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Journal articles on the topic 'Extinct languages'
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Nowak, Ethan. "Extinct Languages." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 94 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20219470.
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Ladd, Bob. "“Extinct” languages." New Scientist 199, no. 2664 (July 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61735-2.
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Rofik, Eka Nur. "Kronologi Bahasa Arab Semitik Perspektif Historis." Ngabari: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51772/njsis.v14i1.66.
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Arabic comes from the Semitic language family. it has a higher position than other Semitic languages because it is not extinct even though it is thousands of years old. Arabic is one of the most widely spoken languages today. Users are not only Muslims but also non-Muslims. Semitic is a language family associated with one of the sons of the Prophet Noah a.s. namely Sam son of Noah. In the narration, it is stated that Noah had three children, namely Sam (Semitic), Yafit (Aramiyah), and Ham (Hamiyah). Languages belonging to the Semitic language family experience slow development. Some languages, such as Akkadian, have even become extinct. and other languages, although not extinct but the speakers are no longer a big nation. This language is only spoken by a small number of people, like Aramaic. Only Arabic, the only Semitic language, has survived thousands of years. Arabic users continue to grow even today. The final conclusion of this paper is that Arabic represents other Semitic languages, both in terms of their origin and in terms of their privilege.
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Castro, Damaris. "Brúnkahk Tek: An Extinct Language." LETRAS, no. 43 (February 1, 2008): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-43.4.
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En Costa Rica hay seis lenguas indígenas reconocidas oficialmente. Cada una de ellas disfruta de una condición diferente en cuanto a sus tradiciones y números de hablantes, entre otras. A pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno de Costa Rica y otros investigadores desde 1995, las lenguas han enfrentado dificultades a nivel interno y externo, las cuales han resultado en el debilitamiento o inclusive pérdida de las mismas. Esto nos lleva al caso de boruca, una de las lenguas de Costa Rica que puede ahora ser considerada una lengua extinta. Este artículo presenta una descripción general del pueblo boruca, sus tradiciones y sus principales características, y a la vez ofrece al lector una descripción tipológica general de la lengua en la cual se discuten brevemente los rasgos generales de su gramática.
In Costa Rica there are six officially recognized indigenous languages. Each enjoys a different condition in terms of its traditions and number of speakers, among others. Despite efforts of the Costa Rican government and other researchers since 1995, the languages have met endogenous and exogenous difficulties that have resulted in the weakening and even loss of the languages. This leads us to what happened to Boruca, one of the indigenous languages of Costa Rica which can now be considered an extinct language. This article presents a general description of the Boruca people, their traditions and main characteristics, and it also introduces the reader to a general typological description of the language where the main features of its grammar are briefly discussed.
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Nelson, Diane, Nhenety Kariri-Xocó, Idiane Kariri-Xocó, and Thea Pitman. "“We Most Certainly Do Have a Language”." Environmental Humanities 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-10216239.
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Abstract This article proposes that languages should be embraced by the field of extinction studies while at the same time being mindful of the imbrication of colonialism in both the assignation and terminology of extinction and attempts to revive or reclaim endangered and extinct languages. It thus argues for a decolonizing approach to discourses of both language extinction and reclamation. The article starts by contextualizing the complementary extinction crises facing both species and languages. It then moves on to explore the links between colonialism and the extinction crisis for languages as well as the colonialist underpinnings of many attempts to document and revive endangered and extinct languages. The article then looks to a particularly unique case of decolonial language reclamation, focusing on the work of members of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous community in present-day Northeast Brazil. It concludes that, by reclaiming their language in a way that is both agentive and coconstructed, the Kariri-Xocó bring together language, culture, and spirituality as tools for resistance.
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Kibrik, Andrej A. "A Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-2-507-527.
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This article presents the Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia proposed by the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences (the Program). The Program is based on knowledge accumulated in linguistics in domains such as linguistic diversity, language endangerment, and language preservation methods. According to a recent assessment, there are 150 to 160 languages of Russia. This number of languages, even though quite high, is manageable for a national language preservation Program. Languages are rapidly becoming extinct worldwide, and Russia is no exception to this trend. The following terms are used to categorize languages according to risk of extinction: safe languages, endangered languages, severely endangered languages, and nearly extinct languages. There are several important humanitarian and scientific reasons for engaging in language preservation. The central idea of the Program is to boost intergenerational language transmission wherever feasible. Various approaches to different language situations are envisaged, including enlightenment campaigns, language nests, and language documentation. Three necessary conditions for language revitalization include engaging local activists, administrative and financial support, and the scientific validity of the methodology. The Programs 12-year roadmap is split into three stages. There are a number of favorable factors making the Program feasible, as well as a number of potential obstacles. We have a historic opportunity to preserve languages spoken in Russia, and this is an opportunity that must be used.
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Holman, Eric W. "Do languages originate and become extinct at constant rates?" Diachronica 27, no. 2 (October 11, 2010): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.2.03hol.
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The shape of phylogenetic trees of language families is used to test the null hypothesis that languages throughout a family originate and go extinct at constant rates. Trees constructed either by hand or by computer prove to be more unbalanced than predicted, with many languages on some branches and few on others. The observed levels of imbalance are not explainable by errors in the trees or by the population sizes or geographic density of the languages. The results suggest changes in rates of origination or extinction on a time scale shorter than the time depth of currently recognized families.
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Patriarca, Marco, Els Heinsalu, and David Sánchez. "The physics of languages." Physics World 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/08/24.
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Much like biological species, languages spread, evolve, compete and even go extinct. To understand these mechanisms, physicists are applying their methods to linguistics, creating the interdisciplinary field of language dynamics, as Marco Patriarca, Els Heinsalu and David Sánchez explain.
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Collins, James T. "LANGUAGE DEATH IN INDONESIA: A SOCIOCULTURAL PANDEMIC." Linguistik Indonesia 40, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i2.347.
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The number of languages in Indonesia exceeds seven hundred, but more than 70% of these languages are spoken in eastern Indonesia, where many speakers of heritage languages are shifting their allegiance to local dialects of Malay or to Indonesian. This essay focuses on the languages of Buru and Seram and the nearby islands of Maluku Province. Because parts of this region formed the earliest Dutch colony in Indonesia, historical documentation allows us to explore language use and language vitality since the sixteenth century. The essay is divided into two parts. In Part 1, materials available from the colonial period are examined and summarized. They reveal that as early as the nineteenth century many languages of this region, especially on the island of Ambon, were already extinct because villagers had become monolingual speakers of Ambonese Malay. In Part 2, reports and academic studies written after 1945 are reviewed. In this post-colonial era, language loss has continued, perhaps even accelerated; some socioeconomic factors are suggested. In the conclusion, the profiles of eight of the Maluku languages estimated in 1983 to have fewer than fifty speakers are compared to the most recent reports of language use and language shift. All eight of these languages are now extinct or on the verge of extinction. This essay, sketching language shift and language death, has implications for all the languages of Indonesia. How can local communities working with government officials and linguists act decisively to maintain and revitalize their ancestral languages?
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Kumari, Pratiksha, and Chandrakant Ragit. "Survey and Review of Parallel Glossary of Indian Languages." Technix International Journal for Engineering Research 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56975/tijer.v9i8.265.
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The research paper highlights the survey review of the parallel vocabulary of Indian languages, which are useful for today's education world. The purpose of this research paper is to broaden the natural language resource by storing words of different languages ??and strengthen the three-lingual formula in the education world, preserve extinct languages ??and facilitate machine translation, etc.
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Weninger, Stefan. "Sounds of Gǝʿǝz – How to Study the Phonetics and Phonology of an Ancient Language." Aethiopica 13 (June 14, 2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.39.
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The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
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Rosmawaty. "The Extinction of Local Language: a Literature Psychology Review." LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v3i1.622.
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This paper tries to discuss theoretically about the relationship between language and nationalism towards the extinction of local languages in Indonesia which has become a trend appearing in the movement in critical symptoms of dynomia that involves national culture and local culture with a literature psychology approach. The psychoanalytic review of the extinction of local languages is to view the extinction of language psychologically in the notion of macro functions of language according to Garvin and Mathiot (1956) who say that language as (1) unifying and (2) separator. Some implications in this paper are tried to be drawn: (1) local culture (theoretically) will also become extinct along with the extinction of local languages; (2) the possibility of the provincialism emergence (and the implication of the separatist movements) is reduced: (3) The cost of maintaining the local languages can be eliminated and the cost of learning the national language can be concentrated on planning and learning Indonesian language so that this language reaches the level of a modern and effective language; (5) all efforts can be concentrated against the domination of English over the national language; (6) the sense of nationality of the Indonesian people will become stronger, and (7) cultural diversity will decrease. Without such policies, languages can die or become extinct naturally. In this case, the cause is the existence of language competition and the competition that used to be monolingual.
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Dienst, Stefan. "The internal classification of the Arawan languages." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 8, no. 1 (April 29, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v8i1.1471.
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The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.
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Azlan, Ulfatmi. "Pemertahanan dan Pergeseran Bahasa pada Anak dari Keluarga Multietnis (Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas Adab UIN STS Jambi)." Nazharat: Jurnal Kebudayaan 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/nazharat.v25i2.22.
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This research discusses language maintenance and language shift among children from intermarriage family. It could be found in a society that many children who grow up from intermarriage family have bilingual and multilingual. But in some cases, this condition also become the factors that cause them losing their cultural identity due to their parents do not introduce and teach them their mother tongue language. This condition will be affected the existence of those local languages because it could make them appear or even the worst thing that it could make them become death. Those effects have been found in many local languages in Indonesia in which many local languages have extinct and some of them are going to be extinct. The aims of this research are to describe the phenomenon that appears within the students of English Language and Literature Adab and Humanities Faculty UIN STS Jambi who have intermarriages family’s background. Besides that, it also aims to find out the role of parents to decide the language choice used by their children. Since this research lay down from the previous researchers that find out parents are the important role in deciding language choice for their children. Observation and questionnaire are the techniques used in collecting the data. The results show that parents have a role that causes the shift and the maintenance of local languages. In addition, the factors such as bilingual, language’s choosing and using at home and migration are the causes of language shift found in English Language and Literature students. But the researcher found that code switching and code mixing are only used by the students for a specific situation where they should elaborate their language with their listeners.
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Suharyo. "Efforts to Maintain Javanese Language in the Middle of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Surakarta Community, Central Java." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131702030.
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In the XXI century, 50% of the world's regional languages will be extinct. Several experts are explaining that there are regional languages that become extinct every week. Does research need to be conducted to answer questions, such as how far can the Javanese language survive? What are the efforts? Does the covid-19 pandemic situation influence the preservation of the Javanese language? To answer these questions, this study uses observation and in-depth interviews. The results indicate that (1) Javanese Krama is almost extinct, (2) Javanese Ngoko still exists, (3) the existence of Javanese is threatened, (4) children (toddlers) have very little knowledge of Javanese. Meanwhile, strategies used to maintain the Javanese language through (a) education (formal and non-formal), (b) family networks, (c) continuing to teach children to speak Javanese, (c) through various competitions arts/culture (Kirab Budaya (Cultural Carnival), Geguritan, Macapatan, etc.), (d) through training (Gamelan, Karawitan, etc.), (e) exemplary from community leaders (Basa Tulodho), (f) via radio (RRI) and television through Javanese cultural shows (Wedangan, Klenengan, Kembang Setaman, etc.), (g) through printed media (Jawi book) containing Javanese norms/customs, (h) programs/policies from the Department of Tourism and Culture, (i) the Covid-19 pandemic affects the efforts made to maintain the Javanese language.
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Pakendorf, Brigitte. "The Dynamics of Language Endangerment." Sibirica 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 32–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sib.2024.230102.
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Abstract Most languages spoken by the “small-numbered indigenous peoples of the North” are currently highly endangered or extinct, yet there are big differences in vitality between languages and even dialects. I here discuss the factors that have shaped the current levels of endangerment of three Northern Tungusic lects: the Lamunkhin dialect of Even, the Bystraia dialect of Even, and Negidal. All three communities have lived through the sociopolitical changes associated with the Soviet era, and yet Negidal is nearly extinct, Bystraia Even is spoken only by adults, and Lamunkhin Even is still being passed on to children. The factors favoring language vitality that emerge from this study are the maintenance of cohesive and compact speech communities without forced resettlements and a relative minority of newcomers.
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Rahmayanti, Indah, Anni Malihatul Hawa, and Fifi Nofiyanti. "Revitalization of Local Language in Si Bolang." Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 2, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v2i3.10148.
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The millennial era and the times have made language change. Not only language but even ethics, manners, and habits change. Indonesians are more interested in films, YouTube, and social media. The existence of Si Bolang shows that highlighting children's activities in the area can be a way to preserve the language. These shows often use regional languages during the dialogue between the character Si Bolang and the local children. In this study, he wanted to know about the revitalization of extinct languages in the 2019 Si Bolang program for language preservation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. In the research, watching Si Bolang shows in 2019 by selecting 3 shows, then looking for the revitalization of the extinct languages contained in these shows. The results showed that the Si Bolang version shows "Serdadu Kecil Kampung Nelayan Cipanon", "Riang Akur Bocah Selur", and "Penjaga Alam Tanah Jawa". In these shows, language revitalization is becoming extinct or displaced due to the times and the millennial era. The first broadcast used the Sundanese regional language in as much as 40% of all shows due to the dominant language, namely Standard Indonesian. The second and third shows used the Javanese regional language, as much as 60% of all impressions. Because the dialogue used mainly uses the Javanese regional language. The language of instruction or explanation of Si Bolang's activities uses standard Indonesian. This revitalization is essential to be collected and then preserved. The results of this study are helpful for the whole community so that they are more familiar with the diversity of regional languages that are starting to be forgotten or not applied to everyday life. This film contains education and cultural preservation elements, so it needs to be a suggestion for other films to elevate Indonesian culture. With shows or films, it is easier for the audience to understand and more accessible to get the film's meaning. So that it will grow in the community to preserve the existing culture in Indonesia, researchers suggest that various parties can create media to provide impressions that can preserve local languages and introduce culture to the audience.
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Pacchiarotti, Sara, and Koen Bostoen. "Final Vowel Loss in Lower Kasai Bantu (drc) as a Contact-Induced Change." Journal of Language Contact 14, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 438–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14020007.
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Abstract In this article, we present a qualitative and quantitative comparative account of Final Vowel Loss (fvl) in the Bantu languages of the Lower Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We argue that this diachronic sound shift rose relatively late in Bantu language history as a contact-induced change and affected adjacent West-Coastal and Central-Western Bantu languages belonging to different phylogenetic clusters. We account for its emergence and spread by resorting to two successive processes of language contact: (1) substrate influence from extinct hunter-gatherer languages in the center of innovation consisting of Bantu B80 languages, and (2) dialectal diffusion towards certain peripheral Bantu B70, C80, H40 and L10 languages.
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Nugroho, Mardi. "SIKAP MASYARAKAT TERHADAP BAHASA IBUNYA: DAYAK LENGILU, BENGGOI, DAN PAKKADO (SOCIETY ATTITUDE TOWARDS MOTHER TONGUE: DAYAK LENGILU, BENGGOI, AND PAKKADO)." Kadera Bahasa 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47541/kaba.v10i1.41.
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The speakers of Dayak Lengilu language are only four people in 2000. The condition of the language is almost extinct. In 1989, the speaker of Benggoi language were 350 people. According to society information, in Kecamatan Kalukku, Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat, there is Pakkado language which the condition is endangered. Local languages with few speakers and local languages whose condition is almost extinct or endangered should be prioritized for protection. Knowing the attitude of the society toward the local language is important in the revitalization program local languages usage. The mother tongue for most Indonesian citizens is the local language. The problem of this research is how the attitude of society toward their mother tongue, especially the Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado people? The purpose of this research is to know the attitude of Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado people towards their mother tongue. This research uses quantitative method. The data were collected by using questionnaire. Data processing is done quantitatively with simple statistics. Language attitude theory, measurement scale determining theories, questionnaire compiling, and questionnaire validity test theory were used in this research. The result shows that the attitude of Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado language is positive. This study recommends that the results of this study can be used as a consideration in the local language protection program.
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Dienst, Stefan. "The internal classification of the Arawan languages." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i8.1471.
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ABSTRACT The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.KEYWORDS: Arawan, historical linguistics, linguistic classification. RESUMO A família lingüística Arawá do sudoeste da Amazônia recebeu o nome de uma língua extinta que é conhecida somente a partir de uma curta lista de palavras coletada por William Chandless em 1867. Este artigo examina o que a lista de Chandless revela sobre a posição da língua Arawá dentro da família e o que se pode dizer atualmente sobre a relação entre as línguas vivas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arawá, lingüística histórica, classificação lingüística
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Buti, Sri, and Yusriadi Yusriadi. "The Development of Community Education and Language: An Exploration of the Riam Panjang in the Interior of West Kalimantan." At-Turats 17, no. 1 (September 19, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/at-turats.v17i1.2766.
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The study of the implications of education on societal change is important in social and educational contexts. This study was conducted in that context; it aims to describe how the implications of citizens ' education on their language. Data were collected in Riam Panjang Village, Kapuas Hulu. The place is more in the upper reaches of the Kapuas River, about 400 km from Pontianak, the capital of West Kalimantan province. Data were collected through interviews and observation. Data analysis was conducted with the approach of Cresweell (2015). In conclusion, the rapidly growing education in Riam Panjang has transformed monolingual societies into multilingual ones in the last 30 years. The community of speakers who initially spoke one language (monolingual), namely Malay Ulu Kapuas, became a bilingual community that spoke other Malay languages (Indonesian, Pontianak language), as well as several other languages. Changes are contributed by the need for interaction of society with the outside world, as a result of development and globalization. The implication of this study is the need for specific policies of decision makers about regional language retention. If there is no specific policy, it is feared that regional languages will become extinct, and that means part of the wealth of communal knowledge will also be extinct.
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Bułat-Silva, Zuzanna. "Śpiące języki, czyli słów kilka o sytuacji językowej rdzennych mieszkańców Australii na przykładzie języka gamilaraay z Nowej Południowej Walii." Język a Kultura 26 (February 22, 2017): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.26.27.
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Sleeping languages, afew remarks on the linguistic situation of Aboriginal people in Australia through the specific case of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South WalesThe main aim of this article is to investigate revival linguistics, anew branch of linguistics as yet little known in Poland, through the specific case of the recent revival of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South Wales, Australia. After discussing the classification of the world’s languages according to their vitality, the author presents the language situation in Australia and offers adefinition of revival linguistics, justifying its relevance to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages, including some that have been extinct for up to two hundred years.
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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.
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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.
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Buragohain, Dipima. "Compounding in Tai Ahom: A Descriptive Study." Education and Linguistics Research 5, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v5i2.15564.
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Compounding is a frequent phenomenon in Tai-Kadai languages when it comes to word formation processes. Numerous individual as well as comparative researches conducted on various languages of the Tai-Kadai group provide evident testimonials to the prolific use and functionality of compounding in terms of its varied syntactic, semantic, and anthropological attributes. Tai Ahom – a Southwestern language from the Tai-Kadai group, spoken in ancient Assam, India and now extinct – demonstrates a similar phenomenon.
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Blench, Roger. "The East Kainji languages of Central Nigeria." Afrika und Übersee 93 (October 25, 2021): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.210.
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The paper is an overview of current scholarship on the East Kainji language group of Central Nigeria. It reviews the existing published and manuscript sources and describes recent research, as well as the development of orthographies for some languages. Many East Kainji languages are severely threatened and some have gone extinct within the period under review. The paper presents an internal classification of the group and briefly discusses the external relationships of these languages. On the basis of existing data, a review of the basic phonology and noun class prefix systems is given.
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Maggalatung, Muhammad, M. Ridwan, Syarifudin Syarifudin, Darma Darma, and Sulaeman Sulaeman. "Reviewing Sepa Language Extinction of the Indigenous Peoples of Amahai, Moluccas, Indonesia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 22 (August 9, 2021): 778–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v22i1.4056.
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Threat language can be found in various local languages in Indonesia, including the Sepa language of the Indigenous peoples of Amahai, Moluccas, where the nationalization of Indonesian is a threat to its extinction. This paper aims to look at the extinction of regional languages from the framework of modernization and contestation of regional languages with national languages. This study is conducted qualitatively, data collection based on interviews, literature study, and observation obtained from Raja Sepa, community leaders, customary stakeholders. Research shows that the language in Maluku is almost extinct in line with the narrowing of regional language spaces; the language has been abandoned by its speakers because of the process of modernization and migration. This study shows the need for revitalization of the Sepa language through facilitating the mapping of the Sepa language comprehensively, making the Sepa language dictionary, and integrating the Sepa language into the local curriculum.
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Mani, Kujtim. "Unveiling Messapic Funerary Discourse." Respectus Philologicus, no. 45(50) (April 10, 2024): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2024.45(50).9.
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Messapic, an ancient language from the 6th to the 2nd century BC in Southern Italy, remains a linguistically enigmatic and poorly understood entity, has been traditionally classified as an extinct language. Current scholarship predominantly views Messapic epigraphy as primarily consisting of personal names, anthroponyms, and theonyms. However, attempts to linguistically classify and interpret it within the broader framework of Greek, Latin, or other ancient languages have yielded limited insights. This article investigates Messapic epigraphy as a potential descendant of Proto-Albanian and reveals intriguing parallels with classical Albanian. The chosen exemplars challenge the prevailing assumption that Messapic is an extinct language, presenting it in a new light and underscoring its enduring linguistic and cultural legacy. This is notably exemplified through a distinctive funerary discourse that serves as a hallmark of the Messapic language.
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Suharyo and Nurhayati. "Javanese Language Maintenance Based on Sociocultural Approach (A Case Study on Women in Rembang, Central Java)." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207071.
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Like other regional languages in Indonesia, Javanese language is progressively endangered by Indonesian language. This research employs a questionnaire and observation to answer the given hypothesis. The results indicate that , (a) the Javanese language variety of “ngoko” is still moderately maintained by the speakers (women in Rembang coastal area), (b) the Javanese krama variety is almost extinct, (c) Indonesian and mixed languages have threatened the existence of Javanese. Several efforts made to preserve Javanese language is by exerting sociocultural approach, namely (a) speaking in Javanese language at home, (b) speaking in Javanese language with neighbors, (c) formal education, (d) non-formal education, (e) art / tradition, (f) religious activities, and (g) media.
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Ambalegin, Ambalegin, Tomi Arianto, and Nurma Dhona Handayani. "PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU DI KAMPUNG MELAYU TANJUNG COLEM PULAU GALANG BATAM." PUAN INDONESIA 2, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/jpi.v2i2.41.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia is the second largest country with 652 local languages. Unfortunately, there are 11 local languages in Papua and Maluku that have become extinct based on the information of UNESCO. Thus, local language that is an identity and local wisdom must be preserved from the extinction. The locals in Pulau Galang Batam use Malay Galang as their everyday language. Having observed and conducted interviews to the elders in Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam, it was identified that the speakers began to leave Malay Galang. The youngsters in Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam used Indonesian with their peers and parents. Many of the local youngsters who left and returned Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam did not use Malay Galang but Bahasa Indonesia. And the influence of language that appears on TV and Inter-ethnic marriages were the other factors of weak language-maintenance. Thus this activity aimed to educate the locals the importance of maintaining Malay Galang as an identity, heritage, and local wisdom and the importance of teaching Malay Galang to the youngsters so that Malay Galang does not become extinct. The method used was local community education program with the technique of lecturing and discussing. The result of this activity was the improvement of awareness and responsibility of the locals to maintain Malay Galang.
Indonesia is the second largest country with 652 local languages. Unfortunately, there are 11 local languages in Papua and Maluku that have become extinct based on the information of UNESCO. Thus, local language that is an identity and local wisdom must be preserved from the extinction. The locals in Pulau Galang Batam use Malay Galang as their everyday language. Having observed and conducted interviews to the elders in Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam, it was identified that the speakers began to leave Malay Galang. The youngsters in Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam used Indonesian with their peers and parents. Many of the local youngsters who left and returned Kampung Melayu Tanjung Colem Pulau Galang Batam did not use Malay Galang but Bahasa Indonesia. And the influence of language that appears on TV and Inter-ethnic marriages were the other factors of weak language-maintenance. Thus this activity aimed to educate the locals the importance of maintaining Malay Galang as an identity, heritage, and local wisdom and the importance of teaching Malay Galang to the youngsters so that Malay Galang does not become extinct. The method used was local community education program with the technique of lecturing and discussing. The result of this activity was the improvement of awareness and responsibility of the locals to maintain Malay Galang.
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Leonard, Wesley Y. "Refusing “Endangered Languages” Narratives." Daedalus 152, no. 3 (2023): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02018.
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Abstract Indigenous language endangerment is a global crisis, and in response, a normative “endangered languages” narrative about the crisis has developed. Though seemingly beneficent and accurate in many of its points, this narrative can also cause harm to language communities by furthering colonial logics that repurpose Indigenous languages as objects for wider society's consumption, while deemphasizing or even outright omitting the extreme injustices that beget language endangerment. The objective of this essay is to promote social justice praxis first by detailing how language shift results from major injustices, and then by offering possible interventions that are accountable to the communities whose languages are endangered. Drawing from my experiences as a member of a Native American community whose language was wrongly labeled “extinct” within this narrative, I begin with an overview of how language endangerment is described to general audiences in the United States and critique the way it is framed and shared. From there, I shift to an alternative that draws from Indigenous ways of knowing to promote social justice through language reclamation.
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Moore, Denny, and Ana Galucio. "How Linguists can Help Native Communities." Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.3.l38356x57m82866v.
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Anthropological linguists can be of great practical use to native communities in Brazil. The serious danger of language extinction has become widely recognized, especially after Michael Krauss' 1992 estimate that, without any intervention, 90% of the world's languages could become extinct in the twenty-first century, compared with 10% of the mammal species and 5% of the birds. A recent survey in Brazil indicated that 42 out of about 160 native languages are at very high risk of extinction, as measured by the low number of competent speakers or the low rate of language transmission to the younger generations.
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Connell, Bruce, David Zeitlyn, Sascha Griffiths, Laura Hayward, and Marieke Martin. "Language ecology, language endangerment, and relict languages: Case studies from Adamawa (Cameroon-Nigeria)." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 244–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0011.
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Abstract As a contribution to the more general discussion on causes of language endangerment and death, we describe the language ecologies of four related languages (Bà Mambila [mzk]/[mcu], Sombә (Somyev or Kila) [kgt], Oumyari Wawa [www], Njanga (Kwanja) [knp]) of the Cameroon-Nigeria borderland to reach an understanding of the factors and circumstances that have brought two of these languages, Sombә and Njanga, to the brink of extinction; a third, Oumyari, is unstable/eroded, while Bà Mambila is stable. Other related languages of the area, also endangered and in one case extinct, fit into our discussion, though with less focus. We argue that an understanding of the language ecology of a region (or of a given language) leads to an understanding of the vitality of a language. Language ecology seen as a multilayered phenomenon can help explain why the four languages of our case studies have different degrees of vitality. This has implications for how language change is conceptualised: we see multilingualism and change (sometimes including extinction) as normative.
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Cámara-Leret, Rodrigo, and Jordi Bascompte. "Language extinction triggers the loss of unique medicinal knowledge." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (June 8, 2021): e2103683118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103683118.
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Over 30% of the 7,400 languages in the world will no longer be spoken by the end of the century. So far, however, our understanding of whether language extinction may result in the loss of linguistically unique knowledge remains limited. Here, we ask to what degree indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is associated with individual languages and quantify how much indigenous knowledge may vanish as languages and plants go extinct. Focusing on three regions that have a high biocultural diversity, we show that over 75% of all 12,495 medicinal plant services are linguistically unique—i.e., only known to one language. Whereas most plant species associated with linguistically unique knowledge are not threatened, most languages that report linguistically unique knowledge are. Our finding of high uniqueness in indigenous knowledge and strong coupling with threatened languages suggests that language loss will be even more critical to the extinction of medicinal knowledge than biodiversity loss.
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Benítez-Burraco, Antonio. "Prehistoric languages and human self-domestication." Language Dynamics and Change 10, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-01001400.
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Abstract The comparative method has enabled us to trace distant phylogenetic relationships among languages and reconstruct extinct languages from the past. Nonetheless, it has limitations, mostly resulting from the circumstance that languages also change by contact with unrelated languages and in response to external factors, particularly, aspects of human cognition and features of our physical and cultural environments. In this paper, it is argued that the limitations of historical linguistics can be partially alleviated by the consideration of the links between language structure and the biological underpinnings of human language, human cognition, and human behaviour, and specifically, of human self-domestication (that is, the existence in humans of features of domesticated mammals). Overall, we can expect that the languages spoken in remote prehistory exhibited most of the features of the so-called esoteric languages, which are used by present-day, close-knit, small human communities that share a great deal of knowledge about their environment.
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Broadhurst, Kensa. "The Death and Subsequent Revival of the Cornish Language." Open Review 6 (November 26, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47967/qhkf3791.
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Cornish is the vernacular language of Cornwall, the most South-Western part of Great Britain. It is widely believed the language died out in the eighteenth century with the death of Dolly Pentreath, the so-called last speaker of the language. What caused the language to become extinct, and why do minority languages fall into disuse? After the subsequent Cornish language revival at the beginning of the twentieth century, what lessons can the language community learn from linguists who have researched language extinction and revival?
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TEŞILEANU, TIBERIU, and HILDEGARD MEYER-ORTMANNS. "COMPETITION OF LANGUAGES AND THEIR HAMMING DISTANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 17, no. 02 (February 2006): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183106008765.
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We consider the spreading and competition of languages that are spoken by a population of individuals. The individuals can change their mother tongue during their lifespan, pass on their language to their offspring and finally die. The languages are described by bitstrings, their mutual difference is expressed in terms of their Hamming distance. Language evolution is determined by mutation and adaptation rates. In particular we consider the case where the replacement of a language by another one is determined by their mutual Hamming distance. As a function of the mutation rate we find a sharp transition between a scenario with one dominant language and fragmentation into many language clusters. The transition is also reflected in the Hamming distance between the two languages with the largest and second to largest number of speakers. We also consider the case where the population is localized on a square lattice and the interaction of individuals is restricted to a certain geometrical domain. Here it is again the Hamming distance that plays an essential role in the final fate of a language of either surviving or being extinct.
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Danielsen, Swintha, and Noé Gasparini. "News on the Jorá (Tupí-Guaraní): sociolinguistics, description, and classification." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10, no. 2 (August 2015): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-81222015000200012.
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With 45 languages, the Tupí family is one of South America's largest families. However, several gaps still remain. Some languages are already extinct and there are others for which data can no longer be collected. The situation of Jorá has reached this point. This article aims to summarize all data concerning the Jorá people and their language, parts of which were collected by the anthropologists Hanke (1959) and Béghin (1980) and other parts by the authors. On the basis of sparse data from several sources of differing reliability we attempt to classify the Jorá language using the phoneme inventory, grammatical evidence and lexical comparison. Jorá is classified as Tupí-Guaraní, closely related to Siriono and Yuki.
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Nadeem Ahmed Solangi, Wafa Mansoor Buriro, and Muhammad Hassan Abbasi. "Exploring Intergenerational Linguistic Identity of Dhatki Speakers in Sindh, Pakistan." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2023): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v4i1.168.
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Pakistan is a multilingual country where seventy four languages are spoken (Siddiqui, 2019). English is the official language, while Urdu is used as a common Lingua Franca; while each province has its own provincial official language (Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto & Balochi). The language policy of Pakistan promotes dominant languages only; as a result indigenous languages are becoming extinct and gradually are on the verge of language shift and death in urban areas. Hence, maintaining a linguistic identity in such a context pose serious challenges to the speakers of a language. This paper explores the linguistic identity of Dhatki language speakers across three generations in the different districts of Sindh. For this purpose, a qualitative case study was conducted and data was collected using open-ended questionnaire and the responses were analyzed thematically. Data was collected using purposive and snowball sampling from 33 participants. The results highlighted that Dhatki language was going through a gradual language loss, its speakers stigmatized the use of the language due to lack of documentation, and the constant use of dominant languages in different spheres of social and educational life. The speakers attributed this shift to governmental negligence and language activist’s behavior towards Dhatki language
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Dorian, Nancy C. "Purism vs. compromise in language revitalization and language revival." Language in Society 23, no. 4 (September 1994): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500018169.
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ABSTRACTConservative attitudes toward loanwords and toward change in grammar often hamper efforts to revitalize endangered languages (Tiwi, Australia); and incompatible conservatisms can separate educated revitalizers, interested in historicity, from remaining speakers interested in locally authentic idiomaticity (Irish). Native-speaker conservatism is likely to constitute a barrier to coinage (Gaelic, Scotland), and unrealistically severe older-speaker purism can discourage younger speakers where education in a minority language is unavailable (Nahuatl, Mexico). Even in the case of a once entirely extinct language, rival authenticities can prove a severe problem (the Cornish revival movement in Britain). Evidence from obsolescent Arvanitika (Greece), from Pennsylvania German (US), and from Irish in Northern Ireland (the successful Shaw's Road community in Belfast) suggests that structural compromise may enhance survival chances; and the case of English in the post-Norman period indicates that restructuring by intense language contact can leave a language both viable and versatile, with full potential for future expansion. (Revival, purism, attitudes, norms, endangered languages, minority languages, contact)
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Borda-de-Água, Luís, and Stephen P. Hubbell. "The relative abundance of languages: Neutral and non-neutral dynamics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): e0259162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259162.
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Credible estimates suggest that a large number of the nearly 7000 languages in the world could go extinct this century, a prospect with profound cultural, socioeconomic, and political ramifications. Despite its importance, we still have little predictive theory for language dynamics and richness. Critical to the language extinction problem, however, is to understand the dynamics of the number of speakers of languages, the dynamics of language abundance distributions (LADs). Many regional LADs are very similar to the bell-shaped distributions of relative species abundance predicted by neutral theory in ecology. Using the tenets of neutral theory, here we show that LADs can be understood as an equilibrium or disequilibrium between stochastic rates of origination and extinction of languages. However, neutral theory does not fit some regional LADs, which can be explained if the number of speakers has grown systematically faster in some languages than others, due to cultural factors and other non-neutral processes. Only the LADs of Australia and the United States, deviate from a bell-shaped pattern. These deviations are due to the documented higher, non-equilibrium extinction rates of low-abundance languages in these countries.
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Rokhman, Ali, Rawuh Edy Priyono, Imam Santosa, Sri Pangestuti, and Mustasyfa Thabib Kariadi. "Existence of Banyumasan Javanese Language in Digital Era." Humanities and Social Science Research 5, no. 2 (May 22, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v5n2p1.
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This research examines whether Banyumasan Javanese Language is still commonly used in the current digital era, both in daily interaction and in interaction through digital media. The national language of the Republic of Indonesia is Bahasa Indonesia. Besides the national language, local languages are usually used by local people in a country according to the people’s ethnicities. The local language used by local people is also called the first language. There are about 719 local languages throughout Indonesia. In Java, some local languages are used in specific regions and have their uniqueness as the form of local people’s local wisdom. One of the existing local languages in Java is Banyumasan Javanese Language, also known as Penginyongan Language or Basa Ngapak, used in Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacap, Kebumen and surroundings (Barlingmascakeb). Many researchers have reported that their speakers slowly abandoned local languages because of migration, the young generation’s reluctance to use the local language, and lack of pride in first language factors. A UNESCO report states that nearly 1,500 ethnic languages are becoming extinct every day. Using a quantitative approach, this research randomly took the respondents, constituting Banyumasan language speakers from some regencies. The data were collected through questionnaires that were distributed online. The collected data were analyzed using a descriptive statistics technique. The research results show that Banyumasan Javanese Language started to be abandoned by its main speakers and their descendants, both in family communication and online activities on the internet and social media communication.
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Powers, David M. W. "Comparative, continuity, and computational evidence in evolutionary theory: Predictive evidence versus productive evidence." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 3 (June 2006): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06399062.
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Of three types of evidence available to evolution theorists – comparative, continuity, and computational – the first is largely productive rather than predictive. Although comparison between extant species or languages is possible and can be suggestive of evolutionary processes, leading to theory development, comparison with extinct species and languages seems necessary for validation. Continuity and computational evidence provide the best opportunities for supporting predictions.
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Borjian, Habib. "The Extinct Dialect of Tajrish: Caspian or Persian?" Journal of Persianate Studies 4, no. 2 (2011): 246–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187471611x600413.
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Abstract Once spoken in the Alborz foothills north of Tehran, the vernacular of Shemirān and its administrative center Tajrish was greatly influenced by the Caspian languages spoken northward across the Alborz range, in its valleys and in the Caspian littoral. This study of Tajrishi draws on the texts collected by Valentin Zhukovskii in the 1880s as well as two recent documentations of smaller size. It reveals that Tajrishi and the adjoining vernaculars constitute the southernmost part of the Caspian-Persian linguistic transition zone in Central Alborz.
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Solntseva, Anna V. "ROMANCE LANGUAGES: HISTORY OF FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 22, no. 3 (2020): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-123-132.
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This article deals with issues that arise when analyzing Romance languages. Firstly, the author investigates the problem of determining the number of Romance languages and their classification. In modern linguistics, these issues remain unresolved. The classification of Romance languages changed depending on what grounds were proposed to be taken as its basis. Moreover, the status of some Romance languages remains controversial, so different authors list a different number of Romance languages. Secondly, the article describes the process of Romance languages formation: an attempt is made to explain the similarities and differences observed between them. The main reason for the similarity of all Romance languages is their common source: the Vulgar Latin. The article indicates the following factors that influenced the process of divergence of Romance languages: 1) A different substratum upon which the Vulgar Latin was superimposed in the provinces of the Roman Empire. The substratum is a complex of features of a local native language dissolved in a colonizing language. 2) Different superstratum. The superstratum is a complex of features of the extinct language of the non-native population remaining in the original language. The most active superstrate was German. Inhabitants of the Romance area in different parts of Europe had to deal with different Germanic tribes. 3) Different adstratum. The adstratum is the mutual influence of neighboring languages due to the long coexistence of two languages. Unlike substratum and superstratum, both interacting languages continue to exist in this case. The different geographical position of peoples of the Romance area determined a specific adstratum typical of a particular Romance language. 4) The state of the Latin language by the time a given province was colonized. 5) Duration and degree of Roman influence.
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Riaz, Muhammad, Aneela Gill, and Sara Shahbaz. "Language Attrition and its Impact on Culture – A Case of Saraiki in Dera Ghazi Khan Region." Global Language Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-iii).06.
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Language attrition is primarily the loss of language and subsequently the loss of culture and identity. A number of languages have become extinct, and many languages of the world are near extinction. This study analyzes the impact of language attrition on Saraiki and its culture in the D. G. Khan region. This research takes into consideration two domains of language use: home and university. Paradis's (2004) Activated Threshold Hypothesis (ATH) supplemented with Bot, Lowie & Verspoor's (2007) Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) has been adopted as a theoretical framework. The mixed-method approach has been used, and a sample of 100 respondents was selected from the target population. The respondents were instructed to define certain Saraiki vocabulary items, and their responses were recorded. The findings show that socio-economic, socio-cultural, socio-political and socio-demographic factors are responsible for the language attrition of Saraiki and the subsequent impact on the culture of the speakers in the selected locale.
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Urban, Matthias. "Is there a Central Andean Linguistic Area? A View from the Perspective of the “Minor” Languages." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202002.
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In this article, I reconsider the evidence for a Central Andean linguistic area. I suggest that there is no evidence for a clear-cut linguistic area comprising the entire Central Andes narrowly defined, and that perceived homogeneity is partially due to an overemphasis on the largest and surviving Central Andean language families, Quechuan and Aymaran. I show that none of the other Central Andean languages known sufficiently well match their typological profile to a high degree. I make a contribution to a more adequate picture by discussing some typological aspects tentatively recoverable for the extinct and poorly documented languages of the North-Central Andes. These suggest that the North was the site of linguistic traits contrasting with those of Quechuan and Aymaran.
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Mendecka, Karolina. "THE RIGHT TO MOTHER TONGUE EDUCATION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL STANDARDS." Studia Iuridica, no. 96 (July 7, 2023): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2023-96.11.
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Language is an essential element of indigenous culture and identity. Meanwhile, indigenous languages are endangered or nearly extinct. It is argued that ensuring that native communities receive education in their mother tongue is key to conserve and revitalize indigenous cultures and linguistic heritage. This paper reviews the normative guidelines regarding the right to be taught in one’s own language set out in international and regional human rights law. It is argued that although there is currently no binding, universally accepted obligation to provide education for indigenous peoples in their native languages, a binding measure might soon emerge. Additionally, it is argued that the protection of indigenous heritage and cultural diversity requires re-evaluation of the current standards and that the right of native peoples to mother tongue-based education should be strongly endorsed by the international community.
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McNeill, David. "Gesture–speech unity." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 5, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 137–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.2.01mcn.
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This paper outlines an argument for how development in child speech and gesture could shed light on language evolution: child acquisition can be thought of as two types of acquisition, one of which goes extinct (gesture-first, Acquisition 1) and is replaced by another (gesture–speech unity, Acquisition 2). For ontogenesis, this implies that children acquire two languages, one of which is extinct, and which again goes extinct in ontogenesis (it continues as “gestures of silence” rather than as gestures of speech). There is no way to get from Acquisition 1 to Acquisition 2. They are on different tracks. Even when they converge in the same sentence, as they sometimes do, they alternate and do not combine. I propose that the 3~4 year timing of Acquisition 2 relates to the natural selection of a kind of gestural self–response I call “Mead’s Loop”, which took place in a certain psychological milieu at the origin of language. This milieu emerges now in ontogenesis at 3~4 years and with it Mead’s Loop. It is self-aware agency, on which a self-response depends. Other developments, such as theory of mind and shared intentionality, likewise depend on it and also emerge around the same time. The prefrontal cortex, anchoring a ring of language centers in the brain, matures at that point as well, another factor influencing the late timing. On the other hand, a third acquisition, speech evoking adult attachment, begins at (or even before) birth, as shown by a number of studies, and provides continuity through the two acquisitions and extinction.
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Ahmed, Iftikar Ali, Baishalee Rajkhowa, and Arup Kumar Nath. "Linguistic Imperialism: A Study of its Impact on the Assamese Language in the Greater Sivasagar District of Assam." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2023): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijll2322.
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The state of Assam in India is the home to the people who speak Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language. Assamese is the native tongue of the people of Assam and the official language of the state of Assam. Based on linguistic standards and conventions, Assamese is a vital language for writing. However, when we attempt to see the language from the viewpoint of native speakers' attitudes towards the language, we find that the language is steadily deteriorating among the linguistic community. This deterioration is caused by Linguistic Imperialism. Linguistic Imperialism is a phenomenon in which a dominant language attempts to weaken other languages both socially and politically and in a theoretically founded way. The impact of the dominance is increasing day by day due to which a negative attitude has increased significantly among the native speakers of Assamese who considers English as superior to their mother tongue. Negative attitude is one of the reasons of language endangerment and we cannot deny the possibility of endangerment of the Assamese language in the far future if the dominance of English goes on increasing. History is evident that languages with a huge literature and population got extinct because of the reasons like negative attitude, dominance of other languages, decreasing rate of fluent native speakers, examples of such languages are Sanskrit, Hebrew, etc. This paper tries to analyse the negative attitude which is gradually increasing in the Assamese language and ways to strengthen it by reverting the dominance of Linguistic Imperialism by languages like English and Hindi.
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Swiggers, Pierre. "Two key concepts of language endangerment : language obsolescence and language death." Linguistica 47, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.47.1.21-33.
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In the contemporary context of world-wide language endangerment, of linguistic imperialism and regression of minority languages, it is of vital importance to take initiatives for the maintenance and protection of linguistic biodiversity. Languages that become extinct are a major loss, not only for the communities concerned but also for humanity in general. The role of linguists should not be confined to documentation and recording of threatened languages, but should be extended to policies aimed at the revitalization of languages in the process of obsolescence and extinction, and to programs for stimulating language awareness and language cult. Although practical work and immediate political interventions remain the most urgent tasks, there is also need for a theoretical discussion on the value of language maintenance and preservation. It is important to define adequately the basic concepts to be used in discussions, as well as in scholarly and "bureaucratic" writings in the field of language endangerment. The aim of the present paper has been to clarify the concepts of 'language obsolescence' and 'language death', with an eye at offering a general characterization and typology of both phenomena. Accurate information on the causes and contextual factors involved in language obsolescence and language death can help to elaborate a theoretically coherent frame for construing open-minded language policies and for arousing a widespread feeling of respect for the linguistic rights of speech communities, however small and unprotected they may be.