Relevant bibliographies by topics / Expiry dates

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Expiry dates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Dawson, Michael. "Expiry dates." Australian Prescriber 17, no. 2 (1994): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.1994.051.

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Pimm, Stuart. "Expiry dates." Nature 426, no. 6964 (2003): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/426235a.

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Atkinson, J. "Expiry dates on opened injectables." Veterinary Record 164, no. 1 (2009): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.1.29-b.

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Atkinson, J. "Expiry dates on opened injectables." Veterinary Record 164, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.1.30-b.

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Philip, A. B., M. O'Sullivan, and S. Mannion. "Medical gas cylinder expiry dates." Anaesthesia 73, no. 1 (2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.14153.

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Stewart, Alex G. "Expiry Dates on Drug Packages." Tropical Doctor 27, no. 3 (1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559702700339.

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Hogerzeil, HansV, and GodfreyJ A. Walker. "DRUG EXPIRY DATES, STORAGE, AND POTENCY." Lancet 332, no. 8619 (1988): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90106-7.

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Khan, Tareq. "Expiry Date Digit Recognition using Convolutional Neural Network." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2021.5.1.259.

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The expiry dates printed on the merchandise have a distinct background, font, alignment, and color in comparison with the available handwritten digit datasets. In this paper, an expiry date dataset is used, and also a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is proposed to recognize expiry dates out of images. This model may be employed together with our previously proposed smart expiry architecture to get an automated notification to the smartphone for the foods which are expiring soon. The suggested deep learning model is tested and has a classification accuracy of 90%.
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GaBI Journal Editor. "Patent expiry dates for best-selling biologicals." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 4, no. 4 (2015): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2015.0404.040.

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GaBI Journal Editor. "Patent expiry dates for biologicals: 2016 update." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 6, no. 1 (2017): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2017.0601.006.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Zilker, Markus [Verfasser], and Ulrike [Gutachter] Holzgrabe. "The stability of finished pharmaceutical products and drug substances beyond their labeled expiry dates / Markus Zilker ; Gutachter: Ulrike Holzgrabe." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187140406/34.

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Rexhaj, Betim. "Perishable Inventory Management Solutions and Challenges of Kosovo FFRs : Avoiding Product Expiration at Retails Shelves." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89496.

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Title: Perishable Inventory Management Solutions and Challenges of Kosovo FFRs. Avoiding Product Expiration at Retails ShelvesPurpose: In this thesis perishable inventory management solutions and challenges at Kosovo FFRs have been studied and identified. Hence, after identifying PIM solutions and challenges the research suggests ideas that will contribute to avoid the expiration of perishable products if selling them takes more time than their actual shelf life. This contributes to minimizing food waste in food supply chains and fresh food retailers. Methodology: Thesis consist of qualitative methods where multiple case studies in cooperation with Kosovo FFRs have been performed. Data collection methods included semi structured interviews, site visits and some financial data accessed from annual and government reports. Theory: Theoretical chapter has been developed from preexisting theory on perishable inventory management. Five phases of fresh food retailing inventory management have been developed and used as the basis for practical research. Moreover, part two of the theoretical chapter talks about the perishable inventory management challenges and is the basis for the second research question. Findings: The findings have shown that Kosovo FFRs use a mixture of PIM solutions with a focus on shelf life and replenishment solutions. The study also revealed that Kosovo FFRs are outdated regarding to product identification and software solutions, however, manage to perform somehow satisfactorily. Consequently, because of the lack of contemporary identification technologies Kosovo FFRs PIM challenges where found to be related to data accuracy and real time data access.
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Zhou, Zhenhao. "From valuing equity-linked death benefits to pricing American options." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5690.

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Motivated by the Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB) in variable annuities, we are interested in valuing equity-linked options whose expiry date is the time of the death of the policyholder. Because the time-until-death distribution can be approximated by linear combinations of exponential distributions or mixtures of Erlang distributions, the analysis can be reduced to the case where the time-until-death distribution is exponential or Erlang. We present two probability methods to price American options with an exponential expiry date. Both methods give the same results. An American option with Erlang expiry date can be seen as an extension of the exponential expiry date case. We calculate its price as the sum of the price of the corresponding European option and the early exercise premium. Because the optimal exercise boundary takes the form of a staircase, the pricing formula is a triple sum. We determine the optimal exercise boundary recursively by imposing the “smooth pasting” condition. The examples of the put option, the exchange option, and the maximum option are provided to illustrate how the methods work. Another issue related to variable annuities is the surrender behavior of the policyholders. To model this behavior, we suggest using barrier options. We generalize the reflection principle and use it to derive explicit formulas for outside barrier options, double barrier options with constant barriers, and double barrier options with time varying exponential barriers. Finally, we provide a method to approximate the distribution of the time-until-death random variable by combinations of exponential distributions or mixtures of Erlang distributions. Compared to directly fitting the distributions, my method has two advantages: 1) It is more robust to the initial guess. 2) It is more likely to obtain the global minimizer.
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Al-Hashemi, Jacob Yousef Kadhum. "Human alveolar osteoblast response to date-expired dental implants renewed by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1539788.

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<p> Dental implants, otherwise uncompromised, are occasionally found to be date-expired within intact or opened packages, denying their clinical use unless they can be reliably re-sterilized and made equivalent in reaction to new implants within receiving bone sites. This investigation identified an FDA-approved low-temperature gas plasma sterilization approach&mdash;in residual hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapor at low pressure&mdash;capable of quickly (within an hour) restoring even grossly contaminated dental implants to sterility and renewing their surface qualities to those of as-manufactured implants with regard to their support for attachment and growth of human alveolar osteoblasts. Pilot studies with flat commercially pure titanium (cpTi) discs used the methods of contact angle measurement, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS), scanning Auger microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to demonstrate that cpTi surface properties could be optimized for bioadhesion using the H2O2 gas plasma sterilization approach. The main studies then monitored actual date-expired dental implants of three different types, as packaged as well as after deliberate contamination with Candida albicans or adventitious atmospheric organisms, through microbiological broth-based and agar-based assays to prove sterility and through tissue culture assays with human alveolar osteoblasts to prove renewed cellular attachment and growth characteristics. Osteoblast growth and viability was confirmed by statistically equivalent outcomes for as-manufactured implants and clean/re-sterilized (by H2O2 gas plasma) implants, judged by cellular mitochondrial activity assays (MTT), differential interference contrast (DIC) light microscopy, and SEM. These results demonstrated that date-expired dental implants can be safely and effectively restored to conditions generally associated with the good clinical performance of osseointegated cpTi devices.</p>
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Alonso, Martínez Margarita. "Conocimiento y Bases de Datos: una propuesta de integración inteligente. Knowledge and Datebases: An Intelligent integration proposal." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31767.

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Se estudian y caracterizan los sistemas expertos en su aplicación a la gestión de la empresa y particularmente a los problemas de toma de decisiones de inversión. La conexión entre sistemas expertos y bases de datos ofrece, en el ámbito de la empresa, un marco de actuación que incorpora a las técnicas de almacenamiento y control de grandes volúmenes de información, aquéllas que significan conocimiento heurístico, capacidad de razonamiento, aprendizaje y comunicación con el usuario. El objetivo es establecer un marco de acción, que consiga acercarse a un control efectivo y global de la información que se requiere en los procesos de toma de decisión. La optimización de la interacción entre sistema experto y base de datos, se concreta en compartir un mismo diseño lógico de la información, para obtener tanto el esquema conceptual de la bases de datos, como la base de conocimiento del sistema experto.<br>This Thesis studies and characterizes the application of Expert Systems in the management of companies, particularly in problems related to decision making. The connection between Expert Systems and Databases offer new possibilities in the study of Business Management. Expert Systems provide techniques for; the control of large volumes of information and heuristic knowledge, reasoning and learning capabilities and interactive user communication. The objective of knowledge and data base integration is to establish a framework for effective and global control of decision making processes. The interaction of Expert Systems and Databases could be improved by sharing one logical design for information in order to obtain a unique Conceptual Scheme of the Database and Knowledge Base of Expert Systems.
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Guillinta, Chavez Oscar, and Rivera José Luis Merino. "Modelo de prevención y defensa contra ataques cibernéticos basado en estandares de seguridad internacionales para It-Expert." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/620848.

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PwC , en la Encuesta global de Seguridad de la Información 2014, muestra que los incidentes de seguridad detectados se han incrementado en un 25% respecto al año anterior y los costos financieros de los incidentes han aumentado un 18% . Es claro que cada día las organizaciones se encuentran más expuestas a riesgos que podrían representar grandes pérdidas económicas, así como la pérdida de la imagen corporativa ante sus clientes. Sin embargo, la realidad actual demuestra que las empresas no son conscientes de los beneficios de invertir en la protección de sus recursos tecnológicos; vale decir, están expuestas cada segundo a ser atacadas debido a su deficiente esquema de seguridad. Mientras tanto, cada día los criminales informáticos atacan más sistemas de información, innovan técnicas para hacer más eficiente su trabajo, y solo están a la espera de personas o empresas que sean vulnerables. Ante ello, para proteger proactivamente a las organizaciones de un eventual ataque informático, se propone un modelo de seguridad que adopta dos enfoques: defensivo y preventivo. Los pilares de este modelo se concentran en dos estándares de seguridad reconocidos a nivel internacional: NIST SP 800-30 y NIST SP 800-115. El estándar NIST 800-30 permite identificar los principales riesgos a los que se encuentra expuesta una organización, así como definir estrategias para disminuir el impacto de una posible amenaza. A pesar de que la definición de un esquema para administrar riesgos puede mejorar los niveles de protección, es necesario considerar que cada día se descubren miles de vulnerabilidades en tecnologías de información, las cuales solo están a la espera de una persona que las utilice con fines ilícitos. Para abordar este problema, el modelo utiliza el estándar NIST 800-115, mediante programas de seguridad que permiten identificar, analizar y remediar las principales vulnerabilidades de sistemas en tiempo real y de forma automatizada. Al integrar ambos estándares, se logran niveles óptimos de seguridad en una organización, basado en la gestión proactiva de vulnerabilidades y en la mitigación de los niveles de riesgo.<br>PwC , in the Global Survey of Information Security 2014, shows that detected security incidents have increased by 25% over the previous year and the financial costs of incidents have increased 18% . Every day is clear that organizations are more exposed to risks that could pose major economic losses and loss of corporate image to their clients. However, the current reality shows that companies are unaware of the benefits of investing in the protection of their technological resources; that is, they are exposed every second to be attacked because of their poor security scheme. Meanwhile, every day more computer criminals attack information systems, innovate techniques to make their work more efficient, and are just waiting for people or companies who are vulnerable. In response, to proactively protect organizations of a possible cyber attack, a security model that takes two approaches is proposed: defensive and preventive. The pillars of this model are concentrated in two security standards internationally recognized: NIST SP 800-30 and NIST SP 800-115. NIST 800-30 standard identifies the main risks to which an organization is exposed and define strategies to lessen the impact of a possible threat. Although the definition of a scheme to manage risk can improve levels of protection, it is necessary to consider that every day thousands of vulnerabilities are discovered in information technologies, which are only waiting for a person who uses them for illegal purposes. To address this problem, the model uses the standard NIST 800-115 with programs that help to identify, analyze and rectify the major vulnerabilities of systems in real time and automated. By integrating both standards, optimum safety levels are achieved in an organization, based on proactive vulnerability management and mitigation of risk levels.<br>Tesis
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Beltrán, Navarro Roberto Alex. "Implementación de un plan de control de seguridad de la información mediante la norma ISO/IEC 27002:2013 en un centro de datos: caso de estudio: Consult Export S.A." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8777.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Implementa un plan de control interno de seguridad de la información mediante la norma ISO/IEC 27002:2013 en el centro de datos. Esto permitirá a la empresa protegerse de un amplio rango de amenazas, para asegurar la continuidad de los sistemas y los servicios que brinda, minimizar los daños a los activos que aloja en su interior y resguardar la información a través de estrategias y un conjunto adecuado de controles. Entre los resultados esperados está concientizar sobre los peligros a la que está expuesto los activos de información así como informar la existencia de 7 normas y estándares de uso internacional que pueden ser tomados como referencia para implementar, mejorar y mantener las políticas de la seguridad de la información en el centro de datos. A través de una correcta gestión del riesgo se podrá priorizar la atención a los activos que estén más expuestos.<br>Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Zilker, Markus. "The stability of finished pharmaceutical products and drug substances beyond their labeled expiry dates." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180695.

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Upon approval of a drug, the stability of the API and the FPP has to be studied intensively because it determines the shelf-life. If a drug is found to be stable, the expiry date is arbitrary set to five years at the maximum, if a drug tends to undergo degradation, the expiry date is set shorter. The drug product must comply with predefined specifications in accordance with the ICH guidelines Q6A and Q6B during its entire market life. The content of the active substance is required to be within a specification of 95–105% of its labeled claim until expiry corresponding to the ICH guideline Q1A(R2). However, there is little or scattered literature information addressing the stability of drug products beyond their expiry dates. The objective of this thesis was to study and assess the long-term stability of a collection involving numerous pure drug substances and ampoules manufactured in the 20th century. The content and the impurity profile were examined by means of appropriate analytical methods, mainly using liquid chromatography. The results were compared to data being available in the literature. Assessing the stability regarding the dosage form and the affiliation of the drug class was conducted. The experimental studies comprise the examination of 50 drug substances manufactured 20–30 years ago and 14 long expired ampoules which were older than 40 years in the time of analysis, exceeding many times the maximum shelf life of five years. For investigation of the solid drug substances, pharmacopoeial methods were applied as far as possible. Indeed, results of the study showed that 44 tested substances still complied with the specification of the Ph. Eur. with regard to the content and impurity profile, even after more than two decades of storage. For analysis of the injection solutions, HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI/MS techniques were applied, commonly based on liquid chromatography methods of the Ph. Eur. for determination of related substances. Each method was further validated for its application to ensure accurate API quantification corresponding to ICH Q2(R1). Quite a few ampoules were identified to show surprisingly high stability. In spite of their age of 53–72 years, APIs such as caffeine, etilefrine, synephrine, metamizole sodium, furosemide, and sodium salicylate complied with the specified content that is valid nowadays, respectively. Nevertheless, typical degradation reaction, e.g. hydrolysis, oxidation, or isomerization, was observed in all remaining ampoules. Various degrees of hydrolysis were revealed for scopolamine, procaine, and adenosine triphosphate, the contents were decreased to 71%, 70%, and 15% of the declared concentrations, respectively. In the epinephrine and dipyridamole ampoules, oxidative degradation has been occurred, finding respective API contents of more or less 70%. For dihydroergotamine, excessive decomposition by epimerization was observed, resulting in an API content of 21% and degradation by isomerization was found in lobeline, still containing 64% of the labeled claim. In conclusion, supported by the data of the present studies and the literature, defining and authorizing a longer shelf-life may be applicable to numerous pharmaceuticals which should be considered by pharmaceutical manufacturers and regulatory authorities, if justified based on stability studies. A general extension of the shelf-lives of drug products and the abolishment or extension of the maximum shelf-life limit of five years would prevent disposing of still potent medications and save a lot of money to the entire health care system<br>Bei der Zulassung eines Arzneimittels muss die Stabilität sowohl des Wirkstoffes als auch des Fertigarzneimittels umfassend untersucht werden, da dies für die Festlegung der Haltbarkeit wesentlich ist. Wenn sich herausstellt, dass ein Arzneimittel stabil ist, wird das Verfallsdatum auf höchstens fünf Jahre festgelegt. Neigt ein Arzneimittel zum Abbau, so wird ein kürzeres Verfallsdatum gewählt. Das Arzneimittel muss innerhalb der Haltbarkeitsfrist definierten Spezifikationen entsprechen, welche in den ICH-Richtlinien Q6A und Q6B festgelegt sind. Dabei muss insbesondere der Wirkstoff-Gehalt des Arzneimittels gemäß der ICH-Richtlinie Q1A(R2) innerhalb der Spezifikation von 95–105 % der deklarierten Konzentration liegen. In der Literatur gibt es jedoch wenige Informationen darüber, wie stabil Arzneimittel lange nach Ablauf des Verfallsdatums sind. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Stabilität zahlreicher Feststoffe und Ampullen, die aus einer Altarzneimittel-Sammlung stammten und während des 20. Jahrhunderts hergestellt wurden, zu untersuchen und zu bewerten. Der Gehalt und das Verunreinigungsprofil wurden mittels geeigneter instrumenteller Analyseverfahren bestimmt, wobei hauptsächlich flüssigchromatographische Methoden zur Anwendung kamen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden mit Literaturdaten verglichen und es wurde eine Beurteilung der Stabilität in Abhängigkeit von der Darreichungsform und der Zugehörigkeit zu einer Arzneistoffklasse vorgenommen. Die experimentellen Studien umfassten die Untersuchung von 50 Feststoffen, die vor 20 bis 30 Jahren hergestellt worden waren, und 14 Alt-Ampullen, die ein Alter von mindestens 40 Jahre aufwiesen und damit die maximale Haltbarkeit von fünf Jahren um ein Vielfaches überschritten hatten. Zur Untersuchung der Feststoffe wurden meist Arzneibuchmethoden verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass 44 geprüfte Substanzen auch nach mehr als zwei Jahrzehnten hinsichtlich ihres Gehalts und Verunreinigungsprofils den jeweiligen Spezifikationen des Europäischen Arzneibuchs entsprachen. Zur Analyse der Alt Ampullen wurden HPLC-UV- und HPLC-ESI/MS-Techniken eingesetzt. Diese basierten häufig auf Arzneibuch-Methoden zur Prüfung auf verwandte Substanzen. Für die Gehaltsbestimmungen wurden entsprechend der ICH-Richtlinie Q2(R1) die erforderlichen Parameter validiert. Einige Ampullen zeigten eine überraschend hohe Stabilität des Wirkstoffs, trotz ihres Alters von 53 bis 72 Jahren. Dabei entsprachen die Wirkstoffe Koffein, Etilefrin, Synephrin, Metamizol Natrium, Furosemid und Natriumsalicylat dem heute gültigen Spezifikationsbereich von 95–105 %. Nichtsdestoweniger wurden bei einigen Ampullen typische Abbaureaktionen wie Hydrolyse, Oxidation oder Isomerisierung festgestellt. Die Hydrolyse der Arzneistoffe Scopolamin, Procain und Adenosintriphosphat führte zu verringerten Gehalten von 71 %, 70 % bzw. 15 % der jeweiligen gekennzeichneten Wirkstoffkonzentration. Die Epinephrin- und Dipyridamol-Injektionslösungen waren von oxidativem Abbau betroffen. Der Wirkstoffgehalt dieser Ampullen lag jeweils bei ca. 70 %. In der Dihydroergotamin Ampulle trat eine massive Epimerisierung auf, wobei ein Gehalt von 21 % bestimmt wurde. Aufgrund der Isomerisierung des Arzneistoffes Lobelin reduzierte sich der Wirkstoffgehalt auf 64 %. Als Schlussfolgerung der experimentellen Studien und der verfügbaren Daten aus der Literatur sollten die pharmazeutischen Unternehmer und die Aufsichtsbehörden erwägen, die Haltbarkeitsdauer für zahlreiche Arzneimittel zu verlängern, wenn dies basierend auf Stabilitätsuntersuchungen gerechtfertigt ist. Eine generelle Ausweitung der Verwendbarkeit von Arzneimitteln sowie die Abschaffung oder Erweiterung der maximalen Haltbarkeitsdauer von fünf Jahren würde die Entsorgung noch wirksamer Medikamente verhindern und dem Gesundheitssystem viel Geld einsparen
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Ho, Shu-Chen, and 何淑貞. "The Effects of General Case Programming on Expired Date Judgement for Elementary Students with Moderate Intellectual Disabilities." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92550065421005634992.

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碩士<br>中原大學<br>教育研究所<br>96<br>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of general case programming on expired date judgement for elementary students with moderate intellectual disabilities. The present study designed a curriculum based on the general case programming strategy to teach three 10-12 year old elementary school students with moderate intellectual disabilities to learn expired date judgement skill for five hour per week over a period of eight-weeks. A multiple-probe across subject research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum. The data were analyzed through visual inspection and simplified time-series analysis. In addition, the social validity was evaluated by interviewing parents of three subjects. The findings of this study indicated that the general case programming had positive effects on the acquisition of expired date judgement skill for elementary students with moderate intellectual disabilities. All the subjects learned expired date judgment skill and could generalize the learned skill into home and other community stores. The results also indicated good maintaince effect with individual difference.
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Books on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Jaʻfarī, Maḥmūd. al-Qudrah al-tanāfusīyah lil-tumūr al-Filasṭīnīyah fī al-aswāq al-maḥallīyah wa-aswāq al-taṣdīr: The competitiveness of the Palestinian dates (Medjool) in the local and export markets. Maʻhad Abḥāth al-Siyāsāt al-Iqtiṣādīyah al-Filasṭīnī (Mās), 2004.

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María, Romeo Casabona Carlos, ed. Bases de datos de perfiles de ADN y criminalidad. Editorial Comares, 2002.

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Macdonald, Stuart. Technology and the tyranny of export controls: Whisper who dares. Macmillan, 1990.

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Brand, Richard J. Response to the expert report of Paul Switzer dated July 1995. Natural Resource Damage Program, 1995.

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Vietnam. Bộ thương mại và du lịch. and Trung tâm thông tin thương mại (Vietnam), eds. Export and import tariff for commercial goods issued in conjunction with Decree No. 110-HĐBT dated 31-3-1992. Vietnam Trade Information Centre, 1992.

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Trung tâm phát triẻ̂n ngoại thương (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), ed. List of import-export tax rates: Promulgated in conjunction with the Decree no. 110/HDBT dated March 31st, 1992 by the Council of Ministers and effectuated beginning April 1st, 1992. Foreign Trade Development Center, 1992.

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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). A request for transfers from the Information Technology Systems and Related Expenses Account: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a request for transfers from the Information Technology Systems and Related Expenses Account for Year 2000 compliance to the Department of the Interior, Labor, the Treasury, and to the District of Columbia. U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). A request for transfers from the Information Technology Systems and Related Expenses Account: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a request for transfers from the Information Technology Systems and Related Expenses Account for Year 2000 compliance to the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Export Administration, the Department of the Treasury, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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Richard, Scott. Return to an address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 15th February 1996 for the report of the inquiry into the export of defence equipment and dual-use goods to Iraq and related prosecutions. HMSO, 1996.

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Bogolyubov, Sergey, and Rodion Nikonov. Legal regulation of climate change prevention in Russia and abroad. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2174410.

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The monograph presents conceptual, including controversial, views on the relationship between law, environment and climate, principles and requirements of legal regulation of climate change prevention. The directions and features of regulating public relations for the protection of atmospheric air and other environmental components, the place of relevant regulations in the legal system, the principles of legal terminology formation, the introduction of digitalization, the problem of competition between ecology and economics in the field of climate stabilization are considered. The legal mechanisms for preventing climate change are analyzed and compared both at the international level and at the level of interstate associations and individual states (Russia, China, India, the European Union, Germany, France, and the United States). Scientific and expert approaches to the effective implementation of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 812 dated October 26, 2023 "On Approval of the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation", as well as by-laws adopted in its development, are being determined. For lawyers, sociologists, political scientists and practitioners, students, postgraduates, teachers, researchers, specialists, as well as for a wide range of readers, for anyone who is interested in the current problems of warming and other climate changes.
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Book chapters on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Geigert, John. "Setting Specifications and Expiry Dates." In The Challenge of CMC Regulatory Compliance for Biopharmaceuticals and Other Biologics. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6916-2_11.

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Haselager, Pim, and Giulio Mecacci. "The Importance of Expiry Dates: Evaluating the Societal Impact of -Based." In Advances in Neuroethics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74188-4_13.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "expiry date." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_537.

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de Vries, Manfred F. R. Kets. "The Expiry Date." In A Life Well Lived. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003452867-42.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "expiry period/- date." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_3842.

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Gebhardt, Christof. "Export von Daten." In Praxisbuch FEM mit ANSYS Workbench. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446439566.011.

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Gebhardt, Christof. "Export von Daten." In Praxisbuch FEM mit ANSYS Workbench. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446435667.011.

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Gebhardt, Christof. "Export von Daten." In Praxisbuch FEM mit ANSYS Workbench. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446457409.011.

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Gulbins, Jürgen, and Karl Obermayr. "Import und Export von Daten." In Edition Page. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97496-0_19.

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Gulbins, Jürgen, and Karl Obermayr. "Import und Export von Daten." In Edition Page. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06567-9_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Costa, Nilson, Jessica Oliveira, Ademir Martins, and Adriana Gomes. "THE PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE OF KNOWLEDGE: INFORMATION WITH AN EXPIRY DATE." In 17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2024.1321.

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P, Deepa, Jennifer D, Jackuelin T, Madhumitha V, Leela B, and Iswariya M. "Blockchain Based Expiry Date Verification For Medical Product With QR Code." In 2025 International Conference on Data Science, Agents & Artificial Intelligence (ICDSAAI). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsaai65575.2025.11011617.

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Lankipalle, Gokul Krishna, Shubham Kumar Singh, Rishi Raj Mallik Tadiboina, Venkata Ram Vardhan Osey, and Uma Jothi. "Hybrid Predictive Framework for Expiry Date Estimation of Live-Attenuated Vaccines Using Stability Testing and Machine Learning." In 2025 Fourth International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/stcr62650.2025.11020139.

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Prokofiev, I., S. Bakhtiari, and A. Hull. "Prospective Techniques for Monitoring Degradation in Passive Systems, Structures, and Components for Nuclear Power Plant Long-Term Operation." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07679.

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Abstract This paper provides an overview of scoping studies performed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) on assessing the viability of systems for real time and automated monitoring to assess the condition and the remaining useful life of passive components in nuclear power plants (NPPs). This analysis was reviewed in the context of four condition-monitoring aging management programs (AMPs) that were revised when NRC staff recently completed the analysis of over 50 AMPs for mechanical, structural, and electrical systems in the process of developing new license renewal guidance documents (LRGDs). Expert panel meetings were conducted in 2014-2015, charged to develop guidance such that, if followed, will provide the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reasonable assurance that the applicant will perform adequate aging management such that the systems, structures, and components (SSC) within the scope of license renewal will perform their intended functions during the second period of extended operation (PEO). Any proposed changes must be based on sound, technically defensible assessments. Although small scale experiments conducted to date suggest that using online prognostic (OLP) systems for monitoring critical SSCs are viable, new codes and regulatory guidelines may need to be developed before this technology can be widely implemented by the nuclear power industry.
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Dubini, Simone Pietro, Valentina Balostro, Paolo de Francesco, and Vittorio Colombo. "A Decision Support System for Materials Selection of Well Completion in the Modern Oil and Gas Industry." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02370.

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Abstract This paper describes the improvements of a software program developed for the materials selection of OCTGs and well completion components. The previous version of the program, released in 1998 and presented during 1997 and 2000 NACE Conferences, has been reviewed in terms of technical know-how and information technology to keep up with the modern industry. The most remarkable improvements in the field of technical know-how include the introduction of a number of well completion layouts as well as the management of other types of fluids and well services in addition to reservoir fluids and hydrocarbon production service. Other significant features consist of the development of a pass/fail approach for the selection of CRAs for sour service and the formulation of rules to help the corrosion engineer to select the most suitable test methods and test conditions. Moreover, new materials grades that became available in the last ten years have been added. The improvements in the information technology led also to the development of a new software framework. The new product is a web application, accessible from the company intranet network. It is a shared tool that employees can use, with different levels of authorization, reflecting their own skills and technical competence. Corrosion experts have also the chance to install a “local version” of the software on their laptops and subsequently synchronize all the data with a centralized database. Normal users are allowed limited access to the program functionalities, while users qualified as corrosion experts have the credentials to modify the software basic rules. Administrators can “publish” users’ simulations on a centralized public library. In brief, this paper wants to remark how the concept of “expert system”, born during the late 80s and developed during the 90s, is not out-of-date in the modern industry, but on the contrary, it is still topical and it has changed its shape in the last 20 years thanks to the improvements on information technology and industry know-how.
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Khan, Tareq. "Expiry Date Digits Recognition using Deep Learning." In NAECON 2019 - IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naecon46414.2019.9058255.

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Tomar, Ishu, and Basant Tomar. "A Smart Expiry Date Reminder System For Medicines." In 2021 International Conference on Industrial Electronics Research and Applications (ICIERA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciera53202.2021.9726728.

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Huanhuan Tao, Jingming Pan, and Xiaowo Tang. "Retailers' optimal strategy of free gift card with expiry date." In 2014 11th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2014.6874071.

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Scazzoli, Davide, Giulia Bartezzaghi, Deniz Uysal, Maurizio Magarini, Marco Melacini, and Marco Marcon. "Usage of Hough Transform for Expiry Date Extraction via Optical Character Recognition." In 2019 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaset.2019.8714306.

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Shanthini, Karthika M., P. Chitra, S. Abirami, G. Aninthitha, and P. Abarna. "Recommendation of Product Value by Extracting Expiry Date using Deep Neural Network." In 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9579675.

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Reports on the topic "Expiry dates"

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Zeinstra, Gertrude G., Saskia Meijboom, Karen M. de Rosa Spierings, and Geertje van Bergen. Does extra on-pack information impact consumers’ understanding of expiry dates and food waste behaviour? : Insights from a real-life experiment in The Netherlands. Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/633798.

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Russell, Nathaniel, and Jose Claudio Linhares Pires. Assessing Firm-Support Programs in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010693.

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Increasing productivity is generally considered to be the only sustainable way of improving living standards in the long term. The Brazilian economy has had periods of strong growth, particularly until 2010, but the country has performed poorly in terms of aggregate productivity. The federal government has implemented many programs aimed at boosting firm growth and fostering competitiveness in Brazilian industries, though knowledge about their results to date is scarce. This study provides an overview of various Brazilian programs of firm support — including productive finance, business consulting, value chain, export promotion, and innovation support — as well as an assessment of the effects of a subset of these programs on productivity, employment, and real wages. Access to a unique dataset on Brazilian firms and beneficiaries allowed the Office of Evaluation and Oversight to analyze these programs over an 11-year period, 2002 to 2012.
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Toomey, Rickard, Vincent Santucci, Justin Tweet, Vincent Santucci, Rickard Toomey, and Justin Tweet. Mammoth Cave National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2306041.

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Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) in south-central Kentucky protects one of the most famous and extensive cave systems in the world. Fossils, both in the bedrock of the cave system and as much more recent remains that date to the cave era, have been reported since at least the first half of the 19th century, but have rarely been a focus of investigation. In 2019, following a report of shark fossils in the wall of a cave passage, a team of MACA staff and volunteers, members of the National Park Service (NPS) Paleontology Program, and paleontological specialists from outside the NPS began a paleontological resource inventory at the park. This inventory was established to document the scope, significance, temporal and geospatial distribution, and management issues associated with these non-renewable resources at the park. The Mammoth Cave System and other caves at MACA formed in bedrock that dates to the Middle to Late Mississippian, approximately 335 to 325 million years ago. At this time, the future area of MACA was submerged beneath a continental sea. The seafloor was carpeted with corals, crinoids, and other marine invertebrates. A diverse array of cephalopods, cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and other animals swam above them. Occasionally the sea receded and was replaced by coastal lands that supported abundant plants. The resulting terrestrial beds, deposited as late as the early Pennsylvanian (approximately 320 million years ago), are not soluble like the marine beds and now cap the caves and ridges. Both marine and terrestrial beds preserve abundant fossils. Hundreds of millions of years later, passages began to form in the ancient Mississippian marine carbonate rocks, and when these became connected to the surface, organisms from the outside began to enter or fall into the developing cave system, sometimes to be preserved as fossils. Fossils from the Quaternary (2.58 million years ago to the present) represent organisms that inhabited the area during the shifting climate of the Ice Age, including extinct animals such as mastodons, saber-toothed cats, and short-faced bears. After several years of site visits, photography and photogrammetry, specimen collection and preparation, literature and archival research, expert consultation, and other study, documentation, and description, MACA can stake a claim to being one of the most paleontologically significant units in the NPS. This report summarizes the findings of the inventory team and will help future investigators understand and manage the park?s paleontological resources.
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Toomey, Rickard, Vincent Santucci, Justin Tweet, Vincent Santucci, Rickard Toomey, and Justin Tweet. Mammoth Cave National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2308457.

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Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) in south-central Kentucky protects one of the most famous and extensive cave systems in the world. Fossils, both in the bedrock of the cave system and as much more recent remains that date to the cave era, have been reported since at least the first half of the 19th century, but have rarely been a focus of investigation. In 2019, following a report of shark fossils in the wall of a cave passage, a team of MACA staff and volunteers, members of the National Park Service (NPS) Paleontology Program, and paleontological specialists from outside the NPS began a paleontological resource inventory at the park. This inventory was established to document the scope, significance, temporal and geospatial distribution, and management issues associated with these non-renewable resources at the park. The Mammoth Cave System and other caves at MACA formed in bedrock that dates to the Middle to Late Mississippian, approximately 335 to 325 million years ago. At this time, the future area of MACA was submerged beneath a continental sea. The seafloor was carpeted with corals, crinoids, and other marine invertebrates. A diverse array of cephalopods, cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and other animals swam above them. Occasionally the sea receded and was replaced by coastal lands that supported abundant plants. The resulting terrestrial beds, deposited as late as the early Pennsylvanian (approximately 320 million years ago), are not soluble like the marine beds and now cap the caves and ridges. Both marine and terrestrial beds preserve abundant fossils. Hundreds of millions of years later, passages began to form in the ancient Mississippian marine carbonate rocks, and when these became connected to the surface, organisms from the outside began to enter or fall into the developing cave system, sometimes to be preserved as fossils. Fossils from the Quaternary (2.58 million years ago to the present) represent organisms that inhabited the area during the shifting climate of the Ice Age, including extinct animals such as mastodons, saber-toothed cats, and short-faced bears. After several years of site visits, photography and photogrammetry, specimen collection and preparation, literature and archival research, expert consultation, and other study, documentation, and description, MACA can stake a claim to being one of the most paleontologically significant units in the NPS. This report summarizes the findings of the inventory team and will help future investigators understand and manage the park?s paleontological resources.
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Dong, Wei, Wei Zhang, Jianxu Er, Jiapeng Liu, and Jiange Han. Lesser complications of laryngeal mask airway than endotracheal tubes in pediatric airway management: A review of literature and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0066.

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Review question / Objective: The relevant expert consensus has not pointed out which ventilation device is better during general anesthesia in the pediatric airway management for elective surgery. Condition being studied: We carried out a keyword search using the terms “layngeal mask, LMA, endotracheal tube, tracheal tube, children, pediatric, anesthesia, RCT, randomized controlled trials, randomized, elective surgery.” In general, searches are developed in MEDLINE in Ovid; Embase.com; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Wiley Interface; Web of Science Core Collection; PubMed restricting to records in the subset “as supplied by publisher” to find references that not yet indexed in MEDLINE; and Google Scholar. When available, these databases were searched using a combination of subject headings (such as MeSH) and filters (such as RCT). We reviewed references of included studies to identify relevant studies. We imposed no language or time restriction. The exact date of the database search is September 1, 2021.We carried out a keyword search using terms “layngeal mask, LMA, endotracheal tube, tracheal tube, children, pediatric, anesthesia, RCT, randomized controlled trials, randomized, elective surgery.”
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Corlin Christensen, Rasmus, Martin Hearson, and Tovony Randriamanalina. At the Table, Off the Menu? Assessing the Participation of Lower-Income Countries in Global Tax Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.004.

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Since 2013, the formal structure of global corporate tax policymaking at the OECD has changed. Decisions are no longer made by 37 OECD members, but by 137 countries from all regions and levels of development through the ‘Inclusive Framework’ (IF). Official documentation emphasises that all countries participate on an ‘equal footing’, but some participants and observers have emphasised that developing countries in particular face practical obstacles that lead to unequal participation in practice. In this paper, we assess these claims, drawing primarily on 48 interviews with negotiators, policymakers and stakeholders involved in global tax discussions. We find that the explosion in formal membership has not in itself led to the step-change in developing country influence that the raw numbers imply. This is because of a combination of structural obstacles that are not unique to the IF, and some challenging aspects of the OECD’s way of working. Yet, lower-income countries have made some modest achievements to date, and there are signs of incremental progress towards a more effective presence. We develop a typology of mechanisms through which successes have been achieved: association with the efforts of more powerful states, anticipation of lower-income countries’ needs by the OECD secretariat and others, collaboration to form more powerful coalitions, and the emergence of expert negotiators with individual authority.
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Choquette, Gary. PR-000-16209-WEB Data Management Best Practices Learned from CEPM. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011568.

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DATE: Wednesday, May 1, 2019 TIME: 2:00 - 3:30 p.m. ET PRESENTER: Gary Choquette, PRCI CLICK DOWNLOAD/BUY TO ACCESS THE REGISTRATION LINK FOR THIS WEBINAR Systems that manage large sets of data are becoming more common in the energy transportation industry. Having access to the data offers the opportunity to learn from previous experiences to help efficiently manage the future. But how does one manage to digest copious quantities of data to find nuggets within the ore? This webinar will outline some of the data management best practices learned from the research projects associated with CEPM. - Logging/capturing data tips - Techniques to identify 'bad' data - Methods of mapping equipment and associated regressions - Tips for pre-processing data for regressions - Machine learning tips - Establishing alarm limits - Identifying equipment problems - Multiple case studies Who Should Attend? - Data analysts - Equipment support specialists - Those interested in learning more about 'big data' and 'machine learning' Recommended Pre-reading: - PR-309-11202-R01 Field Demonstration Test of Advanced Engine and Compressor Diagnostics for CORE - PR-312-12210-R01 CEPM Monitoring Plan for 2SLB Reciprocating Engines* - PR-309-13208-R01 Field Demonstration of Integrated System and Expert Level Continuous Performance Monitoring for CORE* - PR-309-14209-R01 Field Demo of Integrated Expert Level Continuous Performance Monitoring - PR-309-15205-R01 Continuous Engine Performance Monitoring Technical Specification - PR-000-15208-R01 Reciprocating Engine Speed Stability as a Measure of Combustion Stability - PR-309-15209-R01 Evaluation of NSCR Specific Models for Use in CEPM - PR-000-16209-R01 Demonstration of Continuous Equipment Performance Monitoring - PR-015-17606-Z02 Elbow Meter Test Results* *Documents available to PRCI member only Attendance will be limited to the first 500 registrants to join the webinar. All remaining registrants will receive a link to view the recording after the webinar. Not able to attend? Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the recording after the webinar to view at your convenience! After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar. Please visit our website for other webinars that may be of interest to you!
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Boustati, Alma. The Advantages and Disadvantage of Double Taxation Agreements for Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.143.

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When a developing and a developed country sign Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs), its generally the case that the developing country is the one that forgoes some of its tax revenues (Braun &amp; Fuentes, 2016). Nevertheless, developing countries enter these agreements on the assumption that this will have enough economic benefits to offset these losses (Neumayer, 2007). Besides alleviating the burden of double taxation, DTAs also have the added value of improving exchange of information, which helps combat tax evasion and avoidance (Barthel et al., 2009). One of the incentives for signing DTAs for developing countries is the increase in Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) (Neumayer, 2007). The evidence from the literature on the link between signing DTAs and increasing FDIs is very mixed, with some finding a positive impact and others finding no impact (Quak &amp; Timmis, 2018). However, the literature points to some clear factors that drive the relationship between FDIs and DTAs. There are also studies that attempt to quantify the tax revenue loss of developing countries when they enter DTAs. All the studies find substantial negative loss, although most do not account for the potential benefit of increased FDIs (ActionAid, 2016; IMF, 2014; Janský &amp; Šedivý, 2018; McGauran, 2013; Van de Poel, 2016). There are also other reasons for why developing countries may still commit to negotiate and enter DTAs even when the benefits are not guaranteed. This includes increasing diplomatic ties with the treaty partner and the incentive of receiving foreign aid (Braun and Zagler, 2017). The other is a prisoner’s dilemma situation. The two most prevalent DTA conventions are the OECD Model and the UN Model. The UN Model tends to be more advantageous for developing countries compared to the OECD Model (Eyitayo-Oyesode, 2020). There are many issues over which the UN Committee’s expert members from developed and developing countries disagree but developed country member are better at influencing decisions. Finally, the OECD Model is updated more frequently, resulting in the UN one being comparatively out of date (Hearson, 2015; Quak &amp; Timmis, 2018). Generally, the literature on the impact of DTAs on developing countries’ economies is extensive. This is especially the case for the impact of DTAs on FDIs as well as on tax revenue loss. However, because of the complexity of these issues, many of the empirical studies inevitably suffer from methodological issues that make conclusive claims very difficult. Notably missing from the literature is the impact of DTAs on international trade.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. Vegetation community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: 2007–2021. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299454.

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Resource managers at Pea Ridge National Military Park manage the natural communities of the park as a backdrop for interpreting the civil war battle that occurred on March 7–8, 1862. Restoration of the landscape to the vegetation communities that were present at the time of the battle is ongoing. Priorities for restoration include density, form, and vegetation structure, but native representative species are also desired. Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network ecologists observed plant community sites in park woodlands in 2007, 2012, 2016, and 2021. Climate may influence vegetation and other park natural resources. Temperatures have been increasing at the park, but precipitation and drought indices did not demonstrate significant trends. There was a great degree of interannual variability in precipitation and drought metrics. Phenological data indicated earlier first bloom and leaf-out dates. Overstory canopy, basal area, density, and tree stocking were similar through time, but class 1, midstory trees increased in basal area and density after 2007. The overstory structure remained that of a closed woodland despite prescribed fires and cedar thinning that occurred at the park. Our monitoring data show that fire management goals for overstory reduction have not yet been met. Ground cover was similar through time except for bare soil and deciduous leaf litter. Bare soil and leaf litter experienced a pulse in variability in 2012 and 2021, presumably in response to heterogeneous prescribed fires. Maintaining heterogeneous ground cover may best support biodiversity across the landscape. Ground flora cover (excluding tree regeneration) increased by 88% from 2007 to 2021, meeting a fire management goal. However, ground flora cover was heterogeneous across the sites. Concomitant with the increase in ground flora cover, we observed notable increases in alpha diversity (mean site species richness) and gamma diversity (parkwide species richness) across the monitoring period. Although increases may have been related to treatments and environmental factors, we also improved our botanical sampling preparation and included an expert botanist on the crew in 2021. Species composition of the ground flora was assessed via guilds and indicator species. Although tree regeneration was not included in estimates of total ground flora cover, it was highly variable through time. The seedling class comprised the majority of the regeneration stems observed. Although mean small sapling density values increased by 535% over 2007 levels, there was a great deal of variability among the sites, indicating small sapling estimates were contained within the confidence intervals and not truly different through time. Forbs comprised the greatest abundance of the ground flora guilds through time, except in 2012. Forbs also exhibited the greatest variability in all years except for 2012. Woody species increased over our monitoring record but remained low in cover. We analyzed a set of 50 indicator species for Ozark highlands woodlands to understand changes in the ground flora. The number of woodland indicator species observed in each monitoring event was low (ranged from 7–14 species) with the highest number of species observed in 2021. We also calculated invasive species metrics and found the number of invasive species increased from 2 to 11 over the monitoring record. Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum) was the most abundant of these species. Our confidence in the 2021 ground flora observations was high. We found our observer error to be within standard levels, including agreement on species cover estimates. Not all sites have received the number of burns described in the park’s ecological fire management goals. Our monitoring data show that one of the fire management goals, increased ground flora cover, has been met, but the other two goals for overstory density reduction and seedling density have not yet been met. Further analysis of species composition of the overstory and tree regeneration will be needed after the fire treatments have been completed to determine if all fire management goals are being met.
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