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1
MacDonald, G. Blake. A comparison of new proximity-based expressions of competing vegetation. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1991.
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2
Riviello, Maria Teresa, and Anna Esposito. On the Perception of Dynamic Emotional Expressions: A Cross-cultural Comparison. Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0887-4.
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Expressing the shape and colour of personality: Using Lowenfeld mosaics in psychotherapy and cross-cultural research. Sussex Academic Press, 2006.
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4
International bibliography of paremiography: Collections of proverbs, proverbial expressions and comparisons, quotations, graffiti, slang, and Wellerisms. Proverbium in cooperation with the Dept. of German and Russian, the University of Vermont, 2011.
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Turull i Crexells, Isabel. Carles Riba i la llengua literària durant el franquisme. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-309-0.
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Carles Riba, one of the most relevant personalities in Catalan letters, not only as a poet but also as a linguist, has been considered a difficult writer. This book aims to examine how his theoretical preparation and his ideas in linguistics influenced his work in the particular case of some early stories in which he tries “uns utilíssims exercicis de simplicitat”. Carles Riba did not present his linguistic theories in a single text in a complete and articulated way but we can evaluate them in various papers he wrote and published up until his death in 1959. The first part of this work, after an introduction which sets the author in the context of European linguistics, is a review of the ideas that can be found in the collections of essays: Escolis i altres articles (1921), Els marges (1927), Per comprendre (1937), ... més els poemes (1957), and in a few other particularly interesting papers.This part focuses also on some of the controversies in which Carles Riba is involved as a linguist during the spanish dictatorship: especially his role on the publication of the second edition of Pompeu Fabra’s dictionary in 1954 and the consequences of the prologue he wrote for the volume. Joan Coromines considers an attack on the linguist Pompeu Fabra the negative comparison Riba proposes with the honnête homme: in our research we re-evaluate this consideration and analyse the historical and semantic value of this expression belonging to 17th-century French culture.The second part of this paper is a strictly linguistic analysis of three texts, chosen among Carles Riba’s works for children. The interest of those texts is in the author’s deliberate intent of using the most simple language, which enables us to determine what he considers the basic aspects of linguistic quality. Furthermore, the existence of different editions of those texts permits a philological analysis of those versions showing Carles Riba’s ‘simple’ language in three very representative moments, from the beginning of his career as a writer to the difficult situation during the dictatorship.
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Holland, David Moore. Freedom of expression in public places: A constitutional comparison. 1985.
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7
Anatomical Idiom and Emotional Expression: A Comparison of the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint. Sheffield Phoenix Press Ltd, 2014.
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8
Norris, Andrew. Walden and the Foundations of True Political Expression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190673949.003.0005.
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This chapter turns to Cavell’s first encounter with American transcendentalism and his initial exploration of views he would later characterize as “Emersonian perfectionism.” As read by Cavell, Thoreau’s Walden is a sustained attempt to wake his readers that bears comparison with Socrates’s attempt to wake his fellow citizens. Thoreau’s attempt is a provocative one in the sense that he must at once attract and disturb or repel his reader. Cavell’s reading of Thoreau both brings out and draws upon hitherto unnoticed resemblances between Walden and Being and Time. The chapter concludes by considering the manner in which a proper understanding of these works throws into high relief the profound differences between their authors’ respective understanding of politics and of the place of philosophy in public life.
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Hatch, Holly M. Women's experience and expression of anger: A description and comparison of female undergraduate students and female office workers. 1996.
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10
Tremblay, Steve. A comparison of gene expression pattern in OSCC between young and older individuals, with emphasis on GSTP1 and the Fanconi anemia genes. 2006.
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11
Jamie, Cameron, and Rosiers Nathalie Des. Part V Rights and Freedoms, B Rights and Freedoms under the Charter, Ch.35 The Right to Protest, Freedom of Expression, and Freedom of Association. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0035.
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Freedom of expression and freedom of association are guaranteed by section 2 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. These freedoms are closely related, conceptually and philosophically, but evolved in different directions under the Charter. Whereas section 2(b)’s guarantee of expressive freedom generated a rich jurisprudence across diverse issues, section 2(d)’s attention focused on associational freedom in the context of labour union activities. The authors draw on a pocket of section 2(b) case law on picketing and other labour-related expressive activities to bring these guarantees into comparison. In doing so, they comment on the Supreme Court of Canada’s interpretation of each guarantee, including the constitutionalization of key aspects of labour relations under section 2(d). In addition, the authors critique the Court’s jurisprudence, emphasizing the central importance of protecting protest and dissent activities under both guarantees.
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Simmons, Keith. Identifying Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 lays out the central notions that allow us to identify the singularities of a given occurrence (in ordinary English) of ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, or ‘true’. Key notions are those of the primary representation of an expression, and the primary tree of an expression. The primary tree displays the semantic network that the expression generates. The notions of pathology and singularity are then defined in terms of the notion of primary tree. The chapter argues that the singularity account respects Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the singularity treatment of the simple paradox of denotation (introduced in Chapter 2) with those of Field and Scharp. Chapter 4 anticipates the fully formal singularity theory to be presented in Chapter 6.
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Esposito, Anna, and Maria Teresa Riviello. On the Perception of Dynamic Emotional Expressions: A Cross-cultural Comparison. Springer, 2016.
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14
Esposito, Anna, and Maria Teresa Riviello. On the Perception of Dynamic Emotional Expressions: A Cross-cultural Comparison. Ingramcontent, 2016.
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15
Roberts, Deirdre. Heat-shock protein expression in Mytilus californianus: Seasonal and tidal height comparisons. 1995.
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Roberts, Deirdre. Heat-shock protein expression in Mytilus californianus: Seasonal and tidal height comparisons. 1995.
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17
Reynaud, Serge, and Astrid Lambrecht. Casimir forces and vacuum energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768609.003.0009.
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The Casimir force is an effect of quantum vacuum field fluctuations, with applications in many domains of physics. The ideal expression obtained by Casimir, valid for perfect plane mirrors at zero temperature, has to be modified to take into account the effects of the optical properties of mirrors, thermal fluctuations, and geometry. After a general introduction to the Casimir force and a description of the current state of the art for Casimir force measurements and their comparison with theory, this chapter presents pedagogical treatments of the main features of the theory of Casimir forces for one-dimensional model systems and for mirrors in three-dimensional space.
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Fox, Alistair. An Angry Young Man Seeks to Justify Himself: Sleeping Dogs (Ian Donaldson, 1977)1. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0004.
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Through a comparison of Roger Donaldson’s Sleeping Dogs – the first New Zealand film to demonstrate that it could attract a large local audience – and the novel upon which it is based, C. K. Stead’s Smith’s Dream, this chapter shows how Donaldson transformed the nature of the story by changing the conception of the hero, combined with an incorporation of generic elements borrowed from New Hollywood films of the 1970s (for example, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and Five Easy Pieces), so as to convert the fiction into a vehicle for personal self-expression and self-justification in the face of a social system that was felt to be authoritarian and repressive.
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McDaniel, Justin Thomas. Conclusions and Comparisons. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824865986.003.0005.
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Starting off with the unique story of the Buddha and leisure park designed in rural Louisiana, the conclusion argues that despite many problems with large comparative projects Buddhist Studies, the amusement parks, memorials, museums, and gardens described in the book as a whole share many qualities. They generally lack formal, formidable, ritual, ecclesiastical, or sectarian boundaries. They make little sustained effort to be “authentic.” These sites emphasize display, performance, and juxtaposition and anachronistic mixing (not systematic reconstruction) of various Buddhist cultures, teachings, languages, objects, and symbols. This is important, because it provides us with a completely different image of contemporary Buddhism that emphasizes innovation and ecumenism instead of purity and authenticity. These sites present different Buddhist traditions, images, and aesthetic expressions as united but not uniform, collected but not concise—a gathering not a movement. By eschewing the local and authentic in favor of the timeless, ecumenical, and universal, they become difficult to categorize. They make visual statements for sure, even if they don’t attempt to create single messages or provide coherent teachings.
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Rahat, Gideon, and Ofer Kenig. A Cross-National Analysis of Political Personalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808008.003.0009.
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The chapter presents an integrated cross-national analysis of political personalization in all our twenty-six countries. The two indicators of personalization online stand apart in terms of the incidents of depersonalization. An examination of the relationship between the three dimensions finds personalization especially in the institutional realm. In the other two dimensions, media and behavior, most cases are of personalization, but many indicate no trend or depersonalization. A comparison by country illustrates that, except for the cases of extreme personalization in Italy and Israel and a few cases of depersonalization, especially in Switzerland, most countries experience moderate–low or low levels of personalization. Most explanations for variance are ruled out. A moderately negative correlation is found between national levels of self-expression and national levels of political personalization. The chapter ends with a review of the claims raised in the literature about the consequences of political personalization.
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Hutchinson, G. O. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821717.003.0026.
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Form, on the most detailed level, turns out to be inextricably connected with expression, meaning, and larger structure. Perhaps modern scholars underestimate form, as is apparent from the greater importance of metre in ancient conceptions of poetic genre. Rhythm plays an important part in building up the worlds of the rhythmic narrative writing that has been considered. At climactic moments of Chariton, rhythm intensifies the supremacy of love in the erotic scheme of values; in the moments of Plutarch, it helps the presentation of a broader scheme of values, where politics is not simply set aside, but where the individual can transcend powerlessness and death. Philosophy, comparison, the evolution and unpredictability of people are presented the more forcefully through passages heightened by rhythm; rhythm as elsewhere marks meaning and expresses thought. The greatness of Plutarch’s writing emerges much more strongly when we start to read him rhythmically.
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Vuletic, Dean. Popular Culture. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.012.
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Immediately following the Second World War, Eastern European communist parties employed censorship against Western popular culture, such as film and popular music, which they regarded as politically inappropriate. From the late 1950s, most parties increasingly sought to satisfy their citizens’ desires for consumption and entertainment, and they promoted the development of local cultural alternatives. The parties were not uniform in their policies, as a comparison between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia demonstrates. However, they did seek to appropriate popular culture to advance their political interests, and they similarly faced resistance from some domestic artists who criticized the government. The reluctance of the parties to allow as much freedom of consumption and expression as existed in the West, together with their inability to provide cultural goods that could keep up with Western fashions, points to popular culture as a factor that contributed to the demise of communism in Eastern Europe
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(Editor), Mary R. Harvey, and Pratyusha, Ph.D. Tummala-Nara (Editor), eds. Sources and Expressions of Resiliency in Trauma Survivors: Ecological Theory, Multicultural Practice. Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, 2007.
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24
Henricks, Thomas S. Play Compared to Other Behaviors. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0003.
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This chapter compares play with other behaviors in order to develop a general understanding of play. Before proceeding with the discussion of play v. other behaviors, it considers the six perspectives about play: play as action, play as interaction, play as activity, play as disposition, play as experience, and play as context. It then examines play's defining qualities by contrasting it to three similar but rival patterns of willfully directed behavior: work, ritual, and the form of bonding and immersion called communitas. These behaviors together with play are said to be distinctive “pathways of experience” featuring different acts of meaning-construction and self-expression. Each pathway is presented as an ideal type—first play, and then the other forms in comparison to play. Differences between the four forms are summarized and displayed in a chart. The chapter concludes by explaining how real-life events usually feature combinations of these four forms, as well as alternations in which one pattern leads to another.
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Breitenwischer, Dustin, Hanna-Myriam Häger, and Julian Menninger, eds. Faktuales und fiktionales Erzählen II. Ergon Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956505126.
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This volume deals with historically specific forms of factual and fictional narration within literature and various non-literary media. The contributions address the question of how and why the respective medium, the historical context, socio-cultural norms, and aesthetic conventions can (or cannot) formulate certain claims to factuality or fictionality within a given narrative. More specifically, the collected essays clarify that the validity claims of a text are equally tied to its historical framework, its particular medium, and its respective narrative practice. The discussion, analysis, and comparison of historical peculiarities on the one hand and an extended media arsenal on the other thus enables the contributors to uncover and describe narrative-specific characteristics of factual and fictional narration in their diverse forms of expression. In line with the disciplinary diversity of its contributors, the volume is aimed both at media-scientifically oriented narratologists and literary scholars as well as social scientist and scholars in the humanities who are invested in the interdisciplinarity of narrative theory.
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Lassiter, Daniel. Gradation, scales, and degree semantics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0001.
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Since many modal expressions in English are overtly gradable, we need to understand gradability in general if we are to understand their semantics. This chapter introduces a number of core notions in the lexical and compositional semantics of gradable expressions, including the distinction between gradability and scalarity, key notions around adjective type and scale structure, and discusses some background issues such as the treatment of comparison classes and vagueness.
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Robinson, Carrie. Decoding of facial emotional expressions: a comparison between children with autistic spectrum disorder and typically developing children. 2003.
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Adachi, Megumi, and Lisa M. Monteggia. Mecp2 Knockout in Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 reviews the phenotypes of the constitutive Mecp2 KO mutant mice, those generated by expressing RTT -causing mutations, and conditional Mecp2 KO mice in comparison to clinical phenotypes presented in patients with RTT. It also covers therapeutic approaches currently reported using these RTT -model mice.
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Stein, Gabriele. John Palsgrave as a sixteenth-century contrastive linguist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0006.
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John Palsgrave is the first English lexicographer known by name. As a teacher of French to Henry VIII’s sister Mary, he set himself the task to ‘reduce the French language to rule’. His Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) is an outstanding linguistic achievement which describes French pronunciation, explains the rules of French grammar, and includes an English–French dictionary of some eight hundred pages. Himself a dedicated teacher, Palsgrave helped his English countrymen to understand the foreign language by explicit comparisons between the differences of expression, explaining them and illustrating them with examples. The chapter presents the most striking grammatical comparisons in the use of pronouns, questions, and negation, and then focuses on the lexicon: contrasts in semantic range, idiomatic usage, sense-dependent complementation, and construction patterns.
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Gilby, Emma. Descartes's Fictions. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831891.001.0001.
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Descartes’s Fictions traces common movements in early modern philosophy and literary method. This volume reassesses the significance of Descartes’s writing by bringing his philosophical output into contact with the literary treatises, exempla, and debates of his age. Arguing that humanist theorizing about the art of poetry represents a vital intellectual context for Descartes’s work, the volume offers readings of the controversies to which this poetic theory gives rise, with particular reference to the genre of tragicomedy, the question of verisimilitude, and the figures of Guez de Balzac and Pierre Corneille. Drawing on what Descartes says about, and to, his many contemporaries and correspondents embedded in the early modern republic of letters, this volume shows that poetics provides a repository of themes and images to which he returns repeatedly: fortune, method, error, providence, passion, and imagination, amongst others. Like the poets and theorists of the early modern period, Descartes is also drawn to the forms of attention that people may bring to his work. This interest finds expression in the mature Cartesian metaphysics of the Meditations, as well as, later, in the moral philosophy of his correspondence with Elisabeth of Bohemia or the Passions of the Soul. Some of the tropes of modern secondary criticism—a comparison of Descartes and Corneille, or the portrayal of Descartes as a ‘tragic’ figure—are also re-evaluated. This volume thus bridges the gap between Cartesian criticism and late-humanist literary culture in France.
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Hutchinson, G. O. Plutarch's Rhythmic Prose. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821717.001.0001.
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Greek literature is divided, like many literatures, into poetry and prose; but in the earlier Roman Empire, 31 BC to AD 300, much Greek (and Latin) prose was written in one organized rhythmic system. Whether most, or hardly any, Greek prose adopted this patterning has been entirely unclear; this book for the first time adequately establishes an answer. It then seeks to get deeper into the nature of prose-rhythm through one of the greatest Imperial works, Plutarch’s Lives. All its phrases, almost 100,000, have been scanned rhythmically. Prose-rhythm is revealed as a means of expression, which draws attention to words and word-groups. (Online readings are offered too.) Some passages in the Lives pack rhythms together more closely than others; the book looks especially at rhythmically dense passages. These do not occur randomly; they attract attention to themselves, and are marked out as climactic in the narrative, or as in other ways of highlighted significance. Comparison emerges as crucial to the Lives on many levels. Much of the book closely discusses particular dense moments, in commentary form, to show how much rhythm contributes to understanding, and is to be integrated with other sorts of criticism. These remarkable passages make apparent the greatness of Plutarch as a prose-writer: a side not greatly considered amid the huge resurgence of work on him. The book also analyses closely rhythmic and unrhythmic passages from three Greek novelists. Rhythm illuminates both a supreme Greek writer, Plutarch, and three prolific centuries of Greek literary history.
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Calboli, Irene, and Martin Senftleben, eds. The Protection of Non-Traditional Trademarks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826576.001.0001.
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During the last decades, non-traditional marks have found their way into trademark registers worldwide. Against this background, the time has come to take stock. Which law and practice has evolved with regard to these marks? How do trademark offices and courts address the wide variety of issues—ranging from legal-doctrinal to competition-based and cultural concerns—that are raised by the inclusion of non-traditional marks in the trademark system? Which positions have evolved in the debate on the continuous expansion of the domain of trademark protection? Which repercussions does this expansion have on other branches of intellectual property protection and the intellectual property system as a whole? Offering a fresh, critical, and interdisciplinary analysis of the questions raised by the acceptance of non-traditional marks, this book provides an insightful academic—and at the same time practical—legal and economic review of the topic. Office and court decisions from different countries and regions serve as a starting point for a comparison of existing approaches to non-traditional marks. Providing a comprehensive overview of the status quo in different jurisdictions, the essays in this book offer a cutting-edge discussion of legal problems and solutions in the field of non-traditional marks. The analysis, however, goes far beyond specific questions of trademark law and practice. It places the issue in the broader context of fundamental rights, in particular freedom of competition and freedom of expression, and explores the impact on other fields of intellectual property, such as patent, copyright, and industrial designs law.
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Bowd, Stephen D. Remembering and Representing the Massacre. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832614.003.0007.
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The rhetoric of violence during the Italian Wars assumed different forms in the poetry, painting, chronicles, sculpture, and other objects which can be linked to war and mass murder. These rhetorical expressions drew on classical and scriptural precedents and were sometimes common to different textual genres, or crossed from one medium to another—for example from the print to the maiolica dish. Although the emotional range of such evidence appears quite muted in comparison with modern representations of war and violence, nevertheless Renaissance Italians were able to explore the experience of war by means of the ancient language of the passions, the dehumanization and objectification or enumeration of casualties, and through the potent lens of Christian martyrdom.
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Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. Biblical Lamentations and Singing the Blues. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.48.
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Scholars working on the connection of literature, narrative, and trauma have made important connections between an individual’s ability to maintain a coherent sense of self (a personal narrative) and their own psychological and social well-being. Some literary expressions from traumatic circumstances, therefore, can be read as individual attempts to repair personal narratives. The biblical book of Lamentations may well be such an exercise in narrative repair. Using these ideas to introduce ways of reading the biblical book of Lamentations, the chapter makes the connection with African American blues traditions as another form of narrative repair very much in the spirit of the biblical material. In fact, the comparison with the blues may well lead to new reading strategies for Lamentations as well.
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Sabino, Cassese. 3 The Administrative State in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the ‘administrative state’ and its particular expressions in Europe. Coined in 1948 by the American political scientist Dwight Waldo, the administrative state stands for the exclusive link established between the state and administration. Administrative systems and administrative law were shaped according to the needs of the various different state models; as each nation-state developed along divergent lines, administrative systems diverged too. Therefore, public administrations and their systems of administrative law were seen as final enclaves of nationalism. Each system is said to be unique to the history and traditions of a specific society, and designed expressly for the society within which it operates. As such, the chapter makes a comparison between certain divergent models of state, before delving into other trends of statehood, and finally, it examines the impact of globalisation and the European Union on the administrative state.
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Rubinstein, Aynat. Straddling the line between attitude verbs and necessity modals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the semantic properties of verbs and adjectives with closely related meanings having to do with desires and goals. I evaluate recent work on verbs of desire (e.g. ‘want’) which has suggested that these attitude predicates require access to multiple alternatives for their interpretation (Villalta 2006, 2008). I argue that this heavy machinery is in fact not required, integrating important insights proposed in this recent work into a quantificational modal analysis of comparison-based attitudes. The proposed analysis highlights the similarities and differences between ‘want’ and ‘necessary’, an adjective that is shown (including naturalistic corpus data) to be primarily goal-oriented and to be semantically dependent to a certain degree on the syntactic configuration it appears in. Whether or not the modality is lexically relativized to an individual is also suggested to play a role in defining the semantic properties of desire- and goal-oriented modal expressions.
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Pole, Nnamdi. Race and Ethnicity. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0029.
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Empirical evidence shows consistent elevations in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence for Black and Native American (and, to some extent, Latino American) trauma survivors in comparison to their White and Asian American counterparts. Certain subgroups within these larger groups (e.g., Caribbean Blacks and Latinos, Southeast Asians, sexual minorities) appear to show greater risk than the rest of their group members. Ethnoracial disparities in PTSD appear to be partially accounted for by disparities in trauma exposure, racial discrimination, coping style, and cultural expressive style. Ethnoracial minorities also show lower utilization of professional PTSD treatment, even though most evidence suggests that these therapies can be equally effective for all ethnoracial groups. Culturally adapted PTSD therapies have been proposed that may encourage greater utilization of evidence-based trauma treatments and thereby reduce ethnoracial disparities in PTSD.
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Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaette reverses the scale of the gradable predicate and conventionally implies that the opposite situation is generally true. It is also proposed that there are two types of counter-expectational expressions that use scalarity: a relative type, which represents “above expectation” (e.g. yoppodo), and a reversal type, which expresses counter-expectation via polarity reversal (e.g. kaette). Comparison with wh-exclamatives, sentence exclamation, and the counter-expectational but is also discussed.
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Maiden, Martin. Morphomic patterns, suppletion, and the Romance morphological landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0011.
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This chapter uses especially cases of suppletion in the history of Romance languages to illustrate the role of morphomic patterns in diachrony. It also places Romance verb morphology in the wider context of Romance inflexional morphology, including those of the noun and of the adjective. It observes that suppletion practically never assumes anything but a morphomic distribution and is practically limited to the verb. Comparison is made with some Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance varieties where suppletion is indeed (occasionally) found in the noun and adjective (and is usually not morphomic). The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing identical lexical meaning, exploit whatever patterns of root allomorphy happen to be already available in the language. In the Romance verb these are only morphomic; in the noun and adjective such patterns are scarcely found at all, but where they are they tend to be aligned with number.
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Michaela, Hailbronner. Part IV Independent Constitutional Institutions, 17 Constitutional Legitimacy and the Separation of Powers: Looking Forward. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198759799.003.0018.
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This chapter takes a critical look at a number of the themes running through the book. It begins by arguing that the basis for constitutional legitimacy in many African states is tied to the turn against past ‘regimes of horror’, rather than rooted in strong expressions of popular sovereignty, but that this may well provide a sufficiently strong basis for judicial authority nevertheless. It also demonstrates how the strong concern with avoiding past mistakes influences African understandings of the separation of powers as a predominantly negative concept, designed to restrain state and in particular executive power, rather than to guide and steer it—in contrast to the broad aspirational provisions included in many African constitutions today. Finally, the chapter cautions against rejecting too readily political question doctrines where other principled arguments for judicial deference are lacking. The chapter concludes with a call for more South–South comparisons.
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., and R. M. W. Dixon, eds. Commands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the form and the function of commands—directive speech acts such as pleas, entreaties, and orders—from a typological perspective. A team of internationally renowned experts in the field examine the interrelationship of these speech acts with cultural stereotypes and practices, as well as their origins and development, especially in the light of language contact. The volume begins with an introduction outlining the marking and the meaning of imperatives and other ways of expressing commands and directives. Each of the chapters that follow then offers an in-depth analysis of commands in a particular language. These analyses are cast in terms of ‘basic linguistic theory’—a cumulative typological functional framework—and the chapters are arranged and structured in a way that allows useful comparison between them. The languages investigated include Quechua, Japanese, Lao, Aguaruna and Ashaninka Satipo (both from Peru), Dyirbal (from Australia), Zenzontepec Chatino (from Mexico), Nungon, Tayatuk, and Karawari (from Papua New Guinea), Korowai (from West Papua), Wolaitta (from Ethiopia), and Northern Paiute (a native language of the United States).
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Vajda, Edward J. Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.21.
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Polysynthetic verb morphology can be extraordinarily complex, with interacting subsystems arranged in phonological and morphological layers, some of which are more readily transparent on the synchronic level. Historical-linguistic comparisons demonstrate that this type of structure can be surprisingly persistent across time, with slow phonological attrition being one of the primary causal agents. Metathesis and reanalysis of morphemes and morpheme positions was also noted as an important agent of change. This chapter examines what is known about the historical layering of two distinct, but possibly genealogically related prefixing verb morphologies: Yeniseian and Athabaskan, both of which have developed different strategies of expressing agreement with subjects and objects, layering these grammatical markers between lexical morphemes and markers of tense–mood–aspect. Phonological fusing of certain sets of adjacent markers renders the pre-root portions of both morphological templates particularly challenging for assigning morpheme glosses. Historical reasons for this evolution are identified and assessed.
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Bender, Andrea, Sieghard Beller, and Douglas L. Medin. Causal Cognition and Culture. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.34.
Full textAbstract:
Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.
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Leon, Susan A., Amy D. Rodriguez, and John C. Rosenbek. Right Hemisphere Damage and Prosody. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.15.
Full textAbstract:
Communication requires interdependent functioning of large portions of the brain, and damage to any of these systems can disrupt effective and appropriate communication. Damage to the right hemisphere or basal ganglia can result in difficulty using or understanding prosodic contours in speech. Prosody includes pitch, loudness, rate, and voice quality, and is used to convey emotional connotation or linguistic intent. A disorder in the comprehension or production of prosody is known as aprosodia; affective aprosodia is a specific deficit affecting emotional or affective prosodic contours. The right hemisphere has been shown to play a critical role in processing emotional prosody and aprosodia syndromes resulting from damage to right hemisphere areas have been proposed. These include an expressive aprosodia resulting from anterior damage and a receptive aprosodia resulting from more posterior damage. Assessment and diagnosis of aprosodia in clinical settings are often perceptually based; however, acoustic analyses of means and ranges of frequency, intensity, and rate provide an instrumented analysis of prosody production. The treatment of aprosodia following stroke has received scant attention in comparison to other disorders of communication, although a few studies investigating cognitive–linguistic and imitative treatments have reported some positive results.
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Raydugin, Yuri G. Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844334.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.
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Noga-Banai, Galit. Sacred Stimulus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874650.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is about the effect Jerusalem had on the formulation of Christian art in Rome during the fourth and fifth centuries. It deals with the visual Christianization of Rome from an almost neglected perspective: not in comparison to pagan art in Rome, not as reflecting the struggle with the emergence of New Rome in the East (Constantinople)—topics that have both been studied extensively—but rather as visual expressions of the idea of Jerusalem and its holy sites. Contesting the ownership of the historical events and their mythical venues, Rome, as suggested in Sacred Stimulus, constructed its own set of holy sites and foundational myths and, already in the second half of the fourth century, expropriated, for its own use, some of Jerusalem’s sacred sites and legends. The selective analysis suggested here is based mostly on visual sources. The book addresses a series of artistic products of various media, shapes, compositions, and combinations, which together make sense—or better, make a point. The accumulative evidence points to a clear Roman attitude toward Jerusalem in the second half of the fourth century, and to a change of attitude during the fifth century. Sacred Stimulus uncovers and defines this shift and suggests an explanation for it. It does not deal with new or unpublished artistic evidence. Rather, it analyzes well-known and central works of art, including mosaic decoration, sarcophagi, wall paintings, portable art, and architecture, and exposes the role played by Jerusalem in the genesis of Christian art in Rome.