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1
Mwakatoga, Joyce Donald. "Improving Food Production and Food Security in Tanzania through a Youth DevelopmentProgram in Agriculture." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469199250.
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Yobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.
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Cette thèse traite de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire dans la zone du Sahel que nous définissons comme une région comportant 12 pays et 52 zones agroécologiques à l'intérieur de ces pays. La zone d'étude couvre le Burkina Faso, la Djibouti, l'Érythrée, l'Éthiopie, le Mali, la Mauritanie, le Niger, Nigéria, Sénégal, la Somalie, le Soudan et le Tchad. La situation de cette partie du monde est fortement impactée par le changement climatique car l'agriculture, largement pluviale, y joue un rôle économique important. Il est alors attendu que le changement climatique aura un impact sur la production alimentaire, ce qui rendra encore plus difficile la disponibilité et l'accès aux aliments.D'un point de vue théorique, cette thèse vise à alimenter la littérature sur le changement climatique et ses effets sur les secteurs agricoles dans le monde, particulièrement dans le Sahel, en mettant un accent sur les zones agroécologiques. D'un point de vue empirique et en mobilisant notamment les techniques statistiques et économétriques, cette thèse prend en compte les caractérisés agricoles et climatiques de chaque pays et zones agroécologiques du Sahel.Dans le premier chapitre, nous traitons la question du changement et de la variabilité climatiques en se basant sur les précipitations et la température durant les différentes saisons des pays et zones agroécologiques du Sahel. En s'appuyant sur un modèle de régression linéaire et un modèle de changement structurel endogène, nous montrons que les pays et les zones agroécologiques sont effectivement affectés par le changement climatique et que l'année 1980 est un point essentiel dans l'explication de ce phénomène aux deux échelles. Nous montrons également que les zones désertiques et arides ont subi un grand nombre de chocs de 1901 à 2016, à l'exception du Nigéria, où les zones humides et les zones non désertiques ont subi plusieurs chocs.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions la relation entre le changement et la variabilité climatiques, mesurés par les conditions de température et de précipitations pendant les saisons des pluies, et la production agricole au niveau des pays et au niveau des zones agroécologiques du Sahel. En se concentrant sur un indice de production agricole et cinq céréales (maïs, mil, sorgho, blé et riz), nous étudions cette relation à l'aide d'une base de données originale avec des variables socio-économiques et climatiques. Sur la base d'une fonction de production agricole estimée pour la période 1961-2016, nous montrons que les précipitations et les températures moyennes pendant la saison de croissance ont des effets très hétérogènes sur la production agricole selon la zone céréalière et agricole, en fonction des besoins spécifiques et du stress liés aux conditions céréalières et agronomiques et climatiques de chaque zone.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous analysons le lien entre changement climatique et la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays du Sahel. En se basant sur une analyse multidimensionnelle de la sécurité alimentaire et un modèle de données de panel avec les variables climatiques d'intérêt retardées, nous montrons que la sécheresse et les inondations affectent négativement la sécurité alimentaire. En présence de ces catastrophes climatiques, les inondations causent davantage de dommages à la sécurité alimentaire. Les facteurs socioéconomiques jouent également un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire. Nos résultats montrent ainsi que le faible niveau de développement économique, la croissance démographique et l'inflation des prix des denrées alimentaires ne permettent pas d'assurer la sécurité alimentaire. En outre, l'absence des conflits et la stabilité politique sont des leviers importants d'amélioration de la situation de sécurité alimentaire des populations<br>This thesis deals with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the Sahel zone that we define as a region comprising 12 countries and 52 agroecological zones within these countries. The study area covers Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Chad. The situation in this part of the world is strongly impacted by climate change because agriculture, largely rainfed, plays an important economic role there. Climate change is then expected to have an impact on food production, which will make food availability and access even more difficult.From a theoretical point of view, this thesis aims to feed the literature on climate change and its effects on agricultural sectors in the world, particularly in the Sahel, by focusing on agroecological zones. From an empirical point of view and by using a range of statistical and econometric techniques, this thesis takes into account the agricultural and climatic characteristics of each country and agroecological zones of the Sahel.In the first chapter, we deal with the issue of climate change and variability based on precipitation and temperature during the different seasons of the countries and agroecological zones of the Sahel. Using a linear regression model and an endogenous structural change model, we show that countries and agroecological zones are indeed affected by climate change and that the year 1980 is an essential point in explaining this phenomenon for both scales. We also show that desert and arid areas suffered a large number of shocks from 1901 to 2016, with the exception of Nigeria, where wetlands and non-desert areas suffered several shocks.In the second chapter, we study the relationship between climate change and variability, measured by temperature and precipitation conditions in the rainy seasons, and agricultural production at country level and at the level of agroecological zones in the Sahel. Focusing on an agricultural production index and five cereals (corn, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice), we study this relationship using an original database with socio-economic and climate variables. On the basis of an estimated agricultural production function for the 1961-2016 period, we show that precipitation and average temperatures during the growing season have very heterogeneous effects on agricultural production according to the cereal and agricultural zone, depending specific needs and stress linked to the cereal and agronomic and climatic conditions of each zone.In the third chapter, we analyze the link between climate change and food security in the Sahel countries. Based on a multidimensional analysis of food security and a panel data model with delayed climate variables of interest, we show that drought and floods negatively affect food security. In the presence of these climatic disasters, floods cause more damage to food security. Socioeconomic factors also play an important role in food security. Our results show that the low level of economic development, population growth and inflation of food prices do not guarantee food security. In addition, the absence of conflicts and political stability are important levers for improving the food security situation of the populations
3
Obioha, EE. "Climate variability and food production Nexus in Lesotho, 2001 - 2007." Journal of Human Ecology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001181.
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ABSTRACT In the recent times, due to the increasing rate of global warming, the Southern African region, especially,
Lesotho has been experiencing continuous climatic change characterized by drastic reduction in rainfall, increase in
the rate of dryness and heat, with depletion of the amount of water, flora and fauna resources. The situation has been
so for years without many questions and answers with regard to how it affects food production and security in the
country. Against this background, this paper investigates the chain of interactions between climatic change, expressed
in the rate of rainfall and drought condition, the indigenous adaptation mechanisms and food production in Lesotho.
The paper addresses the estimate of drought condition in Lesotho, Southern Africa, the nature of food production
activities in the area and the extent to which continuous climatic change has affected the state of food production.
4
Dobson, Elizabeth Rose. "Case Study on a Container Gardening Program: Can Home Food Production Impact Community Food Security in Rural Appalachia?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71672.
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Home gardening has historically been a subsistence or supplemental form of food procurement worldwide and promoted as a food security project in times of economic hardship. Qualitative research was used to investigate container gardening's potential to provide the impetus for further agricultural activities within low-income, low-food-access, rural Appalachian Virginia, thereby impacting community food security, food choices of individuals, and the local food system. Ethnography and phenomenology methodologies were used through the lens of community-engaged research, and the lived experiences of participants were recognized as valid representations of food insecurity. Semi-structured interviews with fourteen participating households revealed program involvement was deeply connected to previous food production experiences and fueled by existing interest in home gardening. Containers were valued as providing alternative modes to continue a meaningful practice, specifically mitigating challenges of limited mobility for the elderly. As rural areas are experiencing an outmigration of young people and struggling social services, container gardening could be utilized as a low-cost culturally appropriate mental- and nutritional-health service for the rural elderly. Similar initiatives should begin with appreciative inquiry into existing perceptions, values, assets, and potentials within a target community. Through preliminary investigation, needs and barriers can be acknowledged and community-identified solutions can be implemented through culturally sensitive program development. With the existing impetus for home gardening in the region, program expansion could potentially impact food security and the local food system. Overall, this case study serves to further endorse a public effort to support home food production in rural areas of the United States.<br>Master of Science
5
Kubik, Zaneta. "Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
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Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur l'impact des chocs climatiques sur les migrations et la sécurité alimentaire. Le premier chapitre examine les migrations induites par les chocs climatiques en Tanzanie en employant l'approche de iv provbit. Les résultats suggèrent que pour un ménage moyen, une réduction d'un pour cent du revenu agricole induite par le choc climatique augmente la probabilité de migration de 13 points de pourcentage en moyenne au cours de l'année suivante. Le deuxième chapitre tente d'établir si le climat est un déterminant du choix de la destination en cas de migration rurale-rurale. En utilisant le modèle du logit conditionnel, ce chapitre montre qu'une augmentation d'écarts de revenus entre destination et origine de I 0000 shillings tanzaniens, attribuable au climat, augmente la probabilité du choix de cette destination de 2 points de pourcentage. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse au lien entre les chocs climatiques et la sécurité alimentaire. En utilisant les données sud-africaines, cette analyse emploie un modèle de variable instrumentale où la diversité alimentaire, une mesure de l'accès à la nourriture, est déterminée par les prix des aliments instrumentés avec un choc climatique. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une augmentation de pourcent des prix alimentaires locaux induite par un choc climatique diminue la diversité alimentaire de 2,5 pourcent<br>This thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
6
Mukoya-Wangia, Sabina M. "Household production, consumption, and food security status in Kakamega region of Kenya /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901310.
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ACHEAMPONG, MICHAEL. "IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA WHILE LIMITING PRODUCTION IMPACTS ON CLIMATE." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-15614.
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Al, Shamsi Khalid. "A sustainable organic production model for Food Security in Abu Dhabi Emirate and Sicily." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4194.
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The research aims to analyze the link between sustainability
and food security, in two study areas - the United Arab
Emirates and Sicily - characterized by numerous elements of
similarity (from the climatic point of view, in the availability
for quality and quantity of water resources; widespread
sensitivity in adopting organic or sustainable methods of
cultivation, high demographic immigration, of a politicaleconomic
and tourist nature, with repercussions in the
organization of the socio-cultural, territorial working system,
etc.) and of diversity (in average incomes per capita, in the
availability of financial resources for investments, etc.).
This link has been studied through organic farming which, as
we know, is a possible solution for both problems, both in
advanced and developing countries. In fact, the food security
of any territory is not simply linked to the ability to produce
enough food to satisfy domestic demand, but also to the
possibility of having access to technology and knowledge to
produce it on the territory, to the purchasing power, etc.
From this point of view, the literature demonstrates how the
success of organic farming is based on five capital goods
(natural, social, human, physical and financial capital),
producing a variety of positive externalities (in the
availability of food through the regeneration of the substance
organic land, in contrast to soil erosion and biodiversity
protection, in the creation of increasingly large number of
local social organizations, new rules and rules for the
management of collective natural resources, in the ability and
ability of farmers to experiment and solve various problems,
in support of marginalized groups or low-level contracts, in
the best health and nutrition of children, in price premiums for certified organic products, etc.). For these premises,
organic farming makes it possible to implement sustainable
food systems, capable of ensuring the food security of a
territory and, consequently, the conservation and cultural
reproduction of the indigenous knowledge characteristic of
the concept of "food sovereignty".
The drafting of the text proceeds in coordinated parts. After
defining the concept of sustainability in the modern agri-food
system, we have analyzed the characteristics of the areas
under study, the level of food safety, the state of agriculture
and the spread of organic agriculture, according to the most
accredited international statistical sources. . We then
proceeded to examine the sustainability of the two territorial
production systems under study, using the SAFA
(Sustainablility Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems)
methodology of the FAO and the consequences on local food
security and sovereignty. Subsequently, through the use of
Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodologies,
relationships were studied in the link between production,
distribution and consumption with the aim of assessing the
ability of companies to communicate sustainability values to
potential buyers. Finally, the behavior of a sample of
consumers was analyzed with the aim of analyzing behavior
and preferences, in the awareness of the role that this actor
plays within the agri-food system.
9
Mathende, Julius. "An analysis of the production of cassava as a food security option for Zimbabwe." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12112006-165129/.
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Almeida, Ana Justina Filipe da Costa. "Consumo e segurança alimentar em São Tomé e Principe. Estudo de caso no distrito de Água Grande." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5368.
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Mafu, Nozipho. "The socio-economic impact of a food production programme: Qamata irrigation scheme." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7772.
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Irrigation Schemes were introduce to be hub for food production and provision of job opportunities for rural communities. The idea also focused on provision of water in most dry areas but with potential soil for production. The introduction of government food security program came as means to achieve these objectives by subsidizing farmers with inputs and mechanical operations so as to reduce cost of production. This paper analyses the social and economic impact of massive food program in changing the lives of communities at Qamata Irrigation scheme. The data were collected from households who were beneficiaries of massive food program at Qamata Irrigation scheme and analysed using a descriptive statistics. The results show that socio-economic factors which include storage facilities, access to markets channels, land acquisition and size, change in income limit the ability of farmers to produce and sell productively, since they cannot store their produce for better market prices and are also limited in terms of available market. They are forced to sell at local village level on credit or have their produce loss in poor storage facilities. Qamata irrigation scheme had limited access to formal markets and market information.
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Rubertsson, Kim. "Food for thought: The meat industry - a threat to food security - Do consumers hold a moral responsibility to reduce meat consumption?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21417.
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Food security exist when every human being is able to obtain adequate food and be free from hunger. This thesis sets out to explore the moral responsibility of individuals to enhance food security in the world by their consumer choices. More specifically, this research will investigate the negative impact of the meat industry on food security in the world and whether this impact entails a moral responsibility upon individuals to reduce their meat consumption in order to enhance food security. With the capabilities approach and utilitarianism as the theoretical tools, based on the evidence and the method of argumentation, this thesis finds that consumers hold a responsibility to reduce meat consumption as it is highly detrimental to global food security, not only on a moral basis but as a matter of social justice in the world. The emphasis of reduced meat consumption should ideally be of industrially produced sources, as they have the largest impact on both food security and environmental degradation.
13
Silva, Cila Figueiredo Lima Lopes da. "Segurança alimentar em São Tomé e Príncipe. Estudo de caso dos distritos de Água-Grande e Mé-Zóchi." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8271.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>This thesis aims to study and analyze the country’s food security situation on a global level, but especially at a regional/local level. The study of this dissertation occurred in two specific regions, the district of Água-Grande and Mé-Zóchi, and allowed a better understanding of these important regions.
A sample was selected through a stratified random sampling, with 110 survey equally distributed across different locations in the two districts.
In this study, in 2014, it was found that there aren’t any significant differences in diet consumption in the two districts. The calorie intake, on average, in the two districts is about 3484.1 kcal/EH/day, and this value is higher in the district of Água-Grande (3601.26 Kcal/EH/day) compared to the district of Mé-Zóchi (3366.95 kcal/EH/day). Regarding the protein intake, it is also higher in the district of Água-Grande (120 g/EH/day) relative to the district of Mé-Zóchi (102.73 g/EH/day). In terms of quality of life indicators, the families of Mé-Zóchi show better results than the ones from Água-Grande.
It is clear that the two regions studied are the most "central" and the most developed of the country, but we can say, in general, that they have good conditions of supply and food availability. In addition to improving the economic conditions (more revenue) it is necessary adequate food policy, distribution, investment in education and the efficient use of existing resources to improve food security.
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Lowder, Sarah K. "A post-Schultzian view of food aid, trade and developing country cereal production a panel data analysis /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1087579426.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 91 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
15
Bulelani, Phezisa. "A situational survey of Siyazondla homestead food production programme and food security, poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe local municipality of the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/723.
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People living in rural areas are continually losing their value, dignity, ubuntu and rural nature of livelihood. Agriculture in these areas characterises the nature of rural livelihood. Traditionally, people living in rural areas were highly dependent on their production from gardens for food, income (barter exchange), and other social activities. Nowadays, that motive and interest is no longer operating at its full potential, so to revive that history and nature, household (homestead) production, certain programmes were introduced to greatly improved the standard of living of the poor, and it has proved to have an impact as it has generated income, and created food stability and employment through the project. Home gardens are there and can be used as the method and the strategy toward improvement and development of the people around the world, more especial to developing countries. Certain programmes that are initiated for acting against the challenges faced by rural people have failed to materialise and operate on their fully potential. The Siyazondla homestead food production programme is the one of the programmes practiced by the government of South Africa to act against such challenges, affecting especially poor people. This study was aimed at assessing the role of Siyazondla homestead food production programme in food security and poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe local municipality of the Eastern Cape. It took the form of a case study in Msobomvu, Ngcothoyi and Binfield locations. The Nkonkobe local municipality is demarcated into five major areas: Middledrift, Alice, Seymour, Fort Beaufort and Balfour. The study sample was collected from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the Siyazondla programme. The sample size was 90 respondents, from which in one area, a 15 beneficiaries and anticipated non-beneficiaries were targeted. The target sample from each village was collected from 15 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Many farmers from the study area benefited from the programme, though a limited number was targeted. Therefore, a probability sampling was applied and employed, where there were more than required number of beneficiaries of the programme and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme. The study was effectively and efficiently carried out and achieved with the use of personal interviewing of the recipients by use of questionnaires. The study was analysed by a computerised programme of analyses called SPSS v.2.1 and excel. The objectives of the study based on food security, poverty alleviation and reduction, and also improving nutritious status. The finding of the research clearly indicates the outcome of the programme on livelihood basis of the beneficiaries. Some of the objectives of the programme were achieved, such as food security and nutritious levels, whilst other objectives had shortcomings. The finding of the study also shows that programme, though had original benefits but also there are the anticipated and probable benefits of the programme Siyazondla, such as income, skill of farming, improving social status, and there are some possibilities when the programme is properly implemented. Though the majority of people are concentrated in rural areas, the programme on its own had shortcoming to meet needs of the whole population, as food insecurity, unemployment and poverty are taking its course. The programme on its own had shortcoming such as lack of adequate resource and as results, very few people benefited from the programme. Another shortcoming of the programme is the effectiveness of agricultural extension personnel to certain aspect such as marketing of farmers produce and proper monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Therefore, in the long run programmes of this nature are promising, there will be some development and improvement toward growth and better standards of livelihood. It is through this study that had to assess the structure, procedure, strategies implemented of the programme and impact of the programme to both beneficiaries and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme. Keywords: rural area, social challenges, home garden, home based food production and Siyazondla.
16
Phezisa, Bulelani. "A situational survey of Siyazondla homestead food production proogramme and food security, poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2392.
Full textAbstract:
People living in rural areas are continually losing their value, dignity, ubuntu and rural nature of livelihood. Agriculture in these areas characterises the nature of rural livelihood. Traditionally, people living in rural areas were highly dependent on their production from gardens for food, income (barter exchange), and other social activities. Nowadays, that motive and interest is no longer operating at its full potential, so to revive that history and nature, household (homestead) production, certain programmes were introduced to greatly improved the standard of living of the poor, and it has proved to have an impact as it has generated income, and created food stability and employment through the project. Home gardens are there and can be used as the method and the strategy toward improvement and development of the people around the world, more especial to developing countries. Certain programmes that are initiated for acting against the challenges faced by rural people have failed to materialise and operate on their fully potential. The Siyazondla homestead food production programme is the one of the programmes practiced by the government of South Africa to act against such challenges, affecting especially poor people. This study was aimed at assessing the role of Siyazondla homestead food production programme in food security and poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe local municipality of the Eastern Cape. It took the form of a case study in Msobomvu, Ngcothoyi and Binfield locations. The Nkonkobe local municipality is demarcated into five major areas: Middledrift, Alice, Seymour, Fort Beaufort and Balfour. The study sample was collected from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the Siyazondla programme. The sample size was 90 respondents, from which in one area, a 15 beneficiaries and anticipated non- beneficiaries were targeted. The target sample from each village was collected from 15 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Many farmers from the study area benefited from the programme, though a limited number was targeted. Therefore, a probability sampling was applied and employed, where there were more than required number of beneficiaries of the programme and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme. The study was effectively and efficiently carried out and achieved with the use of personal interviewing of the recipients by use of questionnaires. The study was analysed by a computerised programme of analyses called SPSS v.2.1 and excel. The objectives of the study based on food security, poverty alleviation and reduction, and also improving nutritious status. The finding of the research clearly indicates the outcome of the programme on livelihood basis of the beneficiaries. Some of the objectives of the programme were achieved, such as food security and nutritious levels, whilst other objectives had shortcomings. The finding of the study also shows that programme, though had original benefits but also there are the anticipated and probable benefits of the programme Siyazondla, such as income, skill of farming, improving social status, and there are some possibilities when the programme is properly implemented. Though the majority of people are concentrated in rural areas, the programme on its own had shortcoming to meet needs of the whole population, as food insecurity, unemployment and poverty are taking its course. The programme on its own had shortcoming such as lack of adequate resource and as results, very few people benefited from the programme. Another shortcoming of the programme is the effectiveness of agricultural extension personnel to certain aspect such as marketing of farmers produce and proper monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Therefore, in the long run programmes of this nature are promising, there will be some development and improvement toward growth and better standards of livelihood. It is through this study that had to assess the structure, procedure, strategies implemented of the programme and impact of the programme to both beneficiaries and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme.
17
Anele, Mayekiso. "Production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/712.
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This study used cross-sectional survey data to estimate farmers` perceptions of, and commonly cultivated ILVs, factors that influence the participation of smallholder famers in the production of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables and its contribution to household food security]. With regard to farmers` perceptions of ILVs, descriptive results reveal that a majority of the people from the study area share positive perceptions with respect to ILVs. Regression estimates for determinants of participation indicate that the production of ILVs is primarily conditioned by shared perceptions and institutional factors rather than the socio-economic attributes of farmers. Public policies that address the institutional framework (extension, credit, market and social networks) in favour of ILVs are more likely to promote production. Also, more research on the documentation and benefits of ILVs, supported by investments targeting educational campaigns towards promoting positive attitudes and dispelling fears and myths surrounding ILVs, will further promote production. With reference to the contribution of ILVs to food security, descriptive results indicate that participation in the production of ILVs leads to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS. Regression estimates further revealed that participation positively contributes to a higher HDDS and a lower HFIAS, suggesting that households who participate in the production of ILVs are more likely to be food secure than non-participants. Therefore, participation in the production of ILVs has significant potential to address household food security.
18
Gedamu-Gobena, Ashenafi. "Triticale production in Ethiopia : its impact on food security and poverty alleviation in the Amhara region /." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988430088/04.
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Russ, Adam D. "Gender-differentiated constraints in Malian semi-subsistence production : implication for integrated pest management and food security /." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09182008-063440/.
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Hamblin, Jamie Y. "A Lesson from the Urban Garden." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/30.
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ABSTRACT
A LESSON FROM THE URBAN GARDEN
Jamie Hamblin
Purpose: In 2008 the world’s urban population surpassed the rural population; furthermore, the United Nations estimates by 2025 the world’s urban population will increase by about one billion people. Given recent population shifts and the interconnectedness between food and health, this research examines the role of agriculture in addressing urban food insecurity by reviewing urban interventions with a goal of food production.
Methods: Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, an adjusted theoretical framework was developed which accounted for negative implications of these interventions as well as sustainability. Ultimately, the framework generated a food security score respective of each project. Using this score, statistical tests were conducted to confirm characteristics of more effective projects.
Results: Statistical analysis indicates food security score has a strong correlation with physical, future and social capital (0.72, 0.73 and 0.80 respectively). Food security score has a moderate correlation with duration of project and a strong correlation with number of project components (0.60 and 0.83). Furthermore, mean food security score of projects which used participatory methods was statistically different than mean food security score of projects which did not use participatory methods (p=0.01).
Conclusions: Participatory methods prove an important aspect of an urban agricultural intervention. Statistical results affirm urban food insecurity should be addressed through an integrated strategy which considers long-term viability of the project. Food security score, developed for this research, can help identify valuable components of interventions; however, this system is fairly subjective with some limitations.
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Ziga, Metron. "Home-based agricultural production as a food security coping strategy for urban households: A case of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6556.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Urban food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a serious stumbling block to the attainment of sustainable
urban livelihoods. The casual factors of the urban food crisis in the country include widespread
poverty, an unstable economic environment, a reduction of viable employment opportunities and
climate-related shocks. The cash-based nature of urban livelihoods, coupled with the economic
crisis in Zimbabwe has generated a serious challenge for urban households as basic food prices
have increased to such an extent that most urban dwellers experience difficulties in purchasing
food. In a context of high poverty and unemployment, urban agriculture has emerged as a food
security and livelihood diversification strategy for many poor urban households. Whilst there is
a growing body of literature focusing on urban agriculture in Zimbabwe, it has largely focused
on community and allotment gardens. There has, however, been little empirical investigation of
home-based (or backyard) agricultural production. While backyard gardens have always
existed, they have grown in response to poor economic conditions and adverse livelihood
conditions. The Bulawayo Municipal Council Agriculture Policy has facilitated this expansion,
especially the growth of poultry production. This study addresses this gap in the literature by
investigating the contribution of home-based agricultural production in promoting household
food security and livelihoods in Bulawayo. A mixed methods approach was utilised for the
purposes of the study. In the quantitative part of the study, 99 households were randomly
sampled whilst 10 purposively sampled interviews with urban farmers, 3 key informant
interviews and 1 focus group discussion were employed for the qualitative part of the study. The
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which was used as a theoretical framework of the study,
helped to unpack the various livelihood diversification strategies and asset portfolios that poor
people depend on for their well-being. Contrary to our initial assumption, the results of the study
revealed that 71 percent of the households in the study area were food secure. The findings of the
study reveal that home-based urban agriculture is an important food security coping strategy in
Bulawayo. The high levels of food security in Bulawayo should however, not be solely attributed
to the practice of urban agriculture as 75 percent of the respondents bought their food from
supermarkets and other shops. Urban agriculture thus plays a complimentary role to household
food security in Bulawayo.
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Toringepi, Godfrey. "The contribution of smallholder agriculture production to food security in rural Zimbabwe : a case study of Masvingo Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5598.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural development is back on the development agenda. Even though the smallholder farmers are in the majority and at the forefront in terms of food production and agriculture being the backbone of the economy of Zimbabwe, there is no clearly defined policy on smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe. The food insecurity has remained a continuous challenge for the rural poor in Zimbabwe. This study investigated the contribution of smallholder agriculture to food security with particular reference to the Masvingo province. The study employed qualitative method of research entailing extensive review of literature as a method of data collection. The study utilized the modernisation theory and sustainable livelihoods framework to illustrate smallholder agriculture and food security nexus. The study revealed that smallholder agriculture is the best option for addressing food security since agriculture is considered the main livelihood strategy for small scale farmers in Zimbabwe. There is general scholarly consensus that the main cause of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a decrease in smallholder agriculture productivity. The study revealed that poor infrastructure , limited access to credit, limited access to inputs, poor investment in human development, limited access to markets and harsh climatic conditions weaken the capacity of small scale farmers to improve food security. Key recommendations are that supportive institutions need to be put in place to strengthen the smallholder farmer’s capacity to improve food security in Zimbabwe.
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Cordell, Dana. "The Story of Phosphorus : Sustainability implications of global phosphorus scarcity for food security." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Water and Environmental Studies, [The Tema Institute], Linköping University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53430.
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Metelerkamp, Luke. "Commercial agriculture in the Swartland : investigating emerging trends towards more sustainable food production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6716.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis was to determine whether or not examples exist of commercial grain farmers
in the Swartland region of South Africa moving away from high-external-input agricultural
production systems towards production systems based on ecologically restorative partnerships with
soils and other natural systems. The research also sought to understand why these farmers were
changing their approach to farming, as well as investigating the specific technologies and practices
they were implementing in order to achieve these changes. In addition, the thesis also considered
the theoretical implications of these changes on food security in the Western Cape.
Three research approaches were employed: qualitative case studies of seven progressive farmers in
the region; a literature review; and an analysis of secondary data. Throughout these three
approaches, Swilling and Annecke’s conceptualisation of a multifaceted global polycrisis was used as
a conceptual reference point. This was done with the intention of providing an agricultural analysis
which looks beyond the farm gate and takes cognisance of the broader socio-ecological issues which
affect and are affected by agriculture.
The research identified seven farmers who are shifting towards lower-external-input production
methods, which focus on enhancing beneficial partnerships with natural systems. The on-site
interviews and observations revealed that the degree to which these seven farmers were altering
their practices varied significantly. However, four key technologies and practices were identified as
being common to all seven farmers: the use of legume rotations, reduced tillage, new styles of
planters and increasing farm size.
With regard to food security, the research suggested that current changes in these farmers’
agricultural practices could assist in keeping food prices and food production levels more stable in
future, compared to production using high-external-input practices previously employed by the
farmers. The potential improvement in production stability was shown to result mainly from
improvements in soil health, as these improvements give crops increased resilience to unfavourable
weather conditions, greater disease-resistance and improved vitality. The potential improvement in
price stability stemmed predominantly from increased input-use efficiency and the utilisation of
natural fertility and pest-management practices which were less susceptible to monopolistic input
sales structures, international shortages and the increasing cost of fossil fuels.
Due to the small size of the case study sample and the fact that this research focussed specifically on
farmers who were considered progressive, the findings presented in this thesis cannot be viewed as
representative of the larger agricultural region. The intention was rather to establish the positive
changes currently underway, in order to provide useful pointers for similarly beneficial changes to be
implemented elsewhere.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis was om vas te stel of voorbeelde bestaan van kommersiële graanboere in
die Swartlandgebied van Suid Afrika wat wegbeweeg van hoë-eksterne-inset produksie sisteme na
sisteme wat gebasseer is op vennootskappe met grond en ander natuurlike sisteme. Die doel van dié
vennootskappe isom ekologiese herstellingte bewerkstellig. Die navorsing het ook gepoog om te
verstaan hoekom hierdie boere hulle boerderytegniekeverander; spesifieke tegnologieë en praktyke
wat gebruik word om verandering mee te bringis ondersoek. Daarenbowe oorweeg hierdie tesis ook
die teoretiese implikasies van die veranderings op voedselsekuriteit in die Wes-Kaap.
Drie navorsings benaderings is te werk gestel: kwalitatiewe gevallestudies van sewe
vooruitstrewende boere in die area; ‘n literatuurstudie; en ‘n analise van sekondêre data. Swilling en
Annecke se konsepsualisering van die veelvoudig-gefasetteerde globale polikrisis is deurlopend
gebruik as ‘n konsepsuele verwysingspunt. Dit is gedoen om‘n boerdery analise daar te stel wat
verby die plaashek kyk na wyer maatskaplike en ekologiese kwessies wat ‘n wederkerige verhouding
met boerdery het.
Die navorsing het sewe boere geidentifiseer wat na laer-eksterne-inset produksie metodes beweeg.
Hierdie metodes fokus daarop om voordelige verhoudings met natuurlike sisteme te versterk.
Onderhoude en waarnemings op die plase het vasgestel dat die graad van praktykverandering
merkwaardig tussen die sewe boere verskil. Nietemin, vier gemeenskaplike sleuteltegnologieëenpraktyke
is geidentifiseer: die rotasie van peulgewasse, verminderde grondbewerking, nuwe
plantermodelle en die vergroting van plaasgroottes.
Met betrekking tot voedselsekuriteit vind die navorsing dat huidige veranderings in die wyse
waarop geboer word, in vergelyking met die voorafgaande hoe-eksterne-inset produksie praktyke,
kospryse en produksievlakke kan stabiliseer. Die navorsing wys daarop dat ‘npotensiële verbetering
in produksie stabiliteit ‘n uitkoms van gesonder grond is. Gesonder grond verhoog gewasse se
vermoëom effektief op ongunstige weerkondisies te reageer, bevorder hulle pes-afweringvermoë en
verbeter die lewenskragtigheid van gewasse. Die potensiele verbetering in die stabiliteit van pryse is
‘n nagevolg van meer effektiewe gebruik van insette en die gebruik van natuurlike vrugbaarheid en
pesbestuurpraktyke wat minder vatbaar is vir monopolistiese inset-verkoopstrukture, internasionale
tekorte en die prysverhoging van fossielbrandstowwe.
Na aanleiding van die klein skaal van die gevallestudies en die feit dat die navorsing spesifiek gefokus
het op vooruitstrewende boere, verteenwoordig die bevindings in hierdie tesis nie die omliggende
landbou area nie. Die veronderstelling was eerder om die positiewe veranderings wat tans
onderweg is vas te stel om sodoende bruikbare advies aan soortgelyke voordelige veranderings wat
elders geimplementeer kan word te verskaf.
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Cook, David. "Small scale farmers utilization and perceptions of Bambara groundnut production in South Africa: a case study in a semi-arid region of Limpopo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27485.
Full textAbstract:
World food security will be one of the greatest global challenges in the 21st century and utilisation of an increased range of food crops is generally regarded as being vital to meeting this challenge, including the use of legumes. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is an African indigenous legume that shows great potential to improve the food and economic security of small scale farmers living in semi-arid regions of South Africa. This study sought to investigate the potential for Bambara groundnut to enhance the food and economic security of small scale farmers in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total of 43 Bambara groundnut producers were interviewed about Bambara groundnut production and their perceived enablers and barriers of utilizing Bambara groundnut. The study found that the majority of Bambara groundnut producers were old (>65 years of age), female small scale farmers who produced the crop for primarily household use. There were however a small number of farmers who produced Bambara groundnut on a larger scale, mostly to sell. Most farmers perceived that local demand was higher than supply and were able to obtain a high market value for Bambara groundnut. There appeared to be potential economic opportunities for many of the farmers to sell Bambara groundnut. The main reason why most farmers in this study did not sell Bambara groundnut was because the yields they obtained were too low. The main enablers perceived by farmers for Bambara groundnut production were a) The high nutritional value of Bambara groundnut; b) The good taste of the seeds; c) The nitrogen fixation properties of this legume and its ability to improve soil fertility; d) The legume intercrops well with maize; e) Bambara groundnuts high drought resistance; f) Cultural traditions associated with Bambara groundnut; and g) Use as animal feed. The main barriers were a) Low yielding characteristics of Bambara groundnut; b) Lack of available farmland; c) Lack of irrigation; d) Poor land management practices; e) Low soil fertility; and f) The crop's susceptibility to water logging. Overall the farmers were positive about Bambara groundnut production and could potentially benefit from advancements made in this sector of agriculture. The study concludes with recommendations to help improve small scale farmers' production of Bambara groundnut with the aim of improving their food and economic security.
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[Verfasser], Ashenafi Gedamu-Gobena. "Triticale Production in Ethiopia - Its Impact on Food Security and Poverty Alleviation in the Amhara Region / Ahenafi Gedamu Gobena." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1006915303/34.
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Ubisse, Armindo Elias. "The structural adjustment programme a food security in Mozambique - a case study production incentives in the traditional agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7899.
Full textAbstract:
Masters in Public Administration - MPA<br>Mozambique has inherited from colonialism a backward agricultural sector based mainly in plantations of export crops, dominated by white settlers and a handful of foreign companies. Production of food crops, especially maize (which constitutes the main cereal food for the population), was mainly undertaken by the traditional agricultural sector. Combined events, from central planning of production to war and natural disasters, have made unsuccessful the governmental objectives of modernising the agricultural sector and making it more productive, in order to ensure a normal food supply, leading to a permanent situation of food shortage. The "free market" economy introduced in 1987 under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), brought very little progress in terms of food crop production, leaving the country reliant on continued foreign food aid and imports. Recent studies of problems of low agricultural output in general and on the SAP performance in particular, have shown that the private sector, which is benefiting from SAP's investments, is biased towards cash crop production. The traditional agricultural sector, the biggest food producer in Mozambique, is facing integration problems into the new "free market"
economy. This study has attempted to clarify the problems, which lie behind the difficulties in market integration of this sector of national agriculture. This is of particular importance, especially in this crucial moment of the ongoing regional food security project, within Southern African Development Community. The study has produced evidence of a lack of appropriate incentives within the traditional agricultural sector under SAP, mainly with regard to the marketing network and buyer of last resort in case of market failure. This includes absence of road facilities, rural shops and respective goods and commodities of interest to the peasantry. The study showed also that it is important to regulate commercialisation of food aid and food import, to ease the market for food crops locally produced. This could enable a gradual integration of rural markets. Conscious that the lack of the above-mentioned incentives may not be the only explanation for the persisting food shortage, I therefore suggest further research on the topic on appropriate incentives for the traditional agricultural sector, given its fragility and vulnerability within the free market economy.
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Simango, Patience Masimba. "An assessment of women’s participation in agricultural production: a case study of Marange Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4664.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Agriculture is the chief economic activity in many rural communities and women who make up the majority of the rural dwellers play a focal role in this sector. Despite efforts aimed at promoting women’s rights and ensuring gender equality in development, researchers have shown that women are still marginalised and have less access to productive resources needed for effective agricultural production. Using quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, the research investigated the nature and the extent of women’s participation in agricultural production at Marange Irrigation Scheme in Marange Communal Land, Zimbabwe. The participatory development theory was employed to guide the research. Data collection tools utilised in this study were a well structured questionnaire, semi-structured individual interviews and observation. Analysis of quantitative and qualitative data was done using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis respectively. The results of this study showed high level of women’s participation in most farm activities but low participation in extension programmes. The socio-economic variables considered for Pearson’s correlation tests – age, household income, education, land size and number of dependents – showed no significant relationship with the level to which women participate in agricultural activities. The findings of this study revealed that the key factors constraining women’s participation in agricultural activities were lack of capital, limited agricultural inputs, market constraints and water shortages. In addition, the research showed that farmers were not fully involved in every step of the irrigation development project. Consequently, women’s agricultural productivity was low and the sustainability of the project was uncertain. Despite these challenges, the results of this study revealed that participating in farming can instil a sense of ownership, enhance capacities and improve livelihoods. The level of women’s participation in farm decision-making was found to be high. This study advances that addressing women’s agricultural needs and improving their access to agricultural productive resources could result in effective participation of women in agriculture and meaningful agricultural productivity. In line with the participatory development theory, the study further contends that the full participation of women, as well as other intended beneficiaries, in the development process could be the key to sustainable rural development initiatives. This could help bring the much needed transformation in rural areas.
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Ochieng, Justus [Verfasser]. "Market Orientation, Rural Out-migration, Crop Production and Household Food Security. The Case of Smallholders in Central Africa / Justus Ochieng." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066799423/34.
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Enterline, Darren James. "The Impact of Groundnut Production and Marketing Decisions upon Household Food Security Among Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Gender Matter?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23093.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the relationship between groundnut cash cropping decisions and household food security in two regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Particular attention is paid to how the gender of groundnut growers influences this relationship. Additionally, the thesis examines how gender influences household marketing decisions. Household groundnut production and marketing data was obtained using surveys administered in eastern Uganda and central Ghana. A food consumption score developed by the World Food Program is used as a quantitative measure of food security. Measures of household groundnut cultivation intensity are specified using data on household groundnut production and marketing levels. An OLS regression estimates the relationship between the food consumption score and measures of cash cropping intensity and other cash crop production decisions. Apart from the OLS regression, a tobit model is employed to estimate the gender effects on household marketing decisions, examining both the decision to participate in a market and the decision concerning the amount to market. Cash cropping decisions are found to play no role in the determination of food security. While the presence of female groundnut growers in a household has a small positive effect on the food consumption score, there is no identifiable gender influence upon the cash cropping and food security relationship. The tobit model results indicate no gender effect upon household marketing decisions.<br>Master of Science
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Motsetsela, Nteboheleng. "Small scale egg production for enhanced food security empowerment of women in agriculture in Thaba-Nchu area : project management base line /." [Bloemfontein] : Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/78504017.html.
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Bellavita, Carvajal Pamela. "Food grows where water flows : securing water for agricultural production in a drought-stricken California." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111366.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-141).<br>The state of California carries a large percentage of the national food security as it is responsible for a considerable amount of the agricultural production consumed in the United States. As climate change causes further challenges for agriculture, it seems wise to work on developing resilience strategies for this industry. Most research on these topics has been focused on generating high-tech systems that require considerable amounts of energy and financial resources. However, the reality is that countries facing the biggest hurdles when it comes to these matters, do not have the necessary means to create sophisticated projects at large scales. The best option right now is to learn how to use drought management strategies and spatial patterns to allow for a better usage of water resources. This thesis explores how the spatial distribution and interaction of hydrological resources, geological features, climate patterns, topography and water infrastructure impact agricultural production in the Central Valley in California. Rather than developing one final solution, this thesis presents options, for further exploration, based on the specific conditions of California. This will allow readers to better understand how to improve water use and access for agriculture in a scenario of drought. The intention is for this approach to be replicable and adaptable so it can improve agricultural production and food security in other regions or countries facing similar conditions due to climate change.<br>by Pamela Bellavita Carvajal.<br>M.C.P.
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Grigol, Natália Salaro. "Prátricas alimentares de assentados rurais do Alto Xingu no contexto de mudança no uso da terra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-10082017-082509/.
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Estudos demonstram que a inserção de pequenos produtores e assentados rurais na produção voltada às grandes cadeias agroalimentares globais pode levar a mudanças nas estruturas de produção e consumo de alimentos deles próprios. Como consequência, tem-se constatado maior dependência da renda para obtenção de alimentos, o que impacta a segurança alimentar das famílias rurais em seus três princípios estruturantes: acesso, qualidade e reprodução social e da cultura alimentar. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou caracterizar as práticas alimentares de assentados rurais do Alto Xingu, entender os fatores que influenciam a escolha e obtenção dos alimentos e sua relação com o atual contexto de mudança no uso da terra na região. Para isso, partiu-se de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, utilizando-se a observação participante, entrevistas não estruturadas (Metodologia Geradora de Dados de Posey) e Recordatório 24 horas de consumo alimentar. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que muitas variáveis contribuem para a formação do atual contexto de transformações socioeconômicas: envelhecimento rural e a aposentadoria; o aumento da prestação de serviços fora do lote; a inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho; as dificuldades de obtenção de investimento, tecnologia e conhecimento; a limitação hídrica; o êxodo rural; a valorização das terras; as possibilidades de arrendamento; e a dificuldade em se diversificar a produção agrícola além da pecuária e do plantio de soja. Essas transformações socioeconômicas se materializam na paisagem, pela mudança no uso da terra, e nas práticas alimentares, pela diminuição da produção para autoconsumo. A manutenção da produção para autoconsumo mostrou ser mais vulnerável no caso de hortaliças (sobretudo verduras), seguida pela criação de gado, produção de leite, cultivo de mandioca, criação de suínos, frango e, então, frutas (culturas perenes). Em termos de cultura alimentar, o perfil de alimentos que compõem a dieta ainda é o mesmo, caracterizado pelo trio arroz, feijão e carne de vaca. Por outro lado, o que vem mudando nas práticas alimentares dos assentados é a forma de obtenção dos alimentos. Como consequência, a maior dependência da compra de alimentos pode impactar a segurança alimentar das famílias e influenciar a manutenção do hábito alimentar no longo prazo. Conclui-se que a mudança na forma como se obtém o alimento já é o reflexo - ao mesmo tempo em que também reflete - um novo modo de vida do assentado rural. Assim, as transformações nos modos de vidas dos assentados podem colocar em risco a sua segurança alimentar - ao mesmo tempo em que a insegurança alimentar pode reforçar as transformações no modo de vida local.<br>Researches show that the inclusion of small farmers and rural settlers in large global agri-food chains can lead to changes in food patterns regarding production and consumption. As a result, studies show that there is greater dependency on the income to obtain food, which impacts food security of rural households regarding food access, food quality and maintenance of social reproduction and food culture. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the eating patterns of Upper Xingu rural settlers, the drivers for food choice and food acquisition and their relation to the land use change in the region. In this regard, an interdisciplinary approach was applied, together with the participant observation, unstructured interviews (Generative Methodology Posey data) and 24-hour dietary recall for food consumption. This research has achieved a number of different results. There are several variables hat compose the current context of socio-economic transformations: rural settlers aging and retirement; non-farm-income generating activities; women inclusion in labor market; the difficulties in accessing investment, technology and knowledge; water limitation; rural exodus; land valuation; the possibility of leasing; and the difficulty to diversify agricultural production besides cattle raising and soybean planting. Those socio-economic transformations are materialized in the landscape, by the land use change, and in the eating practices, by the decrease of food production for self-consumption. The maintenance of food production for self-consumption is more vulnerable for vegetables (especially greens), followed by cattle, milk production, cassava, pork, poultry and fruit (perennial crops). Foods that compose the diet of rural settlers have not changed over years, being characterized by rice, beans and beef. Although, eating practices have changed regarding the forms of getting food. As a result, the greater dependency on buying food can have impact on food security of families and influence the maintenance of future eating habits. Finally, this research concludes that the change in food access is the reflection - while it also reflects - a new way of life among rural settlers. Therefore, changes in the rural settlers\' way of life may endanger food security, at the same time that food insecurity may reinforce the changes in the local way of life.
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Jägermeyr, Jonas. "Assessing opportunities to increase global food production within the safe operating space for human freshwater use." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17802.
Full textAbstract:
Die Landwirtschaft ist heute der wichtigste Treiber der globalen Degradation von Ökosystemen. Es existiert jedoch wenig konkretes Wissen, wie Ökosysteme zu schützen sind und gleichzeitig die Nahrungsproduktion für die wachsende Weltbevölkerung gesichert werden kann. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich Optimierungsmöglichkeiten im landwirtschaftlichen Wassermanagement. Ich quantifiziere praxisorientierte Verbesserungen der Regenwassernutzung und Optimierungen von Bewässerungssystemen, unter Einhaltung der „environmental flow requirements“ (EFRs). Um diese komplexen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, entwickle ich ein agro-hydrologisches Modell auf Basis detaillierter, mechanistischer Prozessabbildung weiter. Erstens, 39% der derzeitigen Wasserentnahmen für Bewässerung sind nicht nachhaltig und somit auf Kosten der Ökosysteme. Zweitens, solche lokalen Wasserentnahmegrenzen legen nahe, dass die globale Grenze für den menschlichen Wasserverbrauch deutlich niedriger liegt, als bisher angenommen (2800 vs 4000 km3yr-1). Drittens, die Implementierung von EFRs würde die landwirtschaftliche Produktion erheblich beeinträchtigen, mit >20% in stark bewässerten Gebieten. Verbesserte Nutzung des Niederschlagswassers und die Optimierung von Bewässerungssystemen, können die weltweite Nahrungsmittelproduktion allerdings um rund 40% nachhaltig steigern - ausreichend, um die Nahrungsmittellücke der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung bis 2050 zu halbieren. Zusammenfassend stellt diese Arbeit die erste umfassende und systematische Einschätzung globaler Potentiale der nachhaltigen Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft aus der Wasserperspektive dar. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgebrachten innovativen und quantitativen Erkenntnisse legen nahe, dass das Potential der diskutierten Interventionen höhere politische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren sollte. Meine Ergebnisse können eine konkretere Diskussion zur Umsetzung der Sustainable Development Goals untermauern.<br>Agriculture is today''s most important driver of ecosystem degradation across scales. However, there is little evidence on how to attain the historic twin-challenge of maintaining environmental integrity while producing enough food for a growing world population. In this thesis, I assess opportunities in agricultural water management to reconcile future food needs with environmental limits to water use. I explore solution-oriented ways to improve rainfed and irrigation systems alike, while safeguarding environmental flows (EFRs). To study complex interactions quantitatively, I advanced a state-of-the-art global modeling framework based on detailed, mechanistic process representation. First, a systematic upscaling of EFRs to global coverage indicates that 39% of current freshwater withdrawals for irrigation are unsustainable and occur at the cost of ecosystems. Second, accounting for EFRs indicates that the planetary boundary for freshwater use might be notably lower (2800 vs. 4000 km3yr-1) than expected. Third, maintaining EFRs would significantly affect food production, cutting >20% of total kcal production across intensely irrigated areas. Fourth, improving irrigation systems in combination with optimizing the use of precipitation water, provides effective and accessible measures to compensate for adverse impacts from protecting EFRs and climate change. Such integrated interventions could sustainably intensify global food production (+40% kcal) to the degree sufficient to halve the global food gap by 2050. In conclusion, this thesis provides the first comprehensive and systematic assessment of hitherto largely unquantified water opportunities in sustainable intensification of agriculture. While requiring corroboration by finer-scale research, the innovative quantitative foundation provided in this thesis suggests that farm water management merits a rise in political attention, and it can inform a more comprehensive discussion of related SDG target interactions.
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Utikava, Natália. "Evolução da associação entre padrões alimentares brasileiros e pegada hídrica na primeira década do século XXI." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-28112016-140915/.
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Introdução: A produção de alimentos é o setor que exerce maior Pegada Hídrica (PH), definida como o volume de água doce usado durante a produção e o consumo de bens e serviços. Os padrões alimentares contemporâneos vêm sofrendo mudanças em função das transições demográfica, epidemiológica e nutricional. Além disso, a primeira década do século XXI no Brasil foi marcada por políticas de proteção social que culminaram em redução da pobreza e da desigualdade. É necessário compreender como essas transformações repercutiram na demanda de água necessária para sustentar os novos padrões alimentares da população brasileira. Objetivo: Analisar a evolução da associação entre os padrões alimentares (PA) brasileiros e a PH associada à produção dos alimentos adquiridos nos domicílios brasileiros entre os anos 2003 e 2009. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de aquisição domiciliar de alimentos, disponibilizados pela Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares nos anos de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Os alimentos adquiridos foram compatibilizados com dados de PH de produtos. A PH média per capita foi descrita segundo grupos de alimentos, macrorregião, área e quintos de renda per capita. Os PA foram estimados para os setores censitários por análise de componentes principais. As variações observadas entre os dois anos do inquérito foram testadas com o teste t de Student para médias independentes, com nível de significância de 5 por cento . Os efeitos dos padrões alimentares sobre a PH e seus componentes foram estimados por regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: A PH média associada à produção dos alimentos adquiridos nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 2.650 m³ por ano per capita (EP ± 37,3 m³ por ano per capita), em 2003 e 2.446 m³ por ano per capita (EP ± 37,3 m³ por ano per capita) em 2009. Cerca de 91,4 por cento desses valores corresponderam ao componente verde, 4,7 por cento ao azul e 3,9 por cento ao cinza. Todas as regiões apresentaram redução da PH per capita em 2009, mas revelaram-se significativas apenas nas regiões NE e SE. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento da PH conforme incremento da renda. Foram identificados 6 PA, diferenciados quanto ao tipo de fonte proteica, sendo o PA1 predominante em carnes vermelhas e processadas, o PA2 em leite e ovos, o PA3 em peixes e oleaginosas, o PA4 em cereais e leguminosas, o PA5 em peixes e produtos processados, e o PA6 em peixes, análogos proteicos à base de soja e outras fontes vegetais de proteínas. Os padrões PA1 e PA6 apresentaram tendência de aumento em 2009, mas o PA1 apresentou impacto três vezes superior à PH que o PA6. O PA6 foi apontado como um padrão mais sustentável, em consonância com as recomendações da literatura e dos guias alimentares contemporâneos. Conclusões: As transformações socioeconômicas na primeira década do século XXI refletiram em mudanças nos padrões alimentares da população, que impactaram a PH. Sugere-se a necessidade de intervenções que considerem tanto as variantes socioeconômicas, como o consumo alimentar adequado, saudável e sustentável.<br>Introduction: Food production is the sector that exerts the major Water Footprint (WF), defined as the volume of freshwater resources used for production and consumption of goods and services. Contemporary eating patterns have changed in face of demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions. In addition, in Brazil, the first decade of XXI century was marked by social protection policies that culminated in poverty reduction and inequality attenuation. It is necessary to understand how these changes may have affected the water demand required to sustain the new dietary patterns of the population. Aim: To examine the association between Brazilian dietary patterns (DP) and the WF associated to the production of the food products purchased in Brazilian households between 2003 and 2009. Methods: Cross-sectional study with household food purchase data provided by the Household Budget Surveys for the years 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. The purchased foods were matched with WF data. The average per capita WF was described into food groups, macro-region, area and level of income. The DP were estimated for the censitary sectors by principal component analysis. The differences observed between the two surveys were tested with the t Student test for independent means, with a significance level of 0.05. The effects of dietary patterns on WF and components were estimated by multivariate linear regression. Results: The average water footprint, associated with the production of foods purchased in Brazilian households, was 2,650 m³ per year per capita (EP ± 37.3 m³ per year per capita) in 2003 and 2,446 m³ per year per capita (EP ± 37.3 m³ per year per capita) in 2009. Approximately 91.4 per cent of these values corresponded to the green component, 4.7 per cent to the blue component and 3.9 per cent to the gray component. All regions showed a reduction in WF in 2009, but this was significant only in the Northeast and Southeast regions. It was observed a positive linear trend between WF and income. Six DP were identified and characterized by the type of protein source: DP1 by red and processed meat, DP2 by milk and eggs, DP3 by fish and oilseeds, DP4 by cereals and legumes, DP5 by fish and processed foods and DP6 by fish, soy-based meat analogues and other vegetable sources of protein. The DP1 and DP6 patterns showed an upward trend in 2009, but the impact of PA1 on WF was three times higher than of PA6. The PA6 was suggested as a more sustainable pattern, in agreement with the literature and with the contemporary food guides recommendations. Conclusions: Socioeconomic changes in the first decade of this century reflected in modifications concerning the dietary patterns of the population, which affected the WF. Interventions that consider both the socioeconomic variants and healthy and sustainable food consumption are necessary.
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Paim, Alessandra Bonotto Hoffmann. "A agricultura urbana e as suas contribuições para a segurança alimentar e o desenvolvimento mais sustentável das pequenas municipalidades : estudo de caso : hortas domésticas no Município de Feliz/RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181262.
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A presente pesquisa surge a partir da reflexão sobre o sistema atual de produção de alimentos e abastecimento das cidades e as consequências geradas no ambiente e na saúde da população. Há um movimento para o retorno da produção de alimentos nas cidades, onde a maioria da população mundial habita, tanto com a finalidade de reduzir os impactos ambientais da agricultura industrial, quanto para proporcionar o acesso equitativo a alimentos mais saudáveis e com preços mais acessíveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável busca sistemas resilientes de produção visando à existência de cidades mais seguras e autossuficientes. Uma cidade autossuficiente é aquela que consegue gerar infraestrutura básica para se manter dentro de sua pegada física e metabolizar os resíduos gerados, minimizando os efeitos negativos dos assentamentos urbanos no ambiente. Dentre a busca por alternativas que contribuíssem para o planejamento de cidades mais sustentáveis, foi identificado o conceito da agricultura urbana (AU); em particular, das hortas domésticas. As hortas domésticas, consideradas um dos sistemas de cultivo mais antigos do mundo, parecem ser a mais bem-sucedida estratégia de AU para aumentar a segurança alimentar das famílias, além de proporcionar diversos outros benefícios. Desse modo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é contribuir para um maior entendimento sobre como as hortas domésticas podem se constituir em uma estratégia para aumentar a segurança alimentar nas cidades, particularmente em áreas urbanas de pequenas municipalidades objetivando uma maior sustentabilidade urbana. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram utilizadas duas estratégias de pesquisa principais: pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão Na etapa de compreensão, realizou-se a revisão bibliográfica para entendimento do tema e para obtenção de subsídios para as etapas seguintes. Na etapa de desenvolvimento, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, no objeto de estudo, o Município de Feliz (RS), cujo objetivo foi avaliar o potencial das hortas domésticas, em termos de produção de alimentos, bem como de outros benefícios proporcionados aos moradores urbanos. Em uma segunda etapa, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliar o potencial da área de estudo, em termos de produção de alimentos para suprir as necessidades alimentares da população local, visando a autossuficiência alimentar. Na etapa de reflexão, apresentam-se os resultados da pesquisa e as contribuições teóricas. A presente pesquisa é inovadora, e corroborou a teoria acerca do potencial de produção de alimentos das hortas domésticas, em termos de segurança alimentar e autossuficiência das pequenas municipalidades, a partir do estudo realizado em Feliz/RS. Além disso, os casos de hortas domésticas analisados no estudo exploratório, revelaram que já existem inúmeras iniciativas de autossuficiência alimentar com diversa produção de alimentos na área de estudo, bem como disponibilidade de áreas potenciais de agricultura urbana, para ampliar essa atividade.<br>The following research proposal emerges from the reflection of our current food production system and cities supply and their consequences to the environment and to city people’s health. Presently, there is a movement towards food production comeback in cities, where the majority of the present world population lives. Such movement has the goal of reducing the environmental impacts caused by intensive farming, as well as providing fair access to healthier food, at more affordable prices. Sustainable development aims at resilient systems of production, as well as on safer and more self-reliant cities. A self-reliant city provides basic infrastructure, keeping it into its ecological footprint. During the search for alternatives for more sustainable cities planning, the concept of urban agriculture (UA) was identified, more specifically backyard food production. Home food gardens, considered to be one of the oldest ways of producing food, seem to be UA’s most successful strategy to increase family food security, besides providing a number of added benefits. This way, the main goal of this research is contributing to a better understanding on how residential food gardens can constitute a strategy to increase food security in cities, particularly in urban areas and small towns aiming a higher degree of sustainability. For the development of this study, two specific research strategies were used: literature review and case study. The research was carried out in three steps: comprehension, development and reflection. In the comprehension step, a literature review was made in order to better understand the subject and to look for subsidies for the following steps. In the development step, an exploratory study on the object of study was made. The object of study was the municipality of Feliz (RS), where the goal was to evaluate in what extent residential food gardens could supply a family’s necessities of food and what other benefits it could provide to urban inhabitants, and, on a second stage, a methodology was developed to assess the potential of the area of study with regard to food self-reliance. In the reflection step, the results of the research and theoretical contributions were presented. In addition, a sample of home food gardens were identified and analyzed, and showed that there are already various good initiatives aiming at food self-reliance in the area of study, being as well identified the availability of potential plots for expanding urban agriculture in the municipality’s area.
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Lucena, Leandro Pessoa de. "Modelo urbano de produção rural verticalizado como alternativa de segurança alimentar às grandes cidades : um estudo da viabilidade econômica e organizacional do modelo vertical canadense e do modelo horizontal brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/95053.
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Há expectativas entre os demógrafos que a população humana global aumente nos próximos 50 anos alcançando o número de 9,2 bilhões. Esse fenômeno implicará a necessidade de obter 109 hectares de terras adicionais a fim de se produzir alimentos para toda sociedade, ou seja, uma área aproximada ao tamanho do Brasil. Por outro lado, não há essencialmente a quantidade de terras com a qualidade necessária a esta finalidade. Sendo assim, torna-se importante às grandes cidades uma remodelação em suas formas de planejamento urbano envolvendo modelos alternativos e assistenciais à fomentação da produção de alimentos, tendo como junção o rural com o urbano. É sob essa perspectiva que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo esboçar uma discussão sobre a importância dos sistemas de produção rural verticalizados para a manutenção da oferta de alimentos, equilíbrio dos preços médios e o bem estar às gerações futuras. Para tanto, o método utilizado para averiguação de viabilidade desse modelo verticalizado de produção rural foi uma pesquisa in locu na Companhia Alterrus Vertical Crop localizado em Vancouver – Canadá sob a condição observatório participante aplicando o Teste NCIC. Os resultados desse trabalho mostraram uma viabilidade econômica favorável à implantação de modelos verticalizados de produção rural em grandes centros urbanos, bem como uma discussão por meio de uma matriz SWOT das principais virtudes desse modelo ressaltando os pontos fortes, fracos, oportunidades e ameaças ao que se pode definir como modelos horizontais de produção rural.<br>There are expectations among demographers that the global human population increase in the next 50 years reaching number 9.2 billion. This phenomenon will lead to the need for 109 acres of additional land in order, to produce food for the entire society, in other words, an area approximately the size of Brazil. Moreover, there is essentially to the amount of land required quality for this purpose. Thus , it - is important to the big cities a reshuffle in its forms of alternative models involving urban planning and the fostering care of food production , with the junction rural with urban . It is from this perspective that this paper aims to outline a discussion on the importance of production systems to rural upright representing the maintenance of food supply, balance of average prices and welfare for future generations. Therefore, the method used to investigate the viability of this vertical model of rural production was a survey in locus Alterrus Vertical Crop the Company located in Vancouver - Canada under the condition observatory participant applying Test NCIC. The results of this study showed a favorable economic viability of the deployment models upright rural production in large urban centers, as well as a discussion through a SWOT matrix of the main virtues of this model highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that can compare to models horizontal rural production.
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Mavuthu, Abednego Kiwia. "Effect of the National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Subsidy Program on Fertilizer Usage and Food Production in Kakamega County, Western Kenya." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3803.
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Despite 25 years of concerted efforts by African governments to adopt consistent policies for increasing food production, hunger and poverty are still prevalent in the continent. Using Bernanke's conceptualization of the credit channel theory of monetary policy, the purpose of this correlational study was to investigate whether a subsidy program, the National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Program (NAAIAP), affected the rates of fertilizer usage and food production in Kakamega County, Western Kenya. Purposive stratified sampling was used to select 114 participants consisting of 72 farmers in each of the 2 groups: NAAIAP beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries. Participants completed a survey on fertilizer usage rates, income earned, and surplus maize yield. Data were analyzed using multiple regression to test whether there was a difference between the beneficiary and nonbeneficiary groups regarding income, surplus product, and the dependent variable of fertilizer usage. Results indicated that beneficiaries of NAAIAP credit program bought and prepared to use fertilizers significantly earlier than did their counterparts. Further, the results of multiple regression indicated significant positive correlation (p <.05) between income earned from sale of surplus maize yield and quantity of fertilizer used by farmers in Kakamega County. These findings suggest that NAAIAP improved food security and farmers' income in Kakamega Count. This study contributes to social change by recommending to subsidy program administrators in Kakamega County to consider policy changes. Such policy changes may improve program outreach to resource-poor farmers and improve income and product yield in the agricultural sector of Kenya.
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Ngwexana, Tulile. "Access to land and productive resources among female farmers in Stellenbosch: Implications for women’s empowerment and household food." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6695.
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Magister Commercii - MCom<br>Women play an important role in food security. Growing, processing, purchasing, preparing and
serving food to their families is a common and distinctive relationship they have to food in most
societies in the world. They also play a critical role in food security. Yet, studies show that
women are the most vulnerable to household food insecurity. At the heart of women’s
differential vulnerability to household food insecurity is their lack of ownership of the means of
food production, mainly land. Food is grown on land and access to land for productive purposes
is vital for food security, especially for women who have little other means of securing food
aside from performing subsistence farming for household food security. Thus, analyzing women
experiences of accessing land and productive resources, and the manner in which such access
shapes their empowerment and ability to achieve household food security is important. In this
dissertation, women’s empowerment refers to a process where women gain the ability to make
strategic life choices; I take the position that for women to be empowered, their access to
resources, individual capacities and agency must be improved. Thus, this dissertation aims to
examine the lived experiences of female farmers in Stellenbosch in terms of access to land and
productive resources, and the implications this kind of access has for women’s empowerment
and household food security.
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Wilson, Kelly Robyn. "Do women reap the benefits? Exploring access and social exclusion among village chicken producers in Kenya." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563200862443867.
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Gitunu, Anthony Mwai Macharia. "Livestock production and food security in a changing socio-cultural environment due to involuntary relocation of agro-pastoralists into semi-arid areas of Makueni District, Kenya." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/livestock-production-and-food-security-in-a-changing-sociocultural-environment-due-to-involuntary-relocation-of-agropastoralists-into-semiarid-areas-of-makueni-district-kenya(b6ab5db2-4635-4f58-a9d9-6b6ae0345155).html.
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The literature on Human Resettlement and the socio-economic adjustment processes involved has been reviewed with special reference to planned and unplanned relocation and how models of social change apply to them. As a result of the findings of this study the investigator has concluded it by developing a unique 5-Step Socio-Economic Chan2e Model based on the unplanned involuntary relocation of agro-pastoralists within the semi-arid areas of Kenya. A study of the Kenyan resettlement at Muuni was carried out over two growing seasons in 1997/98. Detailed information on the social structure prevailing and of the social and economic practices was gathered. This information was supplemented by data recorded on the agricultural activities of a sample of 30 fanning households, each having 10 acres of land. This information was supplemented by data on rainfall and soil type. Income from non-farming activities was also gathered. Data has been summarised and analysed and results discussed in the light of previous findings. Among the principal findings were: • That the role livestock production plays in socio-economic processes of change in semi-arid areas of Malcueni District became secondary or even tertiary following change of land tenureship by relocating agro-pastoralists from areas of communal use of forage and water resources to small-scale private land holding areas. • That failure to plan the involuntary relocation of the approx. 1000 households involved had placed them in difficult circumstances. • Hardship was the result due to failing to appreciate the inadequate potential of the limited private areas allocated and/or to provide a sufficient water supply in the resettlement scheme. • That failure to plan for suitable livestock disease control measures, medical care and education in the area imposed additional burdens on the people. • That the people proved capable of alleviating their conditions and meeting short-term needs by undertaking a range of non-farming activities and by collaborating at critical times in the farming and other social cycles. • That the delayed issuance of land title deeds to the farming households placed the families in an inequitable position and restricted their right of free movement.
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Kisaka-Lwayo, Maggie. "Risk preferences and consumption decisions in organic production: the case of Kwazulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/492.
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Despite phenomenal success of the commercial agricultural sector in South Africa and significant progress in integrating smallholders since democratic reforms, food security concerns remain. Recent global increases in food prices have further exacerbated vulnerabilities and made it imperative to examine alternative food production questions in the country. Organic agriculture is identified as one of the sustainable approaches to farming and offers insights towards a paradigm shift in food and nutritional security. Notwithstanding, consumer awareness, knowledge and consumption of organic foods are significantly lower in developing than developed countries. Risks associated with adoption of organic practices need to be explored to address the supply and demand constraints. Similarly, while consumer awareness of organic foods is the first step in developing demand for organic products, it does not necessarily translate to consumption. Therefore it is important to investigate these issues. The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of organic farmers and consumers; (ii) establish the determinants of farmers‘ decision to participate in organic farming distinguishing between the fully-certified organic, partially-certified organic and non-organic farmers; (iii) elicit farmers risk preferences and empirically analyse farmers sources of risk and risk management strategies; (iv) explore consumer awareness, perceptions and attitudes regarding organic products; and (v) identify the factors that influence consumer‘s preference and consumption of organic products. A total of 400 respondents were surveyed, consisting of 200 smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal and 200 consumers in the Eastern Cape. The KwaZulu-Natal study was conducted earlier and identified the following as major sources of risk, lack of consumer awareness of organic products and lack of information among producers about consumer preferences for organic products. This informed the need to undertake a consumer awareness and preference study, in order to inform producers. The Eastern Cape is a bordering province to KwaZulu-Natal with similar socio economic conditions and a major consumer of produce from KwaZulu-Natal. It was also expected that in the intervening period there could have been awareness about the product. An vii indication of its appeal would not be in the consumption of the product by the people who grow it, but by consumers who reside in bordering regions. Producer and household questionnaires were used to record household activities, socio-economic and institutional data as well as household demographics through personal interviews. The Arrow Pratt Absolute Risk Aversion (APARA) coefficient was used to measure the farmer‘s degree of risk aversion and the experimental gambling approach to establish the risk classification. Consumers were also asked about their awareness and knowledge about organics, attitudes and perceptions towards organics, preference and consumption patterns. The ordered probit results indicate that older farmers, who are less risk averse and reside in the sub-ward Ogagwini, Ezigani, and Hwayi were more likely to be certified organic farmers. Similarly, the propensity to adopt organic farming is positively correlated to household size, livestock ownership, asset base and tenure security. The risk analysis indicates that at higher pay-offs most farmers are intermediate to moderately risk-averse, with little variation according to personal characteristics, and that non-organic farmers tend to be more risk averse than fully-certified and partially-certified farmers. In general, price, production and financial risks were perceived as the most important sources of risk. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), seven principal components (PCs) explaining 66.13% of the variation were extracted. Socio economic factors having a significant effect on the various sources of risk are age, gender, education, location, information access and risk taking ability. The most important traditional risk management strategies used by the surveyed farmers are crop diversification, precautionary savings and participating in social networks. There was general awareness of what constituted organic foods with many consumers associating organic foods with health and nutrition, chemical free and produced using indigenous methods of production. However, there was low awareness of organic products among consumers with little or no knowledge of organic certification and standards. According to the logit model the major factors influencing consumer awareness of organic products are: gender, education, employment status, and location of the respondents, person/household member responsible for shopping and the price perception of the decision maker. The discriminant analysis showed that the consumption of organic products is significantly affected by age of the consumer, viii location, person/household member responsible for shopping, consumer awareness of organics, price perception and label trust. The findings from this study provides useful practical insights for policy makers, farm advisers and researchers in the design of effective and efficient policies, programmes and projects which can affect the adoption of organic practices, increase smallholder farmers capacity to manage risk and drive growth in the organic food market.
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Triches, Rozane Márcia. "Reconectando a produção ao consumo : a aquisição de gêneros alimentícios da agricultura familiar para o programa de alimentação escolar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61938.
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Diante de uma complexa problemática alimentar constituída de um cenário de transição nutricional e de um modelo produtivo pautado na industrialização da agricultura e dos alimentos, causando a marginalização de grande parte dos agricultores familiares, verifica-se no Brasil ações políticas e sociais que tendem a desestabilizar as cadeias de abastecimento dominantes. Na última década o Estado tem formulado e implementado a política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional sustentável com proposições de reaproximação entre produção e consumo na tentativa de enfrentar estas problemáticas. Uma destas ações é a revisão do Programa de Alimentação Escolar (PAE) e suas formas de aquisição pública, incentivando as Entidades Executoras a adquirir produtos de agricultores familiares. No entanto, até a obrigatoriedade legal, alguns municípios já haviam realizado esta construção, apontando para o fato de que os atores sociais e o local seriam fatores importantes na mudança estrutural. Nesta direção, surge uma questão central: como estas cadeias alimentares particulares e localizadas de abastecimento do PAE são construídas? O objetivo foi identificar e analisar como ocorre a dinâmica e a construção social de práticas econômicas contemporâneas e heterogêneas de consumo e produção de alimentos através do PAE. Trabalhou-se com as seguintes hipóteses: os atores movidos por diferentes interesses e/ou necessidades, mas com objetivos congruentes, criam estratégias que, a partir de relações de poder e negociações tomam uma coerência cada vez maior, provocando modificações no modelo dominante; o local potencializa esse movimento pela proximidade, possibilitando uma maior interação social, enraizamento nos comportamentos e a generalização e institucionalização de discursos e significados; o Estado é um ator-chave nesse processo, pois tem o poder de regulação, guiando comportamentos e discursos, incentivando-os ou inibindoos. Para testar estas hipóteses, utilizou-se o estudo de caso do município de Rolante (que adquire produtos de agricultores locais desde 1998) com abordagem qualitativa de coleta e análise de dados. Constatou-se que esta construção ocorreu a partir de uma revisão do modelo de desenvolvimento perseguido, não mais voltado à industrialização e urbanização, mas ao rural. Esta revisão centrou-se em alguns atores como os gestores da época e os agricultores, com forte influência de extensionistas da Emater, que se mobilizaram para viabilizar novos canais de comercialização, entre eles, o mercado institucional da alimentação escolar. Os consumidores se agregaram a esse movimento buscando a melhora na qualidade dos alimentos e a garantia de suficiência. As interfaces foram facilitadas pela utilização dos Conselhos Gestores como locais de negociação e governança. A mudança nas regras jurídicas dos processos de aquisição pública ocorreu a partir da contestação pelas regras morais e pelo poder do gestor. A participação do agricultor nos trâmites licitatórios estava relacionada à tomada de decisão pautada na garantia de sua autonomia e as interfaces de conhecimento foram fundamentais para transpor as barreiras de entrada determinadas pelas exigências de formalização das agroindústrias. A construção social desse mercado foi amparada pelos valores, significados e regras específicos daquele local, sendo que a tradição passou a ser revalorizada e a proximidade amparou a confiança do consumidor e o comprometimento do produtor. Destas relações, a qualidade dos produtos não se constituiu de sistemas peritos de segurança sanitária, mas de outros atributos relacionados ao local, ao produtor e suas especificidades. A institucionalização desta prática foi favorecida pelos seus resultados, mas estrategicamente fomentada pela intersetorialidade e pelas intervenções junto ao consumidor Rolantense no sentido de incentivá-lo à retroalimentação destas cadeias curtas de abastecimento.<br>In the face a complex food problems consists of a scenario of nutritional transition and a productive model guided by the industrialization of agriculture and food, causing the marginalization of most family farmers, in Brazil there is political and social actions that tend to destabilize supply chains dominate. In the last decade the state has formulated and implemented the policy of sustainable Food and Nutrition Security propositions for a rapprochement between production and consumption in an attempt to confront these issues. One of them is the revision of the School Feeding Program (SFP) and their forms of procurement, encouraging, and most recently, forcing the executing agencies to procure products from family farmers. However, until the legal requirement, some municipalities had performed this construction, pointing to the fact that social actors and the local would be important factors in the structural change. In this direction, there is one central question: how these particular food chains and localized supply of SFP are built? The aim of this study was to identify and analyze how the dynamics occurs and the social construction of contemporary economic practices and heterogeneous consumption and food production through the SFP. We have worked with the following assumptions: the actors moved by different interests and/or needs, but with congruent goals, create strategies, from power relations and negotiations take an increasingly greater, causing changes in the dominant model; the local enhances this movement by proximity, providing greater social interaction, rooting behaviors, and consequently a generalization, awareness and institutionalization of discourses and meanings; the State is a key player in this process, as it has the power to regulate which guide behaviors, signs and speeches, encouraging them and multiplying them or, on the other hand, inhibiting them. To test these hypotheses, we used the case study of the city of Rolante (which buys products from local farmers since 1998) with a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis. It was found that this construction took place from a review of the development model pursued, not more focused on industrialization and urban but in rural areas. This review focused on some players as public managers and farmers of the time, strongly influenced by the rural extension technical, which is mobilized to permit new marketing channels, among them, institutional school meals. Consumers were added to this movement seeking to improve food quality and ensuring sufficiency. The interfaces were facilitated by the use of management councils (CAE and CMDR) as sites of negotiation and governance. The change in legal rules of procedures for the procurement of defense occurred from the moral rules and the power of the manager. The farmer's participation in the bidding procedures were related to decision making based in the guarantee of their autonomy and interfaces of knowledge were essential to overcome the barriers of entry determined by the requirements of formalization of agribusinesses. The social construction of this market was bolstered by the values, meanings, and rules specific to the local, and the tradition is to be revalued and the proximity bolsters consumer confidence and commitment of the producer. These relations, product quality was not an expert systems on safety, but other attributes of the local, the producer and its specificities. The institutionalization of this practice was encouraged by its results, but strategically fostered by intersectional and work with the Rolante consumer in order to shape it in the feedback of this short chain of supply.
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Meyer, Marcel. "Modelling atmospheric dispersal of fungal pathogens on continental scales to safeguard global wheat production." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286586.
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The recent emergence of highly virulent strains of the pathogen causing wheat stem rust has been acknowledged as a threat to global food security. In infected wheat fields, vast amounts of pathogenic fungal spores are produced that can be carried away by wind. For targeted disease surveillance and control it is important to estimate when, where and how many fungal spores are dispersed from infected to susceptible wheat fields. In this study, high-performance computational resources are used to investigate long-distance dispersal revealing atmospheric pathways that connect entire continents. Mechanistic simulations of turbulent atmospheric spore dispersal are conducted. The analyses bring together a variety of data, including international field disease surveys and finely resolved meteorological model data. The UK Met Office's Langrangian stochastic particle dispersion model, NAME, is applied, extended and coupled to other models in a set of case studies. In the first case study, spore dispersal is analysed across Southern/East Africa, the Middle East, and Central/South Asia by simulating billions of stochastic trajectories of fungal spores over dynamically changing host and environmental landscapes. The circumstances under which virulent strains, such as Ug99, pose a risk to globally important wheat producing areas are identified. Simulation results indicate a negligible risk for dispersal from key wheat producing countries on the East African continent (Ethiopia, Kenya) directly to India and Pakistan. However, there is a considerable risk for atmospheric transport from the Arabian Peninsula to South Asia. Spore dispersal trends are quantified between all countries in the domain providing estimates which can be used to improve targeted sampling and control. In the second case study, dispersal from southern Africa to Australia is analysed. Simulation results, as well as data from phenotypic and genotypic analyses, support the hypothesis that extremely long-distance airborne dispersal across the Indian Ocean is possible, albeit rare. This indicates that the pathogen populations on the two continents are connected and underlines the importance of sharing surveillance intelligence between continents. The third case study focusses on Ethiopia, determining likely origins of strain TKTTF that recently caused severe epidemics in East Africa's largest wheat producing country. The analyses suggest inflow into Ethiopia from the Middle East via Yemen, consistent with field survey data. The risk for inflow of pathogens into Ethiopia from key neighbouring countries is ranked for different months of the wheat season. In the last results chapter a pilot study is summarized testing the feasibility of an automated short-term forecasting system for spore dispersal from the latest field disease detection sites. Whilst the functionality and practical relevance of the forecasting system is demonstrated, considerable challenges remain for testing the forecasts. The predictive simulation framework described in this thesis can be applied to any wheat producing area worldwide to assess dispersal risks. The research has broader relevance because long-distance dispersal is a key mechanism for the transmission of several crop and livestock diseases, and also plays an important role in other areas of ecology.
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Ben, slimane Mehdi. "Investissements directs étrangers et sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARE042/document.
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Les pays en développement (PED) enregistrent un taux de croissance démographique particulièrement élevé et une forte demande alimentaire. Par ailleurs, l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) est au centre des politiques d’investissement de ces pays. Les PED attirent l’IDE pour améliorer la croissance économique. Cette vision optimiste est contredite par des effets négatifs sur leur économies. En se basant sur trois facteurs que nous jugeons très importants pour la sécurité alimentaire (SA) : la production agricole, la qualité institutionnelle et la dépendance en importation alimentaires, nous investiguons les effets de l’IDE sur la SA.Les résultats montrent que l’IDE agricole améliore la SA et l’IDE secondaire améliore la production agricole grâce au transfert technologique et du savoir-faire avec des effets nuisibles qui peuvent apparaitre comme la pollution de l’environnement. L’IDE tertiaire a tendance à baisser la main d’œuvre dans l’agriculture et à augmenter la demande alimentaire dans les zones urbaines. En ajoutant l’institution locales à l’analyse, les résultats montrent qu’à partir de certains seuils de qualité institutionnelle, l’IDE primaire et secondaire améliorent la SA. L’intérêt des PED est d’améliorer leur qualité institutionnelle et de cibler l’attraction de l’IDE<br>Developing countries (DCs) have a high population growth and food demand. Moreover, foreign direct investment (FDI) is in the heart of investment policy. DCs attract FDI to improve their economic growth. This optimistic view is contradicted by negative effects on their economies. We based our analysis on three important factors: agricultural production, institutional quality and the food import dependency, we investigate the effects of desegregated and aggregated FDI on the food security. The results show that agricultural FDI improves food security and secondary FDI improves agricultural production through technology transfer and know-how with harmful effects that may occur as the environmental pollution.The tertiary IDE tends to decrease labor in agriculture and increasing food demand in urban areas. By adding the local institution to the analysis, the results show that from certain institutional quality thresholds, primary and secondary IDE improves food security. Our recommendation is that DCs has the interest to improve their institutional quality and targeting the attraction of FDI. Finally, aggregated FDI tends to deteriorate the ability to import food in countries with low and lower middle income. These countries have an interest to attract export-oriented FDI
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Mphahama, Litsoanelo Evodiah. "Institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/428.
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Lesotho has a land area of about 30.340 square kilometers and is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. Much of the country is mountainous. Its agricultural sector is characterized by low productivity due to erratic climatic conditions, limited arable land and fragile soils with a low water holding capacity. These conditions have proved very detrimental to crop production, rendering agriculture a risky economic activity. Numerous efforts have been made over the years to address the technical constraints confronting the sector, but nothing seems to be changing. The implication is that the technical/climatic factors mentioned above may be only part of the problem. The current situation whereby Lesotho imports nearly 95% of its domestic food requirements is unsustainable, but this desperate picture looks set to worsen with the continuing threats of contracting farm sizes and further declines in farmer participation rates. But this sector has continued to be an important source of household survival and existence. A study was designed and conducted during 2008 and 2009 to identify the institutional constraints to horticulture production in Lesotho, looking specifically at the obstacles to effective production and marketing of horticultural products. A total of 100 farming households were enumerated in four districts of the country, namely Butha Buthe, Berea, Mafeteng, and Thaba-Tseka. A range of institutional and non-price factors in the farming and marketing environment were incorporated in a binary choice model to investigate the degree of satisfaction of the farming households with their previous year’s farming results. To avoid selection bias in the sample, a probit model was chosen, and the Stata-10 software was used to estimate probit coefficients. The results provide indications that property rights, the agricultural extension service, the condition of the physical infrastructure, and distance to markets may be crucial elements threatening the existence of this sector in Lesotho. The difficulties in accessing markets and land remain important institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing in Lesotho. Recommendations made on these issues include providing more policy support to homestead gardening and for these issues to be incorporated into the Vision 2020 process. Also to be included is the issue of addressing the growing national food insecurity and enhancing Basotho livelihoods in general.
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Chiwona-Karltun, Linley. "A reason to be bitter : cassava classification from the farmers' perspective /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-078-4/.
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Roelofse, Johannes Jacobus (Hanno). "Economic feasibility study of the establishment of smallholder pig farmers for the commercial market : Empolweni case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85703.
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Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Food security is a national priority, according to Section 27 of the South African Constitution. It states: “Every citizen has the right to have access to sufficient food and water, and that the state must by legislation and other measures, within its available resources, avail to progressive realisation of the right to sufficient food.” Nevertheless, while food security is clearly a government priority and regardless of the country being considered as self-sufficient in respect of food production, food insecurity remains a dire South African challenge.
This study presents the improvement of smallholder pig farmers to a commercial standard with funding from the government as a potential means to address poverty and food insecurity in South Africa. Commercial standard pig farms as opposed to smallholder pig farms provide increased employment, food production, biosecurity and food safety. This investigative study evaluates the economic feasibility of a smallholder commercial pig farm in the Mamre area. The Empolweni community’s pig farmers serve as the case study and as an example of a typical smallholder pig farming community. Their current operations are studied, the requirements for a conversion to a commercial standard are assessed and the profitability and sustainability of the proposed commercial model is judged.
The study’s findings indicate that specific scenarios (high production performance, large pig farm unit sizes, pork price increases or feed costs reductions) a commercial smallholder pig farm can achieve economic feasibility. However, trends indicate that there is low likelihood of the required conditions to achieve economic feasibility will be able to occur. The thesis judges only the potential economic feasibility of the case study, as opposed to the economic feasibility of commercial smallholder pig farmers on a national or regional level.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voedsel sekuriteit is ‘n nasionale prioriteit en vorm deel van die Artikel 27 Grondwetlike regte in Suid-Afrika. Die Grondwet stel dat elke landsburger die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel en water het en dat die staat deur middel van wetgewing en ander maatreëls, binne sy beskikbare middele, progressiewe verwesenliking van die reg op voldoende voedsel moet laat geskied. Nietemin, alhoewel voedsel sekuriteit ongetwyfeld ‘n prioriteit van die regering is en ten spyte daarvan dat Suid-Afrika as selfonderhoudend ten opsigte van voedselproduksie gesien word, heers onvoldoende voedsel sekuriteit steeds.
Hierdie studie stel die volgende moontlike oplossing voor: Suid-Afrikaanse kleinskaalse varkboere moet hul bedrywighede opgradeer na 'n kommersiële standaard. Verskeie redes kan gegee word waarom hierdie oplossing 'n gangbare opsie bied om armoede en voedselsekuriteit in Suid-Afrika teë te werk. Kommersiële varkboere, in teenstelling met kleinskaalse varkboere, bied verhoogde vlakke van voedselproduksie, werkskepping, biosekuriteit en veiliger voedingsbronne. Hierdie studie poog om die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van ‘n kleinskaalse kommersiële varkplaas in die Mamre omgewing te bepaal. Die Empolweni gemeenskap se varkboere dien as 'n gevallestudie van ‘n tipiese kleinskaalse varkboerdery gemeenskap. Hul huidige bedrywighede is ondersoek, die benodighede vir ‘n opgradering is bepaal en die winsgewendheid en volhoubaarheid van die kommersiële model is beoordeel.
Bevindings toon dat vir spesifieke gevalle (hoë produksievlakke, groot varkplaaseenhede, varkprys verhogings en voerkoste verlagings) ‘n kommersiële kleinskaalse varkplaas ekonomiese gangbaarheid kan behaal. Alhoewel, tendense toon dat daar ‘n lae waarskynlikheid is dat die nodige kondisie om ekonomiese gangbaarheid te behaal sal kan plaasvind. Die tesis oorweeg slegs die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van die gevallestudie. Die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van kleinskaalse varkboere op ‘n nasionale of streeksvlak word dus nie ingesluit nie.
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Mandikiana, Brian Washington. "The economics of Bt maize/yieldgard production: case of smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/326.
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Maize is the staple food for most South Africans. This implies that any damage to the maize crop will affect food security of many South Africans. Although Eastern Cape Province is not a traditionally maize producing area, smallholder farmers in the province produce it mostly for subsistence purposes and some sell the surplus on the local market or use it to secure other good through barter trading. In South Africa, insect-resistant Bt maize/yieldgard has been used commercially for approximately 10 years now. Available impact studies on Bt maize reveal that, this technology is beneficial not only to farmers but consumers of maize products as well. Welfare gains as well as positive effects for human health are realised by both groups. Due to the costs and effectiveness associated with traditional and conventional maize stem borer control methods, Bt technology has the potential to be part of the solution. This thesis has attempted to investigate the economic viability of planting Bt maize seeds under smallholder farming conditions and identify factors as well as perceptions relating to attributes of Bt maize and to analyze the relationships between those perceptions and choices regarding use of Bt technology. Data was collected from 90 households who were selected using purposive sampling through the use of the snowball method. To collect data, a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Gross margin analysis revealed that Bt maize is a more profitable option as compared to conventional maize seeds. Furthermore, econometric analyses, through use of the binomial regression model revealed that perceptions could be used to distinguish between users and non-users of Bt maize seed in the Eastern Cape Province. Results of inferential analysis indicate that the statistically significant variables at 5% level are gene erosion, quality and nutrition of products and food labels for Bt maize products perceptions. On the other hand, low expenses, seed market availability and farmers’ knowledge perceptions were significant at 10%. These findings suggest that an adjustment in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of Bt maize adoption. In view of the research findings, several policy proposals are suggested to support policy formulation. Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize, yieldgard, smallholder farmers, perceptions, Flagstaff, gross margin analysis, binomial logistic regression model, Eastern Cape Province.
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Sundelin, William. "Growing crops or growing conflicts? : Climate variability, rice production and political violence in Vietnam." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9757.
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This thesis contributes to research on climate change and violent conflict by testing the theory of a causal relationship between climate variability, agricultural production and political violence in the case of Vietnam 2010-2019. Climate-related negative shocks to agricultural production in developing countries are expected to lower the opportunity cost of violence through an income effect. This increases the risk of violent conflict. The thesis draws on a framework that combines climate-conflict research, civil war theory and research on how climactic factors affect rice cultivation in Southeast Asia. It tests the hypotheses emerging from the framework using mixed-effect models and a counterfactual comparison. Minimum temperature increases in the growing season for rice have been found to decrease rice yields, while maximum temperature increases have a positive effect on yield.The results show that minimum temperature increases are averse to Vietnamese rice production and have a positive relationship with political violence in the following year. Maximum temperature however is not significantly related to either rice production or violence. These results are in line with the hypotheses drawn from the framework. The minimum temperature effect on political violence is small compared to some of the covariates but robust to several different model specifications. The results provide evidence of a climate-conflict link through agricultural production in contemporary Vietnam which is similar to the findings in existing case studies in Southeast Asia. However, more research will be needed to decisively identify the causal mechanism and the specifics of how it works.<br><p>The seminar was held digitally. </p>