Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Event Bus'

This work presents a method and a tool that enable the emulation of the behavior of Single Event Upset faults in applications running on microcontrollers COTS installed in scientific satellites, which are designed to operate in low Earths orbit. The method presented in this work aims to validate computational systems developed with techniques for fault tolerance, which are built from these devices. The tool developed in this work, called PORTHES, is based on a fault emulating methodology known as Code Emulating Upsets, that allows to emulate the behavior of faults through a piece of code inserted as an Interrupt Service Routine into the firmware of the application running in the microcontroller, which allows the simulation of upsets in the device-application under test, reproducing the effects of ionizing radiation of low Earth orbit in space environment. The PORTHES system was developed to be a portable tool, and was constructed with low cost equipment. Moreover, the system doesnt need to build a hardware-specific board to validate microcontrollers to SEUs. The system is controlled by a graphical user interface that is running on a computer. The graphical user interface allows to configure the variables and to control the actions used in the experimental process, the fault generation, the emulation of faults behavior and the data analysis. The PORTHES is used to investigate the operation of applications running on COTS microcontrollers in the presence of faults and also it is useful to be employed to validate systems developed with these devices and fault tolerance techniques, without need to submit the system to a process of ionizing radiation exposure. The experimental sessions indicated that the system PORTHES can be used as a tool for emulation of Single Event Upsets faults in applications running on microcontrollers COTS and the system may be able to execute tests as if the device-application was exposed to ionizing radiation of low Earth orbit in space environment.<br>Esse trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um método e uma ferramenta, que possibilita a emulação do comportamento de falhas do tipo Single Event Upset em aplicações gravadas em microcontroladores COTS, destinados a funcionar em satélites científicos projetados para operar em baixa órbita terrestre. O método apresentado nesse trabalho tem como finalidade validar sistemas de computação desenvolvidos com técnicas de tolerância a falhas, os quais foram construídos a partir desses dispositivos. A ferramenta desenvolvida nesse trabalho, denominada PORTHES, baseia-se na reprodução da metodologia conhecida como Code Emulating Upsets, que permite emular o comportamento de falhas, por meio de um trecho de código inserido em uma Rotina de Tratamento de Interrupção dentro do firmware da aplicação gravada no microcontrolador, que proporciona simular upsets no conjunto dispositivo-aplicação testado, reproduzindo os efeitos da radiação ionizante em um ambiente espacial de baixa órbita terrestre. O sistema PORTHES foi desenvolvido para ser uma ferramenta portátil e foi construído com equipamentos de baixo custo. Além disso, o sistema não requer a construção de uma placa de hardware específica para validar um microcontrolador a SEUs. O sistema é controlado por uma interface gráfica, executando em um computador, permitindo o controle do processo experimental, a geração de falhas, a emulação do comportamento de falhas e a análise dos dados coletados. O PORTHES serve para investigar o comportamento de aplicações gravadas em microcontroladores COTS na presença de falhas e, também, para ser empregado na validação de sistemas desenvolvidos com esses dispositivos e técnicas de tolerância a falhas, sem a necessidade de submeter o conjunto a um processo de exposição à radiação ionizante. As sessões de experimentais indicaram que o sistema PORTHES pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta para a emulação de falhas do tipo Single Event Upset em aplicações gravadas em microcontroladores COTS, sendo capaz de realizar ensaios como se o dispositivo-aplicação estivesse exposto à radiação ionizante do ambiente espacial de baixa órbita terrestre.

<p>We have examined the stock development of acquired listed Swedish companies - from the years 1995 to 2005 - upon the official publication of the bid. Thereafter we further investigated if there is a difference in the stock development between companies that are acquired by foreign investorscompared to Swedish investors. Also, a difference in the stock development could be due to the acquired firms’ industry classification and its company size, which we have been looking at.</p><p>In order to study the bid news impact on the share price, a quantitative study in the form of an event study has been done, where the abnormal return associated with the news has been measured.</p><p>The research shows that there indeed is a difference between companies acquired by foreign investors versus Swedish. As for industry classification, we find one out of six different industries standing out. The comparisons within the remaining industries shows similar results to the comparison of Swedish and foreign companies we mentioned before. In terms of company size,larger companies have shown a lower cumulative abnormal return compared to smaller companies. Furthermore the research also shows that larger the acquired companies are smaller the difference is in the cumulative abnormal return.</p><br><p>Vi har undersökt aktieutvecklingen hos uppköpta börsnoterade svenska företag, mellan 1995 till 2005, vid offentliggörandet av budet. Därefter undersöker vi även om det finns en skillnad i aktieutvecklingen mellan företag som blir uppköpta av utländska aktörer jämfört med de som blir uppköpta av svenska. Vidare skulle en visad skillnad i aktieutvecklingen kunna bero på de uppköpta företagens branschtillhörighet respektive företagens storlek, vilket vi har tittar närmare på.För att studera budnyhetens inverkan på börskursen har en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en event studie gjorts, där den abnormala avkastningen i samband med budnyheten mätts.Resultatet visar att det finns en skillnad mellan företag som blivit uppköpta av utländska aktörer och svenska. Vad gäller branschindelningen finner vi en bransch som utmärker sig gentemot de andra. Resterande branscher sammanfaller med jämförelsen av svenska och utländska företag. Storleksmässigt visade större företag allmänt en lägre kumulativ avkastning än mindre. Vidare är skillnaden mindre, mellan företag köpta av svenska aktörer och utländska, ju större företagen är.</p>

A text of drama-literature written by Chico Buarque and Paulo Pontes (1975) Gota D'Água is analyzed as an brazillian artistic-intellectual event occurred between 1975 and 1980, and also in contemporary social memory. The thesis begins with an analysis of the trajectories of the event producers in order to understand the configurations ofthe artistic-intellectual field space of experience in which the text was produced as well as the horizon of expectation of their authors. Then, taking each of the modes of playing and circulation of the text as a scale of the object analysis, the event is viewed from three different lenses: the books and the reading, the stage show and the acting, the disk and the hearing. At each scale, we studied the social representations withinthe production, focusing on the relationship between the elements of political engagement (especially related to the communist political culture) and the specificities of artistic languages that holds the text (drama-literature, theater and music). We also examined the meanings to the text by the different stakeholders agencies and information censorship, journalists, intellectuals, students and consumers in general. It was possible to identify and understand the changes occurring in the event, both in movement between the sphere of production and consumption, and in temporal duration. In general, we found that between 1975 and 1980, running on different media, the changes in the artistic-intellectual field and in the Brazilian society gradually led tothe depoliticization of the text in the execution of the Gota DÁgua, distancing it from its origin in the communist political culture. In contrast, we observed the construction of a multiplicity of social representations of engagement related to the text in the sphere of immediate receipt and contemporary social memory.<br>Gota DÁgua, texto de literatura dramática de autoria de Chico Buarque e Paulo Pontes (1975), é analisado como um evento no campo artístico-intelectual brasileiro entre os anos de 1975 e 1980, e, também, na memória social contemporânea. Inicialmente, faz-se uma análise das trajetórias dos sujeitos produtores do evento, visando a compreender as configurações do campo artístico-intelectual espaço de experiência em que o texto foi produzido , bem como os horizontes de expectativa de seus autores. Em seguida, concebendo cada uma das modalidades de execução e circulação do texto como uma escala de análise do objeto, o evento é analisado a partir de três diferentes lentes: o livro e a leitura; o espetáculo teatral e a encenação; o disco e a audição. Em cada escala, foram estudadas as representações sociaisconstruídas no âmbito da produção, com enfoque na relação entre os elementos de engajamento político (em especial, relacionados à cultura política comunista) e as especificidades das linguagens artísticas de suporte do texto (literatura dramática, teatro e música). Foram também examinados os sentidos que o texto passou a ter no encontro com diferentes públicos órgãos de censura e de informação, jornalistas,intelectuais, estudantes e público consumidor, de maneira geral. Pôde-se identificar e compreender as transformações ocorridas no evento, tanto no movimento entre a esfera da produção e a do consumo, quanto na duração temporal. De maneira geral, observou-se que, entre 1975 e 1980, a execução em diferentes suportes, as mudanças no campo artístico-intelectual e na sociedade brasileira implicaram adespolitização paulatina na execução do texto de Gota DÁgua, distanciando-o de sua origem na cultura política comunista. Em contrapartida, observou-se a construção de uma multiplicidade de representações sociais de engajamento com relação ao texto,na esfera da recepção imediata e na memória social contemporânea.

Latest developments in the world economy have generated a climate of mistrust on the part of I investors and at the same time a challenge for managers and leaders who need to attract capital for their investments and also to the desired economic recovery. This research takes advantage of this situation to retest the concepts that relate dividend announcements and the behavior of actions on these developments, and the units were surveyed companies in the Bovespa index, Methodology chosen was the Event Study that measures the possible V abnormal returns against an event. The main estimation window was 60 working days and the i event window ol` 20 days with weekly data, and the results showed no abnormal findings, suggesting consistency with the irrelevance of dividend policy in the period 2011 and 2012, confirmed by students T Test. certified companies in corporate governance model of the V BM&FBOVEPSA and not listed as such and that this difference occurred it was not i confirmed by T-test. In another aspect was investigated whether companies would draw up a strategy to take advantage of market anomalies seen to be a period eminently news pessimistic, using iiequency tests for such eliects were tested "cnd of`ycar" and "January" and "Fridayweekend", where the results cannot confirm anything out of the first expected to I show effects but rather a use of effects" Fridayweekend ".<br>Os últimos acontecimentos na economia mundial geraram um clima de desconfiança por parte dos investidores e, ao mesmo tempo, um desafio para gestores e governantes que precisam atrair capital para seus investimentos e também para a recuperação econômica desejada. Esta pesquisa aproveita essa conjuntura para testar novamente os conceitos que relacionam I anúncios de dividendos e o comportamento das ações diante de tais acontecimentos. A metodologia escolhida foi a Estudo de Eventos que mensura os possíveis retornos anormais diante de um evento e as unidades pesquisadas foram as empresas do lbovespa. Ajanela de estimação principal lei de 60 dias úteis e a janela de evento de 20 dias úteis com dados semanais, sendo que os resultados não apresentaram resultados anormais, sugerindo consistência com a irrelevância da política de dividendos no período 2011 e 2012, confirmada pelo Teste TStudent. No mesmo ensejo foi testado se haveria diferença entre as empresas certificadas Novo Mereado e as não listadas como tal e, ainda que tenha ocorrido essa diferença, ela não foi confirmada pelo Teste T. Em uma outra vertente foi pesquisado se as empresas elaborariam uma estratégia para aproveitar as anomalias de mercado visto ser um período eminentemente de notícias pessimistas, utilizando testes de lrequência para tal foram testados os efeitos fim de anoinício de ano e sexta-leira-final de semana, em que os resultados não podem confirmar algo fora do esperado para os primeiros efeitos, mas indicam sim um aproveitamento dos efeitos sextafeira-final de semana.

Studying the reactions where electrons and positrons collide and annihilate so that hadrons can be formed from their energy is an excellent tool when we try to improve our understanding of the standard model. Hadrons are composite quark systems held together by the strong force. By doing precise measurements of the, so called, cross section of the hadron production that was generated during the annihilation one can obtain information about the electromagnetic form factors, GE and GM, which describe the inner electromagnetic structure of hadrons. This will give us a better understanding of the strong force and the standard model.During my bachelor degree project I have been using data from the BESIII detector located at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC-II) in China. Uppsala university has several scientists working with the BESIII experiment. My task was to do a quality assurance of previous results for the reaction e+e-→ Lambda Lambda-Bar at a center of mass energy of 2.396 GeV. During a major part of the project I have been working with Monte Carlo data. Generating the reactions was done with two generators, ConExc and PHSP. The generators was used for different means. I have analyzed the simulated data to find a method of filtering out the background noise in order to extract a clean signal. Dr Cui Li at the hadron physics group at Uppsala university have worked with several selection criteria to extract these signals. The total efficiency of Cui Li's analysis was 14%. For my analysis I also obtained total efficiency of 14%. This gave me confidence that my analysis have been implemented in a correct fashion and that my analysis now can be transferred over to real data. It is also reassuring for Cui Li and the rest of the group that her analysis has been verified by and independently implemented selection algorithm.<br>Att studera vad som händer vid reaktioner där elektroner och positroner kolliderar och annihilerar så att hadroner kan bildas ur energin kan vara till stor hjälp när vi vill förstå standardmodellen och dess krafter, i synnerhet den starka kraften, som kan studeras i sådana reaktioner. Genom att utföra precisa mätningar av tvärsnitt för hadronproduktion får man fram de elektromagnetiska formfaktorerna GE och GM som beskriver hadronernas inre struktur. Hadroner är sammansatta system av kvarkar och den starka kraften binder dessa kvarkar.\\Under mitt examensarbete har jag använt mig av data från detektorn BESIII som finns vid BEPC-II (Beijing Electron-Positron Collider) i Kina. Uppsala universitet har flera forskare som jobbar med BESIII experimentet. Målet var att kvalitetssäkra den tidigare analys som gjorts för reaktionen e+e- → Lambda Lambda-Bar vid 2.396 GeV. Jag började med att göra Monte Carlo-simuleringar. Reaktionerna har genererats med två olika generatorer, ConExc och PHSP. Dessa generatorer har använts till olika ändamål. De genererade partiklarnas färd genom detektorn har sedan simulerats. Då bildas data av samma typ som dem man får från experiment. Jag har analyserat dessa simulerade data för att hitta en metod som kan filtrera bort bakgrundsstörningar samtidigt som intressanta data sparas. Kriterier utarbetade av Dr. Cui Li har använts för att skapa denna metod. Min algortim gav en total effektivitet på 14%, vilket stämmer bra med den tidigare algoritmen som Cui Li skapade, även där var effektiviteten 14%. Detta ger förtroende för min algortim och den stärker även Cui Lis resultat.

Background: The hypertensive disorders are the most frequent and serious complications of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle. In Brazil, preeclampsia is responsible for 23% of direct maternal deaths. The development of screening tests that allow the identification of patients at risk would contribute to increase perinatal survival and possibly reduce maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality associated with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Abnormal findings on the Doppler test of uterine arteries, such as changed values in the mean pulsatility index and persistence of the protodiastolic notches, have been proposed as suitable screening tests for the prediction of preeclampsia. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the abilityto predict the occurrence of preeclampsia by the uterine artery Doppler test in a group of clinical and epidemiological risk for developing the disease. Patients and Methods: We studied 81 pregnant women enrolled in the Department of High Prenatal Risk of the Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, all of them are carriers of risk factors for preeclampsia. We excluded 19 patients. Assessments of the pulsatility index were performed on average gestational intervals ranging between 16+0 and 19+6 weeks and 24+0 and 27+6 weeks. In the latter interval, the persistence of bilateral protodiastolic notches was also evaluated. Results:Our data demonstrates that the presence of bilateral protodiastolic notches between 24+0 and 27+6 weeks of gestation could predict the diagnosis of preeclampsia with 75% sensitivity, 82% specificity, positive predictive value of 50% and negative predictive value of 93%. Regarding uterine artery perfusion, the analysis of data obtained from 16+0 to 19+6 weeks of gestation and between 24+0 to 27+6 weeks of gestation showed that higher values of mean pulsatility index were found in patients affected by preeclampsia compared to those found inpatients with normal blood pressure. The results suggest that measurement of the mean pulsatility index of the uterine arteries, as well as evaluating the persistence of bilateral notches in these same vessels, are methods of tracking and prediction of PE in a group of patients with risk factors for developing the disease. Conclusion: Compared to pregnancies with normal results, pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia showed a significantly higher prevalence of bilateral notches and higher average measures of pulsatility index in each of the intervals studied. As no specific treatment is currently available, the ability to predict the disease, even in the first half of pregnancy, may facilitate early monitoring, the institution of supportive measures and intervention at an appropriate time to reduce morbidity and mortality observed in preeclampsia.<br>Introdução:Os distúrbios hipertensivos representam as intercorrências mais frequentes e graves do ciclo grávido-puerperal. No Brasil, a pré-eclâmpsiaé responsável por 23 % das mortes maternas diretas. O desenvolvimento de testes de rastreamento que possibilitem a identificação de pacientes de risco contribuiria para o aumento da sobrevida perinatal e possivelmente reduziria a morbimortalidade materno-fetal associada à pré-eclâmpsia grave e eclâmpsia. Achados anormais no Doppler de artérias uterinas, como valores alterados do índice de pulsatilidade médio e persistência da incisura protodiastólica, têm sido propostos como testes de rastreamento adequados para a predição da pré-eclâmpsia. Objetivos:O objetivo do estudo consiste em avaliar a capacidade de predizer a ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia através do Doppler das artérias uterinas em um grupo de risco clínico e epidemiológico para o desenvolvimento da doença. Pacientes e Métodos:Foram selecionadas 81 gestantes matriculadas no Serviço de Pré-natal de Alto Risco do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, todas portadoras de fatores de risco para pré-eclâmpsia. Foram excluídas 19 pacientes. As avaliações do índice de pulsatilidade médio foram realizadas nos intervalos gestacionais compreendidos entre 16+0 e 19+6 semanas e 24+0 e 27+6 semanas. Neste último intervalo, foi também avaliada a persistência da incisura protodiastólica bilateral. Resultados:Nossos dados demonstram que a presença de incisuraprotodiastólica bilateral entre 24+0 e 27+ 6 semanas de gestação foi capaz de predizer o diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia com 75% de sensibilidade, 82% de especificidade, valor preditivo positivo de 50% e valor preditivo negativo de 93%. Com relação à capacidade de perfusão das artérias uterinas, a análise dos dados obtidos entre 16+0 a 19+6 semanas de gestação e entre 24+0 a 27+6 semanas de gestação demonstrou que maiores valoresde índice de pulsatilidade médio foram encontrados no grupo de pacientes acometidas pela pré-eclâmpsia quando comparado aos encontrados no grupo de pacientes normotensas. Os resultados sugerem que a medida do índice de pulsatilidade médio das artérias uterinas, assim como a avaliação da persistência da incisura bilateral nestes mesmos vasos, representam métodos de rastreamento e predição de pré-eclâmpsia em um grupo de pacientes portadoras de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Conclusão:Comparadas às gestações com resultados normais, asgestações complicadas pela pré-eclâmpsia mostraram uma prevalência significativamente maior de incisura bilateral e medidas de índice de pulsatilidade médio maiores em cada um dos intervalos estudados. Como nenhum tratamento específico está atualmente disponível, a possibilidade de se predizer a doença, ainda na primeira metade da gestação, pode facilitar a monitorização precoce, a instituição de medidas de suporte e a intervenção em momento apropriado para reduzir a morbimortalidade materno-fetal observada na pré-eclâmpsia.

Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'analyser l'orientation internationale des événements d'art contemporain, telles que les expositions muséales, les biennales, les écuries des galeries et les foires d'art. Dans le monde de l'art, le phénomène de globalisation est souvent considéré comme ayant contribué à une distribution plus égale de la visibilité des artistes originaires de différentes parties du monde. Cette idée n'est pourtant pas confirmée par cette thèse : les positions des pays n'ont guère changé et l'hégémonie occidentale demeure intacte. De plus, les événements ont tendance à privilégier les artistes nationaux. Considérées comme le symbole de l'internationalisation du monde de l'art contemporain, les biennales, sur lesquelles cette étude se concentre, révèlent en outre une orientation essentiellement régionale. Le pays organisateur et ceux qui l'entoure, y sont surreprésentés, mais ne sont guère visibles aux biennales organisées dans d'autres régions. Les Pays-Bas, présentés comme un cas exemplaire dans cette thèse, se situent dans les classements juste après les pays dominants, où les artistes étrangers résidant dans ce pays contribuent considérablement à la visibilité de l'art néerlandais dans le monde international d'art contemporain, représentant en moyenne 40% des participations néerlandaises pour les événements étudiés. Comparés aux autres pays, les Pays-Bas parviennent donc à attirer davantage d'artistes étrangers, contribuant à contrebalancer l'intérêt croissant pour des artistes non-occidentaux dans le monde de l'art. Les écoles d'art et les programmes postdoctoraux jouent dans ce sens un rôle notable dans le flux de ces artistes étrangers vers les Pays-Bas. Nous montrerons également que la politique culturelle et les curateurs d'art actifs à une échelle internationale constituent d'autres facteurs qui ont une influence positive sur la position des Pays-Bas dans le monde international de l'art contemporain<br>The dissertation addresses the international orientation of contemporary art events held all over the globe, such as museum exhibitions, biennials, gallery stables and art fairs. In the contemporary art world, globalisation is generally thought to lead to a more equal distribution of the visibility of artists from around the world. This is, however, not confirmed by this dissertation: the positions of countries have hardly changed and Western hegemony remains intact. Despite a growing interest in non-Western art, contemporary art events remain dominated by the US, Germany and the United Kingdom, and tend to give primacy to their national artists. Biennials, on which the research focuses in particular as they are generally considered to symbolise the very internationalisation of the contemporary art world, appear in fact to have a predominantly regional orientation. The country hosting the biennial, along with other nations from the same region, are overrepresented, yet these countries are barely visible at biennials in other parts of the world. The Netherlands, which was used as a case in this dissertation, belongs to the level just below the leading countries. Foreign artists residing in the Netherlands largely contribute to the visibility of Dutch art in the international contemporary art world, representing on average 40% of the Dutch representations in international contemporary art events. Compared to other countries, the Netherlands has been one of the most successful ones in attracting foreign artists, which helps to counterbalance a declining interest in art from Western countries. Dutch educational and post-doctorate programmes play a crucial role in this. This thesis also reveals other factors that may positively influence the position of the Netherlands, such as cultural policy tools and internationally active curators

Objectives were to 1) evaluate the use of the CO-Synch + CIDR (COS-C) protocol for synchronization of ovulation and timed AI (TAI) in Bos indicus-influenced cattle, 2) compare cumulative pregnancy rates after COS-C synchronization and TAI to those in a traditional management (TM) scheme, and 3) evaluate specific ovarian, hormonal, and estrual events associated with COS-C. The COS-C regimen included insertion of a controlled internal drug release device (CIDR) containing progesterone and injection of GnRH (GnRH-1) on day 0, removal of the CIDR and injection of prostaglandin F2a (PGF on d 7, and injection of GnRH (GnRH-2) and TAI 48 h later. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 335 females were stratified by BCS, parity and d postpartum before random assignment to COS-C or TM. An additional 96 females in which TM controls were not available for comparison also received COS-C. Conception rates to TAI averaged 39% (n = 266). Cumulative pregnancy rates were greater (P < 0.05) after 30 and 60 d of the breeding season in COS-C than in TM (n = 170 and 165 females respectively). In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), 100 postpartum (F1) females were stratified as in Exp. 1 within four replicates (25 each) and assigned randomly to receive either COSC or COS (no CIDR) treatment. No differences were observed between treatments and all data were pooled. Percentages of cows ovulating after GnRH-1, developing a synchronized follicular wave, exhibiting luteal regression to PGF, and ovulating to GnRH-2 were 40, 60, 93, and 72%, respectively. In experiment 3 (Exp. 3), primiparous (F1) heifers (n = 32) and pluriparous cows (n = 18) received the Select Synch + CIDR synchronization regimen (no GnRH-2 or TAI). Mean intervals from CIDR removal to estrus and ovulation, and from estrus to ovulation were 70 ± 2.9, 99 ± 2.8, and 29 ± 2.2 h, respectively. Relatively low TAI conception rates (< 50%) were attributed to failure of 40% of cattle to develop a synchronized follicular wave after GnRH-1 and to inappropriate timing of TAI/GnRH-2. It may be possible to improve TAI conception rates by delaying TAI/GnRH-2 to between 66 and 72 h, and by developing methods to increase the number of ovulations after GnRH-1.

Le détecteur proportionnel sphérique gazeux, SPC (Spherical Proportional Counter), est un nouveau concept de détecteur de particules. Ses principales caractéristiques sont : un seuil très bas en énergie indépendant du volume (faible capacité électronique), une bonne résolution en énergie, une grande robustesse et une seule voie de lecture. SEDINE, un détecteur bas bruit de fond, destiné à la recherche de matière noire légère, a été fabriqué et installé au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Il est actuellement opérationnel et vise à mesurer les évènements rares à bas seuil en énergie. La sensibilité dans la détection d’événements rares étant à basse énergie directement corrélée au niveau du bruit de fond du détecteur, la diminution du seuil en énergie ainsi que celle du bruit de fond ont été la problématique principale de cette thèse. Un effort important a été consacré à la mise en opération du dispositif expérimental. Plusieurs paramètres de détection ont été optimisés : homogénéité du champ électrique dans le volume de l’enceinte, tenue aux étincelles, niveau du bruit de fond électronique et l’étanchéité du détecteur. Le détecteur a été optimisé pour assurer un fonctionnement avec un gain stable à haute pression. La modification du blindage, les nettoyages de l’enceinte du détecteur et l’ajout d’une tente anti-Radon ont permis de réduire significativement le bruit de fond de SEDINE. Les progrès accomplis ont permis d’augmenter la sensibilité du détecteur à basse énergie à une valeur comparable, pour des WIMPs à basse masse, aux autres expériences de recherche souterraines. Nous présentons donc des résultats avec un bruit de fond mesuré, dans la région du keV, qui nous permet de donner une figure d’exclusion compétitive pour la production de la matière noire légère<br>The Spherical gaseous detector (or Spherical Proportional Counter, SPC) is a novel type of a particle detector, with a broad range of applications. Its main features in- clude a very low energy threshold which is independent of the volume (due to its very low capacitance), a good energy resolution, robustness and a single detection readout channel. SEDINE, a low background detector installed at the underground site of Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane is currently being operated and aims at measuring events at a very low energy threshold, around 40 eV. The sensitivity for the rare events detection at low energy is correlated to the detector background and to the decreasing the level of energy threshold, which was the main point of this thesis. A major effort has been devoted to the operating of the experimental detector. Several detection parameters were optimized: the electric field homogeneity in the sphere, keeping clear of sparks, the electronic noise level and the leak rate of the detector. The detector is optimized for operation with a high pressure stable gain. The modification of the shield, cleanings of the detector and the addition of an anti-Radon tent have significantly reduced the background of SEDINE. Progress has increased the sensitivity of the detector at low energy up to a value comparable to the results other underground research experiences for the low mass WIMPs. We will present the results with a measured background in the region of keV, which has allowed us to show a competitive figure of exclusion for the production of light dark matter

L’expérience SuperNEMO cherche à observer la double désintégration beta sans émission de neutrinos, uniquement possible si le neutrino est une particule de Majorana. Le premier module, aussi appelé démonstrateur, est en cours de construction au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Sa capacité à détecter les particules individuelles en plus d’en mesurer l’énergie en fait un détecteur unique. Le démonstrateur peut contenir 7 kg de ⁸²Se sous forme de fines feuilles source. Ces feuilles source sont entourées par une chambre à fils, permettant ainsi la reconstruction en 3 dimensions des traces de particules chargées. Un calorimètre segmenté, composé de scintillateurs plastiques couplés à des photomultiplicateurs, assure quant à lui la mesure de l’énergie de chaque particule. De plus, la chambre à fils peut être soumise à un champ magnétique afin d’identifier la charge des particules. SuperNEMO est donc capable d’effectuer la reconstruction complète de la cinématique d’un événement ainsi que d’identifier la nature des particules impliquées dans ce dernier : électrons, positrons, particules α ou encore particules γ. En pratique, la reconstruction des particules repose sur divers algorithmes implémentés dans un logiciel de simulation et de reconstruction développé par et pour la collaboration SuperNEMO. La reconstruction des particules γ est particulièrement délicate puisque ces particules ne laissent pas de traces dans la chambre à fils et sont seulement détectées par le calorimètre, parfois même plusieurs fois. Différentes approches ont été explorées durant cette thèse. Ce travail a abouti à la création d’un nouvel algorithme permettant à la fois d’optimiser l’efficacité de reconstruction des particules γ mais aussi d’améliorer la reconstruction de leurs énergies. D'autres programmes assurant l’identification des particules et l’opération des mesures topologiques pertinentes à chaque événement ont aussi été développés. La valeur du champ magnétique a été optimisée pour la recherche de la désintégration 0νββ à l’aide de simulations Monte-Carlo. Les performances des blindages magnétiques ainsi que leur influence sur le champ magnétique ont été évaluées via des mesures effectuées grâce à des bobines magnétiques à échelle réduite. Le démonstrateur SuperNEMO est capable de mesurer ses propres contaminations en bruits de fond grâce à des canaux d’analyse dédiés. À l’issue d’une première prise de données de 2,5 ans, les activités visées pour les principaux bruits de fond devraient être connues précisément. En outre, la demi-vie du processus 2νββ pour le ⁸²Se devrait être mesurée avec une incertitude totale de 0,3 %.À la différence d’autres expériences double beta se basant uniquement sur la somme en énergie des deux électrons, SuperNEMO a accès à la totalité de la cinématique d’un événement et donc à de plus nombreuses informations topologiques. Une analyse multivariée reposant sur des arbres de décision boostés permet ainsi une amélioration d’au moins 10 % de la sensibilité pour la recherche de la désintégration 0νββ. Après 2,5 ans, et si aucun excès d'événements 0νββ n'est observé, le démonstrateur pourra établir une limite inférieure sur la demi-vie du processus 0νββ : T &gt; 5.85 10²⁴ ans, équivalant à une limite supérieure sur la masse effective du neutrino mββ &lt; 0.2 − 0.55 eV. En extrapolant ce résultat à une exposition de 500 kg.an, ces mêmes limites deviendraient T &gt; 10²⁶ ans et mββ &lt; 40 − 110 meV<br>SuperNEMO is an experiment looking for the neutrinoless double beta decay in an effort to unveil the Majorana nature of the neutrino. The first module, called the demonstrator, is under construction and commissioning in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Its unique design combines tracking and calorimetry techniques. The demonstrator can study 7 kg of ⁸²Se, shaped in thin source foils. These source foils are surrounded by a wire chamber, thus allowing a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the charged particles tracks. The individual particles energies are then measured by a segmented calorimeter, composed of plastic scintillators coupled with photomultipliers. A magnetic field can be applied to the tracking volume in order to identify the charge of the particles. SuperNEMO is thus able to perform a full reconstruction of the events kinematics and to identify the nature of the particles involved: electrons, positrons, α particles or γ particles. In practice, the particle and event reconstruction relies on a variety of algorithms, implemented in the dedicated SuperNEMO simulation and reconstruction software. The γ reconstruction is particularly challenging since γ particles do not leave tracks in the wire chamber and are only detected by the calorimeter, sometimes multiple times. Several γ reconstruction approaches were explored during this thesis. This work lead to the creation of a new algorithm optimizing the γ reconstruction efficiency and improving the γ energy reconstruction. Other programs allowing the particle identification and performing the topological measurements relevant to an event were also developed. The value of the magnetic field was optimized for the 0νββ decay search, based on Monte-Carlo simulations. The magnetic shieldings performances and their impact on the shape of the magnetic field were estimated with measurements performed on small scale magnetic coils. The SuperNEMO demonstrator is able to measure its own background contamination thanks to dedicated analysis channels. At the end of the first 2.5 years data taking phase, the main backgrounds target activities should be measured accurately. The ⁸²Se 2νββ half-life should be known with a 0.3 % total uncertainty. Unlike other double beta decay experiments relying solely on the two electrons energy sum, SuperNEMO has access to the full events kinematics and thus to more topological information. A multivariate analysis based on Boosted Decision Trees was shown to guarantee at least a 10 % increase of the sensitivity of the 0νββ decay search. After 2.5 years, and if no excess of 0νββ events is observed, the SuperNEMO demonstrator should be able to set a limit on the 0νββ half-life of T &gt; 5.85 10²⁴ y, translating into a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass mββ &lt; 0.2 − 0.55 eV. Extrapolating this result to the full-scale SuperNEMO experiment, i.e. 500 kg.y, the sensitivity would be raised to T &gt; 10²⁶ y or mββ &lt; 40 − 110 meV

L'étude par neuro-imagerie de l'activité de plusieurs cerveaux en interaction (hyperscanning) permet d'étendre notre compréhension des neurosciences sociales. Nous proposons un cadre pour l'hyperscanning utilisant les interfaces cerveau-ordinateur multi-utilisateur qui inclut différents paradigmes sociaux tels que la coopération ou la compétition. Les travaux de cette thèse comportent trois contributions interdépendantes. Notre première contribution est le développement d'une plateforme expérimentale sous la forme d'un jeu vidéo multijoueur, nommé Brain Invaders 2, contrôlé par la classification de potentiels évoqués visuels enregistrés par électroencéphalographie (EEG). Cette plateforme est validée par deux protocoles expérimentaux comprenant dix-neuf et vingt-deux paires de sujets et utilise différentes approches de classification adaptative par géométrie riemannienne. Ces approches sont théoriquement et expérimentalement comparées et nous montrons la supériorité de la fusion des classifieurs indépendants sur la classification d'un hypercerveau durant la seconde contribution. L'analyse de coïncidence des signaux entre les individus est une approche classique pour l'hyperscanning, elle est pourtant difficile quand les signaux EEG concernés sont transitoires avec une grande variabilité (intra- et inter-sujet) spatio-temporelle et avec un faible rapport signal-à-bruit. En troisième contribution, nous proposons un nouveau modèle composite de séparation aveugle de sources physiologiquement plausibles permettant de compenser cette variabilité. Une solution par diagonalisation conjointe approchée est proposée avec une implémentation d'un algorithme de type Jacobi. A partir des données de Brain Invaders 2, nous montrons que cette solution permet d'extraire simultanément des sources d'artéfacts, des sources d'EEG évoquées et des sources d'EEG continues avec plus de robustesse et de précision que les modèles existants<br>The study of several brains interacting (hyperscanning) with neuroimagery allows to extend our understanding of social neurosciences. We propose a framework for hyperscanning using multi-user Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) that includes several social paradigms such as cooperation or competition. This dissertation includes three interdependent contribution. The first contribution is the development of an experimental platform consisting of a multi-player video game, namely Brain Invaders 2, controlled by classification of visual event related potentials (ERP) recorded by electroencephalography (EEG). The plateform is validated through two experimental protocols including nineteen and twenty two pairs of subjects while using different adaptive classification approaches using Riemannian geometry. Those approaches are theoretically and experimentally compared during the second contribution ; we demonstrates the superiority in term of accuracy of merging independent classifications over the classification of the hyperbrain during the second contribution. Analysis of inter-brain synchronizations is a common approach for hyperscanning, however it is challenging for transient EEG waves with an great spatio-temporal variability (intra- and inter-subject) and with low signal-to-noise ratio such as ERP. Therefore, as third contribution, we propose a new blind source separation model, namely composite model, to extract simultaneously evoked EEG sources and ongoing EEG sources that allows to compensate this variability. A solution using approximate joint diagonalization is given and implemented with a fast Jacobi-like algorithm. We demonstrate on Brain Invaders 2 data that our solution extracts simultaneously evoked and ongoing EEG sources and performs better in term of accuracy and robustness compared to the existing models

Initiée dans le cadre d’un projet ANR (le projet MODNAT) ciblé sur la modélisation stochastique de phénomènes naturels et la quantification probabiliste de leurs effets dynamiques sur des systèmes mécaniques et structuraux, cette thèse a pour objet le calcul de probabilités d’événements rares liés aux maxima en horizon fini de processus stochastiques, avec prise en compte des quatre contraintes imposées suivantes : (1) l’ensemble des processus considérés doit contenir les quatre grandes catégories de processus rencontrés en dynamique aléatoire, à savoir les gaussiens stationnaires, les gaussiens non stationnaires, les non gaussiens stationnaires et les non gaussiens non stationnaires ; (2) ces processus doivent pouvoir être, soit décrits par leurs lois, soit fonctions de processus décrits par leurs lois, soit solutions d’équations différentielles stochastiques, soit même solutions d’inclusions différentielles stochastiques ; (3) les événements en question sont des dépassements de seuils très élevés par les maxima en horizon fini des processus considérés et ces événements sont de très faible occurrence, donc de très faible probabilité (de l’ordre de 10 −4 à 10 −8 ), du fait de la valeur élevée des seuils ; et enfin (4) le recours à une approche Monte-Carlo pour effectuer ce type de calcul doit être banni, car trop chronophage compte tenu des contraintes précédentes. Pour résoudre un tel problème, dont le domaine d’intérêt s’étend bien au delà de la mécanique probabiliste et de la fiabilité structurale (on le rencontre notamment dans tous les secteurs scientifiques en connexion avec la statistique des valeurs extrêmes, comme par exemple les mathématiques financières ou les sciences économiques) une méthode innovante est proposée, dont l’idée maîtresse est née de l’analyse des résultats d’une étude statistique de grande ampleur menée dans le cadre du projet MODNAT. Cette étude, qui porte sur l’analyse du comportement des valeurs extrêmes des éléments d’un vaste ensemble de processus, a en effet mis en évidence deux fonctions germes dépendant explicitement de la probabilité cible (la première en dépendant directement, la seconde indirectement via une probabilité conditionnelle auxiliaire elle-même fonction de la probabilité cible) et possédant des propriétés de régularité remarquables et récurrentes pour tous les processus de la base de données, et c’est sur l’exploitation conjointe de ces propriétés et d’un principe d’approximation bas niveau-extrapolation haut niveau que s’appuie la construction de la méthode. Deux versions de celle-ci en sont d’abord proposées, se distinguant par le choix de la fonction germe et dans chacune desquelles cette fonction est approximée par un polynôme. Une troisième version est également développée, basée sur le formalisme de la deuxième version mais utilisant pour la fonction germe une approximation de type "fonction de survie de Pareto". Les nombreux résultats numériques présentés attestent de la remarquable efficacité des deux premières versions. Ils montrent également que celles-ci sont de précision comparable. La troisième version, légèrement moins performante que les deux premières, présente quant à elle l’intérêt d’établir un lien direct avec la théorie des valeurs extrêmes. Dans chacune de ses trois versions, la méthode proposée constitue à l’évidence un progrès par rapport aux méthodes actuelles dédiées à ce type de problème. De par sa structure, elle offre en outre l’avantage de rester opérationnelle en contexte industriel<br>Initiated within the framework of an ANR project (the MODNAT project) targeted on the stochastic modeling of natural hazards and the probabilistic quantification of their dynamic effects on mechanical and structural systems, this thesis aims at the calculation of probabilities of rare events related to the maxima of stochastic processes over a finite time interval, taking into account the following four constraints : (1) the set of considered processes must contain the four main categories of processes encountered in random dynamics, namely stationary Gaussian, non-stationary Gaussian, stationary non-Gaussian and non-stationary non-Gaussian ones ; (2) these processes can be either described by their distributions, or functions of processes described by their distributions, or solutions of stochastic differential equations, or solutions of stochastic differential inclusions ; (3) the events in question are crossings of high thresholds by the maxima of the considered processes over finite time intervals and these events are of very weak occurrence, hence of very small probability, due to the high size of thresholds ; and finally (4) the use of a Monte Carlo approach to perform this type of calculation must be proscribed because it is too time-consuming given the above constraints. To solve such a problem, whose field of interest extends well beyond probabilistic mechanics and structural reliability (it is found in all scientific domains in connection with the extreme values theory, such as financial mathematics or economical sciences), an innovative method is proposed, whose main idea emerged from the analysis of the results of a large-scale statistical study carried out within the MODNAT project. This study, which focuses on analyzing the behavior of the extreme values of elements of a large set of processes, has indeed revealed two germ functions explicitly related to the target probability (the first directly related, the second indirectly via a conditional auxiliary probability which itself depend on the target probability) which possess remarkable and recurring regularity properties for all the processes of the database, and the method is based on the joint exploitation of these properties and a "low level approximation-high level extrapolation" principle. Two versions of this method are first proposed, which are distinguished by the choice of the germ function and in each of which the latter is approximated by a polynomial. A third version has also been developed. It is based on the formalism of the second version but which uses as germ function an approximation of "Pareto survival function" type. The numerous presented numerical results attest to the remarkable effectiveness of the first two versions. They also show that they are of comparable precision. The third version, slightly less efficient than the first two, presents the interest of establishing a direct link with the extreme values theory. In each of its three versions, the proposed method is clearly an improvement compared to current methods dedicated to this type of problem. Thanks to its structure, it also offers the advantage of remaining operational in industrial context

tesi su un'Analisi dell'equilibrio finanziario delle aziende alla luce del decreto sostegni bis legato agli eventi pandemici e del suo esaurirsi degli effetti alla luce del miglioramento del contesto. Una diagnosi del venir meno dei sostegni finanziari statali e studio della capacità delle aziende di riprendere un regolare pagamento degli impegni di tipo finanziario. Partendo dall'analisi del contesto economico attuale delle aziende, del loro business e delle loro prospettive future (business plan) analizzare le esposizioni finanziarie qualitative e quantitative e confrontarle con la capacità di pagamento delle stesse generate dall'attività economica A fronte di ciò stabile le eventuali azioni di intervento a sostegno delle esigenze aziendali.

Il lavoro ha ad oggetto i casi in cui l’agente che ha tenuto una condotta colposa risponde penalmente anche se la lesione del bene giuridico protetto non sia stata da lui direttamente provocata, ma sia piuttosto immediatamente riconducibile alla condotta eterolesiva o al comportamento autolesivo di un altro soggetto. Tale forma di responsabilità “in relazione ad un fatto altrui”, lungi dall’essere del tutto eccezionale, si presenta in numerosi casi di omesso controllo, di inadempiuto obbligo di impedimento del reato altrui, di lavoro in équipe o all’interno di organizzazioni complesse quali grandi realtà produttive. La tesi esplora le problematiche strutturali di questa forma di responsabilità, individuando alcune “note relazionali”, elementi che fanno dipendere la definizione e la misura della responsabilità di chi è meno prossimo alla lesione del bene giuridico anche dalla condotta altrui. L’analisi, che interessa diversi elementi del reato, mira a valutare se a questi tratti di relazionalità corrispondano altrettanti istituti giuridici adeguatamente sviluppati, o se le incertezze dogmatiche e applicative impediscano una chiara ripartizione delle responsabilità tra i vari soggetti coinvolti nella realizzazione del reato. Nell’ambito del fatto tipico, viene analizzato il problema della sovrapposizione ed interruzione del nesso causale tra le diverse condotte e l’evento del reato, e ribadita la validità del paradigma condizionalistico, anche per accertare l’influenza del comportamento di un soggetto sulle deliberazioni prese da un altro (c.d. causalità psichica). Vengono poi criticamente analizzate le diverse teorie sulle fonti delle posizioni di garanzia, in cui la responsabilità del garante esiste e si manifesta necessariamente in dipendenza del comportamento di un altro soggetto. Sul punto, viene svolta una comparazione con l’ordinamento tedesco, che in tempi recenti ha optato per un approccio tassonomico dei singoli casi di omesso impedimento del fatto altrui, in chiave espansiva rispetto al riferimento alle sole fonti legali e negoziali, con il rischio, tuttavia, di aggirare il canone di tipicità. Con riguardo alla colpevolezza, il tema è la dimensione “relazionale” della colpa, che si declina in vari istituti: nella formulazione stessa di alcune regole cautelari che impongono di tener conto della condotta altrui; nel principio di affidamento, che limita la responsabilità dei singoli coinvolti in un’azione plurisoggettiva, e richiede un delicata individuazione dei suoi confini per non generare vuoti di tutela; nell’annoso tema della c.d. “causalità della colpa”, in particolare poiché l’interposizione della condotta di un altro soggetto rende quantomai incerta la verifica dell’evitabilità dell’evento. Infine, vengono esplorati i travagliati istituti concorsuali colposi. Dopo aver evidenziato le incertezze strutturali e la limitata funzione incriminatrice della cooperazione colposa, viene affermata la sostanziale inutilità dell’istituto: proprio grazie alle numerose “note relazionali” presenti nella struttura del reato, la parametrazione della responsabilità del singolo può tenere conto dell’interazione con un altro soggetto anche nella forma monosoggettiva. Ancora più significativi i dubbi concernenti il concorso colposo in reato doloso. Da ultimo, viene sostenuta l’autonomia dell’imputazione ex art. 40, comma 2 c.p. rispetto alle figure concorsuali, dal momento che anch’essa esprime una responsabilità monosoggettiva, anche se in un contesto plurisoggettivo.<br>This thesis provides a critical analysis of the circumstances in which an agent, who performs a negligent act, is held criminally liable for damage which was however not directly caused by his or her negligent act, but rather was caused by the act of another (with the view of causing damage either to another or to itself). This form of criminal liability “in relation to the conduct of another”, far from being exceptional, is common in many cases of failure to control or failure to prevent the commission of criminal offences by others, particularly in the context of team-working, and even more so within complex organisations having large corporate structures. The thesis examines the structural problems with this form of criminal liability. It identifies “relational elements”, the elements which enable the creation of a link between the responsibility of the agent whose conduct was the furthest to the damage, and the conduct of those having directly caused the damage. These relational elements impact both the basis on which liability attaches to the negligent agent, and the extent to which this liability exists. This analysis will cover both elements of a criminal offence, that is both the actus reus and the mens rea, with the aim of evaluating whether the legal framework at its current state effectively deals with “relational elements” as grounds for attaching liability, or whether too many uncertainties subsist when making this link– in both theoretical and practical terms– which prevent the clear and effective allocation of criminal liability among the different agents involved. First of all, with regards to the actus reus, this paper addresses the issue of concurring and intervening causes which may break the chain of causality between the agent’s action and the consequence of the actus reus, reaffirming the “sine qua non” paradigm. Furthermore, the research assesses the relevance in this context of the influence which one agent’s behaviour can have on the decisions subsequently taken by others, (known as a “psychological cause” of an action). The paper also critically analyses different theories regarding the basis of guarantees, whereby the guarantor’s liability only exists in relation to the act of another. On this point, a comparative analysis has highlighted how German case law has developed in such a way as to allow guarantees to arise from a factual basis, as opposed to solely through contract or other legally binding instruments, thus running the risk of violating the rule of law. Secondly, with regard to the mens rea element of an offence, the research examines three different examples of “relational elements”, by which another’s conduct needs to be taken into consideration, therefore entering into the mens rea element: (i) precautionary rules which can require the agent to observe another subject’s behaviour and to act accordingly; (ii) the expectation that other subjects involved will act lawfully, which needs to be accurately evaluated in order not to leave any gaps in the prevention of crime; (iii) the complex issue of foreseeability and avoidability of the consequences of one’s conduct, becomes even more intricate with the interposition of another’s conduct. Lastly, the paper will focus on joint enterprise in negligence cases. Having first of all stressed the structural uncertainties and the limited prosecutorial use of the concept of joint enterprise in the context of negligence offences, the thesis argues that through the different “relational elements” present in an offence, each agent’s liability can be independently determined by taking into account the interactions with others. It is worth noting that in the case where the mens rea element of an offence requires intentional participation to another’s negligent behaviour, these uncertainties appear to be even greater. In conclusion, the paper will point out that the liability of guarantors is independent from their participation in the joint criminal enterprise, as this type of liability arises from the guarantee itself.

碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>全球運籌管理研究所<br>97<br>The research intention of this paper is to design a bus transit system for a mass-event during a period of event. Mass-events usually refer to large-sized shows or exhibitions which gather over 10,000 people for similar purposes. We can imagine that once a mass-event is held, the traffic around the venue will easily go out of control. Traffic jams around the venue will not only influence the residents’ regular life but also decrease the pleasure of participants. In order to prevent this situation, we try to design a bus transit system to provide transit service for participants. An effective bus transit system may not only increase the convenience of participating in the event and lower the time costs for the public, but also reduce the disturbance to the residents near the venues. The bus transit system we designed includes both location concept and routing concept, so we separate our problem into two stages. In stage one, we apply a revised p-median model to find out the number and locations of transit points; in stage two, we apply a VRP model to establish routes for transit buses based on what we obtain from stage one. The optimization software CPLEX 9.0 is used to solve the two optimization models. Testing results show that our two optimization models have the ability to give optimal solutions for each case.

碩士<br>國防大學管理學院<br>資源管理及決策研究所<br>97<br>When mass-events are held, a great number of tourists might come at same time. The purpose of this research was to effectively evacuate trips and to address the operation of evacuation network in event area. In order to benefit the trip evacuation, we must propose a well-arranged plan including a perfect evacuation network system in advanced. Therefore, when it comes to hold an activity, the top priority in plan is to consider how to disperse the crowd. We have extended the research in Wang and Wu(2008).The research is still at an early stage in developing evacuation networks about mass-events, not to mention a paucity of literature on this subject. In contrast, we study have gave consideration to both event attendees and local residents and to shuttle bus lane design in man-made and continuous mass-event. This research is categorized as network design problem(NDP). The analysis addresses the issue of using bi-level mathematical programming method. The upper level defines minimum costs of the evacuation network, which combines with shuttle bus and car .And the lower level define a behavior model for user, which considers constraints for the evacuation routes and location. The bi-level problem sets Stackelberg game, belonging to non-linear mixed 0-1 integer programming problem. In this research we present the use SA and GP as processing method to solution the results. Finally, the model is used compared to in different scenarios with 349 nodes and 1133 links on Taipei network. In future, the heuristic solution provides a decision-making process which can to reduce congestion for government.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è stato lo studio dei sistemi biologico-motivazionali postulati nella Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray 1970, 1981, 1982; Gray &amp; MacNaughton 2000; MacNaughton &amp; Corr 2004; Corr 2008), e dei correlati fisiologici cerebrali e cardiaci, relati ai processi sensoriali e cognitivi associati all’elaborazione e alla modulazione del dolore, di tipo fisico ed empatico, indotta da placebo. Pertanto, è stata condotta una revisione della letteratura per poi studiare sperimentalmente i fenomeni di interesse. Quindi, nel primo esperimento, è stata valutata l’influenza dei tratti di personalità di approccio ed evitamento sulla modulazione del dolore fasico e dell’empatia per il dolore, indotta da effetto placebo in relazione ai correlati fisiologici associati (potenziali evento-correlati, oscillazioni di frequenza, variabilità interbattito cardiaca), in un campione di 63 partecipanti. I risultati comportamentali hanno evidenziato che il trattamento con placebo ha prodotto una riduzione del dolore e della spiacevolezza percepiti, e dell’empatia per la spiacevolezza altrui. In riferimento allo studio dei correlati elettrocorticali, è stato osservato che il sistema fight-flight-freeze (FFFS) è un moderatore della relazione che intercorre tra i cambiamenti di ampiezza delle componenti P2 e P3 e la riduzione del dolore percepito. In particolare, queste osservazioni sono coerenti con l’idea che bassi punteggi di evitamento attivo (FFFS) predicono la riduzione del dolore indotta dal placebo. Invece, in relazione allo studio delle oscillazioni di frequenza, EEG e cardiaca, evocate dagli stimoli di dolore e di empatia per il dolore durante i trattamenti placebo e controllo, è stato dimostrato che il rallentamento della frequenza cardiaca insieme alla diminuzione della potenza della banda ϑ mediana (4-8 Hz) ha influenzato sia direttamente la riduzione del dolore percepito che indirettamente, attraverso la mediazione del FFFS, e del sistema di inibizione comportamentale. In particolare, nella condizione di empatia per il dolore, è stata osservata un’influenza sia diretta tra la riduzione di potenza per la banda β2 (22-30 Hz) e l’empatia per il dolore altrui, che indiretta, attraverso la mediazione positiva del tratto Total Empathy Ability. In linea con questi risultati, suggeriamo che la modulazione del dolore fasico rispetto al dolore di tipo empatico si basa su processi fisiologici funzionalmente diversi che coinvolgono tratti di personalità differenti. Infine, nel secondo esperimento abbiamo approfondito lo studio della risposta di empatia per il dolore e la relativa modulazione degli ERP, in un campione di 60 partecipanti. Questo per capire se la risposta empatica sia meglio concettualizzabile in termini di processi cognitivi o come un tratto di personalità. I nostri risultati sostengono la tesi secondo cui durante il processo di identificazione della valenza emotiva di uno stimolo, il contenuto emotivo è in grado di modulare fin dalle prime fasi di elaborazione dello stimolo il riorientamento dell’attenzione e il successivo processo di aggiornamento in memoria associato alla modulazione della risposta empatica (Delplanque, Silvert, Hot, Rigoulot &amp; Sequeira, 2006). A questo proposito, siamo d’accordo con la proposta alternativa di Coll e colleghi (2017), che definisce la risposta empatica in termini di differenze individuali nell’identificazione delle emozioni e nel grado in cui il riconoscimento dello stato emotivo e l’attivazione del proprio sistema provocano una condivisione affettiva nel Sé.<br>The aim of this Ph.D. was the study of biological-motivational systems postulated in the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray 1970, 1981, 1982; Gray &amp; MacNaughton 2000; MacNaughton &amp; Corr 2004; Corr 2008) and the physiological cerebral and cardiac correlates, related to the sensory and cognitive processes associated with the modulation of phasic and empathic pain, induced by placebo. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to theoretically study the phenomena of interest that later were investigated experimentally. In the first experiment, we have evaluated the modulation of phasic pain and empathy for pain induced by placebo analgesia to test whether this can reduce both the empathy for pain and the perceived pain by studying the physiological correlates (Evoked Related Potentials components, EEG band power oscillations, and Heart Rate Variability), in a sample of 63 participants. The behavioral results showed that the placebo treatment reduced perceived pain and unpleasantness and empathy unpleasantness. Concerning the study of the ERPs, the results highlighted a moderator effect of the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) in the relationships linking P2 and P3 amplitude changes with pain reduction were both significant among low to moderate FFFS values. These observations are consistent with the idea that lower active avoidance (FFFS) scores predict placebo-induced pain reduction. Further, regarding the study of the EEG oscillations and the HRV changes evoked by pain and empathy pain modulation induced by placebo, we found that relative HR-slowing together with decreased midline ϑ-band (4-8 Hz) power directly influenced self-pain reduction and, indirectly, through a mediating effect of the Behavioral Inhibition System and Fight-Flight-Freezing System. In the empathy pain condition, we detected a direct influence of the midline β2-band (22-30 Hz) power reduction on the other-pain decline with a positive mediating role of Total Empathic Ability. In line with these findings, we suggest that the placebo analgesia modulation of first-hand versus other pain relies on different physiological processes involving different personality traits. In this regard, we agree with the alternative proposal by Coll and colleagues (2017), which defines the empathic response in terms of individual differences in two cognitive processes, the identification of emotions, and affective sharing, related to the recognition of the emotional state of the other, in the Self.

2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of 17-β-estradiol exerts antipropliferative, antiangiogenic and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo and is currently in clinical trials phase II for various types of cancers including breast cancer. Due to low oral bioavailability and rapid metabolic degradation, several analogues have been developed in recent years. 2-Methoxyestradiol-bis-sulphamate (2-MeOE2bisMATE), a novel bissulphamoylated derivative of 2-methoxyestradiol exerts in vitro antipropliferative effects. Although 2-MeOE2bisMATE holds therapeutic potential as an anticancer agent, several questions remain regarding the signal transduction and exact mechanism of action used by 2-MeOE2bisMATE. In vitro effects of 2-MeOE2bisMATE were investigated in a breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and a non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell line (MCF-12A) by analysing its influence on cell growth, cytotoxicity, morphology, cell cycle progression, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production and induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Spectrophotometrical studies indicated that 2-MeOE2bisMATE decreased cell numbers to 47% in MCF-7 cells and to 79% in MCF-12A cells after 48h of exposure. Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed several 2-MeOE2bisMATE-treated cells with the presence of apoptotic bodies. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation indicating the occurrence of apoptosis. Increased lysosomal staining was revealed by fluorescent microscopy using propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342 and acridine orange; suggesting cell death via autophagy. Data obtained employing flow cytometry using rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B conjugated to DyLight 488 verified the induction of autophagy in 2-MeOE2bisMATE-treated cells. In addition, cell cycle progression revealed an apoptotic sub-G1 peak, confirming the induction of apoptosis by 2-MeOE2bisMATE. Reactive oxygen species generation increased when cells were exposed to 2-MeOE2bisMATE. Annexin V-FITC and the investigation of a possible reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential verified induction of apoptosis by 2-MeOE2bisMATE. All of the above-mentioned results were observed more prominently in the tumorigenic MCF-7 cell line when compared to the non-tumorigenic MCF-12A cell line. Data obtained from this in vitro study contributes to the embedded scientific knowledge regarding the signaling transduction mechanism exerted by 2-MeOE2bisMATE.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Physiology<br>unrestricted