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Journal articles on the topic 'Filled natural rubber'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.

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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this st

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2

Surya, Indra, and Nabil Hayeemasae. "Reinforcement of natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers with fillers." Simetrikal: Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2019): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jet.v1i1.682.

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The reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with silica or carbon black (CB) by using a semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization system has been carried out. It was found that silica caused a longer in cure time compared to CB and due to the dissimilarity of their surface chemistry, it was also found that silica and CB caused the difference in reinforcement effect to those rubbers. Silica caused in filled-vulcanizates of those rubbers with a higher modulus and lower tensile strength compared to their unfilled ones. On the other hand, CB caused enhancem

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3

Roy, Kumarjyoti, Subhas Chandra Debnath, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "A critical review on the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers in filled rubber composites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 2 (2019): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319835869.

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Presently, the development of high-performance filled rubber composites offers a new era in the industrial field of polymer research. This article reviews the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers on the successive property enhancement of rubber composites containing different commonly used fillers like silica, nanoclay, carbon nanotube, natural fibers, and so on. The practical importance of reinforcement modifiers in rubber technology is systematically described in the light of filler dispersion, processing, and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. A special emphasis is

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4

Potiyaraj, Pranut, Sittiporn Ngamsurat, and Wasan Poklong. "Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite-Filled Natural Rubbers Compatibilized by Epoxidized Natural Rubbers." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.93.

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The effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer in modified-montmorillonite filled natural rubber were studied. Natural rubber was compounded with 2, 5 and 10 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of organomodified montmorillonite as a reinforcing filler and cured by using a conventional sulfuric system. Epoxidized natural rubber with 25 and 50 mol% epoxidic units (ENR25 and ENR50, respectively) was used as compatibilizer at the amount of 5, 10 and 15 phr. Rubber compounds were then tested for their curing properties. Test specimens for mechanical testing were prepared by compression mol

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5

Surya, Indra, and Nabil Hayeemasae. "Effects of TESPT-Silane Coupling Agent on Torque Properties and Degree of Filler Dispersion of Silica Filled Natural Rubber and Epoxidized Natural Rubbers Compounds." Simetrikal: Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jet.v1i2.1211.

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The effect of the addition of a bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetra sulphide or TESPT-silane coupling agent on torque properties and degree of filler dispersion of silica-filled compounds of natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubbers with 25% mole of epoxidation (ENR 25) and epoxidized natural rubbers with 50% mole of epoxidation (ENR 50) were investigated. All the rubbers were filled by silica filler at a fixed loading (30.0 parts per hundred rubber, phr) and the TESPT was added to each silica-filled rubbers compounds at 1.0phr. It was found that TESPT affected the torque properties of all t

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6

Sattayanurak, S., J. W. M. Noordermeer, K. Sahakaro, W. Kaewsakul, W. K. Dierkes, and A. Blume. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5891051.

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Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable m

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Artchomphoo, Jutatip, and Suwat Rattanapan. "Maleated Natural Rubber as a Coupling Agent for Sawdust Powder Filled Natural Rubber Composites." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.181.

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Sawdust powder filled natural rubber composites were prepared by incorporation of different loadings (20100 phr) of sawdust powder fillers. Two series of composites were studied, i.e. composites with and without maleic anhydride grafted natural rubber (NRgMAH). Grafting of maleic anhydride onto the natural rubber was done prior to compounding using an internal mixer at 145°C. The curing characteristics, hardness property and tensile properties of the composites were studied. Results indicate that the scorch time and cure time decrease with increasing filler loading whereas the maximum torque e

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8

Osabohien, Emmanuel, Ufuoma Soya, and Nduka Obichukwu Ojeifo. "Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (2020): 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i8.23.

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The search for eco-friendly and less expensive fillers and additives has necessitated the use of renewable natural resources of plant origin in rubber compounding. This research work utilized carbonized pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds as filler in natural rubber compounds in a bid to determining the reinforcing potentials. The carbonized pawpaw seeds (CPS) and dried raw pawpaw seeds (RPS) were separately pulverized, screened with a 75 μm sized test sieve and incorporated into natural rubber, Standard Nigerian Rubber (SNR 10), loaded between 0 – 50 parts per hundred (Phr) of the rubber. The cure c

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9

Song, Jun Ping, and Lian Xiang Ma. "Contribution of Carbon Black to Thermal Conductivity of Natural Rubber." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.158.

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Eight kinds of carbon black filled natural rubber composites were prepared, and thermal conductivity was studied. Acetylene black contributes much to the thermal conductivity of rubber, and tiny loading results in considerable improvement. The conductive carbon black 40B2 is advantageous for the improvement in thermal conductivity of rubber when its loading reaches middle level, and at its middle level, also tiny loading results in much improvement. Most kinds of carbon black for rubber application filled rubber composites have good properties except for N134 and N660, especially the poor cont

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10

Hussain, Syeda A., and Michelle S. Hoo Fatt. "The Behavior of Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber under High Strain Rates3." Tire Science and Technology 34, no. 2 (2006): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2218377.

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Abstract Tensile tests were conducted to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of unfilled natural rubber (NR) and natural rubber with 25, 50, and 75 phr of N550 carbon black filler under quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. The quasistatic tests were performed on an electromechanical INSTRON machine, while the dynamic test data were obtained from tensile impact experiments using a Charpy impact apparatus. In general, the modulus of the stress-extension ratio curves increases with increasing strain rate up to about 407, 367, 346, and 360 s−1 for unfilled, and 25, 50, and 75

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11

Guan, Jun Fang, Hui Qun Yang, Yan Qiang Yu, et al. "Reinforcement of Natural Rubber with Quartz/Sericite/Wollastonite." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2953.

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In the paper, ultrafine quartz, sericite and wollastonite modified with silane coupling agents KH-570 were incorporated into natural rubber(NR). The synergisitc effect on reinforcing NR caused by the three types of fillers was investigated under a same vulcanizing formulation and process. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the vulcanizates were conducted through mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results of mechanical properties tests showed that when one of these three fillers was loaded within NR alone, the tear strength and permanent set of NR vulcani

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12

Indra Surya and Siswarni MZ. "EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS A COMPATIBILIZER IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUND." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 2 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1500.

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By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer in silica-filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was carried out. The ENR was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR compound at 5.0 and 10.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ENR on cure characteristics and tensile properties of the silica-filled SBR compound. It was found that ENR gave enhanced cure rate to the silica-filled SBR compound. ENR also exhibited a higher torque difference, tensile modulus, and tensile strength up to 10.0 phr. The

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13

Bokobza, Liliane. "Natural Rubber Nanocomposites: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010012.

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This paper reviews studies carried out on natural rubber filled with nanofillers such as spherical silica particles (generated by the sol gel reaction), clays and carbon nanostructures. It is shown that the mechanical response of NR is influenced by several parameters including the processing conditions, the state of filler dispersion, the polymer-filler interactions and the filler morphological aspects. Even if the sol gel process conducted in vulcanized rubber yields almost ideal dispersions, rod-shaped particles such as clay, carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes are by far more efficient in te

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14

Marfuah Lubis, Nuim Hayat, and Hamidah Harahap. "PENGARUH AGING PADA KEKUATAN TARIK (TENSILE STRENGTH) FILM LATEKS KARET ALAM BERPENGISI NANOKRISTALIN SELULOSA DAN PENYERASI ALKANOLAMIDA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 5, no. 2 (2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v5i2.1531.

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Nanocrystalline cellulose is nano sized filler with high crystallinity and obtanained by hydrolysis of alpha cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Tensile test of natural rubber latex film filled nanocrystalline cellulose and alkanolamide as compatibilizer after aging treatment have been done. Natural rubber latex films were prepared by coagulant dipping method and followed by vulcanization process at temperature 100 oC and 20 minutes. Aging treatment of natural rubber latex films have done at temperature 70 oC for 24 hours. Tensile test result of natural rubber latex filled nanocrystalline cellul

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15

Al-Quraishi, Ali A., and Michelle S. Hoo Fatt. "Dynamic Fracture of Natural Rubber3." Tire Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (2007): 252–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2803268.

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Abstract This paper illustrates how the fracture energy of a tensile strip made of unfilled and 25 phr carbon black-filled natural rubber varies with far-field strain rate in the range 0.01–71 s−1. Quasistatic and dynamic fracture tests were performed at room temperature with an electromechanical INSTRON machine, a servo-hydraulic MTS machine, and Charpy tensile apparatus, respectively. It was found that the fracture energy of the unfilled natural rubber did not vary significantly over the range of sample strain rate, but there was significant variation in the fracture energy of the 25 phr car

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16

Phuhiangpa, Nantikan, Worachai Ponloa, Saree Phongphanphanee, and Wirasak Smitthipong. "Performance of Nano- and Microcalcium Carbonate in Uncrosslinked Natural Rubber Composites: New Results of Structure–Properties Relationship." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092002.

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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the most important inorganic powders and is widely used as filler in order to reduce costs in the rubber industry. Nanocalcium carbonate reduces costs and acts as a semireinforcing filler that improves the mechanical properties of rubber composites. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-CaCO3 (NCC) and micro-CaCO3 (MCC) on the properties of natural rubber composites, in particular, new results of structure–properties relationship. The effects of NCC/MCC on the properties of rubber composites, such as Mooney viscosity, bound rubber

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17

Vinod, V. S., Siby Varghese, Rosamma Alex, and Baby Kuriakose. "Effect of Aluminum Powder on Filled Natural Rubber Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (2001): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544947.

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Abstract The effect of aluminum powder on the properties of natural rubber composites containing high abrasion furnace black (HAF), general purpose furnace black (GPF), acetylene black, china clay and precipitated silica was studied. In all cases the total filler content including aluminum powder is fixed at 40 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Gradual replacement of these fillers by aluminum powder showed a marked increase in thermal conductivity. This increased thermal conductivity of aluminum powder filled composites decreased the vulcanization time and led to uniform curing throughout the ma

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18

Ezika, A. C., and V. U. Okpechi. "Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (2021): 1142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.22.

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Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates were carried out. Natural rubber (NR) was filled with carbonized (at carbonization temperatures of 400°C, 600°C and 800°C respectively) and chemically treated (treatment with HCl and NaOH of 5% concentration) spear grass fillers respectively, at a filler loading of 30phr. The rubber compounding was carried out in a bambury mixer. The effect of carbonization temperature and chemical treatment of the filler on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, % elongat

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19

Muniandy, Komethi, Hanafi Ismail, and Nadras Othman. "Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Rattan Filled Natural Rubber Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.845.

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Rattan for its potential as a new type of filler was investigated in natural rubber (NR) compounds. Natural rubber (NR) compounds were prepared by the incorporation of rattan at different loadings into a natural rubber matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The effect of rattan loading as filler on curing characteristics, tensile properties, morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rubber–filler interaction of rattan filled natural rubber compound were studied in the filler loading range of 0 to 30 phr. The results indicate that the scorch time (ts2) and cure

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20

Ekebafe, L. O., J. E. Imanah, and F. E. Okieimen. "Physico-mechanical properties of rubber seed shell carbon: Filled natural rubber compounds." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2010): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq091115022e.

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Samples of rubber seed shells were carbonized at varying temperatures (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800?C) for three hours each and sieved through 150?m screen. The portion of the rubber seed shell carbon that passed through the screen was characterized in terms of loss on ignition, surface area, moisture content, pH, bulk density, and metal content and used in compounding natural rubber. The characterization shows that the pH, conductivity, loss on ignition and the surface area increases as the heating temperature increases, unlike the bulk density which decreases. The compound mixes we

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21

Qian, Miaomiao, Weimin Huang, Jinfeng Wang, Xiaofeng Wang, Weiping Liu, and Yanchao Zhu. "Surface Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Silica Carbon Black Reinforced Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Composites." Polymers 11, no. 11 (2019): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111763.

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For the first time, phenolic formaldehyde resin (PF)-treated silica carbon black (SiCB) were prepared with different treatment conditions and their effect as fillers on the mechanical properties of filler filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites were investigated in detail. The PF coating layer on the SiCB derived from rusk husk not only promoted the dispersion of the fillers but also improved the interfacial interactions between fillers and the rubber matrix. As a result, both the cross-link density and mechanical properties of the obtained composites were effectively enhance

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Dechnarong, Nattanee, Adun Nimpaiboon, and Jitladda Sakdapipanich. "Improvement of Filler-Rubber Interaction by Grafting of Acrylamide onto Saponified Natural Rubber under Ultraviolet Radiation as a Continuous Process." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.414.

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Silica and carbon black have been widely used as the main reinforcing fillers for improving the properties of natural rubber (NR). In a silica-filled rubber compound, it is known that the low compatibility between NR and silica affects the mechanical properties of rubber products. In order to overcome this drawback, the functionalized saponified NR (FSPNR) was carried out by grafting acrylamide (AM) onto the saponified NR (SPNR) under UV radiation as a continuous process. An increasing in the bound rubber content and Mooney viscosity was found as an increasing AM content. Storage modulus at lo

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23

Saramolee, Prachid, Kannika Sahakaro, Natinee Lopattananon, Wilma Dierkes, and Jacques W. M. Noordermeer. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber with Epoxidized Low Molecular Weight Rubber as a Compatibilizer." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.522.

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This work investigates the effect of epoxidized low molecular weight natural rubber (ELMWNR) in silica-filled NR compounds on processing, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. The ELMWNRs with mol% epoxide groups varying from 0-50 and molecular weight in a range of 50,000-60,000 g/mol were prepared from depolymerization of epoxidized natural rubber using periodic acid in latex state. They were then added in the silica-filled NR compounds as a compatibilizer at varying loading from 0-15 phr. The addition of ELMWNR decreases compound viscosity and Payne effect, i.e. filler-filler interac

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Emelya Khoesoema, Erick Kamil, and Hamidah Harahap. "PENGARUH PENCUACAAN ALAMI TERHADAP PRODUK LATEKS KARET ALAM BERPENGISI TEPUNG KULIT PISANG YANG DIPUTIHKAN DENGAN HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 1, no. 2 (2012): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v1i2.1412.

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The effect of exposing bleached banana skin powder-filled natural rubber products to sun light and weather with variation of bleached banana skin powder filler loading. Banana skin powder was dried and bleached with hydrogen peroxide and made into disperse system. Natural rubber latex was compounded with bleached banana skin powder with filler loading of 0 to 20 phr (per hundred rubber). Natural rubber latex products, which were produced, were hung in air and exposed to sun light and weather. The degradation of bleached banana skin powder-filled natural rubber products were evaluated by calcul

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Kaewsakul, W., K. Sahakaro, W. K. Dierkes, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "OPTIMIZATION OF RUBBER FORMULATION FOR SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (2013): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87970.

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ABSTRACT The rubber formulation plays a significant role in the properties of NR compounds filled with silica. In this work, the influences of various silicas, silane coupling agents, and diphenylguanidine (DPG) on the properties of compounds and vulcanizates—that is, cure characteristics, Mooney viscosity, flocculation kinetics, bound rubber content, Payne effect, tan δ at 60°C, tensile properties, and tear properties—are investigated. The results demonstrate that compound viscosity and curing behavior, as well as vulcanizate properties of the silica-filled NR, are much improved by incorporat

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26

Arayapranee, Wanvimon, and Garry L. Rempel. "Effects of Polarity on the Filler-Rubber Interaction and Properties of Silica Filled Grafted Natural Rubber Composites." Journal of Polymers 2013 (October 27, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/279529.

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The grafting of an olefinic monomer like acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and styrene (ST) onto natural rubber (NR) was carried out to enhance the polarity of the new chemical groups on the NR backbone and, in turn, to improve the filler-rubber interaction. The grafted natural rubber (GNR) produced was compounded and then vulcanization was carried out in the presence of silica as a reinforcing filler. The physical properties and aging resistance provided by the presence of the polar functional groups of the GNR composites were investigated and compared with other rubbers such as

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Erick Kamil, Emelya Khoesoema, and Hamidah Harahap. "PENGARUH BIODEGRADASI DENGAN TEKNIK PENANAMAN TERHADAP PRODUK LATEKS KARET ALAM BERPENGISI TEPUNG KULIT PISANG YANG DIPUTIHKAN DENGAN HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 1, no. 2 (2012): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v1i2.1411.

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Natural rubber latex products filled with bleached banana skin powder were identified by burying samples in soil. Soil burial was carried out by adding NPK fertilizer and without fertilizer. One of the tests which was carried out was weight loss calculation. Weight loss calculation showed that natural rubber latex products filled with bleached banana skin powder biodegraded faster than natural rubber latex products without filler. The addition of fertilizer also contributed to biodegradability of samples. The other test was FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) test. The results of FT

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Nakaramontri, Yeampon, Charoen Nakason, Claudia Kummerlöwe, and Norbert Vennemann. "INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER ON PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER–CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (2015): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85949.

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ABSTRACT Carbon nanotube (CNT)–filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Various types of NR, including unmodified NR, epoxidized NR (ENR), and maleated NR (MNR), were used. The chemical reactions between rubber molecules and functional groups on the CNT surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cure characteristics, tensile properties, relaxation behavior, and electrical conductivity of the various gum rubbers and the CNT-filled rubber composites were investigated. It was found t

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Mokhnatkin, A. M., V. P. Dorozhkin, E. G. Mokhnatkina, et al. "A Study of the Combined use of Carbon Black and Silica in Tyre Tread Formulations." International Polymer Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500102.

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A specially designed relaxometer was used to measure the stress relaxation under 30% elongation for tread rubber compounds based on a blend of three rubbers: natural rubber, neodymium butadiene rubber, and oil-extended styrene butadiene rubber. The rubber compounds were filled with carbon black and silica in different ratios: with 80 parts carbon black only, with 80 parts silica only, and with different ratios of carbon black and silica. The method proposed by Bartenev was used to calculate the relaxation specta. The maxima of the spectra at different relaxation times were assigned to differen

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Salleh, Siti Zuliana, Hanafi Ismail, and Zulkifli Ahmad. "Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.191.

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The loadings effect of carbon black and silanized-silica filled 75/25 phr/phr of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends were compared with the unfilled NR/rCR blends. Different filler loading between in the range of 10- 40 phr was used. The rubber blends were prepared by using a laboratory two-roll mill and rheometric characteristics were studied using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) at 150 °C. The addition of CB and silanized-silica showed different trend in scorch and cure time but showed similar trend in torques. The incorporation of both fillers caused high

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Zedler, Łukasz, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Józef T. Haponiuk, and Krzysztof Formela. "Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 3 (2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030545.

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The application of wastes as a filler/reinforcement phase in polymers is a new strategy to modify the performance properties and reduce the price of biocomposites. The use of these fillers, coming from agricultural waste (cellulose/lignocellulose-based fillers) and waste rubbers, constitutes a method for the management of post-consumer waste. In this paper, highly-filled biocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and ground tire rubber (GTR)/brewers’ spent grain (BSG) hybrid reinforcements, were prepared using two different curing systems: (i) sulfur-based and (ii) dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The

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Azam, Mohd Asyadi, Aisyah Hassan, Noraiham Mohamad, et al. "Fabrication of Activated Carbon Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composite Using Solvent Casting Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.426.

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Despite the rapid increase in the utilization of reinforced nanomaterials composites, micromaterials may also have the potential to be utilized as filler in polymer composites. In this study, the activated carbon (AC) filled epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) composite was fabricated using the solvent casting method. AC was used as the filler at different filler addition in range from 0 to 7 parts per hundred rubbers (phr). The intention was to investigate the effect of AC filled ENR on mechanical properties and interaction between AC and ENR matrix. Overall, the result shows high improvement in

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Roy, Kumarjyoti, Subhas Chandra Debnath, Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "NATURAL RUBBER/MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE COMPOSITES WITH EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS COMPATIBILIZER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 2 (2019): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81533.

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ABSTRACT An exploration of the effect of epoxidized NR with 50 mole% epoxide groups (ENR-50) as compatibilizer on the rubber–filler interaction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-filled NR composites was conducted. The compatibilizing efficiency of ENR-50 was systematically examined in terms of cure and mechanical and thermal properties of NR/MCC composites. ENR-50 compatibilized NR/MCC composites showed moderate enhancement in the maximum rheometric torque and tensile properties compared to either uncompatibilized NR/MCC composite or unfilled NR system. The solvent uptake measurements indica

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Lin, Yanfen, Anqiang Zhang, Lianshi Wang, Chengyu Pei, and Qin Gu. "Carbon Black Filled Powdered Natural Rubber." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 51, no. 7 (2011): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2011.629861.

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Misman, M. A., Azura A. Rashid, and Siti Rohana Yahya. "MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF STARCH IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (2018): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82604.

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ABSTRACT This study presents a review of recent studies on starch-filled NR latex composites. Starch is a renewable source of material for fillers in NR latex compounding to obtain composites with multifunctional properties for selected applications. However, starch is a non-reinforcing filler due to its large particle size. The compatibility of NR and starch is another significant issue during the processing of starch-filled NR latex composites due to the nature of both materials. However, based on our research work, a fine dispersion of starch in the rubber matrix can improve the properties

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Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, and Ruslimie Che Ali. "Properties Evaluation of Micro-Crystalline Cellulose and Starch as Bio-Filler in Rubber Compounding." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.593.

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Effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) filled with bio-fillers were studied. The compounds with different filler loadings (0, 30, 50, 70 phr) were prepared in a Haake internal mixer. Result showed that the viscosity of the compounds increased with filler loading and exhibited longer cure time with higher loading of the bio-filler. The mechanical properties of starch-filled vulcanisates present better tensile strength at 50 phr when compared to micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) filled vulcanisates at similar filler loadings. The scanning electr

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Hayeemasae, Nabil, Zareedan Sensem, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Maleated Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites." Processes 8, no. 3 (2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030286.

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In this study, maleic anhydride (MA) grafted natural rubber (NR), known as maleated natural rubber (MNR), was melt-prepared with the MA content varied within 1–8 phr. MNR was used as the main matrix, with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) as a filler, in order to obtain composites with improved performance. The compounds were investigated for their filler–filler interactions by considering their Payne effect. On increasing the MA content, scorch and cure times increased along with maximum torque and torque difference. The MNR with 4 phr of MA exhibited the least filler–filler interactions, as indicat

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Mazlina, Mustafa Kamal. "Influence of Fillers Surface Characteristics on Bound Rubber Properties of Filled Natural Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.412.

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One of the most important phenomena in rubber science is the reinforcement by rigid entities, such as carbon black, clays, silicates and calcium carbonate. Thus, these fillers are added to rubber formulations to optimise properties that meet a given service application or set of performance parameters. Fillers can be divided into three categories reinforcing, semi-reinforcing and non-reinforcing. For a given elastomer and state of mix, bound rubber can be considered as a measurement of a surface activity of a filler and is considered as one of major factors in reinforcement. A strong rubber: f

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Viet, C. X., H. Ismail, A. A. Rashid, T. Takeichi, and V. H. Thao. "Organoclay Filled Natural Rubber Nanocomposites: The Effects of Filler Loading." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47, no. 11 (2008): 1090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550802355800.

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Egbujuo, Wisdom Okechukwu, Placid Ikechukwu Anyanwu, and Henry Chinedu Obasi. "Utilization of chitin powder as a filler in natural rubber vulcanizates: In comparison with carbon black filler." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 1 (2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00006.

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AbstractNatural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were prepared from natural rubber and chitin using a two-roll mill. The chitin was extracted from crab shell waste obtained from a local market in Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using the chemical extraction method. The effects of the chitin at different contents (0–40 phr) on the mechanical properties of the NR/Chitin vulcanizates with carbon black as reference filler have been investigated. The tensile strength of the chitin filled natural rubber (NCH), and the carbon black filled natural rubber (NCB) vulcanizates were found to increase with an increa

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Kaewsakul, Wisut, Nutsara Jandam, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Sitisaiyidah Saiwari, and Anoma Thitithammawong. "High Modulus Rubber Vulcanizates from Natural Rubber/EVA Blends Filled with Reinforcing Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.171.

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The desired properties of rubber goods significantly depend on three key factors: 1) rubber formulations; 2) processing methods; and 3) design of products. High modulus rubber vulcanizates can hardly be achieved with a balance of the overall properties, because the rubbers or elastomers are soft and flexible material. In this research work, we aimed to formulate the natural rubber (NR) compounds for the specified high modulus rubber articles to be comparable with a slatted wood. Four important effects were taken into consideration, i.e. filler contents, amounts of process oil, blend ratios, an

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Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa, and Dayang Habibah Abang Asmawi. "Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.175.

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Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styr

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Zhang, Huan, Zhiyi Zhang, Guizhe Zhao, et al. "INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON SEMI-EFFICIENT VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAT BUILDUP." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 3 (2015): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85932.

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ABSTRACT Carbon black and silica have long been recognized as reinforcing fillers, but their effect on the dynamic properties and heat buildup of vulcanizates is rarely reported. Therefore, natural rubber composites filled by carbon black with different particle size and silica were prepared. The Payne effect and heat buildup progressively decrease with an increase of carbon black particle size because of weaker filler network structure and better dispersion, the N754 filled sample in particular shows the lowest value, only 4.7 °C. The tensile strength and tear strength of composites all incre

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Mohapatra, Sunita, and Golok Bihari Nando. "ANALYSIS OF CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED CARDANOL-MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (2015): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85941.

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ABSTRACT Carbon black is advantageous for rubber as a reinforcing filler. Carbon blacks at higher loadings require process aids for easier processing and improved filler dispersion. Aromatic oils have been used so far in the rubber industry as plasticizer and process aids. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these oils has raised concerns, and they have been banned. Rubber industries are looking for alternate sources of process aids from renewable resources. Cardanol (m-pentadecenyl phenol), an agricultural by-product of the cashew industry, is cheap and abundantly available. I

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Masłowski, Marcin, Justyna Miedzianowska, and Krzysztof Strzelec. "Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers." Polymers 11, no. 6 (2019): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060972.

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This present study is focused on exploring the possibility of using agricultural waste in the form of cereal straw as an active filler of biocomposites. The effect of lignocellulosic filler addition on the multifunctional properties of natural rubber composites was investigated. The results were compared with the properties of vulcanizates containing commonly used reinforcements in elastomer technology (carbon black, silica, chalk, talc). Rubber mixtures filled with straw showed the highest torque increase during rheometric measurements, which indirectly indicated a high degree of crosslinking

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Mahathaninwong, Narissara, Thiensak Chucheep, Seppo Karrila, Wichuta Songmuang, Napat Rodsang, and Suphatchakorn Limhengha. "Morphology and properties of agarwood-waste-filled natural rubber latex foam." BioResources 16, no. 1 (2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.176-189.

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Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) (ACW) waste is widely available as a by-product of agarwood essential oil production. In this study, ACW waste was ball milled into ACW powder (passed through 120 mesh) and used as filler in natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) prepared by the Dunlop method. The effects of the ACW filler on cell morphology and properties of the NRLF were determined. It was found that the ACW filler loading affected cell morphology of the NRLF. The cell size of the ACW-filled NRLF increased with ACW loadings of 1.5 parts per hundred parts of latex (phr) and 2.5 phr, compared with that o

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YAMAMOTO, Yoshimasa, Jinta UKAWA, Atsushi ASANO, et al. "Dispersed Structure of Filler and Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber,Isoprene Rubber and Deproteinized Natural Rubber Filled with Carbon Black." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 90, no. 10 (2017): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.90.470.

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Che Ali, Ruslimie, and Asrul Mustafa. "The Occurrence of Phase Separation in Microcrystalline Cellulose Filled Natural Rubber Films." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.196.

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This paper describes the use of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as hydrophilic filler in two types of natural rubber latexes which are high ammonia natural rubber (HA) and epoxidised natural rubber latex (ENR). Light microscopy (LM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile strength measurements were then conducted on the resulting films. The light microscopy analysis revealed that more MCC particles appeared at the air–facing (AF) surfaces relative to the substrate-facing (SF) surfaces of the HA films with increasing MCC content. In contrary, the ENR25 films showed more or less similar

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Kralevich, Mark L., and Jack L. Koenig. "FTIR Analysis of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 2 (1998): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538486.

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Abstract The interactions of silica filler in zinc activated, sulfur vulcanized cis-1,4-polyisoprene (IR) were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy. The variables examined were increased levels of silica and quality of mixing of the batch. The increased silica level resulted in band broadening and a frequency shift to lower wavenumbers of the silica absorbance region (1250-1000 cm−1) due to a combination of physical and chemical adsorption of the rubber and parts of cure system on the silica surface. The peaks that appeared near

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Ismail, H., S. T. Sam, A. F. Mohd Noor, and A. A. Bakar. "Properties of Ferrite-Filled Natural Rubber Composites." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 46, no. 6 (2007): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550701305054.

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