Journal articles: 'Faunal bone'

1

Noerwidi, Sofwan. "EKSPLOITASI FAUNA DI SITUS LIANGAN, TEMANGGUNG: KAJIAN ARKEOZOOLOGI." Berkala Arkeologi 37, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v37i1.116.

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Liangan is a settlement site of Old Mataram in periodic of VI-X AD. Various aspects of ancient Javanese culture has been recovered from Liangan site, but has never been examined the relationship between human and fauna in the past. The study aims to determine the pattern of faunal exploitation through archaeozoological approach, which use ecofact (faunal bones and teeth) that were found in the 2016 excavation campaign. This study conducts qualitative analysis of morphological character of the bones and teeth. Archaeozoological study is covering biological aspects of fauna, and cultural aspects related to human activity. These aspects are including anatomical preservation condition, taphonomy (deposition process), taxonomy (species), age estimation and faunal diet pattern. In the result, mainly bones and teeth are identified as buffalo (Bubalus sp). Taphonomical preservation condition of buffalo bone indicating faunal exploitation for human consumption. The climatic condition of Sindoro highland which is not buffalo’s natural habitat indicates an intensive human intervention as domestication. This study shows that buffalo on Liangan site eat more leaves as browser which probably supplied by human.

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RUSSELL, Anna, and Hijlke BUITENHUIS. "Tell Damishliyya Faunal Bone Report." Anatolica 34 (May 31, 2008): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ana.34.0.2031569.

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Collins, Paul W., Noel F. R. Snyder, and Steven D. Emslie. "Faunal Remains in California Condor Nest Caves." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.222.

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Abstract Studies of faunal remains in California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) nests in the 1980s yielded bones and hair of a variety of small, medium-sized, and large mammals, and a near absence of avian and reptilian materials. A prevalence of small to medium-sized species may reflect ease of penetration of hides of such carrion and a relative abundance of ingestible bone from such species. Remains also included metal, plastic, and glass artifacts, likely mistaken for bone materials by condors. Size distributions of bone materials and percentage artifacts among hard remains suggest an overall absence of severe calcium-supply problems for condors.

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Doyon, Luc, Zhanyang Li, Hua Wang, Lila Geis, and Francesco d’Errico. "A 115,000-year-old expedient bone technology at Lingjing, Henan, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250156.

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Activities attested since at least 2.6 Myr, such as stone knapping, marrow extraction, and woodworking may have allowed early hominins to recognize the technological potential of discarded skeletal remains and equipped them with a transferable skillset fit for the marginal modification and utilization of bone flakes. Identifying precisely when and where expedient bone tools were used in prehistory nonetheless remains a challenging task owing to the multiple natural and anthropogenic processes that can mimic deliberately knapped bones. Here, we compare a large sample of the faunal remains from Lingjing, a 115 ka-old site from China which has yielded important hominin remains and rich faunal and lithic assemblages, with bone fragments produced by experimentally fracturing Equus caballus long bones. Our results provide a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria that can help zooarchaeologists and bone technologists distinguish faunal remains with intentional flake removal scars from those resulting from carcass processing activities. Experimental data shows marrow extraction seldom generates diaphyseal fragments bearing more than six flake scars arranged contiguously or in interspersed series. Long bone fragments presenting such characteristics can, therefore, be interpreted as being purposefully knapped to be used as expediency tools. The identification, based on the above experimental criteria, of 56 bone tools in the Lingjing faunal assemblage is consistent with the smaller size of the lithics found in the same layer. The continuity gradient observed in the size of lithics and knapped bones suggests the latter were used for tasks in which the former were less or not effective.

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Potts, Richard. "Temporal span of bone accumulations at Olduvai Gorge and implications for early hominid foraging behavior." Paleobiology 12, no. 1 (1986): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300002955.

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Bones of mammals exhibit progressive stages of weathering during their time of subaerial exposure. Consequently, the study of bone weathering in fossil assemblages may help to assess the period represented by an accumulation of bones. Stages of bone decomposition due to subaerial weathering have been identified in assemblages of fossil macromammals from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. A modern bone assemblage collected by spotted hyenas is used to devise a method for recognizing attritional accumulations of bones from weathering characteristics. This method, which involves study of long bone diaphyses, is applied to Plio-Pleistocene faunal assemblages from Olduvai, 1.70–1.85 ma old. Previous work indicates that early hominids had an important role in the collection of fauna at five of the six sites studied. It is shown that animal bones were accumulated at each site over a period of probably 5–10 yr or more. The length of this period, along with other taphonomic evidence, suggests that the processes of bone aggregation at these sites differed from those at the short-term campsites of modern, tropical hunter-gatherers.

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Noerwidi, Sofwan. "EKSPLOITASI FAUNA DI SITUS LIANGAN, TEMANGGUNG: KAJIAN ARKEOZOOLOGI." Berkala Arkeologi 37, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/berkalaarkeologi.v37i1.116.

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Liangan is a settlement site of Old Mataram in periodic of VI-X AD. Various aspects of ancient Javanese culture has been recovered from Liangan site, but has never been examined the relationship between human and fauna in the past. The study aims to determine the pattern of faunal exploitation through archaeozoological approach, which use ecofact (faunal bones and teeth) that were found in the 2016 excavation campaign. This study conducts qualitative analysis of morphological character of the bones and teeth. Archaeozoological study is covering biological aspects of fauna, and cultural aspects related to human activity. These aspects are including anatomical preservation condition, taphonomy (deposition process), taxonomy (species), age estimation and faunal diet pattern. In the result, mainly bones and teeth are identified as buffalo (Bubalus sp). Taphonomical preservation condition of buffalo bone indicating faunal exploitation for human consumption. The climatic condition of Sindoro highland which is not buffalo’s natural habitat indicates an intensive human intervention as domestication. This study shows that buffalo on Liangan site eat more leaves as browser which probably supplied by human. Liangan adalah sebuah situs permukiman masa Mataram Kuna yang dihuni pada sekitar abad VI-X Masehi. Berbagai aspek budaya masyarakat Jawa Kuna telah berhasil diungkap dari situs Liangan, namun belum ada yang mengkaji relasi antara manusia dan fauna di situs ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola eksploitasi fauna pada masa lampau melalui pendekatan arkeozoologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan arkeozoologi, dengan data ekofak berupa tulang dan gigi fauna yang ditemukan pada penelitian 2016. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif terhadap karakter morfologi (aspek bentuk) yang masih terpreservasi pada tulang dan gigi fauna. Studi arkeozoologi dalam penelitian ini mencakup beberapa aspek biologis fauna, dan aspek kultural yang berhubungan dengan pola tingkah laku manusia. Aspek-aspek tersebut meliputi kondisi preservasi anatomi, tafonomi (proses deposisi), taksonomi (jenis fauna), estimasi usia dan pola diet fauna. Hasilnya, diketahui bahwa hampir keseluruhan tulang dan gigi fauna di situs Liangan berasal dari jenis Kerbau (Bubalus sp). Kondisi preservasi dan tafonomi tulang kerbau mengindikasikan adanya eksploitasi fauna untuk dikonsumsi. Kondisi lingkungan dataran tinggi Sindoro yang tidak banyak menyediakan padang rumput sebagai habitat alami Kerbau, mendorong campur tangan intensif manusia dalam bentuk domestikasi. Berdasarkan studi gigigeligi diketahui pula bahwa Kerbau di situs Liangan lebih banyak mengkonsumsi daun (browser) yang asalnya kemungkinan besar disediakan oleh manusia.

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7

Hidayatullah, Ghufron. "ANALISIS TULANG FAUNA VERTEBRATA DARI DI SITUS GUA KIDANG, BLORA, JAWA TENGAH." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 7, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v7i2.170.

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<p>The research discusses the utilization of vertebrate fauna at the Kidang Cave site to identify the types and variations of vertebrate animals as subsistence and their respective habitats. The analysis was also instrumental in defining the natural landscape of Kidang Cave during the prehistoric era. Faunal fragments were previously analysed and identified taxonomically and anatomically. The analysis started with re-sortation of faunal bone fragments, classifying and further analyzing the data to obtain the number of identified specimens for each taxon (NISP) and the minimum number of individuals (MNI). From 8,265 bone fragments, only 1,378 were anatomically and taxonomically identifiable. The MNI calculation revealed a number of 23 taxa that were identified down to their familial levels and only two to class levels. The result of this research identified various fauna from different habitats were part of the human diet. Based on this analysis, the natural environment surrounding Kidang Cave during the prehistoric era was then predicted.</p>

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8

Rogers, Alan R. "On Equifinality in Faunal Analysis." American Antiquity 65, no. 4 (October 2000): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694423.

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A faunal assemblage may be dominated by dense bones either because the soft ones have been transported away or because they have been gnawed beyond recognition. Archaeologists have often despaired of distinguishing between these hypotheses and have attributed the problem to equifinality-to the fact that different causes can produce identical outcomes. Yet under the models of transport and attrition studied here, these causes do not produce identical outcomes. It has been difficult to distinguish between them only because conventional statistical methods lack power. Using the new method of abcml (Analysis of Bone Counts by Maximum Likelihood), it is easy to distinguish assemblages that were deposited by different agents. It is also possible to distinguish between assemblages that have suffered differing degrees of attritional damage, but this distinction is more difficult to make. It is also shown that the conventional method for recognizing attritional damage in faunal assemblages is remarkably low in power. The paper closes with a discussion of the word "equifinality" itself.

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9

RAUHUT, OLIVER W. M. "Post-cranial remains of ‘coelurosaurs’ (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania." Geological Magazine 142, no. 1 (January 2005): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756804000330.

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Small theropod post-cranial material from Tendaguru, Tanzania, the only known Late Jurassic theropod locality in the Southern Hemisphere, is reviewed. Material originally described as ‘coelurosaurs’ includes at least one taxon of basal tetanuran and one taxon of small abelisauroid. Together with the abelisauroid Elaphrosaurus and the presence of a larger ceratosaur in Tendaguru, this material indicates that ceratosaurs were an important faunal element of Late Jurassic East African theropod faunas. One bone furthermore shares derived characters with the holotype of the poorly known Middle Jurassic Australian theropod Ozraptor and allows the identification of the latter as the oldest known abelisauroid, thus indicating an early divergence of ceratosaurids and abelisauroids within ceratosaurs. Abelisauroids might have originated in Gondwana and represent important faunal elements of Cretaceous Gondwanan theropod faunas in general.

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Todisco, Dominique, and Hervé Monchot. "Bone Weathering in a Periglacial Environment: The Tayara Site (KbFk-7), Qikirtaq Island, Nunavik (Canada)." ARCTIC 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic9.

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Bone weathering analysis of the Palaeoeskimo Tayara site (Qikirtaq Island, Nunavik, Canada) documents site taphonomy in the Arctic periglacial environment. Like a majority of sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic, Tayara has a faunal assemblage dominated by marine mammals (seal, walrus, and beluga whale) and some terrestrial mammals (caribou, fox, and bear). Statistical and spatial analyses of five weathering stages reveal that large mammal bone preservation is generally good and does not seem to be influenced by taxonomic and skeletal differences. The good preservation of the faunal assemblage seems to have been favored by the burial of bones and their incorporation into the active layer, which suggests only limited mechanical deterioration (i.e., freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles, or both) before or at the time of burial. Burial depth partly explains the degree of bone weathering. Indeed, the well-preserved bones are found mainly where burial is associated with thicker overlying sediments. This implies rapid bone burial with a low degree of exposure to temperature changes and atmospheric processes. However, analysis also shows the presence of highly weathered bones where burial is associated with thicker overlying sediments. Consequently, differential bone depth probably does not explain all bone-weathering variability within the site. These results show the importance of examining bone weathering before any archaeozoological and paleoethnographic interpretations.

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Borić, Dušan, and Vesna Dimitrijević. "When did the ‘Neolithic package’ reach Lepenski Vir? Radiometric and faunal evidence." Documenta Praehistorica 34 (December 31, 2007): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.34.5.

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A recent dating program on animal bone samples from Lepenski Vir, along with faunal and various archaeometric analyses, allows us to suggest a new stratigraphic and chronological sequence for the Mesolithic-Neolithic site of Lepenski Vir in the north-central Balkans. In this paper, we particularly focus on the question of the introduction of domesticates to this site. By directly dating bones of domestic animals from the preserved faunal assemblage of Lepenski Vir, we show when the full ‘Neolithic package’ reached the site and interpret the character of this transformation.

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Surovell, Todd A., and Spencer R. Pelton. "Spatio-temporal variation in the preservation of ancient faunal remains." Biology Letters 12, no. 2 (February 2016): 20150823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0823.

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Palaeodemographic studies of animals using frequency distributions of radiocarbon dates are increasingly used in studies of Quaternary extinction but are complicated by taphonomic bias, or the loss of material through time. Current taphonomic models are based on the temporal frequency distributions of sediments, but bone is potentially lost at greater rates because not all sedimentary contexts preserve bone. We test the hypotheses that (i) the loss of bone over time is greater than that of sediment and (ii) this rate of loss varies geographically at large scales. We compiled radiocarbon dates on Pleistocene-aged bone from eastern Beringia (EB), the contiguous United States (CUSA) and South America (SA), from which we developed models of taphonomic loss. We find that bone is lost at greater rates than terrestrial sediment in general, but only for CUSA and SA. Bone in EB is lost at approximately the same rate as terrestrial sediments, which demonstrates the excellent preservation environments of arctic regions, presumably due to preservative effects of permafrost. These differences between bone and sediment preservation as well as between arctic and non-arctic regions should be taken into account by any research addressing past faunal population dynamics based on temporal frequency distributions.

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Burke, Chrissina C., Katie K. Tappan, Gavin B. Wisner, Julie A. Hoggarth, and Jaime J. Awe. "TO EAT, DISCARD, OR VENERATE: FAUNAL REMAINS AS PROXY FOR HUMAN BEHAVIORS IN LOWLAND MAYA PERI-ABANDONMENT DEPOSITS." Ancient Mesoamerica 31, no. 1 (2020): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536119000221.

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AbstractInterpreting middens, feasting events, ritual, or terminal deposits in the Maya world requires an evaluation of faunal remains. Maya archaeologists consistently evaluate other artifact classes, but often offer simply number of identified specimens values for skeletal elements recovered from these deposits. To further understand their archaeological significance, we analyzed faunal materials from deposits at the sites of Baking Pot and Xunantunich in the Upper Belize River Valley. We identified the species, bone elements, bone or shell artifacts, taphonomic signatures, and quantitative ratios recovered to test whether a deposit can be identified as a midden, part of a feasting ritual, terminal ritual, or other rituals significant to the Maya. Our analyses allow us to begin building a system for using faunal remains as a proxy for interpreting the significance of these deposits. In this paper, we present our results and hope to open the conversation for future evaluations of faunal remains in similar deposits.

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Shaffer, Brian S. "Quarter-Inch Screening: Understanding Biases in Recovery of Vertebrate Faunal Remains." American Antiquity 57, no. 1 (January 1992): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694839.

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Fine screening of archaeological materials is often too expensive or too time-consuming for large assemblages. Consequently, 1/4" has become a standard size of mesh used among North American archaeologists. Unfortunately, the effects of 1/4" screening on bone recovery and the biases in interpretations are poorly documented. One-quarter-inch screening biases faunal recovery towards "larger" bone specimens, but previous studies fail to document biases in the recovery of specific taxa or elements. To better understand these biases, screening tests were conducted on 26 modern, comparative specimens. Results of these tests indicate that recovery and loss of specific elements for each taxon can be predicted. Mammals with live weights of less than 140 g are almost completely lost by 1/4" screening. Specimens weighing from 71 to 340 g are poorly represented, while specimens weighing from 340 to 3,100 g are represented by most elements except foot bones. Taxa greater than 4,500 g are represented by most elements.

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Harvey, Virginia L., Victoria M. Egerton, Andrew T. Chamberlain, Phillip L. Manning, William I. Sellers, and Michael Buckley. "Interpreting the historical terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity of Cayman Brac (Greater Antilles, Caribbean) through collagen fingerprinting." Holocene 29, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618824793.

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Cayman Brac (Cayman Islands) lies within the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot, an epicenter of high biodiversity and endemism. However, all endemic terrestrial mammals on the Cayman Islands are now extinct, following post-1500 AD human colonization of the islands. Introduced rodents and domesticated mammals now exclusively represent this facet of terrestrial fauna on the Cayman Islands, and are a likely cause of endemic species loss on the islands. Cayman Brac has numerous caves and rock fissures that offer protection to a naturally accumulated ensemble of vertebrate sub-fossil bone remains, documenting modifications in island biodiversity through the Holocene. In this study, we showcase the first molecular faunal survey undertaken on sub-fossil remains from the Cayman Islands, using collagen fingerprinting for taxonomic identification of the cave skeletal deposits collected from a single cave system, Green Cave on Cayman Brac. Collagen type (I) extracts from 485 bone fragments were analyzed to determine faunal identity and assemblage composition. A total of 76% of the collagen fingerprint-yielding samples were mammalian in origin, 67% of which were identified as invasive murid rodents. Here, we present mass spectral biomarkers for the endemic terrestrial mammal fauna of Cayman Brac, including the extinct capromyid rodents, Capromys and Geocapromys (Rodentia: Capromyidae), alongside commentary on the composition of the sub-fossil bone assemblage between the five distinct depositional chambers that comprise Green Cave. Collagen (I) provides a key service in taxonomic identification and mapping of macroevolutionary trends, and these results suggest a pivotal role for murid rodents in the competition and extinction of terrestrial endemic mammals from the Cayman Islands.

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Lam, Y. M., and O. M. Pearson. "Bone density studies and the interpretation of the faunal record." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14, no. 3 (June 15, 2005): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20053.

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Fakhri, Nfn. "ARKEOFAUNA KAWASAN KARST BONTOCANI KABUPATEN BONE SULAWESI SELATAN." JURNAL WALENNAE 16, no. 1 (July 29, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/wln.v16i1.314.

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This study aims to provide a description of the fauna that once interacted with a human in the Bontocani karst Area in Bone District. Of the few excavated sites providing data availability of bone fragments that can be analyzed by conducting comparative studies with existing faunal composition of the fauna. The method of data collection is by excavation at some sites in this Karst Area. The results of this study document a wide range of vertebrates in the Balang Metti fauna including fish, frogs/toads, lizards, snakes, birds, Strigocuscus, Ailurops ursinus, insectivorous bats, Sulawesi monkeys, rats, Sulawesi pigs, babirusa and Anoa. In some layers of culture, the absence of anoa, indicates the environmental change from the environment of the fields and the weeds to the wet rain forest environment around the site, along with the extinction of this fauna. Based on the identified fauna bone analysis, it is illustrated that past habitats and environments in Bontocani Karst area have not changed much. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran secara lebih jelas tentang fauna-fauna yang pernah berinteraksi dengan manusia pendukung kebudayaan yang ada di Kawasan Karst Bontocani di Kabupaten Bone. Beberapa situs yang telah diekskavasi memberikan ketersediaan data berupa fragmen tulang yang dapat dianalisis dengan melakukan studi komparasi dengan komposisi tulang fauna yang ada saat ini. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan ekskavasi di beberapa situs yang ada di Kawasan Karst ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar jenis fauna yang ditemukan di situs ini adalah fauna bertulang belakang antara lain: ikan, kodok/katak, kadal, ular, burung, strigocuscus, Ailurops ursinus, kelelawar pemakan serangga, monyet sulawesi, tikus, babi sulawesi, babi russa dan anoa. Pada beberapa lapisan budaya, tidak adanya temuan fauna anoa, menunjukkan perubahan lingkungan dari lingkungan padang dan ilalang menjadi lingkungan hutan hujan basah di sekitar situs, seiring dengan punahnya fauna ini. Berdasarkan analisis tulang fauna yang berhasil diidentifikasi digambarkan bahwa habitat dan lingkungan masa lampau di Kawasan Karst Bontocani tidak banyak mengalami perubahan.

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Stewart, Kathlyn M., Leola Leblanc, Diana P. Matthiesen, and Jolee West. "Microfaunal remains from a modern east African raptor roost: patterning and implications for fossil bone scatters." Paleobiology 25, no. 4 (1999): 483–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300020340.

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Fish eagles (genus Haliaeetus) potentially have contributed the bones of their prey to many late Cenozoic concentrations of vertebrate microfossils. To evaluate possible biases in the taxa and skeletal elements preserved in assemblages accumulated by fish eagles, which could affect paleoecological and evolutionary interpretations derived from Cenozoic microfaunal localities, a sample of 1883 bones accumulated by modern African fish eagles (H. vocifer) was collected from a roost near Lake Turkana, Kenya. Characteristics of the bone assemblage include (1) taxonomic composition dominated by fish; (2) diverse but small-sized and ecologically restricted animals including inshore fish, aquatic birds, very small nocturnal mammals (which may have been contributed by other raptors), and small reptiles (possible predators on the roost); (3) poor survivorship for specific categories of skeletal elements; (4) considerable bone breakage for all but the smallest animals; and (5) a distinctive pattern of postcranial fragmentation for bird and mammal elements. The fish eagle element profile has some similarities to those of other diurnal raptors, but its cumulative signature can be distinguished from those of other bone accumulators and includes characteristics that would also be manifest in fossil assemblages. Examination of fossil microfaunas from the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Kanapoi (Kenya), Inolelo (Tanzania), and Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) shows that the patterns of element preservation for Kanapoi and Inolelo do not match those of the Lake Turkana fish eagle roost. Nonetheless, some aspects of the Olduvai Gorge FLKN assemblage show taxonomic and skeletal similarites. In light of the selective choices of prey by fish eagles, the fauna recovered from Olduvai Gorge FLKN might not accurately reflect faunal diversity or patterns of abundance at this locality during the Pleistocene. Because fish eagles of the genus Haliaeetus are found on three continents, have a fossil record extending to the Miocene, and deposit bones in a habitat conducive to preservation, the taxa preserved at many other late Cenozoic microfaunal sites also might be biased. Therefore, taphonomic profiles of late Cenozoic microfaunal assemblages should be compared against the taphonomic profiles typical of fish eagle roosts before faunal characterizations of sites are applied in analyses of paleoecological evolution.

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WELCOMME, JEAN-LOUP, MOULOUD BENAMMI, JEAN-YVES CROCHET, LAURENT MARIVAUX, GRÉGOIRE MÉTAIS, PIERRE-OLIVIER ANTOINE, and IBRAHIM BALOCH. "Himalayan Forelands: palaeontological evidence for Oligocene detrital deposits in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan)." Geological Magazine 138, no. 4 (July 2001): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801005428.

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In the southwestern Sulaiman geological province (Balochistan, Pakistan), terrestrial detrital facies from the Bugti Hills region have yielded the richest Tertiary vertebrate faunas to be found in Asia thus far. New fossils from five successive and distinct ‘bone beds’ bridge the supposed Oligocene sedimentary hiatus within the Sulaiman geological province; the lowermost continental levels of the previously described Miocene Chitarwata Formation, known as the Bugti Member, are Oligocene in age in the Bugti area. Neither a mixture of heterochronic faunal elements nor endemism of any fauna is evident in this area. Additional microfaunal material from the Bugti Member constrains an Oligocene age for the lower Chitarwata Formation in Zinda Pir (northeast of the Bugti Hills). This Oligocene transition between the marine Kirthar (Eocene) and continental Siwalik (Miocene) deposits consists of a regressive fluvio-deltaic system occupying a vast floodplain. It represents an early-stage molasse in the palaeo-Indus Basin which drained western orogenic highlands resulting from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

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Hopley, Philip J., and Mark A. Maslin. "Climate-averaging of terrestrial faunas: an example from the Plio-Pleistocene of South Africa." Paleobiology 36, no. 1 (2010): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.32.

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Fundamental to the interpretation of bone-bearing faunal deposits is an understanding of the taphonomic processes that have modified the once living fossil community. An often neglected source of bias is that of climate-averaging, which occurs when the duration of bone accumulation exceeds the duration of an individual climatic episode. Tropical and subtropical climate change is dominated by precessional cyclicity (~21,000 year cycle), which controls monsoon rainfall intensity and thus plant communities over time. Under a climate-averaging scenario, the paleoecological characteristics of a faunal deposit represent an amalgamation of more than one phase of the precessional cycle. We investigate the degree of climate-averaging in Plio-Pleistocene bone breccias from South Africa by comparing stable isotope measurements of fossil enamel with the evidence from high-resolution speleothem paleoclimate proxies. We conclude that each of the four faunal assemblages studied are climate-averaged, having formed over a time period in excess of one-third of a precessional cycle (~7000 years). This has implications for the reconstruction of hominin paleoenvironments and estimates of Plio-Pleistocene biodiversity. We hypothesize that climate-averaging may be a common feature of tropical terrestrial vertebrate assemblages throughout the Cenozoic and Mesozoic.

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Jones, Terry L., and Brian F. Codding. "Historical Contingencies, Issues of Scale, and Flightless Hypotheses: A Response to Hildebrandt et al." American Antiquity 75, no. 3 (July 2010): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.3.689.

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Hildebrandt et al. offer this rather vitriolic challenge to our conclusions on the Diablo Canyon fauna in order to recast the data in favor of their view that major diachronic trends in western North American prehistory are the product of an increase in men's prestige hunting over time. Here we respond, first by discussing our view of the relationship between historical contingencies and behavioral ecological models, second by showing that the patterns they find in a regional faunal dataset result only from inappropriate aggregation of bone counts, third by questioning the potential prestige value of highly vulnerable species, and finally by making the case that standard behavioral ecological models, punctuated by historical contingencies, provide more parsimonious, albeit less fanciful, explanations for patterning in the western North American faunal record. We conclude by suggesting that when practitioners attempt to explain away empirical variability in order to support a favored hypothesis, it might be time to acknowledge that the hypothesis has failed to take flight.

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Pizarro-Monzo, Marcos, Mary E. Prendergast, Agness O. Gidna, Enrique Baquedano, Rocio Mora, Diego Gonzalez-Aguilera, Miguel A. Mate-Gonzalez, and Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo. "Do human butchery patterns exist? A study of the interaction of randomness and channelling in the distribution of cut marks on long bones." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 174 (January 2021): 20200958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0958.

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Bone surface modifications (BSMs) in faunal assemblages are frequently used to infer past agency and actions of hominins and carnivores, with implications for the emergence of key human behaviours. Patterning of BSMs has mostly been defined as a combination of the intensity of marks per bone portion and sometimes per element. Numerous variables involved in butchery can condition cut mark anatomical distribution, so much so that these variables are widely assumed to be stochastic. Here, we present a new methodological approach using a novel geospatial tool (Ikhnos) which combines the three-dimensional spatial documentation of cut mark patterns with spatial statistics based on wavelets, applied to three experimental and ethnoarchaeological faunal assemblages. We use wavelets to identify patterning of multiple longitudinal series of cut mark distributions on bones, and to establish similarities or differences in patterning within and across different assemblages. This method demonstrates the existence of general and behaviour-specific butchery patterns. It can also be used to effectively assess the proportion of mark clustering that is due to randomness, versus that which is conditioned by the butchery process.

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van der Plicht, J., P. M. M. G. Akkermans, H. Buitenhuis, A. Kaneda, O. Nieuwenhuyse, and A. Russell. "Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: An Interpretation of Stable Isotope Values of Faunal Bone Collagen." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220004707x.

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At Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria, radiocarbon dating previously provided a robust chronology for the 7th–early 6th millennium BC, the Late Neolithic. The continuous inhabitation spans the 8.2 ka climate event. This chronology has been used here in a study of stable isotope (13C and 15N) data of animal bones. This is the first isotope study undertaken on material from this area. The results are used to explore diet and therefore animal management practices through the period ∼6800–5800 BC. A climatic signal could not be detected in the bone samples.

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Teeter, Wendy Giddens. "CERRO PORTEZUELO FAUNAL REMAINS AND WORKED BONE: WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM EARLY EXCAVATED COLLECTIONS." Ancient Mesoamerica 24, no. 1 (2013): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536113000114.

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AbstractAnalyses of the faunal remains from Cerro Portezuelo indicate that the site's pre-Hispanic residents made use of both wild and domesticated animals commonly found near lakeshores and agricultural fields. Most of the faunal assemblage examined comes from a Postclassic period residential structure, providing information regarding the animal species utilized by the early inhabitants of the area and the types of household activities they engaged in using tools made from worked bone. Examination of the collections from another part of the site shows intriguing similarities to the animal selection practices previously identified in the Epiclassic period collections from Oztoyahualco, Teotihuacan.

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Halffman, Carrin M., Ben A. Potter, Holly J. McKinney, Takumi Tsutaya, Bruce P. Finney, Brian M. Kemp, Eric J. Bartelink, et al. "Ancient Beringian paleodiets revealed through multiproxy stable isotope analyses." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (September 2020): eabc1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1968.

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The earliest Native Americans have often been portrayed as either megafaunal specialists or generalist foragers, but this debate cannot be resolved by studying the faunal record alone. Stable isotope analysis directly reveals the foods consumed by individuals. We present multi-tissue isotope analyses of two Ancient Beringian infants from the Upward Sun River site (USR), Alaska (~11,500 years ago). Models of fetal bone turnover combined with seasonally-sensitive taxa show that the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of USR infant bone collagen reflects maternal diets over the summer. Using comparative faunal isotope data, we demonstrate that although terrestrial sources dominated maternal diets, salmon was also important, supported by carbon isotope analysis of essential amino acids and bone bioapatite. Tooth enamel samples indicate increased salmon use between spring and summer. Our results do not support either strictly megafaunal specialists or generalized foragers but indicate that Ancient Beringian diets were complex and seasonally structured.

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Genz, Hermann. "Restoring the balance: an Early Bronze Age scale beam from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida, Lebanon." Antiquity 85, no. 329 (August 2011): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068344.

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The author reports an object of modest appearance but great significance — a small bone beam for weighing precious commodities. Weighing indicates the regulation of quantities for exchange or manufacture and is thus a key agent of social and economic complexity. Well-stratified and dated to the early third millennium BC, this find puts the people of the Levant among the earliest to quantify mass. We are rightly urged to inspect faunal assemblages for similarly subtle modifications of bones.

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Buchner, A. P., and L. J. Roberts. "Reevaluation of an Implement of “Elephant Bone” from Manitoba." American Antiquity 55, no. 3 (July 1990): 605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281292.

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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating and faunal analysis have served to reidentify an implement, fashioned from what was believed to be a proboscidean fibula, as a cranium and antler section of a modern moose. This reconciles the discrepancy between the generally accepted date for the extinction of mammoths and mastodons (before 10,000 years ago) with the recession of glacial Lake Agassiz from the site after 8,000 years ago.

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Todd, Lawrence C., and David J. Rapson. "Long bone fragmentation and interpretation of faunal assemblages: Approaches to comparative analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 15, no. 3 (May 1988): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(88)90067-2.

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Madgwick, Richard, and Jacqui Mulville. "Reconstructing depositional histories through bone taphonomy: extending the potential of faunal data." Journal of Archaeological Science 53 (January 2015): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.015.

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Malikov, D. G., V. V. Sizova, N. E. Berdnikova, I. M. Berdnikov, and D. N. Lokhov. "Archeozoological Characteristics of the Shchapova 2 Paleolithic Site in Irkutsk." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 33 (2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2020.33.3.

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The paper presents the detailed results of the archaeozoological study of the large mammals from the Shchapova 2 Upper Paleolithic site located in Irkutsk. Excavations in 2019 revealed four conditionally defined horizons with archaeological and faunal material; within the studied area subaerial sediments of deluvial origin were uncovered. Layers 3 and 4 were attributed to the Karginian period (MIS 3), layer 2 to the Early Sartanian period (MIS 2), layer 1 to the Holocene (MIS 1). The largest number of bone remains was obtained from layer 4. Altogether we recognized ten taxa: Spermophilus sp., Panthera spelaea, Mammuthus primigenius, Equus sp., Coelodonta antiquitatis, Cervus elaphus, Megaloceros giganteus, Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus, Bison priscus. The species composition of Shchapova 2 site is characteristic of the Late Pleistocene of region with a predominance of horse and steppe bison, diversity of cervids and presence of woolly mammoth and rhinoceros. Most of the bones have only slightly weathered surfaces. It indicates that the bulk of the bone remains were only exposed for a short time on the surface or in the soil prior to deeper burial. The analysis of the faunal material suggests that the accumulation of bones from layers 3 and 4 took place in the hunter camp. The subsistence strategy was based primarily on two game animals: horse and steppe bison. Horses and steppe bison were killed in the immediate vicinity of the site. Sometimes red deer and moose were hunted from remote areas. Large parts of horse and steppe bison carcasses were transported from a kill and initial butchering site to a residential and consumption site. Most likely the complete and unprocessed reindeer carcasses were brought to the camp. Reindeer skull fragments found in the layer 4 indicate that the Shchapova 2 site most likely was seasonally occupied during late autumn or winter. However, due to the small amount of bones these data are preliminary. The fauna from the Upper Paleolithic site Shchapova 2 is indicative of tundra-steppe. The presence of red deer and moose remains suggests the forest in the vicinity of the site, probably represented by floodplain forests.

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Losey, Robert J., Lacey S. Fleming, Tatiana Nomokonova, Andrei V. Gusev, Natalia V. Fedorova, Sandra Garvie-Lok, Olga P. Bachura, Pavel A. Kosintsev, and Mikhail V. Sablin. "Human and Dog Consumption of Fish on the Lower Ob River of Siberia: Evidence for a Major Freshwater Reservoir Effect at the Ust’-Polui Site." Radiocarbon 60, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.77.

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AbstractUst’-Polui is one of the most extensively studied archaeological sites in the western Siberian Arctic. New radiocarbon (14C) dates for charcoal, faunal remains, bark, hide, and human bone from this site are presented. When modeled, the charcoal dates span from ~260 BC to 140 AD, overlapping with the dendrochronology dates from the site. These dates also overlap with the expected age of the site based on artefact typology. 14C dates on reindeer bone have a slightly younger modeled age range, from ~110 BC to 350 AD. In contrast, dates on the site’s numerous dog remains, and on human and fish bone, all predate these modeled age ranges by over 500 years, despite being from the same deposits. Several sets of paired dates demonstrate significant age differences. Bone dates with lower δ13C values tend to be over 500 years older than those with higher δ13C values. Stable isotope data for the humans, dogs, and other faunal remains are also presented. These data suggest the dogs and the humans were regularly consuming freshwater fish. The dogs were probably fed fish by their human counterparts. Overall, the dog and human dietary patterns at Ust’-Polui created 14C dates biased with major freshwater reservoir effects.

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Todd, Lawrence C., Jack L. Hofman, and C. Bertrand Schultz. "Faunal Analysis and Paleoindian Studies: A Reexamination of the Lipscomb Bison Bone bed." Plains Anthropologist 37, no. 139 (May 1992): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1992.11909676.

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Kuhn, Brian F. "Bone Accumulations of Spotted Hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta, Erxleben, 1777) as Indicators of Diet and Human Conflict; Mashatu, Botswana." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/178348.

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In a region where free ranging domestic species mix with wildlife, it is imperative to determine what, if any, predation may have occurred on domestic stock. As human settlements continuously encroach upon wild habitats, determining the types of predator-human conflicts that exist can be crucial to conserve numerous predator species. The partial diet of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) of the Mashatu Game Reserve, Botswana, was established via analyses of faunal remains associated with four dens to determine predation/scavenging on wild or domestic species. Domestic species composed less than 3% of identified faunal remains. We acknowledge that this methodology is biased against small mammals, but, when combined with sociological studies, this methodology will aid in determining alleged predation on domestic stock by spotted hyaenas. Results indicated that the spotted hyaenas in question feed primarily on wild species.

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Ferguson, Jeffrey R., and Craig E. Skinner. "Bone Cave: A Severely Disturbed Cave Site in Central Oregon." North American Archaeologist 26, no. 2 (April 2005): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cy5t-w8dq-j14g-99q1.

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The presence of obsidian artifacts available for hydration and sourcing analysis, a high concentration of well-preserved faunal remains, a limited time span of occupation, and a wealth of obsidian research in the region, make Bone Cave an ideal example of an often ignored class of archaeological site. Although highly disturbed, analysis of the excavation results allowed us to determine that Bone Cave served as a probable pre-Mazama (prior to 6850 B.P.) rabbit processing site during the Early Holocene. The disturbed site of Bone Cave shows that field research is possible even in a region or political environment in which the excavation of intact sites is not.

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Higham, Thomas, Atholl Anderson, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, and Christine Tompkins. "Diet-Derived Variations in Radiocarbon and Stable Isotopes: A Case Study from Shag River Mouth, New Zealand." Radiocarbon 47, no. 3 (2005): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035141.

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Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) determinations of rat bones from natural and cultural sites in New Zealand have produced ages at odds with the accepted date for early human settlement by over 1000 yr. Since rats are a human commensal, this implies either an earlier visitation by people or problems with the reliability of the AMS determinations. One explanation for the extreme ages is dietary variation involving movement of depleted radiocarbon through dietary food chains to rats. To investigate this, we 14C dated fauna from the previously well-dated site of Shag River Mouth. The faunal remains were of species that consumed carbon derived from a variety of environments within the orbit of the site, including the estuary, river, land, and sea. The 14C results showed a wide range in age among estuarine and freshwater species. Terrestrial and marine organisms produced ages within expectations. We also found differences between bone dated using the Oxford ultrafiltration method and those treated using the filtered gelatin method. This implies that contamination could also be of greater importance than previously thought.

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Crader, Diana C. "Slave Diet at Monticello." American Antiquity 55, no. 4 (October 1990): 690–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281246.

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The results of a detailed analysis of the faunal remains from the slave dwelling known as Building “o” at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s well-known Virginia plantation, do not conform with the expected slave quarter faunal pattern in that more complete carcasses and higher quality cuts of meat are represented. The bone assemblage contrasts with the lower quality meats found in the Storehouse at Monticello, which also is thought to have been occupied by slaves. This raises the issue of differences in meat diet within the slave community at Monticello, and it is suggested that either higher status or a complex taphonomic history involving the deposition of mixed plantation refuse may explain the patterning that is present.

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Senra, Marta, Cláudia Costa, Ana Bettencourt, Lídia Baptista, and Sérgio Gomes. "Faunal Remains from Torre Velha 12 (Serpa, Beja, Southwest of Portugal): Relationship between Animals and Bronze Age Communities." Heritage 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010016.

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Torre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (LB and SG), during an emergency intervention within the Alqueva Project. This site is characterized by negative structures filled with pottery sherds and other materials dating to the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. The aim of this paper is to publish the study of the faunal remains dated from Bronze Age (2nd millennium BCE). The faunal assemblage is small and comes from non-funerary pits and from funerary hypogea. Other than a bone artefact and an undetermined shell fragment, all of the remains integrated in the pits were classified as mammals. Sheep/goat is was frequently found while other species such as cattle and swines had lower frequencies. Fragments of cattle limbs are the only faunal remains associated with human burials and reveal a clear taxonomical and anatomical pattern that may be an indicator of a careful and structured anthropogenic behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the social relationship between animals and the Bronze Age communities.

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Wagner, Jan, Qigao Jiangzuo, Jadranka Mauch Lenardić, and Jinyi Liu. "Taxonomic revision of bears from the locality Šandalja I (Croatia) and its biostratigraphic consequences." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0028.

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Abstract Šandalja I palaeocave (“fossil” cave), situated in the southern part of the Istrian peninsula (Croatia), is a well-known locality due to the abundant fossil remains extracted from the bone breccia. It is broadly accepted that the fauna is Middle Villafranchian in age. Since the beginning, the taxonomic status of bear remains has caused controversy and, as a consequence, different authors listed between one to three bear species from this site. Detailed revision of dental material confirmed the presence of two bear species – Ursus thibetanus and U. deningeri. On the other hand, the previously reported presence of U. etruscus was refuted. Subsequently, based on the presence of these two bear taxa, the age of the whole faunal assemblage was re-evaluated and determined as Middle Pleistocene (Toringian).

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Markova, Anastasia K., Andrey L. Chepalyga, and Andrey Yu Puzachenko. "Palaeoenvironments of the Manych Valley at the End of Late Pleistocene Based on Rodent and Mollusk Data from Sanmanych (Rostov District, Russia)." Fossil Imprint 75, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2019): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2019-0020.

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A thorough consideration is given to the geological, palaeotheriological and malacological materials obtained from the Pleistocene Sanmanych locality, which is the only locality with mammal fauna in the Manych depression (46°24′53″ N, 42°36′25″ E). The brackish-water mollusk composition indicated that the bone-bearing series should be correlated to the Early Khvalynian transgression. The fossil record gives an insight into the palaeoenvironment at the time that the Caspian Sea water broke through the Manych depression into the Black Sea basin. The faunal evidence points to arid conditions and a cool climate. The rodent species composition is rather poor; it exclusively includes species indicative for an open environment, which suggests a wide spread occurrence of steppe and semi-deserts in the Manych valley during the Late Glacial (~16–12 ka BP).

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Feranec, Robert S., and Andrew L. Kozlowski. "AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Pleistocene and Holocene Mammals Housed in the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA." Radiocarbon 52, no. 1 (2010): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045136.

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Despite its rich paleontological record, only limited research has been published on the Pleistocene and Holocene vertebrate faunal record of New York State. This paper presents a set of dates from the bone collagen of Pleistocene and Holocene mammal specimens housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collections at the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA.

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Stahl, Peter W. "Selective Faunal Provisioning in the Southern Highlands of Formative Ecuador." Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 3 (September 2005): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042496.

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AbstractAnalysis of a large animal bone assemblage from the Formative archaeological site of Challuabamba in Ecuador’s southern highlands provides additional evidence for the existence of local and extra-local trade connections during the second millennium B.C. Previous archaeological research has established that Formative occupants of this highland region accessed various maritime and terrestrial routes for the long-distance exchange of exotic goods with different highland and lowland areas throughout the Andes. The Formative zooarchaeological record at Challuabamba clearly implicates the provisioning of select high yield body portions of deer and the importation of exotic taxa, or parts thereof most likely from lowland sources directly to the west. Taphonomic analyses and zooarchaeological identification of the Challuabamba assemblage offer additional corroborating evidence for the early operation of prehispanic trade systems in the Northern Andes.

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Gallo, Giulia, Matthew Fyhrie, Cleantha Paine, Sergey V. Ushakov, Masami Izuho, Byambaa Gunchinsuren, Nicolas Zwyns, and Alexandra Navrotsky. "Characterization of structural changes in modern and archaeological burnt bone: Implications for differential preservation bias." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0254529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254529.

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Structural and thermodynamic factors which may influence burnt bone survivorship in archaeological contexts have not been fully described. A highly controlled experimental reference collection of fresh, modern bone burned in temperature increments 100–1200˚C is presented here to document the changes to bone tissue relevant to preservation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Specific parameters investigated here include the rate of organic loss, amount of bone mineral recrystallization, and average growth in bone mineral crystallite size. An archaeological faunal assemblage ca. 30,000 years ago from Tolbor-17 (Mongolia) is additionally considered to confirm visibility of changes seen in the modern reference sample and to relate structural changes to commonly used zooarchaeological scales of burning intensity. The timing of our results indicates that the loss of organic components in both modern and archaeological bone burnt to temperatures up to 700˚C are not accompanied by growth changes in the average crystallite size of bone mineral bioapatite, leaving the small and reactive bioapatite crystals of charred and carbonized bone exposed to diagenetic agents in depositional contexts. For bones burnt to temperatures of 700˚C and above, two major increases in average crystallite size are noted which effectively decrease the available surface area of bone mineral crystals, decreasing reactivity and offering greater thermodynamic stability despite the mechanical fragility of calcined bone. We discuss the archaeological implications of these observations within the context of Tolbor-17 and the challenges of identifying anthropogenic fire.

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Clark, Tiffany C. "Assessing Room Function Using Unmodified Faunal Bone: A Case Study from East-Central Arizona." KIVA 64, no. 1 (January 1998): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00231940.1998.11758367.

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Nikonov, A. A., and J. Van der Plicht. "The first radiocarbon data of bone remains of mammoth faunal forms in northwestern Russia." Doklady Earth Sciences 432, no. 1 (May 2010): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x10050168.

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Schurr, Mark R., and David A. Gregory. "Fluoride Dating of Faunal Materials by Ion-Selective Electrode: High Resolution Relative Dating at an Early Agricultural Period Site in the Tucson Basin." American Antiquity 67, no. 2 (April 2002): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694567.

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When the fluoride content of bone is measured with an ion-selective electrode, and when the technique is correctly applied, fluoride dating is a very economical method for developing fine-scale relative chronologies. It has been successfully used to develop relative chronologies for prehistoric human burials and fossilized bones throughout the world, but its much greater potential for the dating of unfossilized faunal materials has been neglected. The fluoride contents of 889 lagomorph and 16 artiodactyl bones from 183 contexts at Los Pozos, an Early Agricultural period site in Arizona, illustrate how fluoride measurements can be used to date features. Fluoride dating offers a temporal resolution capable of distinguishing between features separated by as little as 20 to 40 years.

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Sahle, Yonatan, Sireen El Zaatari, and Tim D. White. "Hominid butchers and biting crocodiles in the African Plio–Pleistocene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (November 6, 2017): 13164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716317114.

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Zooarchaeologists have long relied on linear traces and pits found on the surfaces of ancient bones to infer ancient hominid behaviors such as slicing, chopping, and percussive actions during butchery of mammal carcasses. However, such claims about Plio–Pleistocene hominids rely mostly on very small assemblages of bony remains. Furthermore, recent experiments on trampling animals and biting crocodiles have shown each to be capable of producing mimics of such marks. This equifinality—the creation of similar products by different processes—makes deciphering early archaeological bone assemblages difficult. Bone modifications among Ethiopian Plio–Pleistocene hominid and faunal remains at Asa Issie, Maka, Hadar, and Bouri were reassessed in light of these findings. The results show that crocodiles were important modifiers of these bone assemblages. The relative roles of hominids, mammalian carnivores, and crocodiles in the formation of Oldowan zooarchaeological assemblages will only be accurately revealed by better bounding equifinality. Critical analysis within a consilience-based approach is identified as the pathway forward. More experimental studies and increased archaeological fieldwork aimed at generating adequate samples are now required.

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McCaffery, Harlan, Robert H. Tykot, Kathy Durand Gore, and Beau R. DeBoer. "Stable Isotope Analysis of Turkey (Meleagriscc Gallopavo) Diet from Pueblo II and Pueblo III Sites, Middle San Juan Region, Northwest New Mexico." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (April 2014): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.337.

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AbstractThe transition from the Pueblo 11 Period (A.D. 1050–1150) to the Pueblo III Period (A.D. 1150–1300) in the San Juan Basin marks an intensification of turkey use, evidenced by an increase in the percentage of faunal assemblages representing turkey bones. We examine stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen ( δ15N) isotopic values of turkey bones from three ancestral Puebloan sites in the Middle San Juan Region to test the hypothesis that this intensification is linked to an increase in the amount of maize in the turkeys’ diets. We find no significant change in δ13C or δ15N across the two time periods, and all of the specimens’ values indicate maize consumption. A plot of bone apatite δ13C against collagen δ13C is consistent with a model of diets high in C4protein, indicating that the turkeys did not use an alternative source of protein to maize and/or fauna that fed on maize. The reliance of both humans and turkeys on maize indicates a degree of turkey-human interdependency not previously known in the Middle San Juan Region. Future inquiries into the paleodiet of turkeys should target times and places where there is likely to have been a transition from hunting to domestication.

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Seersholm, Frederik V., Theresa L. Cole, Alicia Grealy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Karen Greig, Michael Knapp, Michael Stat, et al. "Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803573115.

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New Zealand’s geographic isolation, lack of native terrestrial mammals, and Gondwanan origins make it an ideal location to study evolutionary processes. However, since the archipelago was first settled by humans 750 y ago, its unique biodiversity has been under pressure, and today an estimated 49% of the terrestrial avifauna is extinct. Current efforts to conserve the remaining fauna rely on a better understanding of the composition of past ecosystems, as well as the causes and timing of past extinctions. The exact temporal and spatial dynamics of New Zealand’s extinct fauna, however, can be difficult to interpret, as only a small proportion of animals are preserved as morphologically identifiable fossils. Here, we conduct a large-scale genetic survey of subfossil bone assemblages to elucidate the impact of humans on the environment in New Zealand. By genetically identifying more than 5,000 nondiagnostic bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites, we reconstruct a rich faunal record of 110 species of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and marine mammals. We report evidence of five whale species rarely reported from New Zealand archaeological middens and characterize extinct lineages of leiopelmatid frog (Leiopelma sp.) and kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) haplotypes lost from the gene pool. Taken together, this molecular audit of New Zealand’s subfossil record not only contributes to our understanding of past biodiversity and precontact Māori subsistence practices but also provides a more nuanced snapshot of anthropogenic impacts on native fauna after first human arrival.

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Spiess, Arthur E., Mary Lou Curran, and John R. Grimes. "Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus L.) Bones from New England Paleoindian Sites." North American Archaeologist 6, no. 2 (October 1985): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jp8k-0v8f-hlpv-xwgn.

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The use of caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) and beaver ( Castor canadensis) by New England Paleoindians has been confirmed by new evidence. Using an approach which includes consideration of bone shrinkage during calcination, in addition to species—specific morphology, Spiess has identified faunal assemblages composed exclusively of mammal bone from two sites in central New England, The Bull Brook site (Massachusetts) and the Whipple site (New Hampshire). Caribou is the most commonly identified species at both sites, although beaver is present at Bull Brook. Because of the variability of caribou behavior in different environmental contexts, the implications of these identifications for the reconstruction of Paleoindian subsistence economy must await further research.

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Yerkes, Richard W. "Bone Chemistry, Body Parts, and Growth Marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian Seasonality, Subsistence, Ritual, and Feasting." American Antiquity 70, no. 2 (April 2005): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035703.

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Human stable isotope values and deer utility indices have been used to reconstruct Hopewell and Mississippian diets and subsistence practices, but seasonality studies are also needed to resolve debates about feasting and elite provisioning. Dispersed Hopewell tribes foraged for food and harvested native cultigens. Seasonal feasts at earthworks helped integrate the dispersed populations. Mississippian subsistence cycles are reflected in the seasonal abundance of deposited floral and faunal remains. Pits filled in spring/summer have many fish, but few deer bones. Deer remains are abundant, but fish are rare, in pits filled during the fall/winter. Finding few deer remains in some pits at Cahokia may not mean that deer were scarce but may mean that few deer were hunted during the seasons when those trash pits were filled. Stable isotope values in human burials, analyses of floral and faunal remains from pits and middens filled throughout the year, and diachronic studies of deer size and herd stability indicate that the Cahokia elite consumed a variety of foods including substantial amounts of fish and venison. Patterns in deer element distributions in “elite“” and “non-elite” contexts suggest that venison may have been part of the tribute that was presented to high-status Cahokians.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Faunal bone'

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