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Wasilow, Sherry, and Joelle B. Thorpe. "Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Ethics, and the Military: A Canadian Perspective." AI Magazine 40, no. 1 (2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v40i1.2848.
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Defense and security organizations depend upon science and technology to meet operational needs, predict and counter threats, and meet increasingly complex demands of modern warfare. Artificial intelligence and robotics could provide solutions to a wide range of military gaps and deficiencies. At the same time, the unique and rapidly evolving nature of AI and robotics challenges existing polices, regulations, and values, and introduces complex ethical issues that might impede their development, evaluation, and use by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). Early consideration of potential ethical issues raised by military use of emerging AI and robotics technologies in development is critical to their effective implementation. This article presents an ethics assessment framework for emerging AI and robotics technologies. It is designed to help technology developers, policymakers, decision makers, and other stakeholders identify and broadly consider potential ethical issues that might arise with the military use and integration of emerging AI and robotics technologies of interest. We also provide a contextual environment for our framework, as well as an example of how our framework can be applied to a specific technology. Finally, we briefly identify and address several pervasive issues that arose during our research.
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Khan, Wahiduzzaman, and Takudzwa Fadziso. "Ethical Issues on Utilization of AI, Robotics and Automation Technologies." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 7, no. 2 (2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v7i2.521.
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The fast technological advancements in machine intelligence and automation may also arrive with risks and some negative effects on employees, firms, and society at large. Currently, both end-users, scientists, and practitioners have acknowledged the need for machine assistance and also welcome consideration for a robust ethical strategy that will allow a safe application and usage of improved technologies. Artificial Intelligence related ethics has been presented and considered from various standpoints and views. This paper furthers on the subject. Potential ethical issues are envisaged in the area of machine end-user perceptions, privacy, accountability, and the robot/ human rights, design of ethical machines, and technological singularity. It, therefore, possesses the question. What are the current ethical issues with the use of machines? The study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach to drawing conclusions from the thematic and descriptive analysis. The result shows that majority of the respondents were males 46 (65.7%) while 24(34.3%) were females. They are mainly literates/ Majority 49(70%) are from the private firm and come majorly from the Asian continent. The majority of the respondents view that ethical consideration is necessary for machine and automation design, the machine-human relationship should be improved. Their privacy should be instituted while they consider technology singularity as a severe issue and desire the creation of ethical machines. Following this result, the study documents policy recommendations.
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Dickens, B. M., and R. J. Cook. "Legal and ethical issues in telemedicine and robotics." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 94, no. 1 (2006): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.023.
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Amoroso, Daniele, and Guglielmo Tamburrini. "Autonomous Weapons Systems and Meaningful Human Control: Ethical and Legal Issues." Current Robotics Reports 1, no. 4 (2020): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43154-020-00024-3.
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Abstract Purpose of Review To provide readers with a compact account of ongoing academic and diplomatic debates about autonomy in weapons systems, that is, about the moral and legal acceptability of letting a robotic system to unleash destructive force in warfare and take attendant life-or-death decisions without any human intervention. Recent Findings A précis of current debates is provided, which focuses on the requirement that all weapons systems, including autonomous ones, should remain under meaningful human control (MHC) in order to be ethically acceptable and lawfully employed. Main approaches to MHC are described and briefly analyzed, distinguishing between uniform, differentiated, and prudential policies for human control on weapons systems. Summary The review highlights the crucial role played by the robotics research community to start ethical and legal debates about autonomy in weapons systems. A concise overview is provided of the main concerns emerging in those early debates: respect of the laws of war, responsibility ascription issues, violation of the human dignity of potential victims of autonomous weapons systems, and increased risks for global stability. It is pointed out that these various concerns have been jointly taken to support the idea that all weapons systems, including autonomous ones, should remain under meaningful human control (MHC). Main approaches to MHC are described and briefly analyzed. Finally, it is emphasized that the MHC idea looms large on shared control policies to adopt in other ethically and legally sensitive application domains for robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Tzafestas, Spyros. "Editorial for the Special Issue on “ROBOETHICS”." Information 9, no. 12 (2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9120331.
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Ethical and social issues of robotics have attracted increasing attention from the scientific and technical community over the years. These issues arise particularly in mental and sensitive robotic applications, such as robot-based rehabilitation, social robot (sociorobot) applications, and military robot applications. The purpose of launching this Special Issue was to publish high-quality papers addressing timely and important aspects of roboethics, and to serve as a dissemination source of novel ideas demonstrating the necessity of roboethics. The papers finally included in the Special Issue deal with fundamental aspects and address interesting deep questions in the roboethics and robophililosophy field.
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Baran, Agnieszka. "Nanotechnology: legal and ethical issues." Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie 8, no. 1 (2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0005.
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Abstract Nanotechnology is a very vast field which includes a range of technologies at the nano scale, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, genomics, neuroscience, robotics and information technologies. Nanotechnology is the latest technological innovation in global debates on risk regulation and international cooperation. Regulatory bodies have started dealing with the potential risks posed by nanoparticles. Since 2004 the UE has been developing a regulatory policy to tighten control and to improve regulatory adequacy and knowledge of nanotechnology risks. Currently, specific provisions on nanomaterials have been introduced for biocides, cosmetics, food additives, food labelling and materials in contact with foodstuff. The statement that nanotechnologies do inevitably imply ethical questions. The main problems are public trust, potential risks, issues of environmental impact, transparency of information, responsible nanosciences and nanotechnologies research. The aim of this article is to analysis the main problems regulating nanotechnology and some aspects of ethics.
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Winfield, Alan F. T., and Marina Jirotka. "Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2133 (2018): 20180085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0085.
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This paper explores the question of ethical governance for robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. We outline a roadmap—which links a number of elements, including ethics, standards, regulation, responsible research and innovation, and public engagement—as a framework to guide ethical governance in robotics and AI. We argue that ethical governance is essential to building public trust in robotics and AI, and conclude by proposing five pillars of good ethical governance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
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Begishev, Ildar, Zarina Khisamova, and Vitaly Vasyukov. "Technological, Ethical, Environmental and Legal Aspects of Robotics." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 12028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124412028.
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Robotics is considered by modern researchers from various positions. The most common technical approach to the study of this concept, which examines the current state and achievements in the field of robotics, as well as the prospects for its development. Also, quite often in recent years, legal experts have begun to address problems related to the development of robotics, focusing on issues related to the legal personality of robots and artificial intelligence, as well as the responsibility of AI for causing harm. A separate direction in the field of robotics research is the analysis of this concept and the relations associated with it, from the standpoint of morality, ethics and technologies.
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Borenstein, Jason. "Robotics, Ethics, and the Environment." International Journal of Technoethics 3, no. 2 (2012): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2012040103.
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As robots become more pervasive and take on an ever-growing number of tasks, exploring ethical issues relating to the technology takes on increasing importance. Specifically, the manufacturing and sale of personal service robots could be severely detrimental to the environment. Ideally, members of the robotics community would develop a comprehensive awareness of the complex ethical and environmental consequences emerging from their design pathways before historical patterns are repeated.
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Aicardi, Christine, Simisola Akintoye, B. Tyr Fothergill, et al. "Ethical and Social Aspects of Neurorobotics." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 5 (2020): 2533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00248-8.
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Abstract The interdisciplinary field of neurorobotics looks to neuroscience to overcome the limitations of modern robotics technology, to robotics to advance our understanding of the neural system’s inner workings, and to information technology to develop tools that support those complementary endeavours. The development of these technologies is still at an early stage, which makes them an ideal candidate for proactive and anticipatory ethical reflection. This article explains the current state of neurorobotics development within the Human Brain Project, originating from a close collaboration between the scientific and technical experts who drive neurorobotics innovation, and the humanities and social sciences scholars who provide contextualising and reflective capabilities. This article discusses some of the ethical issues which can reasonably be expected. On this basis, the article explores possible gaps identified within this collaborative, ethical reflection that calls for attention to ensure that the development of neurorobotics is ethically sound and socially acceptable and desirable.
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SIQUEIRA-BATISTA, Rodrigo, Camila Ribeiro SOUZA, Polyana Mendes MAIA, and Sávio Lana SIQUEIRA. "ROBOTIC SURGERY: BIOETHICAL ASPECTS." ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) 29, no. 4 (2016): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201600040018.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of robots in surgery has been increasingly common today, allowing the emergence of numerous bioethical issues in this area. Objective: To present review of the ethical aspects of robot use in surgery. Method: Search in Pubmed, SciELO and Lilacs crossing the headings "bioethics", "surgery", "ethics", "laparoscopy" and "robotic". Results: Of the citations obtained, were selected 17 articles, which were used for the preparation of the article. It contains brief presentation on robotics, its inclusion in health and bioethical aspects, and the use of robots in surgery. Conclusion: Robotic surgery is a reality today in many hospitals, which makes essential bioethical reflection on the relationship between health professionals, automata and patients.
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Gaivoronskaya, Yana V., Roman I. Dremliuga, Alexey Y. Mamychev, and Olga I. Miroshnichenko. "Ethical issues of digitalization." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3 (2021): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-62202021731340p.539-547.
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The research objective of the paper is to generalize the ethical problems associated with the development and implementation of autonomous robotic technologies (autonomous robotic devices, ARD) in the civil and military spheres. Unresolved ethical problems hinder the development of legal regulation of new technologies. The authors propose a typology of ethical problems of digitalization for the purpose of creating legal regulation concerning the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and other technologies. Depending on the scope of social relations covered and the forms of regulation proposed, the authors identified four groups of ethical problems of global digitalization, which are considered in the paper: philosophical, humanitarian, socio-ethical, and ethical-legal problems. It is concluded that the legitimacy of managerial decisions that endow robotic technologies with the potential to make decisions in the civil and military spheres should be determined in terms of ethical principles of regulating such relations.
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Boada, Júlia Pareto, Begoña Román Maestre, and Carme Torras Genís. "The ethical issues of social assistive robotics: A critical literature review." Technology in Society 67 (November 2021): 101726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101726.
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Dipla, Victoria. "AI and the Healthcare sector: Industry, legal and ethical issues." Bioethica 7, no. 1 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.26540.
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In this modern era, AI systems, robotics and all kinds of technological innovations have prevailed in almost every industry there is. Even though, they provide with several advantages and benefits, such novelties, due to their newly found capacities pose a certain undoubted risk for contemporary societies, unfamiliar yet with the full extent of the perils following these kind of innovations.This article engages in an examination of one of the industries critically changed and influenceδ by AI technology, the healthcare industry, as it possesses the highest bioethical interest. The article, thus, is divided to four sections. The first is dedicated to novel advancements in the field of health care services and medicine, which include the introduction and/or full deployment of machine learning and robotics. Second, as already mentioned due to the fact that these technologies are accompanied by legal concerns, especially in terms of privacy, a legal analysis of the most relevant and prominent concerns is attempted. The emphasis is given on the European Union’s approach on the matter of AI related technology. Both its main bodies are mentioned, the European Parliament and the European Commission, for their procurement of documents related to novel technologies.In addition, after the legal framework analysis and the more binding in nature legislative efforts, the article proceeds with the presentation of the soft-law related to the AI technological field, as well as the ethics and guidelines developed to mitigate its risks and issues. Lastly, the following analysis is closed by conclusions based on the combination of remarks and resolutions from the above mentioned sections of the article.
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Remmers, Peter. "The Ethical Significance of Human Likeness in Robotics and AI." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 10, no. 2 (2019): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2019.2.6.
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A defining goal of research in AI and robotics is to build technical artefacts as substitutes, assistants or enhancements of human action and decision-making. But both in reflection on these technologies and in interaction with the respective technical artefacts, we sometimes encounter certain kinds of human likenesses. To clarify their significance, three aspects are highlighted. First, I will broadly investigate some relations between humans and artificial agents by recalling certain points from the debates on Strong AI, on Turing’s Test, on the concept of autonomy and on anthropomorphism in human-machine interaction. Second, I will argue for the claim that there are no serious ethical issues involved in the theoretical aspects of technological human likeness. Third, I will suggest that although human likeness may not be ethically significant on the philosophical and conceptual levels, strategies to use anthropomorphism in the technological design of human-machine collaborations are ethically significant, because artificial agents are specifically designed to be treated in ways we usually treat humans.
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Leenes, Ronald, Erica Palmerini, Bert-Jaap Koops, Andrea Bertolini, Pericle Salvini, and Federica Lucivero. "Regulatory challenges of robotics: some guidelines for addressing legal and ethical issues." Law, Innovation and Technology 9, no. 1 (2017): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2017.1304921.
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Denisov, E. I. "ROBOTS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY: ETHICAL, LEGAL AND HYGIENIC ISSUES." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 1 (2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-1-5-10.
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The digital revolution poses new challenges for hygienists. From hygienic positions, the essence of digitalization of economy and society, and also ethical problems and projects of legal regulation of robotics, systems of artificial intelligence (AI), augmented and virtual reality (AR-VR) are considered. The aim of the work is the analysis of digitalization from the standpoint of information hygiene, as well as the legal regulation of these new technologies for their hygienic regulation. The range of views of the luminaries of Natural Sciences and Medicine on ethical and philosophical issues of the society, labor, and hygiene is given. Of the 23 Asilomar principles of safe, productive, and moral development of AI systems there are selected 7 hygienically significant ones, that can serve as the scientific basis for the hygienic assessment of cyber-physical systems. The issues of the legal regulation of robotics and AI on the example of the UNESCO draft and the European Parliament resolution, as well as draft laws of the United Kingdom and the United States, are considered. The proposal of Russian specialists on the category of high-risk robots and the presumption of the danger of conscious interaction with AI is noted. The terminology on robots and co-robots in the fields of welfare, medicine, and healthcare is presented. The proposal is described to form a friendly behavior of the robot to implement the ethical norms of robotics for the benefit of man. The systems of AR-VR used in education, industry, architecture, health care, medical Sciences, and entertainment are mentioned, as well as risk factors and symptoms of motion sickness as a form of their manifestation are considered. The basic theory is that of sensory conflict and then activation of the optic-vestibular-spinal system; one talks about the "disease of virtual reality". Possible disorders of the human body functions when using AR-VR devices and medical contraindications, as well as health and safety requirements are systematized. The bases of information hygiene can serve as a tool to preserve the health of workers and the population in the digital age. Robots and AI systems are concluded to require hygienic assessment. Special attention should be paid to the AR-VR systems, which create specific health risks, especially for vulnerable groups. The methods and criteria for evaluating cyber-physical systems on the base of information hygiene and specialized hygiene regulations are urgently needed.
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Kimura, Takeshi. "Masahiro Mori’s Buddhist philosophy of robot." Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 9, no. 1 (2018): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjbr-2018-0004.
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Abstract Masahiro Mori is a well-known Japanese robotics scholar whose notion of Uncanny Valley is worldly famous. Mori is also an initiator of the Robot Contest and a student of Buddhism and a practitioner of Zen. He constructs his original Buddhist philosophy of robotics throughout his career. His robotics work and his learning of Buddhism develop together side by side in an interesting intertwined manner. This paper will take up the issues such as the ethical personality, quality of minds, and experiences of engineers as key components in and for an “ethical design” of robots by examining Mori’s Buddhist philosophy of robotics. This paper is divided into four sections. After an introductory part, in the second section, we will explore Mori’s view of Zen as aspiritual source for technological creativity. In Section 3, we will examine his view into a robot-contest as a location of a realized teaching of Buddhism, especially, in relationship to the Diamond Sūtra, in order to see Mori’s educational contribution. In Section 4, we will examine how Mori became engaged to learn and practice Buddhism and came to the realization of Buddhahood in relation to robotics.
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Bajcsy, Ruzena. "Robotics in Service and the Responsibility to Society [Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues]." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 25, no. 4 (2018): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2018.2873029.
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Pransky, Joanne. "The Pransky interview: Daniel Theobald, Co-founder and Chief Innovation Officer, Vecna Robotics." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 45, no. 4 (2018): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-05-2018-0108.
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Purpose The following article is a Q&A interview conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent robotic industry engineer-turned successful innovator and leader regarding the challenges of bringing technological discoveries to fruition. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Daniel Theobald, Co-Founder of Vecna Robotics. Vecna Robotics is a recognized global leader in next-generation robotics and automation solutions, with over 20 years of experience in developing cost-effective solutions in the fields of healthcare, education, business, government, material handling and beyond. In this interview, Theobald shares how his mission to empower humanity through transformative technologies led him to co-found and grow the profitable, privately funded Vecna to a 200-employee company that includes an extensive network of global partners and serves a worldwide customer base, without taking outside investment. Findings Theobald received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering from MIT. Graduating at the top of his class, Theobald received the Henry Ford II Scholar Award, the Hertz Foundation Award and a fellowship from the National Science Foundation. Through his graduate work at the MIT AI Laboratory, he developed web-based control algorithms for a robotic Mars explorer, a progenitor of the NASA rovers Spirit and Opportunity. He served as Principal Investigator for many projects funded by DARPA, NIH, TATRC, US ARMY, ONR and many more. Theobald co-founded Vecna along with other MIT engineers in 1998 on the idea that people matter and that businesses can be profitable, ethical and socially responsible. The company motto “Better Technology, Better World” reflects Theobald’s philosophy that impact is the yardstick by which success is measured. Originality/value A humanistic roboticist and ethical innovator, Theobald has decades of experience in leading research scientists and teams of engineers in developing cutting-edge robotics technology. He has over 70 patents issued and pending. He invented and developed several robots, including the famous Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot (BEAR), the QC Bot logistics solution and industrial logistics platforms. Theobald/Vecna awards include RBR50 Company Award, winner of the DHL and Dell Robotics Innovation Challenge, Mass Technology Leadership Council Award, Team Massachusetts Economic Impact Award, Northrop Grumman Information Systems Annual Suppliers Excellence Award and the Tibbetts Award for Exceptional Innovation. He is the creator of the Convenient Care Model, which suggests that patients who have a more convenient healthcare experience will act more responsibly and will make better health decisions for themselves. In 2014, he co-founded and is currently president of MassRobotics, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the global advancement of the robotics industry. He also co-created VecnaCares, a Vecna charity that is dedicated to improving health outcomes and access to quality care around the world. Under Theobald’s leadership, Vecna has performed over 170,000 hours of community service.
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Torras, Carme. "Robots socials. Un punt de trobada entre ciència i ficció." Mètode Revista de difusió de la investigació, no. 5 (April 16, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/metode.0.3546.
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Industrial robots and androids in science fiction were worlds apart until recently, but now begin to merge with the rapid development of social robotics. Given the growing need for labour in the healthcare and service sectors, robots are being designed to interact with disabled or elderly people, or to take the place of receptionists or shop assistants in shopping malls, or even to act as support teachers or nannies. Within this context, efforts have grown to encourage mutual inspiration between techno-science and humanities. Ethical issues such as the influence of robotic nannies on child psyche, previously raised within the realms of literary works, are now being discussed in scientific forums.
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Molokaeva, O. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE STATE AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 1 (2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.01.03.
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The article deals with the concept of «artificial intelligence», its relation to the concept of AI, the scientists' point of view on the possibility of legal regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics. Issues of digital totalitarianism, political-legal and ethical-axiological aspects of digitalization of modern society are raised.
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Rios-Gutierrez, Fernando, and Rocio Alba-Flores. "Robotics Focused Capstone Senior Design Course." American Journal of Engineering Education (AJEE) 8, no. 1 (2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajee.v8i1.9962.
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This work describes the educational experiences gained teaching the Senior Design I & II courses, a senior level, two-semester sequence in the Electrical Engineering (EE) program at Georgia Southern University (GSU). In particular, the authors present their experiences in using robotics as the main area to develop the capstone senior design, with focus in interdisciplinary interactions and teamwork for the design and implementation of autonomous mobile robots. Other main purpose of the capstone design course sequence is for the students to experience working in an engineering application project researching and analyzing the sustainability, ethical and social impact issues related to their projects. The students work for two semesters as a team to design, test and build a mobile robot project for a particular application. Some of these projects have been fabricated to participate in different robotic competitions, including the IEEE sponsored hardware competition, the lawn mower competition, and the robot waiter competition.
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Ntaountaki, Polyxeni, Georgia Lorentzou, Andriana Lykothanasi, Panagiota Anagnostopoulou, Vasiliki Alexandropoulou, and Athanasios Drigas. "Robotics in Autism Intervention." International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES) 7, no. 4 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v7i4.11448.
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Autism Spectrum Disorders is a group of lifelong disabilities that affect people's communication and underlying social messages. The state of the art is an indication of how technology, and in particular robotics, can offer promising tools to enhance research and treatment in ASD. This review represents an attempt to investigate how robot-assistive therapy strategies help children with autism increase social interaction and to imitate, recognize and express feelings. One of the major questions of this paper was if the robots appear to be effective means in assistive therapies. The research team of this paper concluded that robots are discovered to be a predictable and secure environment for ASD children and to be quite efficient in the intervention process. In addition to the above-mentioned, this project also broaches ethical issues that should be taken into consideration by the researchers and therapists during human-robot interplay.
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Bogue, Robert. "Robot ethics and law." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 41, no. 4 (2014): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-04-2014-0328.
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Purpose – This first part of a two-part paper aims to provide an insight into the ethical and legal issues associated with certain classes of robot. This part is concerned with ethics. Design/methodology/approach – Following an introduction, this paper first considers the ethical deliberations surrounding robots used in warfare and healthcare. It then addresses the issue of robot truth and deception and subsequently discusses some on-going deliberations and possible ways forward. Finally, brief conclusions are drawn. Findings – Robot ethics are the topic of wide-ranging debate and encompass such diverse applications as military drones and robotic carers. Many ethical considerations have been raised including philosophical issues such as moral behaviour and truth and deception. Preliminary research suggests that some of these concerns may be ameliorated through the use of software which encompasses ethical principles. It is widely recognised that a multidisciplinary approach is required and there is growing evidence of this. Originality/value – This paper provides an insight into the highly topical and complex issue of robot ethics.
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Skurko, E. V. "ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 1 (2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.01.08.
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The review examines the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence systems and their legal regulation both at the international legal level and in individual countries and jurisdictions. The key provisions of the EU General data Protection Regulation (GDRP) 2018 and other EU documents are analyzed, in particular, the resolution on civil Law Rules on Robotics 2017 of the European Parliament and the European Commission's communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe 2018, as well as issues of legal regulation of AI ethics in China, the United States, and other countries.
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Angelos, Peter. "Ethical issues in robotic-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy." International Journal of Endocrine Oncology 2, no. 2 (2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ije.15.7.
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Sharkey, Noel E. "The evitability of autonomous robot warfare." International Review of the Red Cross 94, no. 886 (2012): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383112000732.
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AbstractThis is a call for the prohibition of autonomous lethal targeting by free-ranging robots. This article will first point out the three main international humanitarian law (IHL)/ethical issues with armed autonomous robots and then move on to discuss a major stumbling block to their evitability: misunderstandings about the limitations of robotic systems and artificial intelligence. This is partly due to a mythical narrative from science fiction and the media, but the real danger is in the language being used by military researchers and others to describe robots and what they can do. The article will look at some anthropomorphic ways that robots have been discussed by the military and then go on to provide a robotics case study in which the language used obfuscates the IHL issues. Finally, the article will look at problems with some of the current legal instruments and suggest a way forward to prohibition.
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Asaro, Peter M. "What Should We Want From a Robot Ethic?" International Review of Information Ethics 6 (December 1, 2006): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie134.
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There are at least three things we might mean by “ethics in robotics”: the ethical systems built into robots, the ethics of people who design and use robots, and the ethics of how people treat robots. This paper argues that the best approach to robot ethics is one which addresses all three of these, and to do this it ought to consider robots as socio-technical systems. By so doing, it is possible to think of a continuum of agency that lies between amoral and fully autonomous moral agents. Thus, robots might move gradually along this continuum as they acquire greater capabilities and ethical sophistication. It also argues that many of the issues regarding the distribution of responsibility in complex socio-technical systems might best be addressed by looking to legal theory, rather than moral theory. This is because our overarching interest in robot ethics ought to be the practical one of preventing robots from doing harm, as well as preventing humans from unjustly avoiding responsibility for their actions.
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Pransky, Joanne. "The Pransky interview: Gianmarco Veruggio, Director of Research, CNR-IEIIT, Genoa Branch; Robotics Pioneer and Inventor." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 44, no. 1 (2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-10-2016-0271.
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Purpose The following paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned successful innovator and leader, regarding the challenges of bringing technological discoveries to fruition. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Gianmarco Veruggio who is responsible for the Operational Unit of Genoa of the Italian National Research Council Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT). Veruggio is an early pioneer of telerobotics in extreme environments. Veruggio founded the new applicative field of Roboethics. In this interview, Veruggio shares some of his 30-year robotic journey along with his thoughts and concerns on robotics and society. Findings Gianmarco Veruggio received a master’s degree in electronic engineering, computer science, control and automation from Genoa University in 1980. From 1980 to 1983 he worked in the Automation Division of Ansaldo as a Designer of fault-tolerant multiprocessor architectures for fail-safe control systems and was part of the development team for the new automation of the Italian Railway Stations. In 1984, he joined the CNR-Institute of Naval Automation (IAN) in Genoa as a Research Scientist. There, he worked on real-time computer graphics for simulation, control techniques and naval and marine data-collection systems. In 1989, he founded the CNR-IAN Robotics Department (Robotlab), which he headed until 2003, to develop missions on experimental robotics in extreme environments. His approach utilized working prototypes in a virtual lab environment and focused on robot mission control, real-time human-machine interfaces, networked control system architectures for tele-robotics and Internet Robotics. In 2000, he founded the association “Scuola di Robotica” (School of Robotics) to promote this new science among young people and society at large by means of educational robotics. He joined the CNR-IEIIT in 2007 to continue his research in robotics and to also develop studies on the philosophical, social and ethical implications of Robotics. Originality/value Veruggio led the first Italian underwater robotics campaigns in Antarctica during the Italian expeditions in 1993, 1997 and 2001, and in the Arctic during 2002. During the 2001-2002 Antarctic expedition, he carried out the E-Robot Project, the first experiment of internet robotics via satellite in the Antarctica. In 2002, he designed and developed the Project E-Robot2, the first experiment of worldwide internet robotics ever carried out in the Arctic. During these projects, he organized a series of “live-science” sessions in collaboration with students and teachers of Italian schools. Beginning with his new “School of Robotics”, Veruggio continued to disseminate and educate young people on the complex relationship between robotics and society. This led him to coin the term and propose the concept of Roboethics in 2002, and he has since made worldwide efforts at dedicating resources to the development of this new field. He was the General Chair of the “First International Symposium on Roboethics” in 2004 and of the “EURON Roboethics Atelier” in 2006 that produced the Roboethics Roadmap. Veruggio is the author of more than 150 scientific publications. In 2006, he was presented with the Ligurian Region Award for Innovation, and in 2009, for his merits in the field of science and society, he was awarded the title of Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, one of Italy’s highest civilian honors.
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Cain, Lisa Nicole, John H. Thomas, and Miguel Alonso Jr. "From sci-fi to sci-fact: the state of robotics and AI in the hospitality industry." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 10, no. 4 (2019): 624–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-07-2018-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the extant hospitality and tourism literature on the state of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the service industry. The aim was to highlight the current areas of research on this emerging topic and identify areas for future application and study. Design/methodology/approach A list of hospitality and tourism journals was used to identify articles related to AI and robotics using the terms AI, robots, robotics, hospitality and tourism, and several combinations thereof. Additional sources were identified through the literature reviews from the identified works. Findings The findings revealed several studies on the current state of robotics and AI in hospitality and tourism. Additional research examines and discusses implications for internal and external customer service, legal and ethical issues and theory. Originality/value This paper provides a compilation of the current studies that examine the impact of robotics and AI in hospitality and tourism. It offers scholars an overview of the current knowledge in the field on this rapidly emerging and evolving topic.
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Pham, Q. C., R. Madhavan, L. Righetti, W. Smart, and R. Chatila. "The Impact of Robotics and Automation on Working Conditions and Employment [Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues]." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 25, no. 2 (2018): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mra.2018.2822058.
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Leonov, V., YEkatyerina Kashtanova, and A. Lobacheva. "Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Problems and Initiatives in the Social Environment." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 10, no. 2 (2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2305-7807-2021-10-2-5-12.
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Technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI) have achieved significant results, including facial recognition, medical diagnostics, self-driving cars, insurance management and exchange assets, property, human resources, search and recruitment. Artificial intelligence promises huge benefits for economic growth, social development, and improving the well-being and people security. Of course, artificial intelligence and robotics are among the most discussed issues and technological trends around the world today. In the light of their widespread use and implementation in all spheres of human life, often the expected opportunities, achievements and scientific breakthroughs overshadow the reasonableness and expediency of using artificial intelligence technologies in a particular field from a legal and ethical point of view. Companies, in the pursuit of profit and leading positions in the market, are often irresponsible about the legal and ethical issues of interaction with artificial intelligence technologies. Nevertheless, the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence technologies are gaining high importance these days. The emergence of high-tech systems and software that can function more and more independently of humans and can replace the performance of tasks by humans requires special attention. These systems raise a number of important and tough moral questions. The article discusses the main directions of the artificial intelligence technologies spread and the ethical consequences and moral issues that arise in this regard, both at the state and organizational levels. The main trends characteristic of the labor market that arise in the process of workplaces robotization and the intelligent robots introduction into the production process are studied. The authors convincingly prove the priority of ethics and human safety issues in the design and implementation of AI systems. During the discussion of the ethical problems of the artificial intelligence introduction in organizations, the emphasis is placed on the use of these technologies not from the point of view of automation and improving the efficiency of performing direct management functions, but from the point of view of the organization of personnel work. Based on this, the article concludes with recommendations for the development of ethical principles adapted to the design and use of AI systems.
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Molnár-Gábor, Fruzsina. "The Realization of the Ethical Mandate of UNESCO in 2015 and in 2016." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 20, no. 1 (2017): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13894633_02001006.
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UNESCO has fulfilled its ethical mandate in 2015 and in 2016 foremost by standard-setting activities within its various ethics committees. The IBC’ and IGBC’S work focused on the principle of benefit sharing, on the update of IBC’S reflection on the issues of the human genome and human rights as well as on big data in health care and health research and on bioethical questions arising from conditions of refugees and migrants. In the meantime, COMEST has concentrated its efforts on climate change and on elaborating on a post-2015 agenda for the context of science, technology and society as well as on the ethics of water and oceans and the ethics of robotics. Common feature of the standard-setting work of these bodies in 2015 and 2016 remains that UNESCO establishes a strong link between bioethical principles and the human rights framework. However, the developed global principles in different areas have again not resulted in a declaratory standard-setting and thus remain beyond any factual binding force of the already established three international and universal declarations of UNESCO in the field of bioethics. Although an intensified cooperation between the different bodies can be observed, it remains to be seen, which results the external auditing of the work of UNESCO brings about on the issue of governance within the organization.
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Moon, AJung, Shalaleh Rismani, and H. F. Machiel Van der Loos. "Ethics of Corporeal, Co-present Robots as Agents of Influence: a Review." Current Robotics Reports 2, no. 2 (2021): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43154-021-00053-6.
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Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize the set of roboethics issues that uniquely arise due to the corporeality and physical interaction modalities afforded by robots, irrespective of the degree of artificial intelligence present in the system. Recent Findings One of the recent trends in the discussion of ethics of emerging technologies has been the treatment of roboethics issues as those of “embodied AI,” a subset of AI ethics. In contrast to AI, however, robots leverage human’s natural tendency to be influenced by our physical environment. Recent work in human-robot interaction highlights the impact a robot’s presence, capacity to touch, and move in our physical environment has on people, and helping to articulate the ethical issues particular to the design of interactive robotic systems. Summary The corporeality of interactive robots poses unique sets of ethical challenges. These issues should be considered in the design irrespective of and in addition to the ethics of artificial intelligence implemented in them.
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Sharkey, Noel, and Amanda Sharkey. "The crying shame of robot nannies." Interaction Studies 11, no. 2 (2010): 161–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.11.2.01sha.
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Childcare robots are being manufactured and developed with the long term aim of creating surrogate carers. While total childcare is not yet being promoted, there are indications that it is ‘on the cards’. We examine recent research and developments in childcare robots and speculate on progress over the coming years by extrapolating from other ongoing robotics work. Our main aim is to raise ethical questions about the part or full-time replacement of primary carers. The questions are about human rights, privacy, robot use of restraint, deception of children and accountability. But the most pressing ethical issues throughout the paper concern the consequences for the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children. We set these in the context of the child development literature on the pathology and causes of attachment disorders. We then consider the adequacy of current legislation and international ethical guidelines on the protection of children from the overuse of robot care.
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Lobacheva, A. S., and O. V. Sobol. "Ethics of the application of artificial intelligence in human resource management." E-Management 4, no. 1 (2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2021-4-1-20-28.
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The article reveals the main ethical problems and contradictions associated with the use of artificial intelligence. The paper reveals the concept of “artificial intelligence”. The authors analyse two areas of ethical problems of artificial intelligence: fundamental ideas about the ethics of artificial intelligent systems and the creation of ethical norms.The paper investigates the work of world organizations on the development of ethical standards for the use of artificial intelligence: the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and UNESCO. The study analyses the main difficulties in the implementation of artificial intelligent systems: the attitude of employees to the use of robots in production activities and the automation of processes that affect their work functions and work organization; ethical issues related to retraining and re-certification of employees in connection with the introduction of new software products and robots; ethical issues in reducing staff as a result of the introduction of artificial intelligence and automation of production and business processes; ethical problems of the processing of personal data of employees, including assessments of their psychological and physical condition, personal qualities and character traits, values and beliefs by specialized programs based on artificial intelligence, as well as tracking the work of employees; ethical contradictions when using special devices and tracking technologies in robotic technology and modern software products, which also extend to the employees interacting with them.
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Ficuciello, Fanny, Guglielmo Tamburrini, Alberto Arezzo, Luigi Villani, and Bruno Siciliano. "Autonomy in surgical robots and its meaningful human control." Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 10, no. 1 (2019): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjbr-2019-0002.
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AbstractThis article focuses on ethical issues raised by increasing levels of autonomy for surgical robots. These ethical issues are explored mainly by reference to state-ofart case studies and imminent advances in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) and Microsurgery. In both area, surgicalworkspace is limited and the required precision is high. For this reason, increasing levels of robotic autonomy can make a significant difference there, and ethically justified control sharing between humans and robots must be introduced. In particular, from a responsibility and accountability perspective suitable policies for theMeaningfulHuman Control (MHC) of increasingly autonomous surgical robots are proposed. It is highlighted how MHC should be modulated in accordance with various levels of autonomy for MIS and Microsurgery robots. Moreover, finer MHC distinctions are introduced to deal with contextual conditions concerning e.g. soft or rigid anatomical environments.
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Abramov, A. A. "Religious and Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence: Expert Assessments and the Vatican Position." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 4, no. 4 (2020): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-4-16-68-82.
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The paper is dedicated to the emergence of progressive artificial intelligence technologies and its relations to the human nature and soul, as viewed by experts and in such specific community as the church. We seem now to be entering a new phase of the comprehension of the moral aspects of the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into the life of different societies. The romantic period of high expectations and excessive anxiety is replaced by the growing understanding of the complexity of the man‒machine interaction, which implies the intersection moral, legal, political and utilitarian dimensions of both a person and an artifact. The problematic issues are now more obvious, clear and difficult, as the disciplinary boundaries are revealed and highlighted. Among the crucial issues one should mention deficiencies in definitions; weakness of research optics and the vision that would be friendly to other areas of study or practice. This also includes the issues of integral assessment of the existing dangers, difficulties in describing the mechanisms of fulfilling both ethical and technically viable requirements. As scientific knowledge accumulates, both the benefits of introducing AI technologies into everyday life and previously underestimated new threats become more obvious. These societal and humanitarian ones include, in particular, social turbulence, neuroticism, digital crimes and crimes associated freedom abuses and losses of identity. Over the past few years, state and non-governmental institutions have proposed different approaches to determining what is included in the moral core of the problem under consideration. The efforts of many, if not most, of them turn out to be compromised by suspicions in willful intents. In this context, the broad consensus with the key agent facilitators is required, and the role such actors play in providing social stability is indisputable. One of the key roles in offering society the broadest vision on the anthropocentric development and AI progress belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican’s quest to unite philosophers, AI developers, and religious leaders to address the ethical challenges of designing and implementing robotics is becoming an important element of the Christian witness in a world that is consider ed irrevocably secularized by many.
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Abramov, A. A. "Religious and Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence: Expert Assessments and the Vatican Position." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 4, no. 4 (2020): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-4-16-68-82.
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The paper is dedicated to the emergence of progressive artificial intelligence technologies and its relations to the human nature and soul, as viewed by experts and in such specific community as the church. We seem now to be entering a new phase of the comprehension of the moral aspects of the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into the life of different societies. The romantic period of high expectations and excessive anxiety is replaced by the growing understanding of the complexity of the man‒machine interaction, which implies the intersection moral, legal, political and utilitarian dimensions of both a person and an artifact. The problematic issues are now more obvious, clear and difficult, as the disciplinary boundaries are revealed and highlighted. Among the crucial issues one should mention deficiencies in definitions; weakness of research optics and the vision that would be friendly to other areas of study or practice. This also includes the issues of integral assessment of the existing dangers, difficulties in describing the mechanisms of fulfilling both ethical and technically viable requirements. As scientific knowledge accumulates, both the benefits of introducing AI technologies into everyday life and previously underestimated new threats become more obvious. These societal and humanitarian ones include, in particular, social turbulence, neuroticism, digital crimes and crimes associated freedom abuses and losses of identity. Over the past few years, state and non-governmental institutions have proposed different approaches to determining what is included in the moral core of the problem under consideration. The efforts of many, if not most, of them turn out to be compromised by suspicions in willful intents. In this context, the broad consensus with the key agent facilitators is required, and the role such actors play in providing social stability is indisputable. One of the key roles in offering society the broadest vision on the anthropocentric development and AI progress belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican’s quest to unite philosophers, AI developers, and religious leaders to address the ethical challenges of designing and implementing robotics is becoming an important element of the Christian witness in a world that is consider ed irrevocably secularized by many.
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Salem, Feres A., Ubirajara F. Moreno, and Françoise Lamnabhi-Lagarrigue. "A control approach to address ethical issues on social (robotic) networks." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 17016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1252.
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Yoshikura, Hiroshi. "Special Issue on Dual Use." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 4 (2013): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0643.
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“Dual use” can be defined as potential use of science and technology for destructive purpose as well as for constructive purposes. While the history of the dual use is long (such as, debate on atomic energy), after the anthrax incident in the wake of the terrorist attack of World Trade Center in New York on September 2001, “dual use” issue surfaced as the matter of “biosecurity.” The debate on biosecurity was further ignited by the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity’s recommendation on the publication of experiments dealing with the host range expansion of the avian influenza virus H5N1. The present special issue deals with the “dual use” mainly from the “biosecurity” view point, including the bioweapon and its history, biosecurity negotiation in the Biological Weapon Convention, regulatory framework of use of pathogens and its implementation, ethical issues, education of the “dual use” issues for life scientists, the feasibility of direct application of the published data to the dual use and the recent progress of synthetic biology and its biosecurity implication. The present guest editor wishes that these articles will stimulate debate on “dual use” issues in various branches of science and technology, as he realizes that “dual use” issue is becoming prominent not only in microbiological researches but also in other activities, such as, IT, robotics, neuroscience, psychology, economics, etc. He extends his sincere thanks to all of the contributors and reviewers involved with these articles.
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Lindeman, David A., Katherine K. Kim, Caroline Gladstone, and Ester Carolina Apesoa-Varano. "Technology and Caregiving: Emerging Interventions and Directions for Research." Gerontologist 60, Supplement_1 (2020): S41—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz178.
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Abstract An array of technology-based interventions has increasingly become available to support family caregivers, primarily focusing on health and well-being, social isolation, financial, and psychological support. More recently the emergence of new technologies such as mobile and cloud, robotics, connected sensors, virtual/augmented/mixed reality, voice, and the evermore ubiquitous tools supported by advanced data analytics, coupled with the integration of multiple technologies through platform solutions, have opened a new era of technology-enabled interventions that can empower and support family caregivers. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for identifying and addressing the challenges that may need to be overcome to effectively apply technology-enabled solutions for family caregivers. The paper identifies a number of challenges that either moderate or mediate the full use of technologies for the benefit of caregivers. The challenges include issues related to equity, inclusion, and access; ethical concerns related to privacy and security; political and regulatory factors affecting interoperability and lack of standards; inclusive/human-centric design and issues; and inherent economic and distribution channel difficulties. The paper concludes with a summary of research questions and issues that form a framework for global research priorities.
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Andellini, Martina, Francesco Faggiano, Roxana di Mauro, Pietro Derrico, and Matteo Ritrovato. "OP43 Robotic Or Conventional Gait Training Rehabilitation? A Health Technology Assessment Study." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231800096x.
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Introduction:The purpose of this study is to gather evidence on safety and overall effectiveness of three alternative technologies for gait rehabilitation in diplegic children with Cerebral Palsy: robotic, conventional and joint conventional and robotic gait training.Methods:A new methodology, decision-oriented health technology assessment (DoHTA), was applied to assess the technology on clinical, technical, organizational, economic, social and ethical, legal and safety domains. This method, conceived as a hospital-based HTA tool for supporting the introduction of innovative technologies, has been implemented merging the EUnetHTA Core Model® with the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. In particular, the general items of the EUnetHTA Core Model® are re-formulated as performance indicators and re-placed along a decision tree structure that, from the one hand, respects the original top-down design of the EUnetHTA model (growing level of detail from domains to issues) and, from the other hand, allows obtaining a quantitative evaluation of each identified performance indicator.Results:The multiple indicators, which have been identified for the seven domains, play important and different roles in the alternative technologies evaluation. DoHTA results showed that robotic system offers the possibility to control more accurately the exerted forces and movement trajectories than the traditional therapy. It gives the possibility to measure the task performances parameters and to receive the patient feedback simultaneously. To carry out robotic gait rehabilitation fewer therapists are required compared with the conventional therapy, resulting in lower therapists’ physical workload.Conclusions:Despite the great perspectives that robotics offer to motor rehabilitation, it seems that robotic gait training could not provide greater benefits in terms of motor and functional recovery compared to the conventional therapy. Preliminary results, supported by most recent literature evidence, lead to the hypothesis that joint use of robotic and conventional therapy can produce better clinical outcomes than the separate use of the two rehabilitation techniques.
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Arora, Anshu Saxena, and Amit Arora. "The Race Between Cognitive and Artificial Intelligence." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 16, no. 1 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2020010101.
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Research on human-robot interaction (HRI) is growing; however, focus on the congruent socio-behavioral HRI research fields of social cognition, socio-behavioral intentions, and code of ethics is lacking. Humans possess an inherent ability of integrating perception, cognition, and action; while robots may have limitations as they may not recognize an object or a being, navigate a terrain, and/or comprehend written or verbal language and instructions. This HRI research focuses on issues and challenges for both humans and robots from social, behavioral, technical, and ethical perspectives. The human ability to anthropomorphize robots and adoption of ‘intentional mindset' toward robots through xenocentrism have added new dimensions to HRI. Robotic anthropomorphism plays a significant role in how humans can be successful companions of robots. This research explores social cognitive intelligence versus artificial intelligence with a focus on privacy protections and ethical implications of HRI while designing robots that are ethical, cognitively and artificially intelligent, and social human-like agents.
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Cath, Corinne. "Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2133 (2018): 20180080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080.
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This paper is the introduction to the special issue entitled: ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges'. Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly permeates every aspect of our society, from the critical, like urban infrastructure, law enforcement, banking, healthcare and humanitarian aid, to the mundane like dating. AI, including embodied AI in robotics and techniques like machine learning, can improve economic, social welfare and the exercise of human rights. Owing to the proliferation of AI in high-risk areas, the pressure is mounting to design and govern AI to be accountable, fair and transparent. How can this be achieved and through which frameworks? This is one of the central questions addressed in this special issue, in which eight authors present in-depth analyses of the ethical, legal-regulatory and technical challenges posed by developing governance regimes for AI systems. It also gives a brief overview of recent developments in AI governance, how much of the agenda for defining AI regulation, ethical frameworks and technical approaches is set, as well as providing some concrete suggestions to further the debate on AI governance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
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Torras, Carme. "Service Robots for Citizens of the Future." European Review 24, no. 1 (2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798715000393.
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Robots are no longer confined to factories; they are progressively spreading to urban, social and assistive domains. In order to become handy co-workers and helpful assistants, they must be endowed with quite different abilities from their industrial ancestors. Research on service robots aims to make them intrinsically safe to people, easy to teach by non-experts, able to manipulate not only rigid but also deformable objects, and highly adaptable to non-predefined and dynamic environments. Robots worldwide will share object and environmental models, their acquired knowledge and experiences through global databases and, together with the internet of things, will strongly change the citizens’ way of life in so-called smart cities. This raises a number of social and ethical issues that are now being debated not only within the Robotics community but by society at large.
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Yu, Lin, and Shejiao Ding. "Ethics and risks between human and robotic interaction." Interaction Studies 20, no. 1 (2019): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18009.yu.
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Abstract Robot is definitely playing important role in human society. Low contact on machine standards is mostly on industrial robot while close contacts are in increasing demand in service robot, etc. The development of robotics with advanced hardware and artificial intelligence (AI) provide the possibility with human beings while close contacts raise many new issues on ethics and risks. For interaction, the related technique of perception, cognition and interaction are briefly introduced. For ethics, rules should be given for the robot designers to include ethics for certain application while risks should be evaluated during the experiment test. To make efficient decision, safety design with AI technology should be put on agenda for roboticists. Except from the risks, ethics raise many challenges while most of them can be solved by developing technologies while some of the problems exist in human’s society which also raise the questions for the human beings. More broader vision should be taken from different social departments together to avoid the possible embarrassed issues. It’s time to welcome the world of robotics and related techniques will make life more efficient while human-robot coexistence society will come one day and law should be imposed on both.
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Skewes, Joshua, David M. Amodio, and Johanna Seibt. "Social robotics and the modulation of social perception and bias." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1771 (2019): 20180037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0037.
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The field of social robotics offers an unprecedented opportunity to probe the process of impression formation and the effects of identity-based stereotypes (e.g. about gender or race) on social judgements and interactions. We present the concept of fair proxy communication—a form of robot-mediated communication that proceeds in the absence of potentially biasing identity cues—and describe how this application of social robotics may be used to illuminate implicit bias in social cognition and inform novel interventions to reduce bias. We discuss key questions and challenges for the use of robots in research on the social cognition of bias and offer some practical recommendations. We conclude by discussing boundary conditions of this new form of interaction and by raising some ethical concerns about the inclusion of social robots in psychological research and interventions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
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Yurievich, Mamychev Alexey, Gayvoronskaya Yana Vladimitovna, Petrova Daria Anatolievna, and Miroshnichenko Olga Igorevna. "Deadly Automatic Systems: Ethical And Legal Problems." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 4 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n4p50.
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Artificial intelligence, neural networks, speech and behavior recognition systems, drones, autonomous robotic systems - all of these and many other technologies are widely used by the military to create a new type of lethal weapon programmed to independently decide to use military force. According to experts, production of such weapons will be a revolution in military affairs, the same kind of revolution that the creation of nuclear weapons made back in the days.
 
 Adoption of fully autonomous combat systems raises a number of ethical and legal issues, the major of which is a destruction of a supposed enemy’s manpower by a robot without a human command. This article focuses on the legal aspects of creating autonomous combat systems, their legal status and the prospects of creating an international document prohibiting lethal robotic technologies.
 
 As the result of the study, the authors came to a conclusion that there is no direct legal restriction on the use of fully autonomous combat systems, however, the use of such weapons contradicts the doctrinal norms of international law. The authors also believe that a comprehensive ban on the development, use and distribution of robotic technologies is hardly possible in the foreseeable future. The most possible scenario for solving the problem at an international level is only a ban on the use of this type of military equipment directly during an operational activity of an armed conflict. At the same time, the authors consider it necessary to outline the acceptable areas of application of robotic technologies: medical and logistical support of military operations, military construction, the use of mine clearing robots and similar humanistically justified measures.