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Singer, Jane B. "Fact-Checkers as Entrepreneurs." Journalism Practice 12, no. 8 (2018): 1070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1493946.
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Singer, Jane B. "Fact-checkers as Entrepreneurs." Journalism Practice 13, no. 8 (2019): 976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1646613.
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Lim, Chloe. "Checking how fact-checkers check." Research & Politics 5, no. 3 (2018): 205316801878684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018786848.
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Fact-checking has gained prominence as a movement for revitalizing truth-seeking ideals in journalism. While fact-checkers are often assumed to code facts accurately, few studies have formally assessed fact-checkers’ overall performance. I evaluated the performance of two major fact-checkers in the USA, Fact Checker and Politifact, comparing their inter-rater reliability using a method that is regularly employed across the social sciences. Surprisingly, only one in 10 statements was found to be fact-checked by both fact-checkers. Regarding claims evaluated by both organizations, the fact-checkers performed fairly well on outright falsehoods or obvious truths; however, the agreement rate was much lower for statements in the more ambiguous scoring range (that is, “Half True” or “Mostly False”). The results suggest that fact-checking is difficult, and that validation is challenging. Fact-checkers rarely evaluate statements that are exactly the same, and disagree more often than one might suppose, particularly when politicians craft language to be ambiguous. At least in some cases, the strategic ambiguity of politicians may impede the fact-checking movement’s goals.
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Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos, and Taís Seibt. "critérios dos fact-checkers brasileiros." Brazilian journalism research 18, no. 2 (2022): 350–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v18n2.2022.1510.
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RESUMO – Buscamos conhecer propósitos, motivações e rotinas da prática de fact-checking no Brasil, a partir das percepções dos jornalistas. A pesquisa se baseia em questionário autogestionado, no qual 29 respondentes manifestaram seu grau de concordância com um conjunto de afirmações. Como resultados, temos que o principal propósito consiste em detectar e combater conteúdos falsos e enganosos nos canais digitais e que a transparência em mostrar fontes e dados que sustentam a classificação do conteúdo é um valor fortemente compartilhado. Há variações quanto à facilidade em usar ferramentas digitais entre membros e não-membros da IFCN, assim como diferenças nas pressões ao exercício profissional conforme a faixa etária. ABSTRACT – This research aims to know the purposes, motivations, and routines of the fact-checking practice in Brazil. We developed a self-administered questionnaire to understand the perceptions of journalists. The sample (n=29) expressed their level of agreement with a group of statements. The results show the central purpose is to detect and combat false and misleading content on digital channels. Also, the principle of transparency regarding news sources and data that support a content evaluation is firmly appreciated. Differences emerge related to the ease of using digital tools between IFCN members and non-members. Age is a relevant factor regarding the pressures during the journalism practice. RESUMEN – Este artículo busca conocer los propósitos, motivaciones y rutinas de la práctica del fact-checking en Brasil a partir de las percepciones de los periodistas. La investigación se base en un cuestionario autogestionado, en el cual 29 periodistas manifestaron su nivel de acuerdo sobre un conjunto de afirmaciones. Los resultados muestran que el principal propósito consiste en detectar y combatir contenidos falsos y engañosos en los canales digitales y que la transparencia en mostrar fuentes y datos que sustenten la calificación del contenido es un principio fuertemente compartido. Hay diferencias en cuanto a la facilidad de uso de las herramientas digitales entre aquellos miembros y no miembros de la IFCN, así como en la influencia de presiones en el ejercicio profesional por grupos etarios.
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Sehat, Connie Moon, Ryan Li, Peipei Nie, Tarunima Prabhakar, and Amy X. Zhang. "Misinformation as a Harm: Structured Approaches for Fact-Checking Prioritization." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8, CSCW1 (2024): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3641010.
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In this work, we examine how fact-checkers prioritize which claims to fact-check and what tools may assist them in their efforts. Through a series of interviews with 23 professional fact-checkers from around the world, we validate that harm assessment is a central component of how fact-checkers triage their work. We also clarify the processes behind fact-checking prioritization, finding that they are typically ad hoc, and gather suggestions for tools that could help with these processes. To address the needs articulated by fact-checkers, we present a structured framework of questions to help fact-checkers negotiate the priority of claims through assessing potential harms. Our FABLE Framework of Misinformation Harms incorporates five dimensions of magnitude---(social) Fragmentation, Actionability, Believability, Likelihood of spread, and Exploitativeness---that can help determine the potential urgency of a specific message or claim when considering misinformation as harm. The result is a practical and conceptual tool to support fact-checkers and others as they make strategic decisions to prioritize their efforts. We conclude with a discussion of computational approaches to support structured prioritization, as well as applications beyond fact-checking to content moderation and curation.
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Markowitz, David M., Timothy R. Levine, Kim B. Serota, and Alivia D. Moore. "Cross-checking journalistic fact-checkers: The role of sampling and scaling in interpreting false and misleading statements." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0289004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289004.
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Professional fact-checkers and fact-checking organizations provide a critical public service. Skeptics of modern media, however, often question the accuracy and objectivity of fact-checkers. The current study assessed agreement among two independent fact-checkers, The Washington Post and PolitiFact, regarding the false and misleading statements of then President Donald J. Trump. Differences in statement selection and deceptiveness scaling were investigated. The Washington Post checked PolitiFact fact-checks 77.4% of the time (22.6% selection disagreement). Moderate agreement was observed for deceptiveness scaling. Nearly complete agreement was observed for bottom-line attributed veracity. Additional cross-checking with other sources (Snopes, FactCheck.org), original sources, and with fact-checking for the first 100 days of President Joe Biden’s administration were inconsistent with potential ideology effects. Our evidence suggests fact-checking is a difficult enterprise, there is considerable variability between fact-checkers in the raw number of statements that are checked, and finally, selection and scaling account for apparent discrepancies among fact-checkers.
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Lee, Sian, Haeseung Seo, Aiping Xiong, and Dongwon Lee. "Partisan Fact-Checkers' Warnings Can Effectively Correct Individuals' Misbeliefs About Political Misinformation." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 19 (June 7, 2025): 1085–97. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v19i1.35862.
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Political misinformation, particularly harmful when it aligns with individuals' preexisting beliefs and political ideologies, has become widespread on social media platforms. In response, platforms like Facebook and X introduced warning messages leveraging fact-checking results from third-party fact-checkers to alert users against false content. However, concerns persist about the effectiveness of these fact-checks, especially when fact-checkers are perceived as politically biased. To address these concerns, this study presents findings from an online human-subject experiment (N=216) investigating how the political stances of fact-checkers influence their effectiveness in correcting misbeliefs about political misinformation. Our findings demonstrate that partisan fact-checkers can decrease the perceived accuracy of political misinformation and correct misbeliefs without triggering backfire effects. This correction is even more pronounced when the misinformation aligns with individuals' political ideologies. Notably, while previous research suggests that fact-checking warnings are less effective for conservatives than liberals, our results suggest that explicitly labeled partisan fact-checkers, positioned as political counterparts to conservatives, are particularly effective in reducing conservatives' misbeliefs toward pro-liberal misinformation.
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Abuín-Penas, Javier. "Influencia de la viruela símica en los fact-checkers españoles: Análisis de su actividad en Facebook." #PerDebate 7, no. 1 (2023): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18272/pd.v7i1.2915.
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Este artículo analiza las dinámicas de publicación e interacción en Facebook de los fact-checkers, durante crisis provocada por la viruela símica en España. Para ello se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de en un total de 2.740 publicaciones emitidas por los 4 fact-checkers españoles. Los resultados muestran que la viruela símica apenas ha tenido un impacto en la actividad o interacción recibida por los fact-checkers españoles en sus verificaciones.
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Cano-Orón, Lorena, Claudia Capelli, and Pina Lalli. "How Fact-Checkers Define and Apply “Objective Journalism”. Cases of Study of Italy and Spain." Tripodos, no. 54 (November 27, 2023): 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2023.54.02.
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The process of fact-checking has emerged as a specialised practice within the news media industry. This research aims to examine how fact-checkers contribute to the construction of “objectivity” through their verification practices, with a specific focus on the methods and sources that they employ. In addition, it analyses how fact-checkers distinguish themselves from traditional practices of legacy media in how they define themselves. To achieve this, we looked into two cases of study involving two fact-checkers from Italy and two from Spain. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the self-presentation of each media outlet and a content analysis of the news they published over the course of a year. The findings reveal differences between the Spanish and Italian fact-checkers in terms of the topics covered and the sources used for debunking. Despite their perceived image as champions of “journalistic purity” and advocates of “truth”, we criticise this aspect, particularly with regard to their selection of information sources. We question how the fact-checkers’ image and identity directly impact journalism and the broader information ecosystem.
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Du, Yibing, Antoine Bosselut, and Christopher D. Manning. "Synthetic Disinformation Attacks on Automated Fact Verification Systems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (2022): 10581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21302.
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Automated fact-checking is a needed technology to curtail the spread of online misinformation. One current framework for such solutions proposes to verify claims by retrieving supporting or refuting evidence from related textual sources. However, the realistic use cases for fact-checkers will require verifying claims against evidence sources that could be affected by the same misinformation. Furthermore, the development of modern NLP tools that can produce coherent, fabricated content would allow malicious actors to systematically generate adversarial disinformation for fact-checkers. In this work, we explore the sensitivity of automated fact-checkers to synthetic adversarial evidence in two simulated settings: ADVERSARIAL ADDITION, where we fabricate documents and add them to the evidence repository available to the fact-checking system, and ADVERSARIAL MODIFICATION, where existing evidence source documents in the repository are automatically altered. Our study across multiple models on three benchmarks demonstrates that these systems suffer significant performance drops against these attacks. Finally, we discuss the growing threat of modern NLG systems as generators of disinformation in the context of the challenges they pose to automated fact-checkers.
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Hameleers, Michael, and Toni G. L. A. van der Meer. "Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?" Communication Research 47, no. 2 (2019): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650218819671.
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One of the most fundamental changes in today’s political information environment is an increasing lack of communicative truthfulness. To explore this worrisome phenomenon, this study aims to investigate the effects of political misinformation by integrating three theoretical approaches: (1) misinformation, (2) polarization, and (3) selective exposure. In this article, we examine the role of fact-checkers in discrediting polarized misinformation in a fragmented media environment. We rely on two experiments ( N = 1,117) in which we vary exposure to attitudinal-congruent or incongruent political news and a follow-up fact-check article debunking the information. Participants were either forced to see or free to select a fact-checker. Results show that fact-checkers can be successful as they (1) lower agreement with attitudinally congruent political misinformation and (2) can overcome political polarization. Moreover, dependent on the issue, fact-checkers are most likely to be selected when they confirm prior attitudes and avoided when they are incongruent, indicating a confirmation bias for selecting corrective information. The freedom to select or avoid fact-checkers does not have an impact on political beliefs.
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Hameleers, Michael. "Susceptibility to mis- and disinformation and the effectiveness of fact-checkers: Can misinformation be effectively combated?" Studies in Communication and Media 8, no. 4 (2019): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2019-4-523.
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The online dissemination of mis- and disinformation may pose vexing problems on democracy. The factual basis of (political) information may be challenged by opposed partisans or issue publics, and misinformation may impact decision-making as confirmation biases may outweigh accuracy motivations. In this setting, fact-checkers that refute the false claims of misinformation may be regarded as an important tool to combat misinformation. Yet, the effectiveness of corrective information may be contingent upon partisan lenses, or the framing used in misinformation. In this study, the effectiveness of fact-checkers that refute different forms of misinformation on the polarizing issue of crime rates related to anti-immigration framing was assessed in the US and Netherlands. The main findings indicate that exposure to fact-checkers can correct misperceptions on immigration, and lowers the credibility of misinformation. Fact-checkers are more effective in the Netherlands than the US. These findings have important ramifications for understanding citizens’ susceptibility to (partisan) misinformation and rebuttals.
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Haslam, Alyson, and Vinay Prasad. "Characteristics of Facebook’s third-party medical fact checkers." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221120318.
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Introduction Social media websites, such as Facebook, have made an effort to monitor and label news stories and op-eds that could be false or misleading. As such, we sought to evaluate fact checkers for news stories and op-eds that circulate on Facebook. Methods We searched all articles on HealthFeedback.org for names of reviewers and other quoted individuals cited in the article and their professional titles. We searched Twitter on March 10, 2021, to see whether the reviewers and quoted individuals had an account and noted the number of Twitter followers. Results The median number of followers on Twitter for reviewers was 10,000 (since January 2020) versus 1012 (prior to January 2020; p = 0.007). The median number of followers on Twitter for quoted individuals was 153,050 (since January 2020) versus 314 (prior to January 2020; p = 0.04). Conclusion Current fact-checking processes appear to be strongly associated with large Twitter followings. Greater transparency in the process of determining misinformation is needed.
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Micallef, Nicholas, Vivienne Armacost, Nasir Memon, and Sameer Patil. "True or False: Studying the Work Practices of Professional Fact-Checkers." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW1 (2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512974.
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Misinformation has developed into a critical societal threat that can lead to disastrous societal consequences. Although fact-checking plays a key role in combating misinformation, relatively little research has empirically investigated work practices of professional fact-checkers. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 fact-checkers from 19 countries. The participants reported being inundated with information that needs filtering and prioritizing prior to fact-checking. The interviews surfaced a pipeline of practices fragmented across disparate tools that lack integration. Importantly, fact-checkers lack effective mechanisms for disseminating the outcomes of their efforts which prevents their work from fully achieving its potential impact. We found that the largely manual and labor intensive nature of current fact-checking practices is a barrier to scale. We apply these findings to propose a number of suggestions that can improve the effectiveness, efficiency, scale, and reach of fact-checking work and its outcomes.
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Casás, José, Xosé López García, and Alba Silva Rodríguez. "Fact-checking en Europa: el periodismo de datos como punta de lanza en la lucha contra la desinformación sobre COVID-19." Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, no. 83 (February 28, 2025): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2025-2413.
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Introducción: Esta investigación analiza la estrategia de contenidos de lo fact-checkers de 5 países de Europa occidental y, dentro de la misma, la manera en que utilizaron el periodismo de datos para luchar contra la desinformación sobre COVID-19. Metodología: De una muestra 2.410 publicaciones de 25 fact-checkers europeos se realiza un análisis de contenido que define el tipo de contenido publicado, la utilización / no utilización de técnicas de periodismo de datos, el nivel de desarrollo de las mismas (análisis basado en la incorporación e visualizaciones, su modelo de producción y su tipología) y la incorporación de elementos de transparencia. Resultados: Los fact-checkers basan su estrategia de contenidos en una doble vía: la publicación de verificaciones complementada con contenido contextual. Las técnicas de periodismo de datos aparecen en un 35,9% del total, siendo este porcentaje superior al 40% en 12 de los 25 medios de la muestra. La incorporación de visualizaciones alcanza el 39,5% de las publicaciones con periodismo de datos, porcentaje que supera el 40% en 11 de los 25 medios de la muestra. Discusión: El periodismo de datos fue relevante en la estrategia de contenidos de los verificadores, especialmente para la elaboración de contenido contextual (reportajes). Existe una relación desigual de los fact-checkers europeos con el periodismo de datos. Conclusiones: El trabajo plantea una categorización de los fact-checkers con base en su relación con el periodismo de datos y describe vías de confluencia entre las disciplinas del fact-checking y el periodismo de datos a nivel metodológico y de transparencia.
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Liu, Houjiang, Anubrata Das, Alexander Boltz, et al. "Human-centered NLP Fact-checking: Co-Designing with Fact-checkers using Matchmaking for AI." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8, CSCW2 (2024): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3686962.
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While many Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques have been proposed for fact-checking, both academic research and fact-checking organizations report limited adoption of such NLP work due to poor alignment with fact-checker practices, values, and needs. To address this, we investigate a co-design method, Matchmaking for AI, to enable fact-checkers, designers, and NLP researchers to collaboratively identify what fact-checker needs should be addressed by technology, and to brainstorm ideas for potential solutions. Co-design sessions we conducted with 22 professional fact-checkers yielded a set of 11 design ideas that offer a "north star'', integrating fact-checker criteria into novel NLP design concepts. These concepts range from pre-bunking misinformation, efficient and personalized monitoring misinformation, proactively reducing fact-checker potential biases, and collaborative writing fact-check reports. Our work provides new insights into both human-centered fact-checking research and practice and AI co-design research.
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Olivera, Skarlet, and Abigail Otero León. "Estados fact-checkers: una tipología sobre fact-checking ejecutado desde el Estado." Revista Elecciones 23, no. 28 (2024): 41–76. https://doi.org/10.53557/elecciones.2024.v23n28.02.
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Míguez-González, María Isabel. "Capítulo 6. La actividad comunicativa de los fact-checkers iberoamericanos en Internet." Espejo de Monografías de Comunicación Social, no. 19 (September 19, 2023): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52495/c6.emcs.19.p105.
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Este capítulo tiene por objeto describir las estrategias de distribución de contenido que los fact-checkers iberoamericanos de la IFCN desarrollan a través de las redes sociales, atendiendo a la intencionalidad de sus publicaciones, sus temáticas, sus características formales y narrativas y su repercusión. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube e Instagram son las cuatro redes sociales más utilizadas por los fact-checkers; desde 2020 estas entidades han incrementado su actividad en estas redes, obteniendo un incremento de seguidores y mayor difusión de sus contenidos; a pesar de ello, los resultados de los fact-checkers en términos de repercusión e interacción son irregulares y su impacto sigue siendo modesto. La mayoría de los contenidos comunicativos que estas entidades difunden en las redes sociales son verificaciones, es decir, desmentidos de noticias falsas o verificaciones positivas, pero también publican contenido y, en menor medida, contenido de alfabetización o de autopromoción. Desde el punto de vista temático, los dos ejes fundamentales en torno a los que giran los contenidos producidos por los fact-checkers son la política y la salud, con una actividad muy marcada entre 2020 y 2022 por la pandemia de la COVID-19.
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Nieminen, Sakari, and Lauri Rapeli. "Fighting Misperceptions and Doubting Journalists’ Objectivity: A Review of Fact-checking Literature." Political Studies Review 17, no. 3 (2018): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929918786852.
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Fact checkers evaluate the truthfulness of political claims appearing in public. The practice has increased enormously in recent years. This review analyses research concerning political fact-checking; it presents what kind of studies have been made about fact-checking and introduces their main findings. Most of the literature focuses either on fact-checking as a profession or on its corrective potential. Research about the effectiveness of fact-checking offers mixed results: some find that fact-checking reduces misperceptions, others that corrections are often ineffective. It is also disputed whether fact checkers are consistent in their conclusions and whether their methods are reliable. Moreover, the literature is overwhelmingly focused in the US context.
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Greppi, Carlo, Gianluca Falanga, and Eric Gobetti. "The Italian historiographical debate and the Fact Checkers movement." Modern Italy 28, no. 4 (2023): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2023.43.
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AbstractThe ‘Fact Checking’ series of titles published by Laterza since 2020 is, in the first place, a response to the proliferation of historical fake news, which has grown exponentially as a consequence of social networks. But it is also a response to an increasingly systematic political abuse of history – not only in Italy. The authors and the public firmly believe in the necessity of restoring complexity and value to historical research, as well as in the importance of playing a significant role in the public debate about our past. In many ways the political use of history works in an authoritarian and anti-democratic manner, spreading erroneous and dangerous convictions among broad sections of society. Among the examples which appear in various sections of the article, we discuss the books in the series which problematise the ‘official’ and victimist version of events which took place on the Italian-Yugoslavian border at the end of the Second World War. Other parts of the article examine the instrumental readings of the history and experience of twentieth-century communism.
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Savolainen, Reijo. "Fact-checking of political information about the Russo-Ukrainian conflict." Journal of Documentation 80, no. 7 (2024): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-10-2023-0203.
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PurposeTo elaborate the nature of fact-checking in the domain of political information by examining how fact-checkers assess the validity of claims concerning the Russo-Ukrainian conflict and how they support their assessments by drawing on evidence acquired from diverse sources of information.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 128 reports written by the fact-checkers of Snopes – an established fact-checking organisation – during the period of 24 February 2022 – 28 June, 2023. For the analysis, nine evaluation grounds were identified, most of them inductively from the empirical material. It was examined how the fact-checkers employed such grounds while assessing the validity of claims and how the assessments were bolstered by evidence acquired from information sources such as newspapers.FindingsOf the 128 reports, the share of assessments indicative of the invalidity of the claims was 54.7%, while the share of positive ratings was 26.7%. The share of mixed assessments was 15.6%. In the fact-checking, two evaluation grounds, that is, the correctness of information and verifiability of an event presented in a claim formed the basis for the assessment. Depending on the topic of the claim, grounds such as temporal and spatial compatibility, as well as comparison by similarity and difference occupied a central role. Most popular sources of information offering evidence for the assessments include statements of government representatives, videos and photographs shared in social media, newspapers and television programmes.Research limitations/implicationsAs the study concentrated on fact-checking dealing with political information about a specific issue, the findings cannot be extended to concern the fact-checking practices in other contexts.Originality/valueThe study is among the first to characterise how fact-checkers employ evaluation grounds of diverse kind while assessing the validity of political information.
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Patra, Raj Kishore, and Neha Pandey. "Disinformation on Novel Coronavirus (COVID 19) A Content Analysis of News Published on Fact Checking Sites in India." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 41, no. 4 (2021): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.41.4.16556.
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This paper focuses on the spread of disinformation on novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and creating the larger phenomena of information disorder. It analyses an array of definitional meaning and disinformation on COVID-19, which has been identified and grounded with valid information by the fact-checkers. The study’s aim is to explore and analyse the intents behind the circulation of misleading information (intended and unintended) on COVID-19. For the study, quantitative content analysis and qualitative discourse analysis methods were utilised to explore the extent of the misleading information on COVID-19. Further, in-depth interviews were conducted with fact-checkers, media professionals, academicians, and a psychologist to understand the purpose of disinformation and its impact on society at large. The study’s findings propose that fact-checking is a crucial method to identify fake/misleading information, which can be counter acted by accurate and verified information. This paper argues that holding journalists, fact-checkers, the Government, and the citizens’ accountable, is necessary to counter the threat of disinformation about the pandemic.
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Míguez-González, María Isabel, and Alberto Dafonte-Gómez. "Presentación." Espejo de Monografías de Comunicación Social, no. 19 (September 19, 2023): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52495/pre.emcs.19.p105.
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Este libro, a través de sus quince capítulos pretende ofrecer una aproximación divulgativa a los resultados del proyecto «Fact-checkers: narrativas digitales contra la desinformación: estudio de redes, temas y formatos en los fact-checkers iberoamericanos», financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, además de incorporar las aportaciones de otros investigadores de reconocido prestigio que han abordado la temática de la desinformación y la verificación de datos desde diferentes puntos de vista.Así, se analiza en primer lugar el fenómeno de la desinformación y explicamos en qué consiste la verificación de datos o fact-checking y por qué resulta esencial en la lucha contra la desinformación. A continuación se profundiza en la actividad comunicativa de los fact-checkers iberoamericanos en redes sociales. Se incluyen varios capítulos que tratan casos específicos relacionados con la desinformación y la verificación en relación con aspectos como la covid-19, el feminismo o los contextos locales. Por último se aborda el papel de la alfabetización como mecanismo para dotar a la ciudadanía de las herramientas necesarias para enfrentarse con seguridad al ecosistema informativo y de contenidos.
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Vargo, Chris J., Lei Guo, and Michelle A. Amazeen. "The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016." New Media & Society 20, no. 5 (2017): 2028–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712086.
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This study examines the agenda-setting power of fake news and fact-checkers who fight them through a computational look at the online mediascape from 2014 to 2016. Although our study confirms that content from fake news websites is increasing, these sites do not exert excessive power. Instead, fake news has an intricately entwined relationship with online partisan media, both responding and setting its issue agenda. In 2016, partisan media appeared to be especially susceptible to the agendas of fake news, perhaps due to the election. Emerging news media are also responsive to the agendas of fake news, but to a lesser degree. Fake news coverage itself is diverging and becoming more autonomous topically. While fact-checkers are autonomous in their selection of issues to cover, they were not influential in determining the agenda of news media overall, and their influence appears to be declining, illustrating the difficulties fact-checkers face in disseminating their corrections.
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Abuín-Penas, Javier. "FACT-CHECKING EN YOUTUBE EN ESPAÑA: TIPOLOGÍA DE VERIFICACIONES EN VÍDEO EN 2021." INDEX COMUNICACION 13, no. 01 (2023): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33732/ixc/13/01factch.
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In recent years, the phenomenon of misinformation has gained relevance, both in society in general and in academia in particular. To combat disinformation, projects related to fact-checkers are one of the most successful alternatives. Due to the recent interest of the population in consuming information in video format and the increase in the popularity of YouTube, this research aims to identify the characteristics of the videos published by Spanish fact-checkers that achieve more visibility and interaction. To do this, following a mixed methodology combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, all the content published on YouTube by the Spanish fact-checkers linked to the IFCN throughout the year 2021 has been analysed. The results show differences in terms of the topics treated, but similarities in terms of the number and duration of the videos published. In addition, it has been observed that Spanish verifiers do not seem to follow a content creation strategy based on the interests of their audience.
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Tejedor Calvo, Santiago, and Belén Sancho-Ligorred. "Cartografía mundial de herramientas, fact-checkers y proyectos contra la infodemia." Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico 29, no. 4 (2023): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.87838.
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La desinformación se ha convertido en una problemática comunicativa social a nivel mundial. Partiendo de ello, esta investigación ha construido un mapping de fact-checkers, herramientas y proyectos que trabajan para mitigar el impacto desinformativo entre la ciudadanía. El estudio ha analizado la tipología y las particularidades de una cartografía de 120 fact-checkers, 120 herramientas y 50 proyectos especializados en el monitoreo y la validación de contenidos en la red. La investigación, de cariz descriptivo y explicativo, ha utilizado la metodología del estudio de casos para analizar y comparar una muestra de alcance mundial. El trabajo incide en la importancia de abordar la desinformación a partir de proyectos interdisciplinares con perfiles profesionales especializados y fomentar la investigación aplicada a través del carácter transversal de la media literacy.
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Berendt, Bettina, Peter Burger, Rafael Hautekiet, Jan Jagers, Alexander Pleijter, and Peter Van Aelst. "FactRank: Developing automated claim detection for Dutch-language fact-checkers." Online Social Networks and Media 22 (March 2021): 100113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100113.
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López-Martín, Álvaro, and Bernardo Gómez-Calderón. "Los fact-checkers españoles: rutinas y competencias contra la desinformación." Question/Cuestión 3, no. 77 (2024): e874. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16696581e874.
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Como variante de la verificación periodística tradicional, en los últimos años ha surgido el fact-checking, caracterizado por la relevancia del componente digital en el proceso de contraste de la información. Partiendo de esto, el propósito fundamental de esta investigación estriba en conocer las rutinas profesionales y el nivel de capacitación en verificación de los fact-checkers españoles. Para ello, se distribuyó entre mayo y junio de 2023 un cuestionario compuesto por 29 preguntas a los periodistas de las plataformas de verificación españolas (n=18). Los resultados evidencian el protagonismo de la verificación en la organización temporal en el trabajo periodístico, si bien Política, Economía y Sanidad son las áreas informativas que implican una mayor exigencia y, por tanto, mayor dedicación. El grueso de los encuestados considera que la calidad del fact-checking sería mayor si tuvieran menos carga de trabajo. Para ese proceso, se nutren principalmente de fuentes académicas y gubernamentales, que son, a su vez, a las que otorgan mayor fiabilidad. A esto habría que añadir la creciente importancia de las herramientas digitales, si bien la variedad de estas es aún moderada, lo que se podría achacar fundamentalmente a la escasa formación específica sobre verificación que han recibido.
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Campos-Domínguez, Eva, and Cristina Renedo-Farpón. "Parliamentary discourse and fact-checkers: Strategies of verification and political agenda." Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 16, no. 2 (2024): 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00114_1.
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Disinformation, a pervasive issue in contemporary society, significantly influences citizens’ political decision-making. In response, fact-checking has emerged as a prominent movement, striving to enhance journalistic standards. Although this trend has sparked substantial academic research, only a few studies have thoroughly examined the impact of these journalistic practices on society. Moreover, while fact-checking agencies monitor parliamentary messages, research on the interplay between fact-checkers and legislative activity remains in its infancy. This research addresses the role of fact-checkers in the context of parliamentary disinformation in Spain and their presence in the speeches of MPs, as well as the importance given by fact-checking agencies themselves to parliamentary speeches and the perception citizens have when discussing disinformation. We are interested in knowing what presence they have in parliamentary speeches, what importance the fact-checkers themselves give to parliamentary speeches and what perception citizens have of them when disinformation in parliament is discussed. To this aim, we propose a mixed methodological approach in three phases: (1) documentary analysis of disinformation published in the Bulletins of Congress and the Spanish Parliament, as well as in the speeches made by the Joint Commission on National Security; (2) in-depth interviews with three journalists from the main Spanish verification agencies working on parliamentary activity: Newtral, Maldita and Efe Verifica; (3) citizen focus groups to address different questions about the ecosystem of information disinformation in Spain. The results show growing attention to disinformation in the parliamentary context; verifiers occupy a relevant space in the political discourse, even replacing mentions of traditional journalists when discussing disinformation, and this contrasts with the lack of recognition by citizens who, despite referring to it as a problem for democracy, barely mention the work of verification agencies in their discourse.
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Argiñano-Herrarte, José Luis, Udane Goikoetxea-Bilbao, and María del Mar Rodríguez González. "La verificación se centra en Twitter: análisis del 'fact checking' de los nutricionistas españoles en redes sociales." ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación 28, no. 54 (2023): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/zer.24666.
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El creciente interés en la sociedad por la alimentación, el éxito de los nutricionistas y dietistas como influencers y la facilidad con la que las mentiras se extienden por las redes sociales forman un triángulo de interés. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la labor de los nutricionistas españoles como verificadores de información en Twitter, Facebook e Instagram, en 2019. Los resultados indican que en su labor de fact-checkers los nutricionistas prefieren Twitter a Instagram y a Facebook y que existe un sesgo de género. Los nutricionistas realizan una labor como fact-checkers poco activa y organizada, y sin tecnificación.
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Lyons, Ben, Vittorio Mérola, Jason Reifler, and Florian Stoeckel. "How Politics Shape Views Toward Fact-Checking: Evidence from Six European Countries." International Journal of Press/Politics 25, no. 3 (2020): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220921732.
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Fact-checking has spread internationally, in part to confront the rise of digital disinformation campaigns. American studies suggests ideological asymmetry in attitudes toward fact-checking, as well as greater acceptance of the practice among those more interested in and knowledgeable about politics. We examine attitudes toward fact-checking across six European counties to put these findings in a broader context ( N = 6,067). We find greater familiarity with and acceptance of fact-checking in Northern Europe (Sweden and Germany) than elsewhere (Italy, Spain, France, and Poland). We further find two dimensions of political antipathy: a left–right dimension and an “anti-elite” dimension (including dissatisfaction with democracy and negative feelings toward the European Union), the latter of which more consistently predicts negative feelings toward fact-checkers in the countries examined. Our findings demonstrate that despite general acceptance of the movement, significant political divides remain. Those less likely to trust fact-checkers could be more vulnerable to disinformation targeting these divides, leading to a spiral of cynicism.
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Amazeen, Michelle A. "Practitioner perceptions: Critical junctures and the global emergence and challenges of fact-checking." International Communication Gazette 81, no. 6-8 (2018): 541–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048518817674.
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Since 2003 and the emergence of FactCheck.org in the United States, fact-checking has expanded both domestically and internationally. As of February 2018, the Duke Reporter's Lab identified nearly 150 active initiatives around the world. Seen as a professional reform movement in the journalistic community, this research explores fact-checker perceptions of why the practice is spreading globally at this point in time. Using a phenomenological approach, two focus groups were conducted among fact-checkers during the 2015 Global Fact-checking Summit in London, England. Participants shared rich experiences about conditions and contexts surrounding the emergence and challenges facing their organizations including perceived public disempowerment, declines in journalism, technological changes, and socio-political strife. Ultimately, as the purpose of this research is to help future fact-checkers around the world become aware of the circumstances under which fact-checking is most likely to emerge and thrive (or fail), recommendations from current global practitioners are offered.
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Jas-Koziarkiewicz, Marta, and Julia Dobrowolska. "Challenges, Assessment and Recommendations of the Fact-Checkers Regarding Polish Policy of Combating and Counteracting Disinformation." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (July 30, 2024): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2024.29.2.8.
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The article presents the results of the research of Polish fact-checkers’ opinions concerning the challenges related to the phenomenon of disinformation, the assessment of Polish policy implemented in this area, and recommendations. Data on this topic were collected using in-depth interviews. Among the most important challenges related to disinformation, Polish fact-checkers mentioned: the 2023 election campaign and the polarisation of Polish society, disinformation about the EU, Russian disinformation, the war in Ukraine and anti-Ukrainian narratives, as well as development of artificial intelligence. The respondents’ assessment of Polish policy of combating and counteracting disinformation was negative. The passivity of the Polish state or illusory actions were also emphasised by the respondents. They pointed out that the state is tackling this problem in a piecemeal manner, focusing on a specific, selected topic. In addition, attention was drawn to the use of disinformation in Poland for political purposes. Fact-checkers would recommend Polish authorities to conduct a clear, fast and coordinated communication policy, to restore trust in public institutions, to increase the level of financing the NGOs’ activity, and to change the approach to media education, which is the best tool for combating disinformation.
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Wake, Alexandra Nicole, Farrer Gordon, and Sonny Thomas. "Fact check: Still not core journalism curriculum." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 30, no. 1 & 2 (2024): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v30i1.1329.
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Fact-checking has become a global industry, with more than 417 fact-checking outlets in 100 countries operating in 69 languages (Stencel, Ryan & Luther, 2023). According to the Duke Reporters’ Lab, half of the world’s fact checkers are associated with media outlets, but there are also 24 affiliated with academic institutions. Although the work is time consuming and resource intensive, fact-checking has increasingly been introduced to journalism programmes at universities and in professional settings. This expert article brings together some insights from a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Journalism Education Council (WJEC) roundtable event ‘Fact-Check and Verification as Core Journalism Curriculum’ hosted by RMIT University in Australia in 2021, alongside relevant literature exploring the nature and presence of fact-check based education approaches at that time. It concludes that while fact-checking and verification are important skills for student journalists, fact checkers do not necessarily need to be journalists, nor indeed have journalistic training. However, more students are needed who are excellent journalists and the authors argue that fact-checking is just part of that training.
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Wake, Alexandra Nicole, Farrer Gordon, and Sonny Thomas. "Fact check: Still not core journalism curriculum." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 30, no. 1and2 (2024): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v30i1and2.1329.
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Fact-checking has become a global industry, with more than 417 fact-checking outlets in 100 countries operating in 69 languages (Stencel, Ryan & Luther, 2023). According to the Duke Reporters’ Lab, half of the world’s fact checkers are associated with media outlets, but there are also 24 affiliated with academic institutions. Although the work is time consuming and resource intensive, fact-checking has increasingly been introduced to journalism programmes at universities and in professional settings. This expert article brings together some insights from a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Journalism Education Council (WJEC) roundtable event ‘Fact-Check and Verification as Core Journalism Curriculum’ hosted by RMIT University in Australia in 2021, alongside relevant literature exploring the nature and presence of fact-check based education approaches at that time. It concludes that while fact-checking and verification are important skills for student journalists, fact checkers do not necessarily need to be journalists, nor indeed have journalistic training. However, more students are needed who are excellent journalists and the authors argue that fact-checking is just part of that training.
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Gelado-Marcos, Roberto, Borja Ventura-Salom, Santana-Lois Poch-Butler, and Guillermo De-la-Calle-Velasco. "Hoax hunters or disentanglers of disinforming narratives? Iberian fact-checking and the fight against disinformation." Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación 16, no. 2 (2025): e28237. https://doi.org/10.14198/medcom.28237.
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The recent proliferation of information disorders has drawn significant academic attention to the tools designed to counter their harmful effects, with fact-checking emerging as one of the key forms to fight disinformation. This article proposes an investigation that triangulates between quantitative and qualitative approaches to shed light on the verification activities carried out by Spanish and Portuguese fact-checkers integrated in the Iberifier hub (EFE Verifica, Maldita.es, Newtral, Poligrafo, and Verificat) –all of which abide by the IFCN standards. A series of in-depth exploratory interviews to representatives of the aforesaid fact-checking institutions were conducted at an initial stage with an aim to orient the subsequent statistical analysis of the database of verified stories published in 2022 and 2023 (N=3,697), put together by those fact-checkers following criteria and categories agreed upon by all of them. The quantitative approach was later complemented by a discourse analysis aimed at clarifying fact-checking trends and further discussing disinforming narratives in the Iberian context. The results of this investigation indicate that, while Iberian fact-checkers identify the need of transcending the debunking of individual stories through 'explainers', which aim at the overarching disinforming narratives rather than simply fact-checking specific hoaxes, their production in the last two years has focused on the latter rather than the former. As a possible way to improve that, we suggest not only an increased use of the ‘explainer’ category when debunking disinformation but also redefining such category to clarify its specific aim at the disarticulation of disinforming narratives.
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Federico, Lorenzo, and Mariavittoria Masotina. "When fact-checks go viral." Medijske studije 15, no. 30 (2025): 89–113. https://doi.org/10.20901/ms.15.30.5.
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To be effective in countering misinformation, it is paramount for fact-checkers to reach a wide audience. This study investigates the dynamics leading to broader engagement with fact-checking content published on social networks. It analyzes the dissemination activity on Twitter (later rebranded as X) of a cross-national sample of European fact-checkers over a span of four months. We employ Network Analysis and Natural Language Processing techniques (sentiment analysis and keyword extraction), to address four questions: 1. Are there specific tweets that attract the majority of engagement?; 2. Do these tweets draw engagement from audiences beyond their usual reach?; 3. What is the prevailing sentiment expressed in these tweets – positive, neutral, or negative?; 4. What topics are covered in these highly engaging tweets? Results show that certain tweets receive significantly higher engagement, extending beyond typical audience. Furthermore, our findings suggest that popular tweet topics are country-specific, and negative tweets attract more interaction in most considered countries.
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Dan, Valeriu VOINEA. "REINFORCEMENT LEARNING-DRIVEN LANGUAGE AGENTS FOR MULTI-DOMAIN FACT-CHECKING AND COHERENT NEWS SYNTHESIS." Social Sciences and Education Research Review 11, no. 2 (2024): 376–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15258343.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly being deployed to verify information and even generate news content. We try to provide a comprehensive literature review on reinforcement learning-driven language agents for multi-domain fact-checking and coherent news synthesis, with an emphasis on implications for journalism and media. We examine how large language models and other Al agents, often refined through reinforcement learning, are used to automate the identification of false claims and to produce news narratives. We find that Al-driven fact-checkers can greatly enhance the speed and scale of verification, and reinforcement learning techniques (including human feedback) have improved the factual accuracy and coherence of generated text (Roit et al., 2023). Case studies from news organizations illustrate that these tools can support human fact-checkers by flagging potential errors and synthesizing information across domains. However, challenges persist: current Al fact-checkers show inconsistent accuracy (Quelle & Bovet, 2024) and require human oversight to prevent errors or bias. Al-generated news, while increasingly coherent, may be less comprehensible to readers without editorial refinement (Thäsler-Kordonouri et al., 2024). We discuss theoretical frameworks from journalism studies to contextualize these developments, and we address uncertainties, ethical considerations, and contested perspectives. We conclude that reinforcement learning-enhanced language agents hold significant promise for journalism by augmenting fact-checking efforts and content creation, but must be integrated carefully to uphold journalistic standards of truth and trust.
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Wineburg, Sam, and Sarah McGrew. "Lateral Reading and the Nature of Expertise: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 121, no. 11 (2019): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811912101102.
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Background/Context The Internet has democratized access to information but in so doing has opened the floodgates to misinformation, fake news, and rank propaganda masquerading as dispassionate analysis. Despite mounting attention to the problem of online misinformation and growing agreement that digital literacy efforts are important, prior research offers few concrete ideas about what skilled evaluations look like. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Our purpose in this study was to seek out those who are skilled in online evaluations in order to understand how their strategies and approaches to evaluating digital content might inform educational efforts. We sampled 45 experienced users of the Internet: 10 Ph.D. historians, 10 professional fact checkers, and 25 Stanford University undergraduates. Analysis focused on the strategies participants used to evaluate online information and arrive at judgments of credibility. Research Design In this expert/novice study, participants thought aloud as they evaluated live websites and searched for information on social and political issues such as bullying, minimum wage, and teacher tenure. We analyze and present findings from three of the tasks participants completed. Findings/Results Historians and students often fell victim to easily manipulated features of websites, such as official-looking logos and domain names. They read vertically, staying within a website to evaluate its reliability. In contrast, fact checkers read laterally, leaving a site after a quick scan and opening up new browser tabs in order to judge the credibility of the original site. Compared to the other groups, fact checkers arrived at more warranted conclusions in a fraction of the time. Conclusions/Recommendations We draw on insights gleaned from the fact checkers’ practices to examine current curricular approaches to teaching web credibility as well as to suggest alternatives.
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Shahi, Gautam Kishore. "FakeKG: A Knowledge Graph of Fake Claims for Improving Automated Fact-Checking (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 13 (2023): 16320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i13.27020.
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False information could be dangerous if the claim is not debunked timely. Fact-checking organisations get a high volume of claims on different topics with immense velocity. The efficiency of the fact-checkers decreases due to 3V problems volume, velocity and variety. Especially during crises or elections, fact-checkers cannot handle user requests to verify the claim. Until now, no real-time curable centralised corpus of fact-checked articles is available. Also, the same claim is fact-checked by multiple fact-checking organisations with or without judgement. To fill this gap, we introduce FakeKG: A Knowledge Graph-Based approach for improving Automated Fact-checking. FakeKG is a centralised knowledge graph containing fact-checked articles from different sources that can be queried using the SPARQL endpoint. The proposed FakeKG can prescreen claim requests and filter them if the claim is already fact-checked and provide a judgement to the claim. It will also categorise the claim's domain so that the fact-checker can prioritise checking the incoming claims into different groups like health and election. This study proposes an approach for creating FakeKG and its future application for mitigating misinformation.
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Grönvall, John. "Fact-checkers and the news media: A Nordic perspective on propaganda." Nordic Journal of Media Studies 5, no. 1 (2023): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/njms-2023-0008.
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ABSTRACT Combatting disinformation and propaganda has become an increasingly common task in Nordic newsrooms. The independent fact-checking organisations are currently joining forces with journalists in keeping the public informed. To better understand what these organisations do and how they do it, this study investigates the fact-checkers’ challenges and interrelations with traditional journalistic institutions, media literacy organisations, and associated national policymaker institutions in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The study is based on 18 in-depth interviews, and the findings show that fact-checking journalism is considered an important counterpart to traditional news media. However, there are many challenges in countering disinformation in the Nordics – both socioeconomical and policy related – that should be considered when discussing how to maintain and improve on the resilience against disinformation and propaganda in the Nordic media welfare states. The study aims to bring some of these challenges to the fore.
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López-Marcos, Casandra, and Pilar Vicente-Fernández. "Fact Checkers Facing Fake News and Disinformation in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis between Spain and United Kingdom." Publications 9, no. 3 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications9030036.
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The current media ecosystem, derived from the consolidation of Information and Communication Technologies, shows a scenario in which the relationship between the media and their audience is being redefined. This represents a challenge for journalistic practice. In the digital age, the public actively participates in the construction and dissemination of news through social networks. Faced with this loss of control by the media, fake news and disinformation are emerging as one of the main problems of journalistic practice in a competitive business context, and with a high saturation of news content. In this situation, fact checkers emerge as key players in the information verification process. This research comparatively analyses the main fact checkers in Spain and the United Kingdom through content analysis applied to their corporate websites to understand their characteristics and working methodologies. The results underline that they are concerned with the concepts of transparency and honesty, along with showing their funding streams. The rigorousness of the verification process also stands out, as well as the importance of dialogue with the audience in their work. While in Spain they are featured by their non-profit nature and their international coverage, UK fact checkers focus on national information and are sometimes conceived as a business.
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Míguez-González, María Isabel, Alberto Dafonte-Gómez, and Javier Abuín-Penas. "Fact-checkers iberoamericanos en Instagram: análisis de los posts con mayor interacción." Cuadernos.info, no. 55 (2023): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/cdi.55.58031.
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Las redes sociales son una de las herramientas más utilizadas por las entidades de fact-checking para difundir sus verificaciones. Aunque Instagram ha cobrado protagonismo y relevancia en los últimos años, no es el caso de los estudios sobre la actividad de los verificadores en esta red. En esta investigación se busca caracterizar la actividad de los fact-checkers iberoamericanos en Instagram considerando los contenidos que han generado una mayor ratio de interacción. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de carácter cuantitativo de los posteos con mayor interacción publicados durante el año 2021 por los fact-checkers pertenecientes a la International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), con una muestra resultante de 301 publicaciones. Los resultados muestran que el conjunto de los verificadores mantuvo una frecuencia de publicación bastante estable a lo largo del año; considerando la intencionalidad de los posteos, se observa que publicaron principalmente verificaciones (72,8%) y, de acuerdo con la temática, contenidos de tipo político (39,5%). Respecto del tema, las publicaciones sobre racismo son las que obtienen una mejor ratio de interacción (12%) mientras que, en cuanto al formato, el álbum alcanza una ratio sustancialmente superior a las imágenes o vídeos.
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Sánchez Gonzales, Hada M., María Sánchez González, and Marián Alonso-González. "Artificial intelligence and disinformation literacy programmes used by European fact-checkers." Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 16, no. 2 (2024): 237–55. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00111_1.
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Media literacy is a tool of prevention, which is useful in strengthening the resilience to disinformation. Artificial intelligence (hereinafter AI) offers solutions in the fight against fake news, but also implies ethical challenges regarding its use. This research explores the use of AI in Europe for verifying information, as well as the development of training programmes focused on AI literacy in relation to disinformation. To this end, the authors have used semi-structured interviews with verifiers who belong to the European Fact-Checking Standards Network. The results confirm that the literacy of fact-checkers is still in the nascent stages, and that the use of AI continues to evolve, especially around image verification. Although its implementation in newsrooms is quite common nowadays, there is still a lack of policies and principles needed in order to achieve a true symbiosis.
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Abuín-Penas, Javier, Juan-Manuel Corbacho-Valencia, and Jesús Pérez-Seoane. "Análisis de los contenidos verificados por los fact-checkers españoles en Instagram." Revista de Comunicación 22, no. 1 (2023): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26441/rc22.1-2023-3089.
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En las últimas décadas ha surgido un movimiento global de verificación (fact-checking) que tiene como objetivo combatir la desinformación. Estas organizaciones utilizan las redes sociales para visibilizar el contenido verificado. Este trabajo pretende conocer las características de los contenidos publicados por los verificadores españoles en Instagram, indagar qué factores pueden predecir la interacción y evaluar la importancia que a sus comunidades. Para ello, se han analizado todas las publicaciones de los fact-checkers españoles ligados a la IFCN en Instagram durante el año 2021 (n=655). Los datos se han extraído utilizando Crowdtangle y posteriormente se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de contenido, tanto cualitativo como cuantitativo, para observar cómo los formatos, temáticas y otras variables afectan al engagement de los usuarios. Los resultados muestran que las publicaciones relacionadas con la política y legislación han sido las más publicadas, aunque son las publicaciones sobre racismo y xenofobia las que reciben mayor engagement. Por otra parte, se ha observado que los fact-checkers no utilizan Instagram como una red social para generar conversación, sino más bien para presentar sus verificaciones de un modo visual.
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Abuín-Penas, Javier, María Isabel Míguez-González, and Alberto Dafonte-Gómez. "Verificación sobre la COVID-19 en Facebook. ¿Qué temas interesan a los seguidores de los fact-checkers?" Textual & Visual Media, no. 16 (December 30, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56418/txt.16.2022.001.
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La desinformación se ha convertido en un problema de gran magnitud en los últimos años. Además, la COVID-19 provocó una infodemia donde la que las organizaciones de fact-checking se dedicaron a verificar todo tipo de contenidos, especialmente sobre el virus. Por ello, este estudio pretende profundizar en las características temáticas, el engagement y la evolución cronológica de las publicaciones realizadas en Facebook, durante el año 2020, por los 16 fact-checkers iberoamericanos ligados a la IFCN. Utilizando una metodología mixta con un análisis de contenido, tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, los resultados muestran que los contenidos sobre la pandemia han ocupado un lugar protagonista en la comunicación de los verificadores, especialmente los relacionados con la situación de cada país, los tratamientos o las características del virus. Asimismo, se observa la influencia de la evolución de la pandemia, tanto en las publicaciones de los fact-checkers como en la respuesta de la audiencia.
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Lee, Sian, Aiping Xiong, Haeseung Seo, and Dongwon Lee. "“Fact-checking” fact checkers: A data-driven approach." Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, October 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-126.
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This study examined four fact checkers (Snopes, PolitiFact, Logically, and the Australian Associated Press FactCheck) using a data-driven approach. First, we scraped 22,349 fact-checking articles from Snopes and PolitiFact and compared their results and agreement on verdicts. Generally, the two fact checkers agreed with each other, with only one conflicting verdict among 749 matching claims after adjusting minor rating differences. Next, we assessed 1,820 fact-checking articles from Logically and the Australian Associated Press FactCheck, and highlighted the differences in their fact-checking behaviors. Major events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the presidential election drove increased the frequency of fact-checking, with notable variations in ratings and authors across fact checkers.
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Louis-Sidois, Charles. "Checking the French Fact-checkers." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4030887.
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Louis-Sidois, Charles. "Both Judge and Party? Investigating the Political Unbiasedness of Fact-checkers." Journal of the European Economic Association, March 19, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaf011.
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Abstract This paper provides the first statistical study of political differences between fact-checkers. I collect a comprehensive dataset of articles published by the six main general-interest French fact-checkers up until July 2021 and identify the political orientations of entities that are fact-checked. French fact-checkers commit to non-partisanship. However, they are affiliated with a media outlet. I find differences in fact-checkers’ political content, which reflect the media outlets’ slant. This implies that fact-checkers are not politically neutral. In particular, they are less likely to fact-check ideologically aligned entities; when they do, they are more likely to select statements that they assess as correct. Moreover, fact-checkers with connections to the government fact-check the incumbent party less often. Finally, political differences increase before elections. Replicating the analysis for U.S. fact-checkers to test the external validity yields similar results.
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Tsang, Nathan L. T., Mengzhe Feng, and Francis L. F. Lee. "How fact-checkers delimit their scope of practices and use sources: Comparing professional and partisan practitioners." Journalism, May 11, 2022, 146488492211008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14648849221100862.
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Fact-checkers, as their names suggest, are supposedly agents who check the validity of “facts.” But in reality, how do fact-checkers delimit the scope of their practices? What sources do they use to establish the truth and falsity of the examined materials? Do the practices of different types of fact-checkers vary in these aspects? This study examines how professional and partisan fact-checkers deal with facticity during a protest movement in Hong Kong. The content analysis shows that partisan fact-checkers, when compared to professional fact-checkers, are less likely to restrict themselves to debunking factual claims, and they are more likely to provide no source information for the materials used. Posts addressing “misleading claims,” as opposed to factual claims, are where partisan inclinations are more clearly exhibited. Moreover, partisan fact-checkers used government information in ways consistent with their political predilection. Implications of the findings on our understanding of the fact-checking enterprise are discussed.