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1

Rood, Arthur S. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from routine plutonium releases at the Rocky Flats Plant: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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2

Rood, Arthur S. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from 903 area plutonium releases at the Rocky Flats Plant: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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3

McGavran, Patricia D. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from beryllium released to the air from the Rocky Flats Plant: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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4

Rood, Arthur S. Comprehensive assessment of exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from plutonium released from the Rocky Flats Plant, 1953-1989: Part of task 3, Independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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5

Rood, Arthur S. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from plutonium releases from the 1957 fire at the Rocky Flats Plant: Part task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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6

Rood, Arthur S. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from plutonium releases from the 1969 fire at the Rocky Flats Plant: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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7

McGavran, Patricia D. Estimated exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from carbon tetrachloride released to the air from the Rocky Flats plant: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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8

Lee, Christoph I. Cancer Risk from Pediatric CT. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0048.

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This chapter, found in the radiation exposure from medical imaging section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study estimating the potential radiation-induced cancer risk to pediatric patients undergoing computed tomography scans. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study demonstrated that pediatric patients are at significantly increased lifetime radiation risks from CT compared to adults, and that every effort should be made to eliminate un
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9

Plutynski, Anya. Safe or Sorry? Cancer Screening and Inductive Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0008.

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The general assumption behind cancer screening has been that early diagnosis and treatment is effective at reducing cancer-related mortality; this is broadly speaking true, for some cancer screening efforts, in some age groups. However, screening may in some cases do more harm than good. One source of harm is overdiagnosis and overtreatment, the diagnosis and treatment of indolent or slow-growing disease that may never lead to morbidity or mortality in the lifetime of the patient. Precaution in cancer screening is thus a double-edged sword: early diagnosis and treatment has clear benefits; but
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10

Ball, Steve, and Sajid Kalathil. Adrenocortical cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0094.

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Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is rare and associated with poor prognosis. The incidence is estimated at 0.7–2 cases per one million. Overall survival rate at five years for ACC is 37–47%. While the pathogenesis of ACC is incompletely understood, inherited predisposition syndromes are common in childhood ACC. Clinical presentation can be with symptoms and signs of hormone excess (functional tumours), mass effects, or as an incidental radiological finding. A multidisciplinary approach combining radiology, biochemistry, and tissue-based pathology is needed to establish a diagnosis to guide a surgic
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11

Ajzensztejn, Daniel. Prostate cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0326.

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Prostate cancer is the commonest male malignancy, with approximately 35 000 new cases in the UK annually, equating to a lifetime risk of 1 in 10. When diagnosed early, it has a high chance of cure with surgery, external beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Even for metastatic disease, the prognosis is usually several years.
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12

Ajithkumar, Thankamma, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Natalie Cook. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235636.003.0007.

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It is estimated that more than one million women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year and more than 410,000 women die from breast cancer representing 14% of female cancer deaths.Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy in the UK and USA. In the UK, 30,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths occur each year due to breast cancer. In the USA, there are 192,000 new cases and 43,300 breast cancer deaths every year. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for a woman is 1 in 12 in the UK and 1 in 8 in the USA....
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13

Ajzensztejn, Daniel. Breast cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0327.

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Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 9. There are approximately 40 000 new cases and 11 000 deaths from the disease in England and Wales each year. Breast cancer is an adenocarcinoma which arises from the glandular tissue of the breast. Its etiology is complex, with hormonal, genetic, and modifiable lifestyle factors all involved in developing the disease. Prognosis is related to the anatomical extent of the cancer, and other factors. This chapter discusses the definition and etiology of breast cancer, as well as its typical symptoms, less co
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14

Keshav, Satish, and Palak Trivedi. Liver cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0218.

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Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes and is one of the commonest solid-organ malignancies in the world, particularly in the Far East and in sub-Saharan Africa. Cholangiocarcinoma arises from the biliary epithelium. The incidence is rising in the West, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an important risk factor (15% lifetime risk). Other forms of liver cancer include metastatic cancer, which is much more common in the West than any primary liver cancer, accounting for 90% of liver cancers and for which common primary sites are the colon, the stomach, the breas
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15

Montironi, Rodolfo, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Roberta Mazzucchelli, Matteo Santoni, and Marina Scarpelli. Prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0060.

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The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has risen dramatically in the last years. This event may be partially explained by the employment of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasonography. In developed countries, PCa is the most frequent non-skin malignancy in males. It is estimated that one in six males will be diagnosed with PCa during their lifetime, the risk of death due to metastatic PCa being 1 in 30. Multiple factors contribute to the development of PCa, as well as to its progression to an androgen-independent state: dietary facto
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16

Wong, Germaine, and Angela C. Webster. Cancer after kidney transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0287.

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Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity after transplantation. The overall risk of cancer among transplant recipients is at least 2.5–3-fold greater than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. The increased risk is also type specific, and is greatest among virus-related neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and vulvovaginal cancers, with an excess risk of at least 9–20 times greater than that of the general population. Cancer prognoses are also poor in transplant recipients, with less than 10% surviving 5 years after initial
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17

Malhotra, Jyoti, Paolo Boffetta, and Lorelei Mucci. Cancer of the Lung, Larynx, and Pleura. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0014.

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Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of the twentieth century, paralleling the uptake of cigarette smoking that occurred 20 years before. A series of landmark studies beginning in 1950 established tobacco as the primary cause of lung cancer. Current smokers have a 10- to 20-fold higher lung cancer risk compared to never smokers. Important for prevention, former smokers substantially reduce this excess risk 5 years after smoking cessatio
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18

Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.

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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve t
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19

Goossens, Maria E., Frank Buntinx, and Maurice P. Zeegers. Bladder and upper urinary tract cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0070.

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Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence. The most common histological type in Western countries is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), while in Africa, a substantial proportion of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are observed related to the prevalence of infection with Schistosoma haematobium (bilharziasis). UBC has the highest per-patient lifetime cost for cancer in terms of healthcare expenditure compared to all other types of cancer. It is more frequent in men than in women and age is now widely accepted as the greatest single risk factor for developing UBC. The
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20

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Other physical health problems in people with schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0004.

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While cardiovascular risk remains the most important factor in early death among people with schizophrenia, a host of other physical health maladies are also found in excess in this group of individuals. These include pulmonary problems, poor bone health with associated risk of fractures, sexual health problems, infectious diseases, and poor oral health. Certain cancers are seen in excess in people with schizophrenia, but what is perhaps more of a shameful indictment of our health systems is that if they develop cancer, they are less likely to be effectively treated than people without a menta
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21

Day, Ashley K., and Elliot J. Coups. Affect and Tanning Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0016.

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Excess exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases the risk of skin cancers, yet a large number of individuals continue to engage in tanning behaviors. Although the majority of research on determinants of tanning behavior has focused on social cognitive factors, a number of studies have explored the role of affective factors, including feelings of relaxation, improved mood, and endorphin release in response to UV exposure. This chapter provides an overview of research on affective determinants and responses to tanning behaviors. This includes a focus on the association between anticipated
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22

Satija, Ambika, and Frank B. Hu. Prevention of Obesity and Physical Inactivity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0065.

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Energy imbalance, obesity, and physical inactivity are key risk factors for at least eight types of cancer as well as other life-threatening conditions. Obesity results from an excess of energy intake relative to energy expenditure over time. Until recently, the onus for maintaining a healthy body weight was placed predominantly on the individual. The traditional concept of individual autonomy cannot explain the rapid worldwide increase in obesity and physical inactivity over the last 40 years. A new paradigm has emerged, in which individual choices are important, but these choices are made wi
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23

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Physical Health and Schizophrenia (Oxford Psychiatry Library). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.001.0001.

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The association between mental health and physical health forms the core of this book. While it is recognized that serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia carry a reduced life expectancy, it is often assumed that suicide is the main cause of this disparity. But in actuality, suicide accounts for no more than a third of the early mortality associated with schizophrenia: the vast majority is due to cardiovascular factors. This book seeks to put this stark fact in context, detailing the extent of cardiovascular risk, sharing information regarding reasons for this excess, and outlining appr
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24

Fatty Liver Disease: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/fatty-liver-disease.

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Fatty Liver Disease is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver, leading to potential liver damage and health complications. This article provides a comprehensive guide to fatty liver disease, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It explains how the liver functions and why fat buildup can interfere with its ability to process nutrients, break down toxins, and regulate metabolism. The article discusses the two main types of fatty liver disease: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with obesity and metabolic conditions, a
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25

Patenaude, Andrea. Prophylactic Mastectomy. Praeger, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216002154.

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This book presents the candid stories of women at high hereditary risk of breast cancer who chose to have their breasts surgically removed while they were still healthy, rather than risk getting the cancer that had, in many cases, devastated others in their family. Author Andrea Farkas Patenaude, a clinical psychologist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, has spent much time talking with women who decided to have risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy rather than undergo a lifetime of repeated screenings—a strategy that can help to detect cancers early, but cannot prevent breast cancer. InP
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26

Quinn, Paul. Birth Control. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400619281.

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This book will serve as a scientifically accurate yet easy-to-read introduction to birth control for teens and young adults. The information, guidance, and resources it offers will help readers to make better decisions regarding their sexual health. From barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms to oral contraceptive pills and from hormone-based implants and injectables to permanent sterilization techniques, there are a number of ways to prevent unwanted pregnancy today. But which are the most effective, and how do you choose the method that's right for you? What about side effects and lo
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