Academic literature on the topic 'Feedstock Type'
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Journal articles on the topic "Feedstock Type"
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Jiao, Yue, Lina Tian, Shu Yu, et al. "AAEM Species Migration/Transformation during Co-Combustion of Carbonaceous Feedstocks and Synergy Behavior on Co-Combustion Reactivity: A Critical Review." Energies 16, no. 22 (2023): 7473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227473.
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Co-combustion is a crucial route for the high-efficiency utilization and clean conversion of different carbonaceous feedstocks (biomass, coal, petroleum coke, etc.). The migration and transformation of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) are not only related to ash-related issues in actual application, but also directly affect the reaction behavior of binary particles during co-conversion. This review paper summarizes research progress in the detection methods (online and offline) and influencing factors (feedstock type, feedstock blending ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time) of AAEMs migration and transformation during the co-combustion of carbonaceous feedstocks. Furthermore, it provides a detailed summary of research progress on factors (feedstock blending ratio, heating rate, etc.) influencing the co-combustion reactivity of carbonaceous feedstocks, synergy behavior, and its mechanisms. The influence of feedstock type on AAEMs migration and transformation during co-combustion is mainly related to the composition categories, chemical forms and contents of intrinsic mineral in binary feedstocks. The increase in the combustion temperature will intensify the release of inherent AAEMs in carbonaceous feedstocks, and promote AAEM deactivation. For high K and Cl-containing biomass, a higher biomass proportion in blends would result in more AAEMs release during the co-combustion process. Conversely, an increase in coal proportion in blends will directly favor the reduction or inhibition of AAEMs release. Synergy behavior during co-pyrolysis and subsequent char co-combustion is usually presented as an inhibition effect and an synergistic effect, respectively. The synergistic mechanisms of carbonaceous feedstock co-combustion reactions can be divided into two categories: non-catalytic synergistic mechanisms related to the excitation and migration of biomass-based free radicals and catalytic synergistic mechanisms related to biomass-based AAEMs catalysis. Additionally, future research prospects are also proposed based on the systematic review.
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B S, Nithyananda, G. V. Naveen Prakash, Vinay K B, Mohankrishna S A, and Naveen Ankegowda. "Investigation on the Effect of Fatty Acids Composition on the Fuel Properties of Biodiesel." E3S Web of Conferences 559 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455903001.
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The fatty acids compositions of biodiesel strongly influence its properties. The fatty acid compositions are dependent on feedstock type and are affected by climatic conditions and type of soil. The composition and quality of biodiesel feedstock drives the fuel properties. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of fatty acid compositions of simarouba, pongamia and composite biodiesel on their fuel properties. The fatty acid compositions are determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) method. The fuel properties are determined using standard methods. Simarouba oil which is rich in saturated fatty acids and pongamia oil which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids are mixed in equal volume. This results in new composite oil having fatty acids composition different from its parent oils. It is found that composite biodiesel has shared fuel properties from its parent oils. Thus, mixing of two or more oils from different feedstocks will lead to new composite oil enriched with properties, which will help in reducing the dependence on particular feedstock for biodiesel.
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Gupta, Rajeev Kumar, Bhuvana Vukkum, and Ahmed A. Darwish. "(Corrosion Division Rusty Award for Mid-Career Excellence) Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials: The Role of Feedstock Modification." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 11 (2023): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02111083mtgabs.
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The properties of metallic materials produced through additive manufacturing (AM), including their corrosion behavior, depend on various parameters such as the type of AM technique, processing parameters, built environment, and the feedstock used [1]. These factors collectively influence the occurrence of processing defects and the microstructure of the alloy, which can be controlled through feedstock modifications. To illustrate the impact of feedstock modification on both microstructure and corrosion, two examples will be presented. These examples will compare the corrosion behavior of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (SS) produced using three different types of feedstocks: the as-received feedstock, feedstock modified with CrN, and feedstock modified with carbon nanotubes. The feedstock modification was carried out by ball milling of commercial 316L SS powder with the selected additive [2-4]. Test coupons were produced by laser powder bed fusion of the commercial feedstock and modified feedstock. Corrosion resistance was evaluated using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests in NaCl solution. The pitting and repassivation potentials of the 316L SS produced by modified feedstock were significantly higher compared to those of 316L SS produced using as-received feedstock [2-4]. The mechanistic aspects of the feedstock modifications and their influence on corrosion behavior will be discussed in detail. 1. V.B. Vukkum, R.K. Gupta, Review on Corrosion Performance of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Printed 316L Stainless Steel: Processing Parameters, Manufacturing Defects, Post-Processing, Feedstock, and Microstructure, Materials & Design, 221, 110874 (2022) 2. A. Nieto, V. B. Vukkum, P. Jalagam, K. Nema, J. Budan, R.K. Gupta, T.Y. Ansell, 3D Printed Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Stainless Steel via Selective Laser Melting, MRS Communications 12, 578, 2022 3. V.B. Vukkum, J. Christudasjustus, A.A. Darwish, S.M. Storck, R.K. Gupta, Enhanced corrosion resistance of additively manufactured stainless steel by modification of feedstock, npj Materials Degradation 6, 1 (2022) 4. V.B. Vukkum, F. Ozdemir, S. Storck, R.K. Gupta, Corrosion performance of feedstock modified - Additively manufactured stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 209, 110724 (2022).
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Nishiyabu, Kazuaki, Kenichi Kakishita, and Shigeo Tanaka. "Micro Metal Injection Molding Using Hybrid Micro/Nano Powders." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.381.
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This study aims to investigate the effects of hybrid micro/nano powders in a micro metal injection molding (μ-MIM) process. A novel type of mixing-injection molding machine was used to produce tiny specimens (<1mm in size) with high trial efficiency using a small amount of feedstock (<0.05cm3 in volume). Small dumbbell specimens were produced using various feedstocks prepared by changing binder content and fraction of nano-scale Cu powder (130nm in particle size). The effects of adding the fraction of nano-scale Cu powder on the melt viscosity of the feedstock, microstructure, density and tensile strength of sintered parts were discussed.
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Sadaf, Mahrukh, Santiago Cano, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, et al. "Influence of Binder Composition and Material Extrusion (MEX) Parameters on the 3D Printing of Highly Filled Copper Feedstocks." Polymers 14, no. 22 (2022): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224962.
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This work aims to better understand the type of thermoplastic binders required to produce highly loaded copper filaments that can be successfully printed via low-cost filament-based material extrusion (MEX). Compounding feedstock material with 55 vol.% of copper and three multi-component binder systems has been performed. The MEX behavior of these feedstocks was evaluated by depositing material at different speeds and appropriately selecting the extrusion temperature depending on the binder composition. The rest of the MEX parameters remained constant to evaluate the printing quality for the different feedstocks. Printable filaments were produced with low ovality and good surface quality. The filaments showed good dispersion of the powder and polymeric binder system in SEM analysis. The feedstock mechanical properties, i.e., the tensile strength of the filament, were sufficient to ensure proper feeding in the MEX machine. The viscosity of the feedstock systems at the adjusted printing temperatures lies in the range of 102–103 Pa·s at the shear rate of 100–1000 s−1, which appears to be sufficient to guarantee the correct flowability and continuous extrusion. The tensile properties vary greatly (e.g., ultimate tensile strength 3–9.8 MPa, elongation at break 1.5–40.5%), and the most fragile filament could not be reliably printed at higher speeds. Micrographs of the cross-section of printed parts revealed that as the printing speed increased, the porosity was minimized because the volumetric flow of the feedstock material increased, which can help to fill pores. This study offers new insights into the feedstock requirements needed to produce low-cost intricate copper components of high quality in a reliable and efficient manner. Such components can find many applications in the electronics, biomedical, and many other industries.
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Toscano, Giuseppe, and Fabrizio Corinaldesi. "ASH FUSIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS AND EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF INORGANIC ADDITIVES." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 41, no. 2 (2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2010.2.13.
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<p>The increased consumption of solid biomass for energy production has raised a number of technical problems that are mainly related to the variability of the chemical-physical characteristics of feedstocks. The low melting temperature of their inorganic fraction is the main cause of these problems. In this work analysis and comparison of the thermal behaviour of ash from 20 different feedstocks highlighted that biomass materials with the same origin share similar qualitative and quantitative characteristics. A feedstock from a starch group, corn grain, was tested for the effects of four mineral additives (MgO, CaO, Ca- CO3, and SiO2) on ash deformation temperature. MgO and CaO seemed to be the most effective, raising ash melting temperature and enhancing the thermal behaviour of the feedstock. The results of supplementation of the initial corn grain, wheat straw and sunflower cake biomass demonstrated that the amount of additive to be used is a function of biomass type and can depend on its ash content.</p>
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Osei, Isaac, Ahmad Addo, and Francis Kemausuor. "Multi-level framework for optimal operation of gasifier system utilising crop residues from small and medium-scale farms." Journal of the Ghana Institution of Engineering (JGhIE) 23, no. 4 (2023): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56049/jghie.v23i4.114.
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Lack of techno-economic framework for optimal gasification and the identification of critical parameters for optimal operations is one of the major challenges restricting the gasification of crop residues. This study aims to develop an optimal techno-economic framework for the gasification of crop residues from clustered small/medium-scale farms. The developed model was applied to a case study in Adiembra, a farming community for a 10-kW gasifier engine system. Eight scenarios of individual feedstock and their blends were considered. The results revealed specific fuel consumption ranging from 1.79 – 3.53 kg/kWh. The economic analysis showed marginal profitability except for rice husk and straw which are not profitable. At the current grid electricity price, the minimum level of subsidies required to ensure the financial viability of the feedstocks is within the range of 30 – 70 % of the investment cost based on the various feedstock scenarios considered. The study revealed individual feedstocks with the best technical and economic prospects for optimal gasification to be cocoa pod husk, maize stalk and husk, maize cobs, rice straw and rice husk in the order of best to worst. The use of feedstock blends generally improved the overall syngas characteristics and financial viability. A total number of farms ranging between 107 – 532 are required to be clustered within a radius of 0.74 – 2.12 km with a cluster radius greater than 3.91 km not being financially viable. The fraction of each feedstock type in the blends were optimised with corresponding increase in syngas generation within the range of 9 – 35 % and decrease in the required number of farms within the range of 30 – 57 %. The outcome of the study demonstrates that sustainable gasification of crop residues for minigrid electricity generation requires co-gasification of various residue types, valorisation of by-products and increase in the current feed-in-tariff rate in Ghana.
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Picón Hernández, Héctor Julio, Aristóbulo Centeno Hurtado, and Edgar Francisco Pantoja Agreda. "MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF COKE FORMED FROM THE CASTILLA AND JAZMÍN CRUDE OILS." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 3, no. 4 (2008): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.471.
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Amorphological classification of cokes from the Castilla and Jazmín Colombian crude oils was completed. These heavy-nature crude oils, after being fractioned during the refining stages, were physicochemically characterized and submitted to the coking process. The conclusions of this work are based on the characterization of the feedstock chemical composition according to the type of aromatic carbon. UV visible spectrophotometry and the corresponding micrographs obtained by a Scan Electron Microscope (SEM), in amplification intervals from 100X to 5000X for the samples of formed cokes, were analyzed. Results of this work allowed the determination of the morphological classification intervals in function of the polyaromatic compound concentration ratio (tetraromatic / triaromatic, and diaromatic / triaromatic) of the different coked feedstocks. Furthermore, high content of calcium and sulfur in the feedstocks promotes morphologies of the associated - shot type.
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Bazer-Bachi, Barbara, Pierre Saint-Cast, Jorge Posada, et al. "Assessing the potential of TOPCon solar cells architecture using industrial n-type cast-mono silicon material." EPJ Photovoltaics 15 (2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2024016.
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Cast-mono silicon material is interesting for its lower carbon footprint compared to Czochralski (Cz) monocrystalline silicon. However, solar cells fabricated using cast-mono (CM) silicon show lower performances. In this work, two routes to make cast-mono silicon advantageous over Cz silicon are considered. The first route is to further reduce carbon footprint of cast-mono silicon, by using Upgraded Metallurgical Grade silicon (UMG-Si) feedstock instead of Solar Grade silicon (SoG-Si) feedstock. TOPCon solar cells are fabricated using both feedstocks, and cast-mono growth technology, using industrial-type furnaces. Laboratory studies show that UMG-Si can result in efficiencies higher than solar cells made of SoG-Si when feeding the material to a CM crystallization process. But when compared to Cz, CM-UMG-Si TOPCon solar cells conversion efficiency values are still 0.5%abs lower. The second route is to take advantage of the TOPCon passivation layer (e.g., poly-Si) ability to getter metallic impurities, and thus improve the quality of cast-mono material. Several TOPCon sequences are tested and their effect on the carrier recombination properties of the device are studied. In the end, solar cells are fabricated and again, UMG-Si solar cells show better results than SoG-Si solar cells, with efficiency up to 22.65%, independently confirmed.
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Thakur, Anjali, Rakesh Kumar, and Prafulla Kumar Sahoo. "Uranium and Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Biochar: A Critical Review for Understanding the Role of Feedstock Types, Mechanisms, and Modification Methods." Water 14, no. 24 (2022): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244063.
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Uranium (U) and fluoride (F−) are the major global geogenic contaminants in aquifers and pose serious health issues. Biochar, a potential adsorbent, has been widely applied to remediate geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants. However, there is a lack of research progress in understanding the role of different feedstock types, modifications, adsorption mechanisms on physico-chemical properties of biochar, and factors affecting the adsorption of U and F− from aqueous solution. To fill this lacuna, the present review gives insight into the U and F− removal from aqueous solution utilizing biochar from various feedstocks. Feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, modifications, solution pH, surface area, and surface-charge-influenced biochar adsorption capacities have been discussed in detail. Major feedstock types that facilitated U and F− adsorption were crop residues/agricultural waste, softwood, grasses, and animal manure. Low-to-medium pyrolyzing temperature yielded better biochar properties for U and F− adsorption. Effective modification techniques were mainly acidic and magnetic for U adsorption, while metal oxides, hydroxides, alkali, and magnetic modification were favourable for F− adsorption. The major mechanisms of U adsorption were an electrostatic attraction and surface complexation, while for F− adsorption, the major mechanisms were ion exchange and electrostatic attraction. Lastly, the limitations and challenges of using biochar have also been discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feedstock Type"
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MANCINELLI, ENRICO. "Trace metals and dissolved organic carbon in biochar varying with feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/252872.
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La presenza nel biochar di carbonio labile (e.g. carbonio organico disciolto (DOC)) e di sostanze inorganiche (e.g. metalli pesanti) potenzialmente dannosi può limitare o impedire l’utilizzo del biochar per interventi di risanamento ambientale. Sono stati prodotti biochar da pirolisi lenta a diverse temperature (i.e. 300, 450 e 700 °C) da diversi tipi di feedstock (i.e. cippato da residui di lavorazione del legno (WC), lignina (LG), digestato da fanghi di depurazione (DSS), corteccia di pino (PB)). Il contenuto totale, la lisciviazione e la biodisponibilità di metalli, quali Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn, sono stati analizzati nei biochar da WC (BCWC), LG (BCLG) e DSS (BCDSS). Sono stati condotti test in colonna con flusso ascendente per valutare il rilascio di DOC da BCLG, BCWC e BCPB. La temperatura (450 oppure 700 °C) di pirolisi più efficace per ridurre la lisciviazione e la biodisponibilità dei metalli dipende dal metallo considerato. La temperatura di 450 °C si è dimostrata adatta a stabilizzare Cr e Ni nei biochar analizzati, in quanto questi metalli non hanno dimostrato alcuna tendenza alla lisciviazione né biodisponibilità. Un incremento di temperatura di pirolisi ha reso Zn e Cu più stabili nella matrice carboniosa, diminuendone la frazione biodisponibile, impedendo il rilascio di Zn e riducendo la lisciviazione di Cu a valori <1 % del contenuto totale di Cu. Un chiaro trend non è stato osservato per metalli quali Cd e Pb, diminuendo o incrementando nella frazione soggetta a lisciviazione o biodisponibilità con la temperatura di pirolisi a seconda del tipo di feedstock considerato. Il rilascio di DOC da BCWC e BCLG, valutato per mezzo di test in colonna, ha mostrato un andamento influenzato dalla temperatura adottata nella produzione dei suddetti biochar. BCWC e BCLG, prodotti a 700 °C, hanno rilasciato quantità cumulate di DOC (0.02–0.07 % di contenuto di carbonio totale (TC)) più basse dei rispettivi biochar prodotti a 450 °C (0.06–0.09 % di contenuto di TC). Sono state osservate variazioni nella lisciviazione di DOC da biochar prodotto da corteccia di pino (BCPB) in funzione della temperatura di pirolisi e del tipo di percolante (i.e. acque meteoriche di dilavamento in ambiente urbano (USWR)). BCPB, prodotto a diverse temperature, ha rilasciato simili quantità cumulate di DOC (0.01 % del contenuto di TC) con le acque meteoriche di dilavamento prelevate da un’area pedonale. BCPB, prodotto a 700 °C, ha rilasciato più basse quantità cumulate di DOC (0.02 % contenuto di TC) con le acque meteoriche di dilavamento prelevate da un tetto.<br>The content of carbon in labile forms (e.g. dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and potentially hazardous inorganic substances (e.g. trace metals) in biochar (BC) may limit or prevent the utilization of BC for environmental remediation purposes. BCs were produced from slow pyrolysis at different temperatures (i.e. 300, 450 and 700 °C) from different types of feedstock (i.e. wood chips (WC), lignin (LG), digested sewage sludge (DSS), and pine bark (PB)). Total trace metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration, leachability, and bioavailability were investigated for BCs from WC (BCWC), LG (BCLG), and DSS (BCDSS). DOC leachability from BCs was investigated via up-flow percolation test method. The most suitable pyrolysis temperature (450 or 700 °C) for reducing trace metal leachability and bioavailability depends on the trace metal considered. The temperature of 450 °C was effective in stabilizing Cr and Ni in the analyzed BCs as these trace metals were not prone to leaching or present in bioavailable forms. In the tested BCs, an increase in pyrolysis temperature made trace metals such as Zn and Cu more stable in the char matrix, decreasing in the bioavailable fractions, hindering leachability of Zn, and decreasing leachability of Cu to <1 % of the total Cu concentration. Trace metals such as Cd and Pb did not show a clear temperature trend, increasing or decreasing in the bioavailable or leachable fractions depending on the feedstock. Analysis of the up-flow percolation test showed the same temperature related trend in DOC leachability from BCWC and BCLG, with high temperature (700 C) BCs releasing lower cumulative amounts of DOC compared with low temperature (450 C) BCs, which were in the range 0.02–0.07 % and 0.06–0.09 % of total carbon (TC) content, respectively. DOC leaching from BCPB varied with pyrolysis temperatures and types of leachant (i.e. urban storm-water runoff (USWR)). Irrespective of the pyrolysis temperature, BCPB released cumulative amount of DOC up to 0.01 % of the TC content with pathway USWR. High temperature (i.e. 700 °C) BCPB released lower cumulative amount of DOC (up to 0.02 % of the TC content) with roof USWR. It is likely that the leachant (i.e. pathway USWR) with relatively higher pH and DOC concentration limited the release of DOC from the BC matrix, whereas the types of leachant (i.e. deionized water, and roof USWR) with relatively lower pH and DOC concentrations enhanced the release of DOC from the BC matrix.
Book chapters on the topic "Feedstock Type"
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Muradin, Magdalena. "The Environmental Assessment of Biomass Waste Conversion to Sustainable Energy in the Agricultural Biogas Plant." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_12.
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AbstractOperating an agricultural biogas plants offers the potential of stable, clean, renewable and diversified energy source. It is also a good opportunity to reduce the amount of organic waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the main environmental hot spots of operating agricultural biogas plants using LCA methodology. This article presents the environmental impact assessment of two agricultural biogas plants with different type of feedstock provision. The environmental life cycle assessment was carried out from “cradle to gate” using the SimaPro software and the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ methodology. The boundaries of the system included cultivation of maize, delivery of feedstock to the plant, energy production, storage and transport of digestate. The results show that transport of liquid manure induces the highest environmental impact.
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Tesfamichael, Brook, and Nebiyeleul Gessese. "Effect of Biochar Application Rate, Production (Pyrolysis) Temperature and Feedstock Type (Rice Husk/Maize Straw) on Amendment of Clay-Acidic Soil." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15357-1_11.
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Tumuluru, Jaya Shankar. "Bioenergy Feedstock Types and Properties." In Biomass Densification. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62888-8_1.
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Trujillo-Reyes, Ángeles, Sofía G. Cuéllar, David Jeison, Antonio Serrano, Soraya Zahedi, and Fernando G. Fermoso. "Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Waste: Challenges Derived from Changes in the Feedstock." In Solid Waste Management - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107121.
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Over the years, research on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste has mainly focused on single feedstocks with a fixed composition. Nevertheless, the impact assessment that drastic changes in the type and composition of feedstock might have on AD process stability has not been investigated in depth. The existence of a wide variety of organic solid waste whose generation and composition are highly dependent on seasonality, just as the possibility of using treatment plant facilities already in operation for treating new waste, makes it necessary to improve our knowledge of transitory states in AD. This chapter aims to provide insight into research on transitory states during the AD process when the type or composition of the feedstock has suffered a change to assess whether the AD process was finally able to adapt to system disturbances. Information about process stability control and microbial population adaptation, among others, derived from the transition states will be addressed.
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Alma, M. Hakkı, and Tufan Salan. "Alternative Fuels." In Energy: Concepts and Applications. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-00-9.ch06.
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Nowadays, a wide range of value-added fine chemicals, alternative biofuels and eco-friendly polymeric materials can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass sources via thermochemical, biological or catalytic routes in the biorefinery. For the sustainable production of biofuels, abundant, easy accessible and renewable biomass-based feedstock has an important key role to replace petroleum oil in the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for the transportation sector with a zero carbon footprint. The biofuel can be defined as the solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels which are predominantly obtained from these biomass based raw materials. However, thepre-treatment, production and purification processes differ greatly based on the feedstock type, used technology and desired fuel type. Thus, to eliminate the contradiction in terms, biofuels are classified from first to fourth generation at the present time. This chapter review the several liquid biofuel type along with production methods, technologies and feedstock types based on that generation classification.
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Sanduni Kavindi, A., and B. Mahinsasa Rathnayake. "Overview of Biodiesel Production Processes." In Developments in Biodiesel. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781837672530-00141.
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The global population and energy demand are rapidly growing, creating harmful environmental impacts such as climate change and acidification, due to undesirable pollutant emissions from increasing fossil fuel consumption. Hence green alternatives to energy sources are needed, and biofuels produced through eco-friendly approaches are attracting worldwide attention. Of the different kinds of biofuels available, researchers have identified biodiesel as one of the most promising alternatives, as it can be used as an alternative to petrodiesel. Fuel characteristics such as lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher biodegradability, minimal combustion toxicity, and compatibility with existing engines are reasons behind the growth of the biodiesel industry. A wide range of feedstocks from four different generations, i.e. edible and non-edible vegetable oils, animal fats, waste cooking oils, and algal biomass, are possible candidates for biodiesel production. Various production technologies, diverse reactions and separation and purification operations, and different types of catalysts have been employed in biodiesel production processes with a range of feedstocks. The quality and yield of biodiesel are affected by the feedstock type and amount, catalyst type and loading, molar ratio of alcohol to feedstock, and reaction conditions such as operating temperature and reaction time. This chapter presents an overview of the biodiesel production process, covering state-of-the-art processing technologies for biodiesel production, separation, and purification stages, and effects of process parameters on biodiesel production. Favorable processes for commercial-scale biodiesel production with higher quality and yields are compared and discussed.
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Mohammadi, Ali, and Anthony Anukam. "The Technical Challenges of the Gasification Technologies Currently in Use and Ways of Optimizing Them: A Review." In Energy Recovery [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102593.
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Since the world is gradually drifting toward sustainable development, renewable energy technologies are gaining traction and gasification technology is one of many renewable energy technologies that have gained popularity in recent times. The gasification technology is one of three main (combustion and pyrolysis) thermochemical conversion pathways that can be used to recover energy from biomass materials. Although the gasification technology has been in existence for centuries, it has not been exploited to its full potential mainly because the fundamental principles underpinning its operation are still vague, particularly with regard to feedstock flexibility and the type of gasification system. Furthermore, due to the many types of gasification systems, the mechanisms involved in their feedstock conversion processes are still under debate and require further research to clearly establish the optimum conditions of performance of each type of gasifier. Therefore, this chapter presents an overview of the gasification technology and discusses the different types of gasification systems that are commonly used today for the recovery of energy. The limitations of each type of gasifier in relation to performance and feedstock conversion are also discussed, including research priority areas that will allow for system optimization in terms of efficiency.
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Ranjan, Amrita, and Pamela J. Welz. "Physical, Chemical and Biological Pre-treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biorefinery Applications." In Ultrasound Technology for Fuel Processing. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049848123010008.
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The generation of energy from fossil fuels contributes significantly to global warming. This may be mitigated by the use of renewable (bio-based) feedstocks. Second generation biofuels made in biorefineries that utilize agricultural residues and other lignocellulosic wastes as feedstocks reduce the dependency on food crops such as sugar cane (for bioethanol) and oil seeds (for biodiesel). Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks is key for ensuring process efficiency from the substrate to the product. There are many pre-treatment methods, and method selection is incumbent on the type of feedstock and the downstream processes required to generate the final product(s). Product yields can be increased by integrating two or three pre-treatment methods. For example, by combining physical and/or chemical pre-treatment with ultrasonication. The content of this chapter is focused on describing various pre-treatment methods that are used to break down and/or hydrolyse lignocellulosic biomass. The discussion extends to both conventional and novel ‘green’ methods and includes the advantages and disadvantages of each method type. Possible solutions for overcoming some of these disadvantages are included.
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Kaparaju, Prasad, and Tirthankar Mukherjee. "Characteristic Requirements of Biomass for Biorefineries." In Agricultural and Forest Biomass Waste for Biorefineries. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837676071-00063.
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Biorefineries created from biomass appear to be a viable strategy for fully valuing biomass and converting it into bioenergy and several other bioproducts. However, the type, chemical characteristics like carbohydrate, lignin, protein or lipid, and quality of the biomass feedstock have a significant impact on the final product’s quality as well as the bioprocessing approach. It is crucial to select biomass that is suitable for its intended application and to choose growing conditions accordingly. So, low-cost biomass production without competing with food or land for food is made possible by residual biomass from industrial or agricultural processes, or by biomass production on marginal lands using wastewater. The type of feedstock also determines the type of biorefinery. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to identify the characteristics of a biomass and its suitable application in a biorefinery. This chapter also distinguishes and describes the different types of biorefineries and their products.
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Banks, Charles J., and Sonia Heaven. "Optimisation of biogas yields from anaerobic digestion by feedstock type." In The Biogas Handbook. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857097415.1.131.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Feedstock Type"
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Cochrane, Adam, Mike O’Donoghue, and Vijay Datta. "UFOs and Lining Phenomena: Unlimited Feedstock Opportunities in Biofuel Production." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00131.
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Abstract With ever more countries focussed on achieving net-zero-emissions by the year 2050, the contribution and importance of bio-based feedstocks for biofuel production will continue to grow apace. For facility owners, the inexorable energy transition away from fossil fuel reliance has introduced new challenges for asset and corrosion protection. These challenges arise primarily from a requirement for enhanced and long-life lining performance in aggressive and acidic feedstocks used in the manufacturing processes. This paper investigates the degradative effects and mechanisms on linings immersed for up to 12-months in a range of bio-based feedstocks. The impact of several parameters on chemical resistance was evaluated when testing some single coat or two coat linings of epoxy novolacs, epoxy phenolics, vinyl esters and novolac vinyl esters. These included fatty acid type, fatty acid content, water content, exposure temperature (which varies according to loading, storage and offloading of various feedstocks), and the altogether thorny issue of inter-relationships in different exposure conditions. A suite of accelerated laboratory test methods was used to test the lining performance in parallel with post inspection checks to evaluate and benchmark lining performance. Visual inspection, adhesion, barrier properties from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the linings are discussed. The primary aim of this paper was to enhance the Cargo Resistance Guide (CRG) for linings in an unlimited array of bio-based feedstocks that can be expanded upon over time for both current and future service conditions in the biofuel production industry.
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Stepacheva, Antonina, Yury Lugovoy, Vladimir Molchanov, Yury Kosivtsov, and Mikhail Sulman. "THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD WASTE. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.43.
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Wood processing is a prospective way to minimize the waste of forestry and woodworking industries. Nowadays, different methods are used for wood waste processing: combustion, pyrolysis, liquefaction, torrefaction, carbonization, etc. These methods are applied for the obtaining of valuable chemicals, combustible gases, and biochar. Despite the thermochemical methods (pyrolysis, carbonization, torrefaction) being considered to be the most efficient methods for waste utilization, systematic studies are required for the proper technology development. Thermogravimetric analysis is one of the major methods used to study the thermal decomposition of biomass. The thermogravimetric data collection for the different types of biomass waste is an important task. It is known that the rates, mechanisms as well as product yields of biomass thermal decomposition strongly depend on the type of feedstock, the vegetation area and conditions, and on the part of the plants. In this work, the thermal decomposition of wood waste was studied in a temperature range of 25-1000 �C by a thermogravimetric analysis. For types of wood waste were studied: pine and birch sawdust, and pine and birch bark.
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de Mello Joia, Carlos Jose Bandeira, Luis Alberto Garcia, Walmar Baptitsta, et al. "Process Control Using Real Time Hydrogen Flux Monitoring Probe." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01527.
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Abstract A test program, part of a major project, was carried out to develop and evaluate a probe that would allow fast hydrogen permeation readings and also Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS, measurements in refineries. The program evaluated how well EIS and permeation techniques were able to distinguish between wet H2S alkaline environments with different corrosion and hydrogen charging severity. It was established that both, EIS and permeation curves, should be used together to identify the environment severity. The addition of cyanide to the alkaline wet H2S environment caused a high permeation current and a closed capacitive loop in the Nyquist plot of the EIS diagram. The depletion of cyanide caused the permeation current to decrease and the EIS curve in the Nyquist plot to open, indicating a non-corrosive environment. The addition of H2O2 to the alkaline environment caused a depletion of the cyanide content and therefore decreased the permeation current even when the current was already low. In this case, the EIS curve had a capacitive loop type, which denotes a corrosive process not followed by hydrogen uptake. The device has been used for this last year in one refinery and the curves were similar to those obtained in laboratoiy. The refinery has been able to decrease the amount of wash water of a FCC light end recovery unit from 7.5% of the feedstock to 3.5%, with substantial associated cost savings
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Kusumawati, Dian, Andi Erwin Eka Putra, and Novriany Amaliyah. "Characterisation and Analysis of Chemical Compounds from the Ozonization Process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) for Biodiesel Production." In International Conference on Research in Engineering and Science Technology (IC-REST) 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-fh0xfc.
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Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of the potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. While CPO has potential as a sustainable biodiesel feedstock, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome. One of them is the presence of interfering compounds in CPO, such as free fatty acids and non-triglyceride compounds. This research aims to analyse the density, viscosity, calorific value and identify the types of chemical compounds in CPO for biodiesel production consisting of 100% biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or FAME) without mixture with conventional diesel fuel (fossil diesel). This study used several test samples, including Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and B100 that had been ozonised for 30 minutes (BO30), 60 minutes (BO60), 120 minutes (BO120) and 180 minutes (B0180), then characterised using a bomb calorimeter to identify Higher Heating Value (HHV), density (ASTM D1298), viscosity (ASTM D445), Fourier Transform InfraRed Method (FT-IR), and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that the BO180 fuel mixture had the highest calorific value of 33.40 MJ/kg, the smallest kinematic viscosity of 21.42 cSt, and the density at 40°C showed no change among the biodiesel samples, which was around 0.85 gr/ml. The content of BO180 chemical compounds analysed using GC-MS), there are octadecenoic acid compounds of 44.15%, hexadecenoic acid of 32.92%, and other compounds less than 1%.
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Li, Haoyang, Xue Han, Kaiyang Li, Minkang Liu, Yimin Zeng, and Chunbao (Charles) Xu. "Corrosion of UNS N06625 under Batch-Mode Biomass Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) of Lignin." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18030.
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Abstract Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a thermochemical conversion technology developed to transform various feedstocks, such as raw forest biomass materials, crude bio-oils and bio-wastes, into syngas (a combination of CO and H2) for clean energy production. Despite the intensive research efforts that have been applied on the development of SCWG technology, the optimal SCWG operating parameters (temperature, pressure, and biomass/water ratio, etc.) are not well defined because of the complexity of feedstock types and conversion reactor configurations (batch or continuous mode). Moreover, little information is available to determine which alloys are suitable for the reactor construction in a long-term safe and cost-effective manner. This study investigated the corrosion of UNS N06625 under the catalytic SCWG conversion of lignin using standard high temperature autoclave testing methodology and XRD characterization of the formed corrosion products. It was found that the addition of NaOH catalyst resulted in a remarkable increase in H2 production. After 12 cycle exposures to the catalytic SCWG environment, the corrosion layer formed on the alloy was composed of Cr2O3 and Ni3S2. Surprisingly, the addition of NaOH led to a positive weight change instead of weight loss as that occurred in non-catalytic SCWG processes. Further works, such as accurate weight loss measurements and SEM/FIB/TEM characterizations of corrosion layer, are needed to advance the understanding of how the alloy corroded under the catalytic SCWG of lignin.
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Cheshire, Brian, Dave Walker, and Glenn Hauser. "“Something to Digest: Recent Findings on Coating Performance in Anaerobic Digesters”." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00613.
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Abstract An anaerobic digester is a reactor or a process vessel in which multiple chemical and/or biochemical reactions occur simultaneously. Most municipal treatment plants utilize anaerobic treatment, which is responsible for most of the waste stabilization that happens at these facilities. Protective coatings and linings have long been utilized within these key structures to offer barrier protection for both steel and concrete substrates exposed to this service environment. Over the past few years, there has been a growing trend where publicly owned wastewater treatment plants have started accepting septage and sludge from food waste and industrial contributors very routinely. Unfortunately, many of these waste feedstocks are very volatile and can throw a properly operating digester out of balance, which in turn, can cause damage to the linings within these structures. Over the past 3-5 years, assessments have been conducted on different coating and lining types and how they have held up over time in anaerobic digesters. This paper will review the results of these assessments and will offer commentary on the pros and cons of different technologies in this severe service. Upon completion, the reader will better understand the different technologies available for anaerobic digesters and how to properly specify each type.
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MANCINELLI, Enrico, Edita BALTRĖNAITĖ, Pranas BALTRĖNAS, Raimondas GRUBLIAUSKAS, and Giorgio PASSERINI. "REVIEW: DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF BIOCHAR VARYING WITH THE TYPE OF FEEDSTOCK AND THE PYROLYSIS TEMPERATURE." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2017.008.
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The present review aims at investigating the influence of the type of feedstock and the production temperature on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of biochar (BC) from slow pyrolysis. To collect data from the literature, peer reviewed articles in English published in 2007–2016 were considered. The different types of BC were classified depending on the fractions of cellulose and lignin and the type of feedstock. A linear regression (R-squared = 0.5) of the mean values of DOC content (g/kg) of BC was calculated in the range of 350–800 °C with slope (–0.005) and intercept (4.1) significant at p &amp;lt;0.05. Irrespective of the type of feedstock, slow pyrolysis with temperatures above 500 °C would be a proper choice for limiting the mean DOC content of BC to values in the range of 0.28–1.01 g/kg.
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Dhamrin, M., A. Uzum, T. Saitoh, I. Yamaga, and K. Kamisako. "Growth of n-type multicrystalline silicon ingots from recycled CZ silicon feedstock." In 2008 33rd IEEE Photovolatic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922784.
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Gao, W., H. L. Liao, and C. Coddet. "Oxide Ion Conductivity in Dense Apatite-Type Lanthanum Silicate." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, et al. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0791.
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Abstract In order to improve the ionic conductivity of lanthanum silicates, which have been considered as the new electrolyte candidates for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), the feedstock powders are prepared by sintering the mixed oxide powders in different temperatures and sintering times. The main phase of all the samples is the hexagonal apatite structure. The apatite-type ceramic coatings with a typical composition of La10(SiO4)6O3 are deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The influence of sintering time of feedstock powders on the electrical properties of La10(SiO4)6O3 electrolyte coatings is reported here. The highest conductivity of the dense composite electrolyte coatings reaches 6.8×10-6 S·cm-1 at 435 °C in air which is comparable to other apatite-type lanthanum silicate (ATLS) conductors.
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Ko, K. H., J. O. Choi, and H. Lee. "Mechanical Properties of Cold Sprayed Al Coatings Reinforced by Ceramics." In ITSC2013, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, et al. ASM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2013p0200.
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Abstract This work investigates the effect of feedstock size on the hardness and wear resistance of metal-matrix composite coatings produced by cold spraying. Feedstocks consisting of Al and Al2O3 powders were prepared for the study. The feedstocks, which differ in regard to Al2O3 particle size (100, 50, 10 µm) and composition (25-50 vol%), were accelerated by compressed air through a Delaval-type nozzle positioned 10 mm from the target substrate. The morphology of the coating resembled that of an Al matrix with embedded Al2O3 particles. Optical microscopy showed that large Al2O3 particles (&gt; 50 µm) fractured into small pieces and embedded in the matrix. It is likely that some of the fragmented particles bounced off, rather than adhering. These collisions (tamping effect) increase coating hardness and density. In the case of the feedstock with 10 µm Al2O3, particle sizes were unchanged during spraying and the benefits of work hardening were not achieved.
Reports on the topic "Feedstock Type"
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Larsson, Madeleine, Karin Tonderski, Genevieve Metson, and Nils-Hassan Quttineh. Towards a more circular biobased economy and nutrient use on Gotland: finding suitable locations for biogas plants. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/report.diva-194234.
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In this study we have investigated the role of biogas solutions to support increased resource efficiency on the island Gotland, including recovery and redistribution of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within the agricultural sector. First, we analyzed the potential for expanding energy and nutrient recovery from organic residues using biogas solutions. Our findings suggest that the biogas production could expand to 165 GWh, from the current 36 GWh (2020), with manure accounting for a potential 110 GWh biogas annually if all were digested. Comparing the nutrients contained in organic feedstock with the crop nutrient demand on Gotland showed that for N the demand is 2.4 times higher than the supply. In contrast, the calculations showed a 137 tonnes P surplus, with distinct excess areas in the center and southern part of the island. We then compared scenarios with different numbers (3 - 15) of biogas plants with respect to efficient nutrient redistribution and transport costs. Spatial constraints for new plants, e.g. need for roads with a certain capacity and permit issues, were accounted for by adding local information to a national data set. We identified 104 potential locations (1 km$^2$ grid cells) and used an optimization model to identify the most suitable locations for minimized transport costs. Optimal (meeting the crop demand with no excess) redistribution of all nutrients contained in the feedstock, as raw digestate from biogas plants, would result in an export of 127 tonnes of P from the island. The model results indicated that if all potential feedstock would be digested in three additional biogas plants and nutrients redistributed for optimal reuse, the total transport cost would be 2.6 million SEK annually, excluding the costs for nutrient export from the island (3.7 million SEK). If instead 10 or 15 smaller plants would be built, the transport cost would drop to 1.8 million SEK, with the same amount of P being exported. Comparing the scenarios with different number of biogas plants (3 - 15), showed that some locations are more suitable than others in terms of distance to feedstock and to fields with fertilizer demands. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the amount of crop residues indicated that this type of feedstock could add a substantial amount of biogas production, but more extensive analyses are needed to assess the feasibility to realize part of that potential.
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McCloy, John, Kelvin Lynn, Santosh Swain, Wyatt Metzger, Joel Duenow, and Csaba Szeles. Final Report: Developing a Low Cost, High Volume and Scalable Manufacturing Technology for Undoped and Heavily P-Type Doped CdTe Feedstock Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1829313.
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Lindfors, Axel, and Roozbeh Feiz. The current Nordic biogas and biofertilizer potential: An inventory of established feedstock and current technology. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789180752558.
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Biogas solutions in the Nordics is undergoing rapid developments and the demand for biogas is ever increasing because of the Russian war on Ukraine and the transition to fossil free industry and transportation. Furthermore, with the introduction of several multi-national companies into the biogas sector in the Nordics and with more and more biomethane being traded across national borders, it becomes increasingly important to view biogas solutions in the Nordics as a whole and to go beyond the confines of each individual nation. Since the transition and the current energy crisis require a quick response, understanding what could be done with current technologies and established substrates is important to guide decision-making in the short-term. This study aims to do just that by presenting the current biogas potential for the Nordics, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The potential was estimated for eight categories: food waste, manure, food industry waste, sludge from wastewater treatment, landscaping waste, straw, agricultural residues, and crops with negligible indirect land use effects (such as ley crops and intermediary crops). Two categories were excluded due to a lack of appropriate estimation procedures and time to develop such procedures, and these were marine substrates and forest industry waste. Furthermore, several categories are somewhat incomplete due to lack of data on the availability of substrates and their biogas characteristics. These include, for example, crops grown on Ecological focus areas, excess ley silage, damaged crops, and certain types of food industries. The specifics of each category is further detailed in Section 2 of the report. In the report, the biogas potential includes the biomethane potential, the nutrient potential, and the carbon dioxide production potential, capturing all outputs of a biogas plant. The results of the potential study show that the current biomethane potential for the Nordics is about 39 TWh (140 PJ) per year when considering the included biomass categories in the short-term perspective. In relation to current production, realizing this potential would mean a roughly fourfold increase in yearly production, meaning that a significant unexploited potential remains. On the nutrient side, the biogas system in the Nordics would, given the realization of the estimated potential, be of roughly the same size as current mineral fertilizer use (about 75 percent for nitrogen and 160 percent for phosphorous). While this represents the management of a significant portion of nutrients used in agriculture, the potential to replace or reduce mineral fertilizer use through biogas expansion remains unexplored in this study since a significant portion of nutrients come from biomass that is already used as fertilizer (e.g., manure). Finally, on the carbon dioxide side, about 4.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide would be produced, which could be either captured and stored or captured and utilized, thereby further increasing the positive environmental effects associated with biogas solutions. In conclusion, there remains a large unexploited biogas potential in the Nordics, even when only considering current technologies and established feedstock that could be realized in the short-term (the theoretical potential is much larger since many substrate categories are excluded and the potential is limited to established technologies). Such a realization would bring large increases to biomethane production but would also mean that a significant amount of nutrients would be recirculated through the biogas system. This means that the biogas system has a key role to play in increasing both the food and energy security in the Nordic countries, in addition to its many positive environmental effects.
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Kolodziejczyk, Bart. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021003.
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While hydrogen is emerging as a clean alternative automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges to implementation, such as the economy of hydrogen production and deployment, expensive storage materials, energy intensive compression or liquefaction processes, and limited trial applications. Synthetic ammonia production, on the other hand, has been available on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. As an energy carrier, it enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potentially viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry. Yet, lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, and reliance on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia add extra uncertainty to use scenarios. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles brings together collected knowledge on current and future prospects for the application of ammonia in ground vehicles, including the technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel.
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Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.
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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.
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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.
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Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.