallel. To date, however, that work has explored only the case of two retrievals from newly acquired episodic memory. These studies demonstrated a retrieval bottleneck even after dual-retrieval practice. That retrieval bottleneck may be a global property of long-term memory retrieval, or it may apply only to the case of two retrievals from episodic memory. In the current experiments, we explored whether that apparent dual-retrieval bottleneck applies to the case of one retrieval from episodic memory and one retrieval from highly overlearned semantic memory. Across three experiments, subjects learned to retrieve a left or right keypress response form a set of 14 unique word cues (e.g., black—right keypress). In addition, they learned a verbal response which involved retrieving the antonym of the presented cue (e.g., black—“white”). In the dual-retrieval condition, subjects had to retrieve both the keypress response and the antonym word. The results suggest that the retrieval bottleneck is superordinate to specific long-term memory systems and holds across different memory components. In addition, the results support the assumption of a cue-level response chunking account of learned retrieval parallelism.

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Rönnberg, Jerker, Henrik Danielsson, Mary Rudner, et al. "Hearing Loss Is Negatively Related to Episodic and Semantic Long-Term Memory but Not to Short-Term Memory." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54, no. 2 (2011): 705–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0088).

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Moore, D. C., S. Ryu, and P. D. Loprinzi. "Experimental effects of acute exercise on forgetting." Physiology International 107, no. 3 (2020): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.2020.00033.

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AbstractObjectivePrior research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. These studies have, on occasion, demonstrated that acute exercise may enhance both short- and long-term memory. It is uncertain as to whether the acute exercise improvements in long-term memory are a result of acute exercise attenuating declines in long-term memory, or rather, are driven by the enhancement effects of acute exercise on short-term memory. The present empirical study evaluates whether the decline from short- to long-term is influenced by acute exercise. This relationship is plausible as exercise has been shown to activate neurophysiological pathways (e.g., RAC1) that are involved in the mechanisms of forgetting.MethodsTo evaluate the effects of acute exercise on forgetting, we used data from 12 of our laboratory's prior experiments (N = 538). Across these 12 experiments, acute exercise ranged from 10 to 15 mins in duration (moderate-to-vigorous intensity). Episodic memory was assessed from word-list or paragraph-based assessments. Short-term memory was assessed immediately after encoding, with long-term memory assessed approximately 20-min later. Forgetting was calculated as the difference in short- and long-term memory performance.ResultsAcute exercise (vs. seated control) was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect (d = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.25, P = 0.17). We observed no evidence of a significant moderation effect (Q = 6.16, df = 17, P = 0.17, I2 = 0.00) for any of the evaluated parameters, including study design, exercise intensity and delay period.ConclusionAcross our 12 experimental studies, acute exercise was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect. We discuss these implications for future research that evaluates the effects of acute exercise on long-term memory function.

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Burgess, Neil. "The hippocampus, space, and viewpoints in episodic memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 4 (2002): 1057–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000224.

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A computational model of how single neurons in and around the rat hippocampus support spatial navigation is reviewed. The extension of this model, to include the retrieval from human long-term memory of spatial scenes and the spatial context of events is discussed. The model explores the link between spatial and mnemonic functions by supposing that retrieval of spatial information from long-term storage requires the imposition of a particular viewpoint. It is consistent with data relating to representational hemispatial neglect and the involvement of the mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus, and hippocampal formation in supporting both episodic recall and the representation of head direction. Some recent behavioural, neuropsychological, and functional neuroimaging experiments are reviewed, in which virtual reality is used to allow controlled study of navigation and memory for events set within a rich large-scale spatial context. These studies provide convergent evidence that the human hippocampus is involved in both tasks, with some lateralization of function (navigation on the right and episodic memory on the left). A further experiment indicates hippocampal involvement in retrieval of spatial information from a shifted viewpoint. I speculate that the hippocampal role in episodic recollection relates to its ability to represent a viewpoint moving within a spatial framework.

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Ilieva, Irena P., Cayce J. Hook, and Martha J. Farah. "Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (2015): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00776.

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The use of prescription stimulants to enhance healthy cognition has significant social, ethical, and public health implications. The large number of enhancement users across various ages and occupations emphasizes the importance of examining these drugs' efficacy in a nonclinical sample. The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition.

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Saito, Satoru, Masataka Nakayama, and Yuki Tanida. "Verbal Working Memory, Long-Term Knowledge, and Statistical Learning." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (2020): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420920383.

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Evidence supporting the idea that serial-order verbal working memory is underpinned by long-term knowledge has accumulated over more than half a century. Recent studies using natural-language statistics, artificial statistical-learning techniques, and the Hebb repetition paradigm have revealed multiple types of long-term knowledge underlying serial-order verbal working memory performance. These include (a) element-to-element association knowledge, which slowly accumulates through extensive exposure to an exemplar; (b) position–element knowledge, which is acquired through several encounters with an exemplar; and (c) whole-sequence knowledge, which is captured by the Hebb repetition paradigm and acquired rapidly with a few repetitions. Arguably, the first two are a basis for fluent and efficient language usage, and the third is a basis for vocabulary learning. Thus, statistical-learning mechanisms (and possibly episodic-learning mechanisms) may form the foundation of language acquisition and language processing, which characterize linguistic long-term knowledge for verbal working memory.

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Jawed, Soyiba, Hafeez Ullah Amin, Aamir Saeed Malik, and Ibrahima Faye. "Hemispheric Asymmetries in Electroencephalogram Oscillations for Long-Term Memory Retrieval in Healthy Individuals." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120937.

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The hemispherical encoding retrieval asymmetry (HERA) model, established in 1991, suggests that the involvement of the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the encoding process is less than that of the left PFC. The HERA model was previously validated for episodic memory in subjects with brain traumas or injuries. In this study, a revised HERA model is used to investigate long-term memory retrieval from newly learned video-based content for healthy individuals using electroencephalography. The model was tested for long-term memory retrieval in two retrieval sessions: (1) recent long-term memory (recorded 30 min after learning) and (2) remote long-term memory (recorded two months after learning). The results show that long-term memory retrieval in healthy individuals for the frontal region (theta and delta band) satisfies the revised HERA asymmetry model.

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Ranganath, Charan, Michael X. Cohen, and Craig J. Brozinsky. "Working Memory Maintenance Contributes to Long-term Memory Formation: Neural and Behavioral Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 7 (2005): 994–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054475118.

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Theories of human memory have led to conflicting views regarding the relationship between working memory (WM) maintenance and episodic long-term memory (LTM) formation. Here, we tested the prediction that WM maintenance operates in two stages, and that processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance promotes successful LTM formation. Results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study showed that activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the initial stage of WM maintenance was predictive of subsequent LTM performance. In a behavioral experiment, we demonstrated that interfering with processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance impaired LTM formation. These results demonstrate that processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance directly contributes to successful LTM formation, and that this effect is mediated by a network that includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus.

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Ueber, Ralph, Tobias Stegmann, Zâine Brockmeyer, Matthias Berger, and Hans M. Olbrich. "Selective Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Comparison with that Observed in Alcoholism." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 12, no. 1 (2001): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1016-264x.12.1.15.

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Abstract: This study assessed the pattern of memory performance both in working memory components and episodic long-term memory in a sample of 30 schizophrenic patients, showing intact intellectual and attentional functions. The patients were compared with 30 alcoholics and 30 normal control subjects, matched for age, sex and estimated premorbid IQ. Intellectual functions, assessed using a short form of WAIS, showed no deficits in estimated Full-Scale IQ between the three groups. Attention, working memory, verbal and visual long-term memory were assessed by the subtests of WMS-R. Schizophrenic patients only showed poor overall performance in verbal and visual long-term memory, whereas alcoholics showed a broader pattern of cognitive dysfunction including attentional, working memory and verbal long-term memory components. Taken together the neuropsychological pattern of intact working memory components and impaired long-term memory in schizophrenia is similar to the classic amnesic syndrome and suggest a selective medial temporal-hippocampal dysfunction.

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Loaiza, Vanessa M., Kayla A. Duperreault, Matthew G. Rhodes, and David P. McCabe. "Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 1 (2014): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0673-7.

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Yoo, Jungsun, Seokyoung Min, Seung-Koo Lee, and Sanghoon Han. "Neural correlates of episodic memory modulated by temporally delayed rewards." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249290.

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When a stimulus is associated with an external reward, its chance of being consolidated into long-term memory is boosted via dopaminergic facilitation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Given that higher temporal distance (TD) has been found to discount the subjective value of a reward, we hypothesized that memory performance associated with a more immediate reward will result in better memory performance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring both behavioral memory performance and brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during memory encoding and retrieval tasks. Contrary to our hypothesis, both behavioral and fMRI results suggest that the TD of rewards might enhance the chance of the associated stimulus being remembered. The fMRI data demonstrate that the lateral prefrontal cortex, which shows encoding-related activation proportional to the TD, is reactivated when searching for regions that show activation proportional to the TD during retrieval. This is not surprising given that this region is not only activated to discriminate between future vs. immediate rewards, it is also a part of the retrieval-success network. These results provide support for the conclusion that the encoding-retrieval overlap provoked as the rewards are more delayed may lead to better memory performance of the items associated with the rewards.

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Song, Da, Qinghu Yang, Yiran Lang, et al. "Manipulation of hippocampal CA3 firing via luminopsins modulates spatial and episodic short-term memory, especially working memory, but not long-term memory." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 155 (November 2018): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.009.

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Madokoro, Hirokazu, Kazuhito Sato, and Nobuhiro Shimoi. "Category Maps Describe Driving Episodes Recorded with Event Data Recorders." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 1, no. 1 (2018): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make1010003.

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This study was conducted to create driving episodes using machine-learning-based algorithms that address long-term memory (LTM) and topological mapping. This paper presents a novel episodic memory model for driving safety according to traffic scenes. The model incorporates three important features: adaptive resonance theory (ART), which learns time-series features incrementally while maintaining stability and plasticity; self-organizing maps (SOMs), which represent input data as a map with topological relations using self-mapping characteristics; and counter propagation networks (CPNs), which label category maps using input features and counter signals. Category maps represent driving episode information that includes driving contexts and facial expressions. The bursting states of respective maps produce LTM created on ART as episodic memory. For a preliminary experiment using a driving simulator (DS), we measure gazes and face orientations of drivers as their internal information to create driving episodes. Moreover, we measure cognitive distraction according to effects on facial features shown in reaction to simulated near-misses. Evaluation of the experimentally obtained results show the possibility of using recorded driving episodes with image datasets obtained using an event data recorder (EDR) with two cameras. Using category maps, we visualize driving features according to driving scenes on a public road and an expressway.

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Loaiza, Vanessa M., and Sabina Srokova. "Semantic Relatedness Corrects the Age-Related Binding Deficit in Working Memory and Episodic Memory." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz055.

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Abstract Objectives It is well known that age differentially impacts aspects of long-term episodic memory (EM): Whereas a binding deficit indicates that older adults are less capable than younger adults to encode or retrieve associations between information (e.g., the pairing between two memoranda, such as lock – race), item memory is relatively intact (e.g., recognizing lock without its original pairing). Method We tested whether this deficit could be corrected by facilitating establishment of the bindings in working memory (WM) through adapting the semantic relatedness of studied pairs according to participants’ ongoing performance (Experiments 1 and 2). We also examined whether this was evident for the long-term retention of pairs that were not tested in WM (Experiment 2). Results The results revealed matched binding and item memory in WM and EM between age groups. Most importantly, older adults required increased semantic strength between word pairs to achieve similar performance to that of younger adults, regardless of whether pairs were immediately tested during the WM task. Discussion These findings indicate that relying on their superior semantic memory can correct the commonly exhibited profound deficit in binding memory in older age.

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Vidojevic, I. Milacic. "Memory Disorder in Persons with Asperger Syndrome." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71097-1.

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Aim:Asperger syndrome (AS) is a term used to mark a subgroup of autism with no delay in language or cognitive development. Research reveal language and cognitive impairments in AS (uneven profile of abilities on Wechsler intelligence scales, pragmatic deficits, receptive speech, narrow attention and difficulty in shifting attention, etc). The objective of this study is to examine episodic memory of children with AS. 12 children with AS age from 7-16 years old, 11 males, 1 female participated in the study. All children had an IQ in the normal range.Method:Buschke Selective Reminding Test was used in the present study as a measure of episodic memory suitable for the age range of the children in the study.Results:scores gained by the children with AS comparing to the scores of the normally developing children indicate deviation on the measures of recall, long term storage, consistent long term retrieval and increased number of intrusions. Only 3 subjects scored within normal limits. Information produced on immediate recall was not lost over 30-minute delay.Conclusion:results shows dominant problem in organization of stored information.

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Burgess, Neil, Suzanna Becker, John A. King, and John O'Keefe. "Memory for events and their spatial context: models and experiments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0948.

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The computational role of the hippocampus in memory has been characterized as: (i) an index to disparate neocortical storage sites; (ii) a time–limited store supporting neocortical long–term memory; and (iii) a content–addressable associative memory. These ideas are reviewed and related to several general aspects of episodic memory, including the differences between episodic, recognition and semantic memory, and whether hippocampal lesions differentially affect recent or remote memories. Some outstanding questions remain, such as: what characterizes episodic retrieval as opposed to other forms of read–out from memory; what triggers the storage of an event memory; and what are the neural mechanisms involved? To address these questions a neural–level model of the medial temporal and parietal roles in retrieval of the spatial context of an event is presented. This model combines the idea that retrieval of the rich context of real–life events is a central characteristic of episodic memory, and the idea that medial temporal allocentric representations are used in long–term storage while parietal egocentric representations are used to imagine, manipulate and re–experience the products of retrieval. The model is consistent with the known neural representation of spatial information in the brain, and provides an explanation for the involvement of Papez's circuit in both the representation of heading direction and in the recollection of episodic information. Two experiments relating to the model are briefly described. A functional neuroimaging study of memory for the spatial context of life–like events in virtual reality provides support for the model's functional localization. A neuropsychological experiment suggests that the hippocampus does store an allocentric representation of spatial locations.

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Laurent, B., R. F. Allegri, C. Thomas-Anterion, N. Foyatier, B. Naegele-Faure, and J. Pellat. "Long Term Neuropsychological Follow-Up in Patients With Herpes Simplex Encephalitis and Predominantly Left-Sided Lesions." Behavioural Neurology 4, no. 4 (1991): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/432895.

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Five patients with predominantly dominant cerebral hemisphere lesions due to herpes simplex encephalitis are described. Verbal amnesia was the main deficit but amnesic aphasia sometimes associated with impairment of remote memory also occurred. Semantic and episodic memory deficits were also explored in one case and the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in facilitating recovery of learning is discussed.

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Chicherio, C., E. Salmon, M. Van der Linden, C. Degueldre, A. Luxen, and G. Franck. "Functional imaging of episodic long-term memory: Hippocampus and cued recall in Alzheimer's disease." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (1998): S826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31659-8.

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Charlton, R. A., T. R. Barrick, H. S. Markus, and R. G. Morris. "The relationship between episodic long-term memory and white matter integrity in normal aging." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 1 (2010): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.018.

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Allen, Philip A., Kevin Kaut, Elsa Baena, Mei-Ching Lien, and Eric Ruthruff. "Individual differences in positive affect moderate age-related declines in episodic long-term memory." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 6 (2011): 768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.570254.

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Brady, Timothy F., Viola S. Störmer, and George A. Alvarez. "Working memory is not fixed-capacity: More active storage capacity for real-world objects than for simple stimuli." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (2016): 7459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520027113.

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Visual working memory is the cognitive system that holds visual information active to make it resistant to interference from new perceptual input. Information about simple stimuli—colors and orientations—is encoded into working memory rapidly: In under 100 ms, working memory ‟fills up,” revealing a stark capacity limit. However, for real-world objects, the same behavioral limits do not hold: With increasing encoding time, people store more real-world objects and do so with more detail. This boost in performance for real-world objects is generally assumed to reflect the use of a separate episodic long-term memory system, rather than working memory. Here we show that this behavioral increase in capacity with real-world objects is not solely due to the use of separate episodic long-term memory systems. In particular, we show that this increase is a result of active storage in working memory, as shown by directly measuring neural activity during the delay period of a working memory task using EEG. These data challenge fixed-capacity working memory models and demonstrate that working memory and its capacity limitations are dependent upon our existing knowledge.

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Graham, Kim S., and John R. Hodges. "Episodic memory in semantic dementia: Implications for the roles played by the perirhinal and hippocampal memory systems in new learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (1999): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99292035.

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Aggleton & Brown (A&B) propose that the hippocampal-anterior thalamic and perirhinal-medial dorsal thalamic systems play independent roles in episodic memory, with the hippocampus supporting recollection-based memory and the perirhinal cortex, recognition memory. In this commentary we discuss whether there is experimental support for the A&B model from studies of long-term memory in semantic dementia.

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Markowitsch, Hans J. "Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes." ISRN Neuroscience 2013 (May 14, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/176027.

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Relations between memory and the self are framed from a number of perspectives—developmental aspects, forms of memory, interrelations between memory and the brain, and interactions between the environment and memory. The self is seen as dividable into more rudimentary and more advanced aspects. Special emphasis is laid on memory systems and within them on episodic autobiographical memory which is seen as a pure human form of memory that is dependent on a proper ontogenetic development and shaped by the social environment, including culture. Self and episodic autobiographical memory are seen as interlocked in their development and later manifestation. Aside from content-based aspects of memory, time-based aspects are seen along two lines—the division between short-term and long-term memory and anterograde—future-oriented—and retrograde—past-oriented memory. The state dependency of episodic autobiographical is stressed and implications of it—for example, with respect to the occurrence of false memories and forensic aspects—are outlined. For the brain level, structural networks for encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval are discussed both by referring to patient data and to data obtained in normal participants with functional brain imaging methods. It is elaborated why descriptions from patients with functional or dissociative amnesia are particularly apt to demonstrate the facets in which memory, self, and personal temporality are interwoven.

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Henderson, Amy, Hana Kim, Stephen Kintz, Nicole Frisco, and Heather Wright. "Working Memory in Aphasia: Considering Discourse Processing and Treatment Implications." Seminars in Speech and Language 38, no. 01 (2017): 040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597257.

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Evidence suggests that persons with aphasia (PWAs) present with working memory impairments that affect a variety of language tasks. Most of these studies have focused on the phonological loop component of working memory and little attention has been paid to the episodic buffer component. The episodic buffer, as a limited capacity, multimodal system that binds and integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory would likely be involved in discourse processing. The purposes of this article were to (1) review discourse level deficits associated with aphasia, (2) describe how a deficit at the level of the episodic buffer could cause such deficits, (3) to review discourse treatment approaches for PWAs, and (4) present preliminary results from a novel discourse treatment study for PWAs.

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Yogatama, Dani, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, and Lingpeng Kong. "Adaptive Semiparametric Language Models." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00371.

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Abstract We present a language model that combines a large parametric neural network (i.e., a transformer) with a non-parametric episodic memory component in an integrated architecture. Our model uses extended short-term context by caching local hidden states—similar to transformer-XL—and global long-term memory by retrieving a set of nearest neighbor tokens at each timestep. We design a gating function to adaptively combine multiple information sources to make a prediction. This mechanism allows the model to use either local context, short-term memory, or long-term memory (or any combination of them) on an ad hoc basis depending on the context. Experiments on word-based and character-based language modeling datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to strong baselines.

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Atucha, Erika, Vanja Vukojevic, Raquel V. Fornari, et al. "Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala maintains hippocampus-dependent accuracy of remote memory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 34 (2017): 9176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710819114.

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Emotional enhancement of memory by noradrenergic mechanisms is well-described, but the long-term consequences of such enhancement are poorly understood. Over time, memory traces are thought to undergo a neural reorganization, that is, a systems consolidation, during which they are, at least partly, transferred from the hippocampus to neocortical networks. This transfer is accompanied by a decrease in episodic detailedness. Here we investigated whether norepinephrine (NE) administration into the basolateral amygdala after training on an inhibitory avoidance discrimination task, comprising two distinct training contexts, alters systems consolidation dynamics to maintain episodic-like accuracy and hippocampus dependency of remote memory. At a 2-d retention test, both saline- and NE-treated rats accurately discriminated the training context in which they had received footshock. Hippocampal inactivation with muscimol before retention testing disrupted discrimination of the shock context in both treatment groups. At 28 d, saline-treated rats showed hippocampus-independent retrieval and lack of discrimination. In contrast, NE-treated rats continued to display accurate memory of the shock–context association. Hippocampal inactivation at this remote retention test blocked episodic-like accuracy and induced a general memory impairment. These findings suggest that the NE treatment altered systems consolidation dynamics by maintaining hippocampal involvement in the memory. This shift in systems consolidation was paralleled by time-regulated DNA methylation and transcriptional changes of memory-related genes, namely Reln and Pkmζ, in the hippocampus and neocortex. The findings provide evidence suggesting that consolidation of emotional memories by noradrenergic mechanisms alters systems consolidation dynamics and, as a consequence, influences the maintenance of long-term episodic-like accuracy of memory.

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Loprinzi, PD. "The role of astrocytes on the effects of exercise on episodic memory function." Physiology International 106, no. 1 (2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.106.2019.04.

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This review discusses the potential role that glial cells may play in influencing the relationship between exercise and episodic memory function. A narrative review methodology is employed. Herein, the different types of glial cells, their implications in subserving episodic memory function, and how exercise can modulate glial cell activity, particularly astrocyte functionality, are discussed. Although additional experimental work is needed, astrocytes appear to play an important role in the exercise–memory interaction. Exercise may increase astrocytic size, attenuate astrogliodegeneration, improve astrocytic aquaporin-4 expression, and increase astrocytic transporter levels. These effects, in turn, may help to increase the number of synapses that neurons form, increase the number of synaptic structures, and increase presynaptic function and postsynaptic receptor localization. Ultimately, these effects may help influence long-term potentiation and episodic memory function.

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Cao, Xiancai, Dahua Wang, and Yan Wang. "Remembering the past and imagining the future: Partners’ responsiveness in specific events relates to relationship satisfaction and subjective well-being." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 2 (2019): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407519873041.

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Attachment theory indicates that romantic partners’ availability and responsiveness provide individuals with a sense of security and the repeated experience of which could have enduring effects on individuals’ subjective well-being and relationship outcomes. We proposed that retrieving episodic memory and episodic simulation related to secure-base support could also help individuals obtain information about partners’ responsiveness, which in turn would promote long-term subjective well-being and relationship satisfaction. To provide the evidence of this notion, the current study investigated the relationship between partner’s responsiveness in episodic memory/simulation of secure-base support and relationship satisfaction as well as subjective well-being. We recruited 136 young adults ( M age = 21.89, SD = 2.57) who were currently involved in a romantic relationship for at least 6 months. Participants completed measures of relationship satisfaction and subjective well-being; then, they provided specific episodic memory and simulations related to secure-base support as well as rated partners’ responsiveness in each event. Results indicated that partners’ responsiveness in both episodic memory and simulations was significantly positively related to participants’ relationship satisfaction and subjective well-being. These results provide novel implications for the function of episodic memory and episodic simulation of secure-base support in the attachment system.

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Wade, Breanna, and Paul Loprinzi. "The Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Long-Term Emotional Memory." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 12 (2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120486.

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Emerging work suggests that acute, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may help to subserve episodic memory of neutral stimuli. Less investigated, however, is whether acute exercise is associated with enhanced memory recognition of emotional stimuli, which was the purpose of this experiment. A parallel-group randomized controlled experiment was employed. Participants (mean age = 20 yr) were randomized into an exercise (n = 17) or control group (n = 17). The exercise group engaged in a 15-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill walking. Emotional memory recognition was assessed via images from the International Affective Picture System, including assessments of varying degrees of valence and arousal. Memory recognition was assessed at 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days post-memory encoding. We observed a significant main effect for time (F(2) = 104.2, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.77) and a significant main effect for valence–arousal classification (F(4) = 21.39, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.40), but there was no significant time by group interaction (F(2) = 1.09, p = 0.34, η2p = 0.03), classification by group interaction (F(4) = 0.12, p = 0.97, η2p = 0.01), time by classification interaction (F(8) = 1.78, p = 0.08, η2p = 0.05), or time by classification by group interaction (F(8) = 0.78, p = 0.62, η2p = 0.02). In conclusion, emotional memory recognition decreased over the 14-day follow-up period and this rate of memory decay was not altered by acute moderate-intensity exercise engagement. We discuss these findings in the context of exercise intensity and the temporal effects of exercise.

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Guillem, François, Alain Rougier, and Bernard Claverie. "Short-and Long-Delay Intracranial ERP Repetition Effects Dissociate Memory Systems in the Human Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (1999): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563526.

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Prior exposure to a stimulus can facilitate the performance to subsequent presentations of that stimulus. ERP studies have shown that this facilitation is associated with the modulation of two components (N400 and P600). Investigation of the time course of both behavioral and ERP repetition effects have led to the assumption that it is subserved by the combination of at least two mechanisms operating at different time-points: a short-delay semantic activation and a long-lasting episodic mechanism. The present experiment recorded intracranial ERPs from various structures during a continuous recognition memory task to investigate the respective contribution of the different brain regions to short-and long-delay ERP repetition effects. The results are in good agreement with both the classical neuropsychological literature and the more recent data obtained with functional imagery techniques. They provide electrophysiological evidence of multiple anatomo-functional memory systems in the human brain: a short-term semantic activation system and a long-term episodic memory system, with interface structures that coordinate the functioning of these two systems.

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