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Journal articles on the topic 'Flaked'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Balamaze, J., J. H. Muyonga, and Y. B. Byaruhanga. "Physico-chemical Characteristics of Selected Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam) Varieties." Journal of Food Research 8, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n4p11.

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This study was aimed at establishing the variation in physico-chemical properties between and within different jackfruit varieties. Mature jackfruits from trees known to produce orange, yellow and white flakes were harvested and ripened at 28oC and 90% relative humidity. The weight, length and circumference of ripe fruits were measured. The fruits were cut into three equal sections: top, middle and bottom. Each section was separated into flakes, rind, abortive perigones, consolidated perigones, seeds and core. The percent weight of different fruit parts, and flake physico-chemical characteristics were determined. The average weight, length, circumference and maturation period for jackfruit varieties studied were 12 kg, 47 cm, 76 cm and 104 days, respectively. The mean proportions of flakes, rind, abortive perigones, consolidated perigones, seeds and core were 24.7, 20.0, 14.5 14.3, 13.1 and 11.3%, respectively. Ascorbic acid (AA), carotenoids, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS: acid ratio, color and texture varied significantly among jackfruit sections. Color did not vary among sections of yellow and white flaked varieties. Flake texture (hardness) was 12.1, 10.5 and 6.6 N/mm for the white, yellow and orange flaked varieties, respectively. Flake textural resilience was in the order: white > yellow > orange flakes. Principle component analysis showed white flakes correlated positively with flake resilience, hardness and color lightness. Orange flakes were associated with high carotenoids and TSS content. Yellow flakes exhibited intermediate properties between those of white and orange flakes. Jackfruit flake color and section can be used as flake quality predictor.

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2

Sots, S., Y. Chumachenko, I. Kustov, and Y. Kuzmenko. "PRODUCTION OF FLAKED PRODUCTS FROM NAKED OATS. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FLAKES." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i1.1689.

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Flakes and instant groats products have become increasingly prolific in recent decades among groats products. The interest of consumers in this type of groats and groats products is primarily connected to their ability to be quickly prepared and good food and flavoring properties compared with traditional groats. Due to their balanced amino acid composition, the presence of mucous substances unique vitamin content, most of groats can be attributed to the products of dietary and restorative nutrition.In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. Thepossibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using nakedoat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3-93,6 %. For substantiation of modes of preparing pearled groats to flaking determining of its impact on physical properties of the flaked groats were conducted. Flaked products obtained from naked oats characterized by high uniformity, however by fractional composition are smaller compared with control samples. The main their percentage (about 60-70%), obtained by overflow of sieves  3,0 mm and  1,5 mm. Thickness of obtained in the studied modes flaked products is in the range 0,4-1,1 mm. Flaked products obtained from naked oats by steaming oats groats with moisture content 19.1 % by indicator of thickness characterized as flaked groats for which the characteristic thickness is 0.7 to 0.9 mm. Mode of steaming groats at vapor pressure of 0.15 MPa with moisture content 17.5 % allows producing flaked products which correspond by the value of thickness of the control of classical oat flakes 0,4-0,9 mm. Decreasing moisture content of groats before steaming to 15.4 % allows producing thin flakes, values of thickness of which in the range of 0.4-0.7 mm. Except thickness, strength of flakes also depends on mass fraction of moisture. For flakes with higher humidity inherent strength is greater compared to a product with low humidity. The final moisture of oat flakes is normalized by regulations and must not exceed 12.0%.Waterheat treatment of pearled groats with further its flaking reduces the proportion of ashes of flaked products from 1.8 to 1.5%.

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3

Bandini, Elisa, Alba Motes-Rodrigo, William Archer, Tanya Minchin, Helene Axelsen, Raquel Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Shannon P. McPherron, and Claudio Tennie. "Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools." Open Research Europe 1 (March 24, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13186.1.

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Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes. Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested unenculturated, naïve chimpanzees from two independent populations (n=11) for their abilities to spontaneously make and use their own flakes as well as to use pre-made flakes made by a human experimenter. Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees demonstrated an understanding of the requirements of the task and that subjects were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop these behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested, made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions. Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided the test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that human enculturation and/or human demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split between Homo and Pan 7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.

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4

Bandini, Elisa, Alba Motes-Rodrigo, William Archer, Tanya Minchin, Helene Axelsen, Raquel Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Shannon P. McPherron, and Claudio Tennie. "Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools." Open Research Europe 1 (July 15, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13186.2.

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Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes. Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested eleven task-naïve chimpanzees (unenculturated n=8, unknown status n=3) from two independent populations for their abilities to spontaneously make and subsequently use flakes as well as to use flakes made by a human experimenter. Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees seemed to understand the requirements of the task, were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop the target behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions. Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that enculturation and/or demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split between Homo and Pan 7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.

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5

Davis, Dave D. "Archaic Blade Production on Antigua, West Indies." American Antiquity 58, no. 4 (October 1993): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282202.

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Antigua has substantially more preceramic sites than any other island in the Lesser Antilles. Archaic peoples made extensive use of the high-quality flint that is common on Antigua to produce industries dominated by unretouched flakes and blades. Analysis of the largest excavated Archaic assemblage from the island reveals that flaked-stone technology centered around the production of direct-percussion blades, and that the majority of other flake classes are by-products of blade production. The assemblage's five major morphological classes of blades appear to represent successive stages of core reduction.

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6

Eerkens, Jelmer W., Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Michael D. Glascock, Craig E. Skinner, and Sharon A. Waechter. "Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America." American Antiquity 72, no. 3 (July 2007): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035862.

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Based on a simple model of lithic procurement, reduction, and use, we generate predictions for patterns in source diversity and average distance-to-source measurements for flaked stone assemblages left behind by small-scale and residentially mobile populations. We apply this model to geochemical data from obsidian artifacts from three regions in western North America. As predicted, results show markedly different patterns in the geochemical composition of small flakes, large flakes, and formal tools. While small flakes and tools tend to have greater source diversity and are on average farther from their original source, the large flake assemblage is composed of fewer and closer sources. These results suggest that a failure to include very late stage reduction (e.g., pressure flakes) and microdebitage in characterization studies may bias interpretations about the extent of residential mobility and/or trade patterns because more distant sources will be underrepresented.

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7

Sots, S., I. Kustov, Y. Kuzmenko, and O. Vereshchynskyi. "FEATURES OF PROCESSING OATS INTO GROATS PRODUCTS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1587.

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In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. The possibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using naked oat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. Results of research influence intensity of pearling and water heat treatment on yield of pearled groats and its quality indicators were shown. The high efficiency of use naked oats for the production of pearled groats with regulated quality indicators was determined. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats before pearling is 12-12.5 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 78 94 %. Use as raw materials naked oats increase yield of pearled groats at 1.4-1.6 times in compared to processing of conventional varieties. Modes of preparation of pearled groats for flaking was investigated, feature their influence on the yield and qualities of flaked groats were determined. Analyses of the physical properties of the obtained flaked products were conducted. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3 93,6 %. The main stages of processing naked oats into groats products were determined. The technological scheme of processing naked oats for producing groats and flakes were developed. The technological scheme of processing hull-less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products.

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8

Lockard, Caleb, Cathy Lockard, Wyatt Smith, Brian Campbell, and Jenny Jennings. "PSVI-19 Evaluating the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme to two bulk-flake density weights of corn fed to beef finishing steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.382.

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Abstract An alpha-amylase enzyme has the potential to increase starch digestibility, thus improving feedlot cattle performance and efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme on two steam-flaked bulk densities and subsequent performance of finishing beef steers. Forty-eight crossbred steers (325 ± 19 kg), were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design. Factors were corn processing and enzyme addition. Dietary treatments were steam-flaked corn-based diets with two bulk-flake density weights of corn (0.32 kg/L vs. 0.39 kg/L). Experimental treatments were 1) 0.32 kg/L with no enzyme (32NE), 2) 0.39 kg/L with no enzyme (39NE), 3) 0.32 kg/L with enzyme (32E), and 4) 0.39 kg/L with enzyme (39E) on a DM basis. The enzyme was applied at 0.50 kg/T of steam-flaked corn (As-fed basis). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of flake weight, enzyme, and flake weight × enzyme interaction. Throughout the feeding period, starch availability for 0.32 kg/L and 0.39 kg/L corn averaged 60.7% and 42.2%, respectively. Steers receiving the alpha-amylase enzyme had no differences in BW (P ≥ 0.62), ADG (P ≥ 0.55), and DMI (P ≥ 0.56) compared to NE steers. Furthermore, carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.26) between E and NE steers. Feeding an alpha-amylase enzyme to finishing cattle had no detrimental effects on performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, a more highly processed corn was observed to decrease dry matter intake and increase the potential for digestive upsets. This may limit the use of the alpha-amylase enzyme to a lesser processed corn.

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9

Kardulias, P. Nick. "Flaked Stone from Isthmia." Hesperia 78, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 307–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.78.3.307.

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10

Hirth, Kenneth G., Geoffrey G. McCafferty, and William R. Fowler. "INTRODUCTION." Ancient Mesoamerica 20, no. 1 (2009): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536109000078.

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Over the past four decades the interpretive capacity of lithic analysis in Mesoamerica has changed dramatically. Lithic studies have grown from simple artifact descriptions to a powerful approach for studying and interpreting pre-Hispanic economy. The linchpin for this change was the development of the lithic technology approach (Collins 1975; Crabtree 1968; Flenniken 1981) and its use in asking culturally meaningful questions about the Mesoamerican past (Sheets 1975; Spence 1967). The utility of this approach is as obvious to those who employ it, as it is elusive to those who do not. It involves the recovery, analysis and interpretation of flaked stone residues, that is, the large and small flakes and chips produced when stone tools are manufactured and used. Moreover, it is the study of the mundane to view the mundane, and obtain a window onto the economic patterns of everyday life. The reward from studying thousands of ordinary flaked stone remains comes from the insight it provides for reconstructing and modeling past economic behavior.

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11

Boldurian, Anthony T. "Analysis of Flaked Stone Artifacts." Plains Anthropologist 35, no. 130 (September 1990): 55–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1990.11909599.

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12

P. B. Lynch and I. Zoccarato. "Effect of extrusion and steam flaking of cereals on growth rate and feed utilisation by weaned pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021401.

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Heat treated cereals whether steamed and flaked or extruded are widely used in pig starter diets despite the dearth of experimental information to support the view that cooking of cereals improves their utilisation by young pigs or improves growth performance of weaned pigs.McCone et al. (1991) showed that micronisation and flaking of cereals had no beneficial effect on pig performance. The objective in the present trial was to evaluate extruded and steamed-flaked wheat and steamed-flaked maize in diets for pigs immediately after weaning.

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13

Villa, Paola, and Larry Bartram. "Flaked bone from a hyena den." Paléo 8, no. 1 (1996): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/pal.1996.910.

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14

Bamforth, Douglas B., and Peter Bleed. "Technology, Flaked Stone Technology, and Risk." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1997.7.1.109.

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15

McDonough, C. M., B. J. Anderson, and L. W. Rooney. "Structural Characteristics of Steam-Flaked Sorghum." Cereal Chemistry Journal 74, no. 5 (September 1997): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem.1997.74.5.542.

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16

Plascencia, Alejandro, Víctor M. González-Vizcarra, and Richard A. Zinn. "Comparative effects of grain source on digestion characteristics of finishing diets for feedlot cattle: steam-flaked corn, barley, wheat, and oats." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0018.

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Twelve Holstein steers (454 ± 32 kg) with cannulas in rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a generalized randomized block design to compare steam-flaked corn (SFC), barley (SFB), wheat (SFW), and oats (SFO) as grain sources (74% of diet dry matter, flake density = 0.31 kg L−1) on characteristics of digestion. Ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion was similar for SFC-, SFB-, and SFW-based diets, but lower for SFO. Ruminal microbial efficiency was greater for SFW and SFO. Given that the undegradable intake protein (UIP) value of SFC is 57%, the comparative UIP values for SFB, SFW, and SFO were 39.8%, 36.1%, and 47.3%, respectively. Ruminal starch digestion was lower for SFC than the other flaked grains. Total-tract OM digestion and digestible energy were greatest for SFC, intermediate for SFB and SFW, and lowest for SFO. Given the net energy maintenance (NEm) value of SFC is 2.40 Mcal kg−1, the comparative NEm value for SFB, SFW, and SFO were 2.25, 2.36, and 2.17 Mcal kg−1, respectively. Steam flaking results in important modifications of small grains that appreciably affect their comparative feeding value. Current standards underestimates the NE value of SFB, SFW, and SFO, and overestimates the UIP values for SFB and SFO.

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17

Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and J. Peter White. "Australian flaked stone tools: a technological perspective." Records of the Australian Museum 36, no. 3 (April 19, 1985): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.36.1985.342.

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18

Hoang, CC, BJ Hosking, and JHG Holmes. "Steam-flaked lupins for preruminant calf rations." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 8 (1995): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951063.

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Steam-rolled lupins were studied as a cheaper alternative to complex and expensive commercial calf rations for rearing dairy calves. Four diets were fed to 4 groups of 6-8 calves: diet 1, 100% commercial pelletted calf ration (CR), 0% steam-flaked lupins (SFL); diet 2, 67% CR, 33% SFL; diet 3, 33% CR, 67% SFL; and diet 4, 100% SFL. A multimineral salt block and fresh water were available. Calves received milk-replacer (MR) in week 1, MR plus experimental diets in weeks 2-5, then experimental diets plus a small amount of straw in weeks 6-10. Calves grazed fresh pasture in weeks 11-15. Blood and rurnen contents were sampled in weeks 2 (blood only) 4,6 (diets 1-4), 8 and 10 (diets 1-3). In weeks 2-5, calves fed diet 4 ate less than calves fed diets 1, 2 and 3 (SFL 0.38 v. 0.50 kg dry matter (DM)/day, MR 0.47 v. 0.49 kg DM/day; P<0.05), grew less rapidly (0.58 v. 0.66 kg/day, not significant) and lost appetite in weeks 5-7. Feeding diet 4 was abandoned and CR, barley and hay were fed in weeks 8-10. In weeks 6-10, calves ate 2.49 kg DM/day of diets 1, 2 and 3 and grew 0.99 kg/day. Growth rates did not differ, at 0.59 kg/day in weeks 11-15; thus calves fed diet 4 seem to have sustained no permanent injury. Plasma glucose was higher in calves fed diet 4 in week 6 (P<0.05) but otherwise did not differ between diets or ages. Ruminal volatile fatty acids differed between diets only in week 6, when diet 4 resulted in a lower concentration than diets 1, 2 and 3 (95 v. 118 mmol/L), with 54.6 v. 49.9% acetic, 31.0 v. 34.1% propionic, and 8.0 v. 10.7% butyric acids. Plasma acetate increased steadily from 0.23 mmol/L at week 2 to 0.58 mmol/L at week 10 (P<0.05), with no difference between diets. We conclude that SFL can be a satisfactory component of the diet of young calves at up to 67% of the ration, producing calves with sufficiently developed ruminal digestion to permit unsupplemented grazing after 10 weeks of feeding.

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19

FERRIOLA, D., and M. STONE. "Sweetener Effects on Flaked Millet Breakfast Cereals." Journal of Food Science 63, no. 4 (July 20, 2006): 726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15823.x.

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20

Hayden, Brian, and Patrick C. Vaughan. "Use-Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools." Man 21, no. 3 (September 1986): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803118.

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21

Newcomer, Mark. "Use-wear analysis of flaked stone tools." Quaternary Science Reviews 4, no. 4 (1985): xviii—xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(85)90014-9.

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22

Tay, H. X., C. H. Kuan, and G. H. Chong. "Development and optimization of flaked breakfast cereal processing parameters and formulation, incorporated with banana pulp and peel, using response surface methodology." Food Research 5, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).486.

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Breakfast cereal plays an important role in a balanced diet. In Malaysia, tons of highly nutritious banana peels, overripe, oversupplied and rejected bananas end up in food waste, as a result of high production and consumption of banana. Thus, this study aimed to produce flaked breakfast cereal with banana pulp, banana peel and cornmeal through oven -baking. Baking temperature, baking time and volume of banana pulp and peel mixture were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve desired fracturability and yellowness. Through this study, fracturability (R2 = 0.98, P≤0.05) and yellowness (R2 = 0.99, P≤0.05) were found to be significantly related to the processing parameters and formulation of the flakes. The optimum processing parameters and formula obtained from this study were the baking temperature of 129.5°C, baking time of 15 mins and volume of banana pulp and peel mixture of 140 g. Besides, a sensory evaluation was conducted and compared among the optimized flakes and commercial corn flakes. Based on the results, there was a significant difference (P≤0.05) in aroma, appearance and taste but no significant difference (P>0.05) in mouthfeel and overall acceptability between both types of flakes. It was recommended that the shelf-life study of the optimized flakes could be done for future study.

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Sano, Katsuhiro, Yonas Beyene, Shigehiro Katoh, Daisuke Koyabu, Hideki Endo, Tomohiko Sasaki, Berhane Asfaw, and Gen Suwa. "A 1.4-million-year-old bone handaxe from Konso, Ethiopia, shows advanced tool technology in the early Acheulean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 13, 2020): 18393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006370117.

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In the past decade, the early Acheulean before 1 Mya has been a focus of active research. Acheulean lithic assemblages have been shown to extend back to ∼1.75 Mya, and considerable advances in core reduction technologies are seen by 1.5 to 1.4 Mya. Here we report a bifacially flaked bone fragment (maximum dimension ∼13 cm) of a hippopotamus femur from the ∼1.4 Mya sediments of the Konso Formation in southern Ethiopia. The large number of flake scars and their distribution pattern, together with the high frequency of cone fractures, indicate anthropogenic flaking into handaxe-like form. Use-wear analyses show quasi-continuous alternate microflake scars, wear polish, edge rounding, and striae patches along an ∼5-cm-long edge toward the handaxe tip. The striae run predominantly oblique to the edge, with some perpendicular, on both the cortical and inner faces. The combined evidence is consistent with the use of this bone artifact in longitudinal motions, such as in cutting and/or sawing. This bone handaxe is the oldest known extensively flaked example from the Early Pleistocene. Despite scarcity of well-shaped bone tools, its presence at Konso shows that sophisticated flaking was practiced by ∼1.4 Mya, not only on a range of lithic materials, but also occasionally on bone, thus expanding the documented technological repertoire of African Early PleistoceneHomo.

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Zinn, R. A. "Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle." Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (1990): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1990.683767x.

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25

Suryatman, Suryatman, Sue O’ Connor, David Bulbeck, Ben Marwick, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, and Unggul Prasetyo Wibowo. "Teknologi Litik di Situs Talimbue, Sulawesi Tenggara: Teknologi Berlanjut dari Masa Pleistosen Akhir Hingga Holosen." AMERTA 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v34i2.146.

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Abstract. The Lithic Technology at Talimbue Site, Southeast Sulawesi: Continuing Technology from Late Pleistocene up to Holocene Periods. The Talimbue site at Southeast Sulawesi is packed with lithic and these offer a new perspective on the lithic technology of Sulawesi. The absence of information on the prehistoric lithic technology of Southeast Sulawesi is a factor of interest that makes research on knowledge of the Talimbue site necessary. Lithic artefacts were manufactured from the terminal Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. This research will disentangle the details of the lithic technology at the Talimbue Site. The analyzed flaked stone artefacts fall into 3 categories, which are retouched flakes, debitage and cores. For its part, debitage was classified into 3 categories, which are complete flakes, broken flakes and debris. The retouch index was also measured so as to provide a quantitative estimate of the level of retouch intensity of the retouched flakes. The results of the analysis indicate changes in the stone flake technology during the period of occupation of the Talimbue Site. The change of technology occurs because the process of adaptation caused by a change of environment. Abstrak. Temuan litik yang sangat padat di Situs Talimbue di Sulawesi Tenggara menunjukkan sebuah persepektif baru dalam kajian teknologi litik di Sulawesi. Kekosongan informasi teknologi litik masa prasejarah di wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara adalah hal yang menarik dikaji dalam penelitian di Situs Talimbue. Artefak litik digunakan dari masa Pleistosen Akhir hingga masa Holosen Akhir. Penelitian ini akan menguraikan secara detail bagaimana teknologi litik di Situs Talimbue. Artefak batu diserpih yang dianalisis menjadi 3 kategori, yaitu serpih diretus, serpihan dan batu inti. Serpihan kemudian diklasifikasi menjadi 3 kategori, yaitu serpih utuh, serpih rusak dan tatal. Pengukuran indeks retus juga dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengestimasi secara kuantitatif tingkat intensitas retus terhadap serpih yang telah diretus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan teknologi artefak batu diserpih terjadi selama masa hunian di Situs Talimbue. Perubahan teknologi terjadi karena adanya proses adaptasi yang disebabkan oleh perubahan lingkungan.

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Close, Angela E. "Inherited Social Difference at the Edges of Flakes." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20, no. 3 (September 27, 2010): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774310000430.

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It is now generally accepted that there are no human societies which are truly egalitarian; this also true of bonobos and chimpanzees, among whom rank is inherited. If it were true of the common ancestor of Homo and Pan, there would have been (inherited) social inequality throughout our hominin ancestry. The problem is how to find it. It is also accepted that artefacts play an active and important role in our social lives; thus, socially defined differences may be reflected among the very simplest of artefacts. A case study of flaked stone from southwestern Egypt, dating to about 7000–8000 years ago, suggests that social differences can, indeed, be identified within very simple artefacts — in this case, plain, unmodified stone flakes. Using unmodified stone flakes, I explore the possibility of identifying not merely social difference but, specifically, inherited social difference in the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe and among early African hominins more than 2,000,000 years ago.

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Mercader, Julio, Tim Bennett, and Mussa Raja. "Middle Stone Age starch acquisition in the Niassa Rift, Mozambique." Quaternary Research 70, no. 2 (September 2008): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.04.010.

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AbstractThe quest for direct lines of evidence for Paleolithic plant consumption during the African Middle Stone Age has led scientists to study residues and use-wear on flaked stone tools. Past work has established lithic function through multiple lines of evidence and the spatial breakdown of use-wear and microscopic traces on tool surfaces. This paper focuses on the quantitative analysis of starch assemblages and the botanical identification of grains from flake and core tools to learn about human ecology of carbohydrate use around the Niassa woodlands, in the Mozambican Rift. The processing of starchy plant parts is deduced from the occurrence of starch assemblages that presumably got attached to stone tool surfaces by actions associated with extractive or culinary activities. Specifically, we investigate starch grains from stone tools recently excavated in northern Mozambique at the site of Mikuyu; which presumably spans the middle to late Pleistocene and represents similar sites found along the Malawi/Niassa corridor that links East, Southern, and Central Africa. Starch was extracted and processed with a diverse tool kit consisting of scrapers, cores, points, flakes, and other kinds of tools. The microbotanical data suggests consumption of seeds, legumes, caryopses, piths, underground storage organs, nuts, and mesocarps from more than a dozen families. Our data suggest a great antiquity for starch use in Africa as well as an expanded diet and intensification.

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Fan, Xiaohu, Xi Wang, and Feng Chen. "Two Novel Approaches Used to Produce Biodiesel from Low-Cost Feedstocks." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 3, no. 1 (September 15, 2010): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01003010023.

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The price of feedstock is one of the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel manufacturer. Many approaches were investigated to reduce the biodiesel production cost. The present work gave a preliminary study of two approaches to economically produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and flaked cottonseed. One was the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from WCO. The other was the application of in situ transesterification from flaked cottonseed. Gas chromatography (GC) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results demonstrated the feasibility of using both approaches to produce biodiesel from low-cost feedstock.

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Gutierrez, B. H., E. G. Alvarez, M. F. Montano, J. Salinas-Chavira, N. G. Torrentera, and R. A. Zinn. "Influence of flake density and tempering on the feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle." Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2017): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1278699.

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30

Powell-Cummer, Whitney, and Lucile R. Addington. "Lithic Illustration: Drawing Flaked Stone Artifacts for Publication." American Journal of Archaeology 91, no. 3 (July 1987): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505375.

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LETELIER, V., C. L. KASTNER, P. B. KENNEY, D. H. KROPF, M. C. HUNT, and C. M. GARCÍA ZEPEDA. "Flaked Sinew Addition to Low-fat Cooked Salami." Journal of Food Science 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05647.x.

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32

Glover, I. C., and E. A. Glover. "Pleistocene Flaked Stone Tools from Timor and Flores." Mankind 7, no. 3 (February 10, 2009): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1970.tb00406.x.

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33

Sackett, James R., and Lucile R. Addington. "Lithic Illustration: Drawing Flaked Stone Artifacts for Publications." Man 25, no. 2 (June 1990): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804570.

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34

Jayakrishnan, R., Varun G. Nair, and Rani Abraham. "Photocatalytic Behavior of SILAR-Grown Nano-flaked CdS." Journal of Electronic Materials 48, no. 5 (February 25, 2019): 3069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07052-6.

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35

Zinn, R. A. "Comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in steam-flaked corn- and steam-flaked wheat-based finishing diets for feedlot steers." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.70102959x.

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36

Alvarez, E., B. H. Gutierrez, J. Salinas-Chavira, and R. A. Zinn. "Comparative feeding value of steam-flaked triticale as a replacement for steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle." Journal of Applied Animal Research 45, no. 1 (November 4, 2015): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1102729.

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37

Lowe, Corey, Andrew Kramer, Michael Wilson, Richard Meindl, Linda Spurlock, and Metin I. Eren. "Controlled ballistics tests of ground, percussion-flaked, and pressure-flaked projectile point impact durability: Implications for archaeological method and theory." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24 (April 2019): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.017.

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38

Sots, S., I. Kustov, and Y. Kuzmenko. "SOME FEATURES OF BARLEY AND OATS PROCESSING." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1510.

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It is proved the high effectiveness of using naked oats varieties Salomon and Samuel and hull-less barley variety Achilles as raw material for production new groats products with high biological value. Researched modes of pearling, water heat treatment and its impact on yield of pearled and flaked groats. The technological scheme of processing hull less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products. Studied hull-less barley characterized by high protein content 14,615,8 % and β-glucans – 6,8-7,4 %, has same to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of lipids 2,1-3,8 % and starch – 57,6-60,5 %, low ash content 2,3-2,7%. Naked oats grain traditionally characterized by high mass fraction of lipids – 6,0-6,3 %,high mass fraction of protein - 14,9-15,4% and βglucans - 6,4-6,9% close to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of starch – 59,3-61,6 % and ash – 2,1-2,3 %. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of hull-less barley and naked oats before pearling is 12-13 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 6796 %. Increasing moisture content of grain before pearling to 14.0% does not significantly change the limits of yield values, and pearling grain with low moisture content of 10.5% leads to excessive grinding and formation of a significant amount of by-products and waste in the form of fine particles and husking bran.Technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats pearled groat before steaming stage are 15 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa. For the pearled barley groat most appropriate moisture content of before steaming is 20 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa.Steaming in this mode allows to obtain flaked groats with yield at 84 to 93%

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39

Dimov, Ivan, Gjore Nakov, and Viktorija Stamatovska. "STYDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLAKING EINKORN, ON FOOD VALUE, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND STARCH DIGESTION CONTEND ON BISCUITS." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2018.06.007.

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The influence of flaked einkorn (Tiriticum monococcum L.) used as ingredient in production of biscuits on some of their chemical, biological active compounds and In vitro starch digestion. The biscuits were produced from whole einkorn flour to which 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 100 % einkorn flakes were added at the expense of the einkorn flour. It was found from the results with increase flaking einkorn in biscuits increase: moisture, total fats and proteins contend in the biscuits and decreases ash and total carbohydrates. Form the results for biological active compounds with increase flaking einkorn in biscuits, decreases total polyphenols and increase total carotenoids and antioxidant activity. In vitro starch digestion showed that when biscuits contend more then 30 % of einkorn flour reduces the body's ability to break down the starch contained in biscuits.

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40

Olgun, Osman, Esra Tuğçe Şentürk, and Alpönder Yıldız. "Effect of the use of flaked maize in diets with reduced metabolic energy on performance, egg quality, and serum parameters in layer quails." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 17, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8941.

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<b>The research was conducted to determine the effects of substituting raw maize with flaked maize in diets containing different levels of metabolic energy on the performance, egg quality, and serum parameters of layer quails. In the experiment, 120 female quails at ten weeks of age were randomly allocated to six treatment groups with four replicates, each consisting of five quails. The quails were fed six diets, with two forms of maize (raw or flaked) and three metabolic energy levels (2750, 2825 or 2900 (control) kcal/kg) during a ten-week trial. Compared with the control group, reducing the metabolic energy level of the diet to 2750 kcal/kg negatively affected egg production (P < 0,01), egg mass (P < 0,01), feed conversion ratio (P < 0,01), and serum cholesterol concentration (P < 0,05). Eggshell thickness decreased significantly in the group receiving 2750 kcal/kg metabolic energy in the diet, and the yolk b* value increased significantly (P < 0,01). The use of flaked maize in the diets significantly increased egg production (P < 0,05), egg mass (P < 0,05), eggshell thickness (P < 0,05), and yolk L* value (P < 0,01) and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0,05) and b* value of the yolk (P < 0,05). Although the effects of the interactions of the metabolic energy levels and forms of maize on the egg yolk b* value were significant (P < 0,01), this effect was not significant for the other parameters. The results indicate that layer quails can be fed diets containing 2825 kcal/kg metabolic energy and that replacement of raw maize with flaked maize in the diet positively affects performance and egg quality.

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41

Marks, Anthony, Harold J. Hietala, and John K. Williams. "Tool Standardization in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: a Closer Look (with comments)." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 1 (April 2001): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774301000026.

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It has been postulated that one difference between Neanderthals and anatomically modern people lies in a ‘clearer mental template’ of flaked stone tools on the part of modern people. This is thought to have been manifested in greater tool standardization during the Upper Palaeolithic than in the Middle Palaeolithic. Testing of this hypothesis, using three samples of a characteristic Upper Palaeolithic tool class — burins — from one Middle Palaeolithic and two Upper Palaeolithic assemblages, reveals that they are equally standardized for both metric and non-metric traits. Further consideration suggests that most Palaeolithic flaked stone tools are poorly suited to test notions of standardization, although some tool attributes may be well suited when considered in specific adaptive contexts.

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42

Xu, NingNing, DiMing Wang, and JianXin Liu. "Variance of Zein Protein and Starch Granule Morphology between Corn and Steam Flaked Products Determined Starch Ruminal Degradability Through Altering Starch Hydrolyzing Bacteria Attachment." Animals 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090626.

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The current study investigated differences of γ-zein protein contents and starch granule characteristics between raw and steam flaked corns and their influences on ruminal starch hydrolyzing bacteria (SHB) attached to corn grain. Two types of raw (Corn1 and Corn2) and their steam-flaked products (SFCorn1 and SFCorn2) were applied to explore physiochemical structures and SHB attachment. SDS-PAGE was conducted to detect γ-zein protein patterns, scanning electron microscope, and small angle X-ray scattering were performed to obtain starch granule morphology, while crystallinity, DQ starch, and DAPI staining were applied to quantify SHB. The steam flaking process destroyed γ-zein proteins and gelatinized starch granules. The median particle size of Corn1 and Corn2 starch granules increased from 17.8 and 18.0 μm to 30.8 and 26.0 μm, but crystallinity decreased from 22.0 and 25.0% to 9.9 and 16.9%, respectively. The percentage of SHB attached to Corn1 residues decreased (p = 0.01) after 4 h incubation, but SHB attached to SFCorn1 residues increased (p = 0.03) after 12 h incubation. Thus, the differences of γ-zein proteins and starch granule physiochemical structures between raw and steam flaked corn played an important role in improving the rate and extent of starch ruminal degradation through altering the process of SHB attached to corn.

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43

Montaño, M. F., V. Gonzalez, O. Manriquez, D. May, J. Melendrez, A. Plascencia, J. Salinas-Chavira, and R. A. Zinn. "Influence of flake fragmentation on the feeding value of steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle." Animal Feed Science and Technology 189 (March 2014): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.01.011.

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44

Schwandt, E. F., M. E. Hubbert, D. U. Thomson, C. I. Vahl, S. J. Bartle, and C. D. Reinhardt. "A survey of starch availability of steam-flaked corn in commercial feedlots evaluating roll size and flake density." Professional Animal Scientist 32, no. 5 (October 2016): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/pas.2015-01496.

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45

RUTH, SUSAN M., and BRUCE B. HUCKELL. "RARÁMURI RIJIBARA: INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN FLAKED-STONE GAMING PIECES." KIVA 73, no. 3 (March 2008): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/kiv.2008.73.3.001.

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46

Mitchell, Peter. "Pressure-Flaked Points in Lesotho: Dating, Distribution and Diversity." South African Archaeological Bulletin 54, no. 170 (December 1999): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889286.

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47

Chuck-Hernandez, Cristina, Esther Perez-Carrillo, and Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar. "Production of bioethanol from steam-flaked sorghum and maize." Journal of Cereal Science 50, no. 1 (July 2009): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2009.04.004.

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48

Santos, J. E. P., J. T. Huber, C. B. Theurer, L. G. Nussio, M. Tarazon, and F. A. P. Santos. "Response of Lactating Dairy Cows to Steam-Flaked Sorghum, Steam-Flaked Corn, or Steam-Rolled Corn and Protein Sources of Differing Degradability." Journal of Dairy Science 82, no. 4 (April 1999): 728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75290-2.

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49

VanPool, Todd L., Christine S. VanPool, Rafael Cruz Antillón, Robert D. Leonard, and Marcel J. Harmon. "Flaked Stone and Social Interaction in the Casas Grandes Region, Chihuahua, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 11, no. 2 (June 2000): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971853.

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This analysis uses flaked stone artifacts to gain insight into the social and economic structure of the Casas Grandes region, northern Chihuahua, Mexico. It begins by considering the intrasite variation in flaked stone reduction at Galeana, a large site near the modern town of Galeana. The analysis of debitage and cores from Galeana indicates that the assemblage is primarily the product of hard hammer, generalized reduction of locally available materials. Differences within the assemblage indicate the presence of spatially distinct reduction areas, with initial core reduction occurring in open areas, and then continuing in room blocks. We then compare the Galeana assemblage with the flaked stone assemblage from the site of Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Chihuahua. The analysis indicates that the reduction technique employed at both sites is similar, but that the Paquimé assemblage is characterized by a greater proportion of cryptocrystaline silicates and obsidian than the Galeana assemblage. Furthermore, much of the raw material from Paquimé does not appear to be locally available. We conclude that the prehistoric inhabitants of Paquimé had greater access to cryptocrystaline silicates and obsidian acquired through trade than did the inhabitants of Galeana. This evidence indicates that the economic pattern evident at Paquimé did not extend to Galeana and supports the idea that Paquimé's economic and political influence over other Casas Grandes sites was limited beyond a 30-km radius.

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50

Dennell, Robin, and Linda Hurcombe. "Comment on Pedra Furada." Antiquity 69, no. 264 (September 1995): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008203x.

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