Relevant bibliographies by topics / Final Palaeolithic

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Final Palaeolithic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Final Palaeolithic"

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Zalizniak, Leonid. "Final Palaeolithic of Zhytomyr Polissia." Archaeology, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.03.005.

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Final Palaeolithic (Terminal Palaeolithic) — the last, final phase of the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe, dating from 13.5—10 kyr and has numerous paleogeographic equivalents — Dryas period, Late glacier, Late or Final glacial, Tardiglacial period, reindeer age. In Zhytomyr Polissia there are two main groups of different Final Palaeolithic monuments with different cultural and chronological characteristics. At the beginning of the epoch, Еpigravettian mammoth hunters lived in the region. In particular, on the Ovruch ridge at the beginning of the Final Paleolithic a separate variant of the Еpigravettian developed. The extinction of mammoths about 13 kyr and the onset of the reindeer era caused a change in population. During the Allerod warming about 12 kyr reindeer hunters of the Lyngby culture advanced from the South-Western Baltic region to Polissia. The spread of Lyngbian cultural traditions at the end of Allerod in the outwash plains from Jutland to the Neman, Prypiat, Upper Dnipro and Upper Volga laid the groundwork for the emergence 11 000 years ago areas of related cultures with arrowheads on blades. In addition to Lyngby, it includes the following cultures: Ahrensburg in Northern Germany, Swiderian in the Vistula, Prypiat and Neman basins, and Krasnosillia in the Prypiat, Neman and Upper Dnipro basins. The specificity of their flint inventory is the leading role of various tanged arrowheads on blades, while the cultural marker of Epigravettian complexes are a variety of micro-inserts with a backed edge. Genetically descended from the Lyngby culture population, Krasnosillian and Swiderian hunter groupes lived in the cold forest-tundra, hunting for herds of seasonally migrating reindeers. The sharp warming 10 kyr led to the migration of Krasnosillian and Swidrian groupes following the reindeer to the north of Eastern Europe, which they settled during the VIII millennium BC. On the Swiderian basis, the post-Swiderian Mesolithic was formed. It is Butovo and similar Mesolithic cultures of the forest belt of Eastern Europe from the Baltics to the Northern Ural. The Mesolithic Pisochnyi Riv culture of the Middle Desna, the Grensk culture of the Upper Dnipro, and the Ienevo culture of the Upper Volga were formed on the Krasnosillian basis. These Mesolithic communities of northern Eastern Europe in ethno-cultural terms were probably distant ancestors of the Finnish peoples.
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Domingo, Inés, and Dídac Roman. "Beyond the Palaeolithic: Figurative final Palaeolithic art in Mediterranean Iberia." Quaternary International 564 (October 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.10.034.

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Shydlovskyi, Pavlo, та Ivan Hoptynets. "Пізньопалеолітичний комплекс Великий Дивлин на півночі Житомирщини / Upper Palaeolithic complex of sites Velykyj Dyvlyn on the North of Zhytomyr". Кам'яна доба України / The Stone Age of Ukraine : Collection of scientific papers 13 (1 жовтня 2010): 179–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1193760.

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This paper presents new palaeolithic finds that were discovered during investigation a new Upper Palaeolithic complex of sites “Velykyj Dyvlyn” (North of Zhytomyr region).The article considers the location of the sites, topography and technology of flint working. By the analysis of flint materials from two localities A and E we can get the conclusions about different traditions of flint working. One tradition (locality A) connected with “ovruchien” variant of epigravettian circle, presented by the sites of North Zhytomyr region (Dovgynychi, Zbranky, Sholomky). Another tradition (locality E) has more analogies among the Final Palaeolithic complexes of Europe. Authors interpret these localities as a rests of temporary camps of different hunters collectives. Further researches will give us a new data about cultural and chronological variability of Upper Palaeolithic culture of Northern Ukraine.
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Eggers-Kaas, Thomas, Jesper Borre Pedersen, Christian Steven Hoggard, Florian Sauer, Jan Hilgart, and Felix Riede. "A Technological and Typological Analysis of Lithic Material from Skovmosen I, Denmark." Danish Journal of Archaeology 8 (December 19, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dja.v8i0.112232.

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During road construction work, material attributed to the Final Palaeolithic was discovered at Skovmosen I, near Kongens Lyngby on Zealand, eastern Denmark. Although it is regularly mentioned in reviews of the southern Scandinavian Final Palaeolithic, the Skovmosen I assemblage has hitherto remained poorly described. We here review the site’s discovery history and its context. Aided by a three-dimensional digital recording protocol, this article details the assemblage composition and its technology. The assemblage is comprised of tanged points, scrapers and burins, alongside blades and cores as primary reduction products. Although evidently disturbed by the road construction that led to the site’s discovery, the material likely reflects the remains of a small Final Palaeolithic locale, where diverse activities were carried out.
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Primas, M. "Zum Stand der Paläolithforschung in der Schweiz." Geographica Helvetica 42, no. 2 (1987): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-42-153-1987.

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Abstract. Research on the Palaeolithic started in Switzerland during the 19th Century in the overall framework of cave studies. Two different industries were soon recognized: middlepalaeolithic flake tools usually together with the bones of cave bear, and a late palaeolithic blade industry associated with bone and antler tools, sculptures and line drawings. Recent research yielded complementary information on openair sites. A characteristic Mousterian tool-kit comes from a surface deposit at Pleigne JU, Löwenburg. New chronostratigraphic studies in the alpine Wildkirchli cave resulted in a relatively late date for its middle-palaeolithic layers. The late palaeolithic open-air and cave Sites, which belong to an evolved Magdalenian tradition, seem to concentrate around the Bölling oscillation. Information on the final Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic is still too fragmentary for conclusions.
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Anne and Michael Eastham. "Palaeolithic images and the Great Auk." Antiquity 69, no. 266 (1995): 1023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082582.

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In this final contribution on the identification of the birds painted in the Palaeolithic Grotte Cosquer as Great Auks, it is noticed that the birds need to be seen within a Palaeolithic hunter–gatherer's view of the world, which is not the same as that of a modern natural historian or taxonomist.
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Bessudnov, Alexander Nikolaevich, and Alexander Alexandrovich Bessudnov. "The problem of the Paleolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (2019): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983201.

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The youngest Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Upper and Middle Don Valley have radiocarbon dates about 13-12 ka BP (Borshchevo 2, Divnogorye 1, 9). Lithic assemblages of these sites are characterized by the presence of backed implements, end-scrapers on blades, burins on truncation which are distinctive features for the final stage of the Eastern Epigravettian. The sites that could be undoubtedly associated with the Final Palaeolithic are not represented in the region. Several Early Mesolithic sites discovered during two last decades have radiocarbon dates about 10-9 ka BP. Geometric microliths, burins of different types, circular end-scrapers and some pointes and chisels are typical for toolkits. Although at least 2000 years separate Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlements there are some similarities in technical and typological characteristics of its lithic assemblages. Various scenarios of the Mesolithic formation and its probable origin are discussed in the paper. The most preferable is the point of view that there is no continuity between the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, and the appearance of the Mesolithic population can be explained by migrations from neighboring territories.
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Chkhatarashvili, Guram. "Final Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from South Caucasus (Dzudzuana Cave)." VITA ANTIQUA, no. 9 (2017): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37098/va-2017-9-144-150.

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Hamer, Wolfgang B., Daniel Knitter, Sonja B. Grimm, et al. "Location Modeling of Final Palaeolithic Sites in Northern Germany." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100430.

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Location modeling, both inductive and deductive, is widely used in archaeology to predict or investigate the spatial distribution of sites. The commonality among these approaches is their consideration of only spatial effects of the first order (i.e., the interaction of the locations with the site characteristics). Second-order effects (i.e., the interaction of locations with each other) are rarely considered. We introduce a deductive approach to investigating such second-order effects using linguistic hypotheses about settling behavior in the Final Palaeolithic. A Poisson process was used to simulate a point distribution using expert knowledge of two distinct hunter–gatherer groups, namely, reindeer hunters and elk hunters. The modeled points and point densities were compared with the actual finds. The G-, F-, and K-function, which allow for the identification of second-order effects of varying intensity for different periods, were applied. The results reveal differences between the two investigated groups, with the reindeer hunters showing location-related interaction patterns, indicating a spatial memory of the preferred locations over an extended period of time. Overall, this paper shows that second-order effects occur in the geographical modeling of archaeological finds and should be taken into account by using approaches such as the one presented in this paper.
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Conneller, Chantal, Chris Ellis, Michael J. Allen, Richard Macphail, and Robert Scaife. "A Final Upper Palaeolithic Site at La Sagesse Convent, Romsey, Hampshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73 (2007): 191–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000086.

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Excavations at La Sagesse Convent, Romsey, uncovered a Final Upper Palaeolithic flint assemblage representing an open-air, short-term camp. The site is in the Test Valley on a low gravel terrace at the edge of the river system. Two scatters were found. Although not in situ, little lateral movement is indicated for at least one of these scatters from which several core reduction sequences could be determined through a programme of refitting. The other scatter appears to have suffered more post-depositional disturbance. One scatter appears to have functioned as a knapping station, while the other may have been an area of tool production. Chronological, technological, and cultural affinities are discussed and it is concluded that the flint assemblage belongs with the Final Upper Palaeolithic Hengistbury-type industries, probably dating to the second part of the Windermere interstadial (c. 12,500–11,000 cal BC; 12,000–11,000 BP).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Final Palaeolithic"

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García, Moreno Alejandro. "Patrones de asentamiento y ocupación del territorio en el Cantábrico oriental al final del Pleistoceno. Una aproximación mediante SIG." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10612.

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El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el análisis de las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de asentamiento por parte de las sociedades de cazadores-recolectores de la transición Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno (es decir, Magdaleniense y Aziliense) de la mitad oriental de la Cornisa Cantábrica. Más concretamente, se trata de de analizar, calculando una serie de características y variables, la localización de una serie de yacimientos asignados a este periodo, para tratar de identificar un patrón o patrones concretos en el tipo de lugares elegidos por las comunidades humanas para situar sus lugares de hábitat, si pueden diferenciarse distintos tipos de asentamientos en función de su localización, y si existe un cambio en las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de ocupación con respecto a momentos anteriores. Para llevar a cabo estos análisis, se emplea un Sistema de Información Geográfica.<br>The objective of this thesis is the analysis of preferences in the choice of settlement sites by the hunter-gatherers of Final Pleistocene - Holocene transition (i.e., Magdalenian and Azilian) from eastern Cantabrian coast. More specifically, the location of a number of sites is analyzed by calculating different characteristics and variables, to try to identify a specific pattern or patterns in the type of sites selected by human communities to bring their places of habitat, to differentiate different types of settlements based on their location, and whether a change in preferences in the selection of places of employment with respect to earlier periods. To perform these tests, a Geographic Information System is used to calculate the variables considered.
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Samsel, Mathilde. "Microévolution et bioarchéologie des groupes humains de la fin du Pléistocène et du début de l'Holocène en Europe occidentale : apports de l'anthropologie biologique aux connaissances sur le Paléolithique final et le Mésolithique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0072/document.

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La fin du Pléistocène et le début de l’Holocène sont marqués par des bouleversements environnementaux d’une ampleur et d’une intensité exceptionnelles en Europe de l’Ouest. Ces quelque huit millénaires ont été scindés en périodes chronoculturelles principalement à partir de critères typotechnologiques de l’industrie lithique, correspondant au Paléolithique final, et au premier et au second Mésolithique. L’identité biologique des groupes humains de cette période n’avait jusqu’alors jamais été étudiée de façon spécifique et la réalité anthropologique de ces partitions pose question. À partir d’un corpus réactualisé de 70 sites couvrant les territoires actuels de la France, de l’Allemagne, de la Belgique, du Luxembourg, de la Suisse, de l’Italie, de l’Espagne et du Portugal, ce sont 617 spécimens pour les restes osseux et 251 pour les restes dentaires qui ont été analysés. Des caractéristiques squelettiques ont été enregistrées et analysées selon un protocole unique : proportions squelettiques comme la stature, l’indice brachial et l’indice crural, morphométrie crânienne et mandibulaire, analyse par morphométrie géométrique de la conformation du neurocrâne et variations anatomiques non métriques crâniennes et dentaires. L’ensemble des données recueillies a fait l’objet de traitements statistiques adaptés, descriptifs, multivariés et exploratoires. Parmi les résultats obtenus, l’analyse métrique et morphologique de la mandibule révèle des changements microévolutifs de la morphologie mandibulaire en lien avec l’intensification de l’élargissement du spectre des ressources consommées au cours du Mésolithique. Un fonctionnement différent des groupes est proposé entre ceux établis sur les zones côtières et les continentaux. Les groupes côtiers seraient organisés selon un système plutôt fermé, traduit par la structuration régionale des données anthropobiologiques, alors que les groupes continentaux, bien qu’ayant un ancrage local, possèderaient des réseaux d’échanges plus larges et/ou plus réguliers. Enfin, la permanence des groupes humains du Paléolithique final au Mésolithique est avancée, ainsi qu’au sein des zones côtières durant tout le Mésolithique, alors qu’une discontinuité populationnelle entre premier et second Mésolithique est mise en évidence dans l’aire continentale. L’hypothèse d’une arrivée de nouveaux groupes depuis les régions situées plus à l’est, poussés par la progression néolithique en Europe centrale à partir du VIIème millénaire cal BC est avancée, rejoignant un des scenarii proposés à partir de l’analyse de l’ADN ancien<br>Environmental changes of exceptional magnitude and intensity occurred during the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene in Western Europe. These- some eight millennia- have been divided into chronocultural periods based on typotechnological lithic industries, corresponding to the Late Palaeolithic and the Early and Late Mesolithic. The biological identity of the human groups from this lengthy period of time has never previously been studied in a systematic way, and the anthropological meaning of these divisions remains unclear. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, this thesis presents the results of analyses of an up-to-date sample of 617 skeletal specimens and 251 dental remains covering 70 sites from France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Skeletal characteristics, including skeletal proportions- stature, brachial and crural indices -, cranial and mandibular morphometrics, geometric morphometric analysis of the neurocranium, and non-metric skeletal and dental traits were recorded and analysed using a single protocol. All data collected were subjected to suitable descriptive, multivariate and exploratory statistical treatments. Among the results obtained, the metric and morphological analysis of the mandible reveals micro-evolutionary morphological changes related to the intensified exploitation of a broader spectrum of food resources during the Mesolithic. Human groups in coastal zones differ from those located further inland. Coastal groups evince a rather closed system, reflected by a regional structure of bioanthropological data, whereas inland groups, while locally based, are characterized by broader and/or more regular networks of population interaction. Finally, there appears to be continuity between human groups from the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Mesolithic, as well as throughout the Mesolithic in coastal areas, while population discontinuity between the Early and Later Mesolithic is highlighted in the continental area. The arrival of new groups from areas further east, driven by Neolithic population advances through Central Europe from the 7th millennium BC cal is hypothesised, similar to one of the scenarios proposed from the analysis of aDNA
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Books on the topic "Final Palaeolithic"

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Michał, Kobusiewicz, and Kabaciński Jacek, eds. Studies in the final Palaeolithic settlement of the Great European Plain. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2007.

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Michał, Kobusiewicz, and Kabaciński Jacek, eds. Studies in the final Palaeolithic settlement of the Great European Plain. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2007.

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Estévez, Juan José Ibáñez. From tool use to site function: Use-wear analysis in some final upper palaeolithic sites in the Basque country. Tempvs Reparatvm, 1996.

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Bodil, Bratlund, Eriksen Berit Valentin, and International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences., eds. Recent studies in the final palaeolithic of the European plain: Proceedings of a U.I.S.P.P. symposium, Stockholm, 14.-17. October 1999. Jutland Archaeological Society, 2002.

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Kaczanowska, M., A. Sampson, and J. K. Kozlowski. Sarakenos Cave at Akraephnion, Boeotia, Greece, Vol. II: The Early Neolithic, the Mesolithic and the Final Palaeolithic. Neriton, Wydawnictwo, 2016.

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Estevez, Juan Jose Ibaanez. From Tool Use to Site Function: Use-Wear Analysis in Some Final Upper Palaeolithic Sites in the Basque Country (Bar International Series). Tempvs Reparatvm, 1996.

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(Editor), Berit Valentin Eriksen, and Bodil Bratlund (Editor), eds. Recent Studies in the Final Palaeolithic of the European Plain: Proceedings of a U.I.S.P.P. Symposium, Stockholm, 14-17 October 1999 (Jutland Archaeological Society Publications, 39). Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Final Palaeolithic"

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Ammerman, Albert J. "Cyprus: The Submerged Final Palaeolithic of Aspros Dive Site C." In The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37367-2_22.

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Martin, Yves. "The Engravings of Gouy: France’s Northernmost Decorated Cave." In Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199299171.003.0014.

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For almost half a century the cave of Gouy, discovered in 1956, was the northernmost Palaeolithic decorated cave known in western Europe. Because of its originality and its geographical location, it overturned our knowledge, as has, today, in its turn, the magnificent discovery of the first British parietal Palaeolithic art which has at last been revealed in Church Hole, at Creswell Crags, in Nottinghamshire (Bahn et al. 2003). This revelation extends the distribution of Palaeolithic parietal art further to the north and the west. Following this major event, the possibilities of similar explorations have been reinforced. Even more than before, other discoveries can today be foreseen, not only in the neighbouring regions but very probably also some day soon in Belgium and Germany. Before the authenticity of its decoration was accepted unanimously, Gouy, like Church Hole, was not exempt from scepticism. This attitude inevitably accompanies discoveries which call into question our knowledge in all fields of research. However, doubt is necessary and, in some ways, it is obviously very useful. In particular, it incites one to gather together all the elements that support the accuracy of any new thing. Where Gouy is concerned, there were two principal objections which counted against it and perplexed researchers. The most frequently used negative argument from the very start was its geographical location. From 1946 to 1956 the Grotte du Cheval, at Arcysur- Cure in Bourgogne (Bailloud 1946), was the northernmost decorated cave. Even this cave appeared very eccentric at this latitude. Consequently, far away from the great regions of parietal art, Gouy could not be attributed to the Upper Palaeolithic. Moreover, the (recognized) open-air occupations of the Upper Palaeolithic and Final Upper Palaeolithic were thought to be virtually non-existent (in the regions close to Gouy). This view already ignored the proximity of the rockshelters of Métreville, near Saint-Pierre d’Autils, where there had been a ‘Magdalenian’ industry associated with mammoth bones (Poulain 1904, 1905). In reply to this opinion, which was still widespread in recent times, Gerhard Bosinski proclaimed in public, ‘it is . . . (the Final Upper Palaeolithic), look for it . . . in your region . . .
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van Mazijk, Corijn. "Symbolism in the Middle Palaeolithic." In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192895950.013.55.

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Abstract The existence and extent of symbolism among Middle Palaeolithic pre-modern humans present a significant point of controversy. As with any scientific dispute, there is a substantial conceptual component to these discussions, here in particular concerning the concept of symbolism, which is often poorly defined. The present chapter approaches the problem from a different, philosophical, angle. It opens with a brief reflection on the phenomenological method in philosophy and its largely unexplored potential for paleoanthropology and evolutionary psychology. The midpart develops a phenomenological framework involving separate levels of expressive and symbolic behavior. It is argued that Middle Palaeolithic pre-modern humans, given the current evidence, are best understood as capable of symbolic behavior, but that symbol use is still tied to expressive behavior and shared practices in the so-called living present. It is further argued that such “practice-embedded symbolism” represents a necessary stage in the evolution of symbolism in the hominin lineage, as its use and interpretation are significantly less cognitively demanding than the free symbolic activity of behaviorally modern humans. The final section reviews evidence for the decorative use of pigment and beadwork in Middle Palaeolithic communities. It is argued that while their production plausibly relied on practice-embedded symbols, free symbolism in the modern sense need not be presupposed, and it is unlikely that either pigment or beadwork had itself a symbolic function.
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"Upper and Final Palaeolithic seafarers – the expansion of modern humans." In Argonauts of the Stone Age. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv35n8b2g.7.

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Walker, James, Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch, et al. "The archaeological context of Doggerland during the final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic." In Europe's Lost Frontiers: Volume 1. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.15135930.12.

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Zakrzeńska, Justyna. "Bębło, stan. 4, pow. krakowski. Materiały z badań Stanisława Kowalskiego i Janusza Krzysztofa Kozłowskiego – składanki / Bębło, site 4, Kraków district: the refitting of the material excavated by Stanisław Kowalski and Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski." In Nakopalniane pracownie krzemieniarskie z okresu neolitu w Bęble, stan. 4, woj. małopolskie / Neolithic flint workshops at the mine in Bębło, site 4, Małopolska. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie; Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/bmak.10.6.

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The analysis of the refitting of flint artefacts excavated by S. Kowalski and J. K. Kozłowski at Site 4 in Bębło, Kraków district, in 1954, has covered only a part of that material, approx. 1000 items: all precores and cores, blades and distinctive spalls, as well as those flakes (together with a few chips and chunks) that were located precisely within the excavation. The analysis of the material has brought rather negative results. The two-constituent refits make up approx. 0.5% of all studied items, a significantly lower number than in other Final Palaeolithic or Late Palaeolithic assemblages, where the percentage of refits usually ranges between 10% and 20%. The absence of refitted cores and sequences of blades can be explained by the character of the Bębło site, a workshop specialised in the production and export of blade debitage. The absence of refits related to the preparation and repair of cores is more difficult to account for. It may have resulted from several factors.
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Key, Alaister, and Stephen Lycett. "The Ergonomics of Stone Tool Use and Production." In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192895950.013.29.

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Abstract The field of ergonomics studies how the human body interacts with its physical environment. Often there is a focus on hand-held tools. In the case of hominin artifacts, factors relating to ergonomics may influence their design and form, ultimately increasing effectiveness, safety, and ease of use. Although often alluded to in the literature, it is only recently that research has begun to investigate explicitly how ergonomic factors may have influenced the behavior of early humans and, in turn, the pattern of the Palaeolithic archaeological record. This chapter reviews the current understanding of how hominins (or more precisely, their anatomy) interacted with stone tools of different sizes, shapes, and types. Stone tool use and production are considered separately, because although both interact with the hominin upper limb, they invoke distinct durational and magnitudinal demands. It is demonstrated that different muscular and skeletal stresses likely influenced the design of stone tool artifacts throughout the Palaeolithic. Equally, the shape and size of stone tools can impact how the hand, and upper limb more widely, are recruited during use, and how this may have placed evolutionary demands on hominin anatomy. Accordingly, the final section of this chapter considers how over the long-term course of human evolution, lithic technology potentially interacted with both cultural evolutionary forces and biological evolutionary forces. Ultimately, the inception of stone tool technology may have played a particular role in the eventual pathway of human evolution through gene–culture co-evolution. Ergonomic issues are revealed to have likely influenced both hominin anatomy and patterns of stone tool technology through the Palaeolithic.
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Werra, Dagmara H., and Katarzyna Kerneder-Gubała. "‘Chocolate’ flint mining from Final Palaeolithic up to Early Iron Age – a review." In From Mine to User: Production and Procurement Systems of Siliceous Rocks in the European Neolithic and Bronze Age. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.15136049.9.

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Araújo, Ana Cristina, and Grégor Marchand. "The Atlantic Coast (Western France, Northern Spain, and Portugal)." In The Oxford Handbook of Mesolithic Europe. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198853657.013.13.

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Abstract The archaeological record accumulated during the time-span that separates the last hunter-gatherer societies of the final Upper Palaeolithic and the first agro pastoral communities of the early Neolithic on the Atlantic coast of Europe is characterized by shell middens scattered along the coasts of Portugal, northern Spain, and western France. The large-scale exploitation of marine resources, especially mollusks, is one of the most distinctive traits of the Mesolithic. These hunter-gatherer-fisher societies also exploited the inland landscapes and resources, creating sheltered and open-air sites, some with dwellings. Hunting was the main activity developed at these locations. During the nearly five millennia of Mesolithic lifestyle, important changes occur, although with specificities according to the geographical areas: human groups become less itinerant, more gregarious and the first cemeteries appear in the same places occupied by the living, explaining the emergence of long-term settlements. The Mesolithic technology carries forward know-how and skills from their Upper Palaeolithic ancestors, but it is also innovative, creating less time-consuming lithic solutions. The production of small and standardized geometric shapes (triangles, trapezes, and crescents) is a further defining feature of the Mesolithic technology. These microliths were embedded in wooden or bone/antler handles, forming different composite-tools used for multiple tasks, from hunting weapons to knives. These ways of life established on the maritime coast from France to Portugal offered enough resilience to provide an alternative to agro-pastoral economies from the middle of the sixth millennium until the beginning of the fourth millennium, with long-term coexistences between these societies.
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Manko, Valery A. "Interstratification in Layers of Unit III at Skalisty Rockshelter and the Origin of the Crimean Final Palaeolithic." In Caves in Context. Oxbow Books, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1djk4.21.

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