Dissertations / Theses: 'Forest territories'

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Gentner, Steeve. "Céramique, économie et société en rive droite du Rhin supérieur, du Vème à la première moitié du IIIème siècle avant notre ère." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG026.

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Cette recherche doctorale s'est concentrée sur le mobilier céramique de la période de mutations sociales et de basculement des deux âges du Fer dans le Rhin supérieur. Les analyses et les comparaisons bilatérales sont menées à partir des corpus de quatre sites de hauteur fortifiés du nord de la Forêt-Noire. Ceux-ci ont été étudiés selon une analyse exhaustive et rétroactive sur les plans technologique, typologique ou statistique. L'adaptation d'un classement morphologique uniformisé à l'échelle transfrontalière, issu de données concrètes, correspond à la première étape de recherche ; en parallèle à l'élaboration d'une méthode d'acquisition numérique et d'un référentiel de travail. Une attention particulière est ensuite donnée à l'assemblage caractéristique du début de La Tène et à la question de sa signification en tant que marqueur d'intégration sociale. Les comparaisons multifocales des ensembles, notamment des décors, permettent d'identifier des particularismes locaux et régionaux qui s'imbriquent et se chevauchent. Ainsi, les contacts culturels mis en évidence, permettent d'esquisser les nombreuses identités des premières sociétés laténiennes, entremêlant tradition et innovation, à l'échelle locale, régionale et européenne. Ces liens multiscalaires conduisent aux réflexions sur les diffusions des productions dans le contexte économique du Rhin supérieur pendant La Tène ancienne. L'accent est mis, en particulier, sur les réseaux de diffusion des productions métalliques, qui sont perceptibles par les nombreux dépôts de demi-produits bipyramidés. Enfin, la modélisation territoriale, effectuée à l'aide d'outils conceptuels, présente la synthèse des résultats liminaires dans cette région qui est localisée à la fois au centre du domaine nord-alpin et en marge du phénomène « princier » This doctoral research focused on ceramic ware from the period of social change and the transition of the two Iron Ages in the Upper Rhine. Bilateral analyses and comparisons are conducted from the corpus of four hillforts in the northern Black Forest. These were studied according to an exhaustive and retroactive technological, typological or statistical analysis. The adaptation of a uniform morphological classification on a cross-border scale, based on concrete data, corresponds to the first stage of research ; in parallel with the development of a digital acquisition method and a working reference framework. Particular attention is then given to the characteristic assemblage of the beginning of La Tène and to the question of its significance as a marker of social integration. Multifocal comparisons of sets, particularly of decors, make it possible to identify local and regional particularities that are intertwined and overlapping. Thus, highlighted cultural contacts make it possible to sketch out the many identities of the first latenian societies, combining tradition and innovation, at local, regional and European level. These multiscalar links lead to reflections on the diffusion of productions in the economic context of the Upper Rhine during the early La Tène. Particular emphasis is placed on the networks for the diffusion of metal production, which are perceptible by the many deposits of bipyramid semi-finished products. Finally, territorial modelling, carried out using conceptual tools, presents the synthesis of the preliminary results in this region, which is located both in the centre of the northern-alpine area and on the fringe of the "princely" phenomenon

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Soares, Ana Paulina Aguiar. "Disputas Territoriais na Floresta Amazônica : o caso de Manicoré (Amazonas, Brasil)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030087.

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Cette thèse constitue un essai de géographie régionale visant à expliciter les modalités d’occupation et les conflits qu’elles occasionnent dans une région de la haute Amazonie forestière, celle de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Madeira au sud-est de l’État d’Amazonas. Dans cette région de confins disputée dès l’époque coloniale, cet affluent de rive droite de l’Amazone forme à la fois une limite entre les empires portugais et espagnol et une voie de passage qui servira à dessiner un grand Brésil. Empruntant tour à tour les méthodes de la géohistoire et de la géopolitique, la thèse ouvre le débat sur la prise en compte de la composante environnementale, ici en particulier dans l’analyse du conflit entre une entreprise d’exploitation de bois et des communautés extractivistes vivant de la collecte des produits de la forêt. Avec difficultés, les luttes sociales incorporent la dimension de l’environnement et les entreprises des principes de responsabilité sociale et environnementale, RSE. C’est ce moment d’adaptation des normes que nous avons voulu saisir à plusieurs échelles : celle du cours moyen du fleuve Madeira, de l’immense municipalité de Manicoré et d’un village au nom prédestiné de Democracia [Démocratie]. Les bonnes pratiques d’une véritable gestion forestière, lentes à se mettre en place, ne sont pas pleinement maîtrisées ni acceptées localement et le défi de concilier des usages différenciés des forêts et des fleuves concerne tous les acteurs de la scène environnementaliste qui se préoccupent du devenir des forêts tropicales et de ses habitants, en particulier en prenant la défense de leur conception de l’occupation des territoires This thesis is an essay about Regional Geography, aiming at clarifying the modalities of occupation and the conflicts in Western Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the middle Madeira River valley, southern state of Amazonas. Since colonial times, this region is a disputed one: the right bank of the Amazon River became the boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Besides this passage way allowed to draw a boundary for a Grand Brazil. The thesis is grounded on the methods of geohistory and geopolitics. It opens a debate on how the actors take in account the environmental dimension, and bases its analysis on a conflict between a logging company and extractive communities, that live from collecting forest products. Social struggles hardly incorporate environmental dimension and the companies have difficulties in committing in the principles of social and environmental responsibilities. This work analyzes this time of adaptation to the standards and at various scales: the average course of the Madeira River, territorial vastness of the city of Manicoré and a community with a predestined name of Democracia [Democracy]. Good practices of a true forest management are slowly implemented and hardly handled or accepted in a local level. Nevertheless, all the actors of the environmental scene are challenged with bringing back the different uses of forests and rivers. And in particular those who care with the future of tropical forests and their inhabitants, and take the defense of their conceptions of territorial occupation Esta tese consiste em um ensaio de Geografia Regional visando explicitar as modalidades de ocupação e os conflitos por elas ocasionadas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, especialmente no vale do médio rio Madeira, no sul do Estado do Amazonas. Nessa região disputada desde a época colonial, esse afluente da margem direita do rio Amazonas passou a ser o limite entre os impérios português e espanhol e uma via de passagem que serviu para desenhar um grande Brasil. Fundamentada nos métodos dageo-história e da geopolítica, a tese abre um debate sobre a tomada de consciência ambiental, aqui em particular com a análise do conflito entre uma empresa madeireira e comunidades extrativistas que vivem da coleta dos produtos florestais. As boas práticas de uma verdadeira gestão florestal, lentas quando aplicadas, não foram plenamente incorporadas nem aceitas localmente. Com dificuldades, as lutas sociais incorporaram a dimensão ambiental e, as empresas, os princípios das responsabilidades social e ambiental. É nesse momento de adaptação às normas que procuramos estudar nas diversas escalas: o curso médio do rio Madeira, a imensidade territorial do município de Manicoré e uma comunidade com um nome predestinado de Democracia. Enfim, fica o desafio de conciliar os usos diferenciados da floresta e dos rios que concerne a todos os atores da cena ambientalista que se preocupam com o futuro das florestas tropicais e de seus habitantes, em particular, em defesa das concepções de ocupação dos territórios pelos moradores

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Narvaes, Patricia. "Comportamento Territorial e Reprodutivo de Uma Nova Espécie de Hylodes (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) da Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-22032004-102927/.

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Hylodes sp.n. é um leptodactilídeo de pequeno porte, que vive em pequenos riachos de montanha, na Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Machos e fêmeas se encontram no mesmo hábitat ao longo de todo o ano e a reprodução é do tipo prolongada. Os machos de Hylodes sp.n. apresentam dois tipos de vocalização: o canto de anúncio, que consiste de um trinado prolongado e contínuo, e o canto de encontro, que consiste de uma série de pulsos emitidos em seqüência. Machos e fêmeas são fiéis à sua área domiciliar, permanecendo na mesma área por pelo menos 12 meses. A área domiciliar das fêmeas variou de 0,45 a 7,98 m2 (média = 2,74 + 1,89; N = 24) e de 0,12 a 13,12 m2 para os machos (média = 3,03 + 3,16; N = 44). Os machos são altamente territoriais e se utilizam de uma gama de comportamentos estereotipados para defender seu território e para atrair as fêmeas. Esses comportamentos incluem a intensificação da vocalização e uma série de sinais visuais extremamente elaborados, como por exemplo, a extensão alternada das patas posteriores num ângulo máximo de 45º em relação ao substrato e a movimentação dos dedos das patas posteriores descrevendo uma onda. O contato entre machos e fêmeas visando a reprodução tem início com a entrada da fêmea no território do macho. O macho inicia uma corte para atrair a fêmea, que consiste de vocalizações (canto de encontro e canto de anúncio), sinais visuais e toques na cabeça da fêmea. A fêmea é guiada pelo macho até o ninho, que se localiza dentro do seu território e é previamente escolhido por ele. O amplexo, se houver, ocorre embaixo dágua, dentro do ninho. A fêmea deixa o ninho logo após a desova e retorna à sua área domiciliar; o macho permanece nas proximidades vocalizando e mergulhando algumas vezes no local. As desovas têm, em média, 46 ovos (N = 13). Hylodes sp.n. is a small-sized steam-dweller leptodactylid frog of the Atlantic Rain Forest of Southeast Brazil. Males and females are found together in the same habitat throughout the year and they have prolonged breeding periods. Males have two types of vocalization: the advertisement call, a long high-pitched whistled trill and the encounter call, composed by individual notes irregulary partially pulsed. Males and females have site fidelity and remain in the same home-range for at least 12 months. Home range size ranged from 0.45 to 7.98 m2 to females (x = 2.74; SD = 1.89; n = 24) and from 0.12 to 13.13 m2 to males (x = 3.03; SD= 3.16; n = 44). Males stablish territories and atract females using the advertisement call and some visual displays. In one of them, the male raise one hind leg and extend it slowly out of back in an arc to about 45º and then returned it to its side; in other, the male wiggle the toes of one or both hind feet slowly without otherwise moving the legs. The courtship usually begins with the female entering a maless territory, approaching the resident. Males have elaborate visual courtship displays and complex courtship interactons involve visual and tactile cues as well as vocalizations. The male leads the female to the oviposition site inside his territory; the movement of the pair to the nest may be interrupted by bouts of tactile courtship. Amplexus should happen under water in the nest. Females leaves nest after ovipositon takes place and turn back to their home range; males stay around calling and diving into the nest. Mean clutch size was 46 eggs (SD = 7,92; n = 13).

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Rossetti, Adriana Ines Napias. "A arborização na qualificação do espaço da rua: uma proposta metodológica de inventário, manejo e planejamento de verde viário em dois bairros paulistanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-17052010-112611/.

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Foi realizado levantamento quanti-qualitativo de vegetais de porte arbóreo em dois bairros paulistanos, Vila Vera e Jardim da Saúde, situados na região sudeste de São Paulo, não distando muito entre si, porém com características de ocupação de uso de solo bastante distintas. No Jardim da Saúde foram encontrados 1033 exemplares de 72 espécies botânicas, a altura média de todas as árvores foi de 8,07 m e a altura da primeira bifurcação 1,97 m, a Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth. foi a espécie mais freqüente com 20,68%, seguida da Lagestroemia indica L. com 7,48% e da Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton em terceiro com 6,89%, essas três espécies somaram 35,05% dos indivíduos. Existiam 80,45% dos exemplares situados defronte a imóveis que possuíam recuo mínimo de 2,50 m de construções, 72,80% do total estavam em passeios que têm entre 1,00 m e 2,00 m, predominam árvores com mais de 8,50 m de altura, o pior indicador de sanidade vegetal seria a infestação de cupins com 8,33% do total infestado, 13,65% teve anotações de má qualidade de copa, 20,62% apresentou algum indicativo de má qualidade de tronco. Apenas 23,33% tinham situações de permeabilidade do passeio suficiente, encontravam-se 5,71% com condução de poda para desobstrução das redes aéreas, o rebaixamento das árvores acontecia em 7,74% dos exemplares. Na Vila Vera havia limitações de espaço físico não apenas das larguras dos passeios, mas principalmente do uso predominante dos lotes. As residências normalmente tomam todo o espaço da testada do imóvel com rebaixamento de guias para permitir a entrada veículos na garagem localizada defronte a construção. Encontraram-se 178 árvores pertencentes a 42 espécies botânicas, a média da altura total é de 6,31 m, e a média da primeira bifurcação 1,81 m. A espécie mais abundante foi a Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth.com 24,71%, a segunda seria a Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton com 17,24% do total, vindo em terceiro Lagerstroemia indica L. com 8,62%. Neste bairro existiam 71,35% das situações afastamento predial superior a 2,50 m, 42,70% com altura inferior a 4,50 m de altura, a sanidade vegetal estaria comprometida em 12,37% dos exemplares pela infestação de cupins, 55,62% estva localizada em passeios que variam sua largura entre 1,00 e 2,00 m, 50,00% apresentavam maus indicadores de qualidade de copa, 25,44% apresentou algum indicativo de má qualidade de tronco. Somente 7,87% do total de árvores estavam em situações de permeabilidade do passeio suficiente, os exemplares pavimentados até o tronco totalizavam 16,85%, as conduções de poda para desobstrução de redes eram 3,38% e as podas de rebaixamento 13,48%. Havia uma média de 16,85 m de afastamento entre árvores no Jardim da Saúde, sendo que na Vila Vera este indicativo era 38,68 m, portanto o afastamento médio da Vila Vera seria 2,29, na média do bairro, maior do que o existente no Jardim da Saúde. Em praticamente a totalidade dos indicativos qualitativos o Jardim da Saúde apresentava melhores avaliações das encontradas na Vila Vera, havendo neste segundo local, maiores impedimentos ao adensamento de plantios em função das características do espaço existente. An tree qualitative and quantitative study was conducted in two closely located neighborhoods (Vila Vera and Jardim da Saude) in the southeast region of São Paulo. In spite of geographical vicinity, both neighborhoods have very different land occupation characteristics. In Jardim da Saude we found 1033 tree specimens, belonging to 72 distinct botanic species, with an average height of 8,07m and average first bifurcation height of 1.97m. Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth was the most frequent species found (20,68% of the trees), followed by Lagestroemia indica L. (with 7,48% of the trees), and Legustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton coming in third place (with 6,89% of the trees). Those three species together account for 35.05% of the specimens. 72.80% are located in sidewalks that are between 1.00m and 2.00 m wide. Most trees have a height of 8,50 m and above. The worst health threat was termite infestation which affected 8.33% of the specimens. 13.65% were noted to have poor crown quality, 20.62% presented some indication of poor trunk quality and only 23.33% of the trees where planted in an area which enough surface permeability. 5.71% of the specimens had been pruned to prevent interference with electrical lines and crown-reducing pruning had been done in 7.74% of the trees. In Vila Vera we found limited space conditions in regards to the width of the sidewalk and also in regards to the predominant type of site utilization. Residential buildings constructions usually advance far into the sidewalk, with a driveway for access to the garages which are usually located in the front side of the building. We counted 178 trees belonging to 42 distinct botanic species, with average height of 6.31m and first bifurcation average height of 1.81m. The most common species is Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth. (Which accounted for 24.71% of the specimens), followed by a Legustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton (with 17.24%) and Lagerstroemia indica L. in third place (with 8.62%). In this neighborhood 42.70% of the trees had a height of less than 4.5m, 12.37% were in poor health due to termite infestation, 55.62% are located in sidewalks with widths varying between 1.00 and 2.00 m, 50.0% displayed poor crown quality and 25,44% presented some indication of poor trunk quality. Only 7.87% of the specimens where planted in an area which enough surface permeability, while 16.85% where located in totally paved areas. 3.38% had been pruned to avoid interference with electrical lines and 13.48% had been crown-reducing pruned. In Jardim da Saude the average distance between trees was 16.85m, while in Vila Vera it was 38.68m. In other words, the average distance between trees is about 2.29 greater in Vila Vera than in Jardim da Saude.. Practically all the qualitative domains were found to be superior for Jardim da Saude. Vila Vera also presents greater impediments for increasing planting density due to its current space availability issues.

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Affeld, Pérez José Miguel. "Diseño para la organización territorial de un bosque nativo del tipo forestal roble - raulí - coigüe." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151649.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal Se organizó territorialmente el predio Catrico, administrado por la empresa Forestal ZBaum, ubicado en la Comuna de Lanco, Provincia de Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile (39° 27´ 37´´S - 72° 42´ 59´´O). Esta organización territorial permitirá a la empresa gestionar de mejor manera los recursos forestales que se encuentran dentro del predio. Estos recursos son en su mayoría bosques del tipo forestal Roble-Raulí-Coigüe y plantaciones forestales de especies exóticas y nativas. Para realizar la organización territorial, se dividió el bosque en cuarteles, cantones y rodales. El predio se dividió en tres cuarteles, uno de producción de bosque nativo, uno de producción de plantaciones forestales y un tercero de protección. Los rodales se delimitaron según variables físicas y vegetacionales. Como variables físicas se tienen elementos inalterables de la cartografía, como: cursos de agua, quebradas y caminos. Como variables vegetacionales se consideraron: la composición de especies, la estructura y el estado de desarrollo del bosque. También se tomaron variables cualitativas de cada rodal. Posterior a ello se procedió a la delimitación de cantones dentro del predio, lo cual consiste en la unificación de rodales, en lo posible con características vegetacionales similares, colindando estas nuevas unidades de gestión, también con accidentes inalterables de la cartografía.

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Lepillé, Romain. "Forêts urbaines de loisirs : usages récréatifs et manières d'habiter." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR069/document.

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Ce travail analyse les recompositions territoriales que produisent l’augmentation et la diversification des usages sportifs des forêts urbaines. La thèse interroge conjointement les demandes et les usages des populations urbaines, la manière dont ils s’ajustent à des choix d’équipement et à des formes de gestion. La thèse rend compte des déterminations réciproques des cultures, des rapports sociaux et des rapports spatiaux à l’échelle d’une métropole, Rouen, dont la ceinture verte est classée « Forêt d’Exception® » et dont la démarche gestionnaire s’avère relativement pionnière. Le corpus comprend 43 entretiens semi-directifs, divers documents (articles de presse, bulletins d’information, rapports d’activités, etc.), ainsi que de nombreuses données obtenues par questionnaire. Ces dernières ont été produites à l’échelle de la métropole (n=5700), des quartiers de lisière (n = 661) et des pratiques (n=334).L’analyse, multiscalaire, révèle le fonctionnement de médiations territoriales originales, qui sont aussi des analyseurs de choix. La diversité des usages dévoile en premier lieu des territoires du quotidien et des manières d’habiter très différenciées. Leur émergence récréative permet également d’observer, à travers des profils de pratiquants, les recompositions des formes sportives de la vie urbaine contemporaine. À l’heure du numérique et au croisement des logiques de la socialisation (traces et images de soi), de l’événementiel (développement des fun runs) et de l’affirmation d’un échelon politique « métropolitain », on analyse enfin comment ces formes et ces logiques de communication affectent la prise en charge de ces espaces naturels, qu’elles tendent à constituer en « stations » This work examines territorial recomposition produced by augmentation and diversification of urban forest outdoor recreation. The thesis interrogates jointly claim and practice and residential ‘choices’, choices in terms of cities and space inside cities. We south to elucidate the reciprocal determination of the various cultures, social relationships and spatial relations in Rouen metropolis (France). Rouen green belt is classified “Exceptional Forest ®” and the forest management is relatively pioneer. The corpus contains 43 semi-structured interviews, documents from several sources (departments of urban planning, administrative reports, newspapers articles, etc.) and several surveys collected by the scale of Rouen metropolis (N=5700), forest-fringe residents (N=661) and outdoor recreation practitioners (N=334). A multi-scale approach reveal how territorial mediations operate as a decision analyser. Practice diversity reveals “territories of the everyday” and different ways of living. Outdoor recreation emergence also allows to observe the urban life physical activities restructuration through the description of the type of practitioners. At the crossing of the logic of socialization (tracks, self-images), the logic of event management (fun runs development) and the appearance of a new metropolitain political scale we analysed how communication affects natural landscape and tend to turn them into “resort”

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Soares, Ana Paulina Aguiar. "Disputas Territoriais na Floresta Amazônica : o caso de Manicoré (Amazonas, Brasil)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030087.

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Cette thèse constitue un essai de géographie régionale visant à expliciter les modalités d’occupation et les conflits qu’elles occasionnent dans une région de la haute Amazonie forestière, celle de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Madeira au sud-est de l’État d’Amazonas. Dans cette région de confins disputée dès l’époque coloniale, cet affluent de rive droite de l’Amazone forme à la fois une limite entre les empires portugais et espagnol et une voie de passage qui servira à dessiner un grand Brésil. Empruntant tour à tour les méthodes de la géohistoire et de la géopolitique, la thèse ouvre le débat sur la prise en compte de la composante environnementale, ici en particulier dans l’analyse du conflit entre une entreprise d’exploitation de bois et des communautés extractivistes vivant de la collecte des produits de la forêt. Avec difficultés, les luttes sociales incorporent la dimension de l’environnement et les entreprises des principes de responsabilité sociale et environnementale, RSE. C’est ce moment d’adaptation des normes que nous avons voulu saisir à plusieurs échelles : celle du cours moyen du fleuve Madeira, de l’immense municipalité de Manicoré et d’un village au nom prédestiné de Democracia [Démocratie]. Les bonnes pratiques d’une véritable gestion forestière, lentes à se mettre en place, ne sont pas pleinement maîtrisées ni acceptées localement et le défi de concilier des usages différenciés des forêts et des fleuves concerne tous les acteurs de la scène environnementaliste qui se préoccupent du devenir des forêts tropicales et de ses habitants, en particulier en prenant la défense de leur conception de l’occupation des territoires This thesis is an essay about Regional Geography, aiming at clarifying the modalities of occupation and the conflicts in Western Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the middle Madeira River valley, southern state of Amazonas. Since colonial times, this region is a disputed one: the right bank of the Amazon River became the boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Besides this passage way allowed to draw a boundary for a Grand Brazil. The thesis is grounded on the methods of geohistory and geopolitics. It opens a debate on how the actors take in account the environmental dimension, and bases its analysis on a conflict between a logging company and extractive communities, that live from collecting forest products. Social struggles hardly incorporate environmental dimension and the companies have difficulties in committing in the principles of social and environmental responsibilities. This work analyzes this time of adaptation to the standards and at various scales: the average course of the Madeira River, territorial vastness of the city of Manicoré and a community with a predestined name of Democracia [Democracy]. Good practices of a true forest management are slowly implemented and hardly handled or accepted in a local level. Nevertheless, all the actors of the environmental scene are challenged with bringing back the different uses of forests and rivers. And in particular those who care with the future of tropical forests and their inhabitants, and take the defense of their conceptions of territorial occupation Esta tese consiste em um ensaio de Geografia Regional visando explicitar as modalidades de ocupação e os conflitos por elas ocasionadas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, especialmente no vale do médio rio Madeira, no sul do Estado do Amazonas. Nessa região disputada desde a época colonial, esse afluente da margem direita do rio Amazonas passou a ser o limite entre os impérios português e espanhol e uma via de passagem que serviu para desenhar um grande Brasil. Fundamentada nos métodos dageo-história e da geopolítica, a tese abre um debate sobre a tomada de consciência ambiental, aqui em particular com a análise do conflito entre uma empresa madeireira e comunidades extrativistas que vivem da coleta dos produtos florestais. As boas práticas de uma verdadeira gestão florestal, lentas quando aplicadas, não foram plenamente incorporadas nem aceitas localmente. Com dificuldades, as lutas sociais incorporaram a dimensão ambiental e, as empresas, os princípios das responsabilidades social e ambiental. É nesse momento de adaptação às normas que procuramos estudar nas diversas escalas: o curso médio do rio Madeira, a imensidade territorial do município de Manicoré e uma comunidade com um nome predestinado de Democracia. Enfim, fica o desafio de conciliar os usos diferenciados da floresta e dos rios que concerne a todos os atores da cena ambientalista que se preocupam com o futuro das florestas tropicais e de seus habitantes, em particular, em defesa das concepções de ocupação dos territórios pelos moradores

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Salinas, Rojas Andrea. "Dynamiques territoriales dans la gestion des ressources forestières des espaces protégés du Mexique : le cas du Nevado de Toluca." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3051.

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Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l’objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d’existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu’elle est portée par les autorités publiques d’une part, et d’autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L’hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n’atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu’il n’y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l’avis des paysans n’est pas assez pris en compte faute d’une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l’aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l’objet d’une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d’usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d’autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l’éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d’organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l’arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l’innovation sociale This research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the “textometric” type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation

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Estay, Castro Pamela Andrea. "Evaluación de informes periciales de lesiones que afectan al territorio buco-máxilo-facial, en el Servicio Médico Legal de Santiago, el año 2005 : análisis y comparación con respecto al año 1991." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138447.

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Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento De acuerdo a los datos evaluados en este estudio, 54,3% de los peritajes de lesiones máxilo faciales son realizados por un Perito Odontólogo (que corresponden a áreas de su competencia). Se observa un aumento significativo en la valoración del examen odontológico de estas lesiones desde el año 1991, donde sólo el 15,7% de los casos eran examinados por un Cirujano Dentista Además es muy importante considerar que las lesiones que no fueron analizadas por un Odontólogo, en su mayoría estaban ubicadas en la región ocular y cutánea (lesiones desfigurantes o de una extensión y profundidad considerables), por lo que se derivaban directamente a los especialistas de estas zonas, como el oftalmólogo forense, cirujano plástico, etc. También es importante mencionar que el año 2005 las lesiones nasales aún eran examinadas por el odontólogo. En la actualidad, éste examen es realizado por un otorrinolaringólogo. Existe una mayor incidencia de lesiones del territorio máxilo facial en el sexo masculino, con un 62,7%, por sobre el femenino, con 37,3%. Estos resultados son similares a los encontrados en el estudio de Aravena publicaciones del Departamento de Lesionología del SML (13) (3) (3) . , y (con un 59,17 y 40,76%, respectivamente). Esta tendencia y proporciones también se mantienen en estudios de fracturas máxilofaciales realizados por Medina (Chile) (Brasil) (15) y Medina-Solís (México) (16, 17 ).

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Minarelli, Francesca <1977&gt. "The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1510/1/Minarelli.pdf.

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The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

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Minarelli, Francesca <1977&gt. "The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1510/.

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The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

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Marin, Gabriela de Lima. "Determinantes da sobreposição da área de vida no roedor Akodon montensis: implicações para os sistemas territoriais e de acasalamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-28092016-115139/.

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Territórios resultam de competição por interferência que leva ao uso exclusivo do espaço. A territorialidade então depende da variação espaço-temporal na disponibilidade de recursos e está, geralmente, associada ao sistema de acasalamento. A defesa de território deve ocorrer quando os benefícios superam os custos, e essa relação custo-benefício deve ser afetada por fatores ecológicos (disponibilidade de recursos e densidade populacional), assim como variações individuais (sexo e maturidade) e sazonais (época reprodutiva) que determinam quais e quando os recursos são importantes. Embora as estratégias territoriais dos indivíduos devam variar com as condições ambientais, potencialmente levando a diferentes sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento em diferentes populações, estudos prévios sobre territorialidade geralmente avaliam somente uma população e&frasl;ou consideram condições ambientais relativamente homogêneas. Utilizando um banco de dados extenso de captura-marcação-recaptura em 9 populações de um roedor generalista (Akodon montensis), e usando a sobreposição da área de vida como proxy de não-territorialidade, pretendemos entender os determinantes ecológicos, individuais e sazonais das estratégias territoriais dos indivíduos, e avaliar se a variação nas estratégias individuais pode levar a uma transição entre sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento. Como previsto, identificamos que a sobreposição das áreas de vida foi maior entre machos do que entre fêmeas e aumentou com a densidade populacional. Também aumentou de machos imaturos para machos maduros, mas diminuiu de fêmeas imaturas para fêmeas maduras, sugerindo que a diferença na territorialidade entre os sexos é definida após a maturidade sexual. O efeito negativo da disponibilidade de fêmeas na sobreposição da área de vida entre machos foi mais forte na época reprodutiva, como esperado. Mais importante, no entanto, o efeito da disponibilidade de fêmeas na sobreposição da área de vida foi fortemente dependente do sexo. À medida que a disponibilidade de fêmeas aumenta, a sobreposição da área de vida aumentou entre fêmeas, mas diminuiu entre machos, indicando que quando as fêmeas deixam de defender território (e ficam mais agregadas) devido ao aumento da competição entre elas, os machos passam a defender território. Nosso estudo ressalta que as estratégias territoriais são muito variáveis entre indivíduos, o que é consistente com a plasticidade ecológica e fisiológica em Akodon montensis reportada em outros trabalhos, e sugere que diferenças suficientes nas condições ambientais podem levar à transição entre sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento Territories result from interference competition that leads to exclusive use of space. Territoriality thus depends on the spatial and temporal variation in resource availability, and is usually associated with mating systems. Territorial defense should occur when benefits outweigh costs, and this balance should be determined by ecological factors (resource availability and population density), as well as individual (gender and sexual maturity) or seasonal (breeding season) variations that determine which and when resources are important. Although individual territorial strategies should vary with changing environmental conditions, possibly leading to multiple territorial&frasl;mating systems among populations, previous studies on territoriality focused mostly on single populations and/or on relatively homogeneous environmental conditions. Relying on an extensive capture-recapture dataset from 9 populations of a generalist rodent (Akodon montensis), and using home range overlap as a proxy of non-territoriality, we aim to understand the ecological, individual and seasonal determinants of individual territorial strategies, and investigate whether variation in individual strategies can lead to transitions between territorial&frasl;mating systems. We identified that home range overlap was larger between males than females and increased with population density, as expected. It also increased from immature to mature individuals among males, but the opposite was true among females, suggesting that differences in territoriality between genders is established after sexual maturity. The negative effect of female availability on home range overlap between males was stronger in the breeding season, as expected. More importantly, though, the effect of female availability on home range overlap was strongly gender dependent. As female availability increased, home range overlap increased between females but decreased between males, suggesting that when females become non-territorial (and thus more aggregated) because of increased competition with other females, males become territorial. Our study highlights territorial strategies are extremely variable among individuals, which is consistent with previously reported ecological and physiological plasticity in Akodon montensis, and suggests that sufficient changes in environmental conditions could lead to transitions between territorial&frasl;mating systems

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BADIRU, AJIBOLA I. "Floresta urbana: uma proposta metodológica no estudo do espaço hídrico e da configuração territorial de Registro, região do Vale do Ribeira-SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11455.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Tese (Doutoramento) IPEN/T Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Almeida, Samara Bezerra. "Estudo do comportamento territorial da ariranha (Pteronura Brasiliensis, Carnivora: Mustelidae, Zimmermann 1780) no Parque Estadual do Cantão, Estado do Tocantins." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/210.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-14T18:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-14T20:39:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-14T20:39:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 samarabezerraalmeida.pdf: 5720266 bytes, checksum: 14442bebdfa71c2598d6a37e841a2852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-25 CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A ariranha é uma espécie reconhecidamente social, vivendo em grupos de 2 a 16 indivíduos com cooperação reprodutiva. Os indivíduos do mesmo grupo costumam realizar a maioria das atividades diárias em conjunto. Uma das formas de organização espacial de animais que vivem em sociedade é a defesa de um território. Os grupos de ariranhas defendem ativamente seu território com vocalizações e encontros agonistico. O objetivo deste estudo foi saber como a organização social está relacionado ao espaço e tempo. Avaliar se existe mudança na composição e tamanho do grupo, e se há diferença entre o tamanho dos territórios nas estações (seca e cheia). Foram observados 48 indivíduos distribuídos em 12 grupos (35 adultos ou subadutos e 13 filhotes do ano) e 1 solitário, totalizando 49 indivíduos estudados, 40 destes foto-identificados. O tamanho dos grupos variou entre 2 e 12 indivíduos, e um indivíduo solitário identificado. O estudo ocorreu entre dezembro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014 no Parque Estadual do Cantão, estado do Tocantins. Foram registrados 130 eventos de marcação territorial em 5 grupos, sendo 80 eventos no período de cheia e 50 eventos no período de seca. No período de cheia, 100% dos registros de marcação foi em latrinas comunais, e em contra partida, a maioria dos registros de marcação no período seco foi em complexos de locas e latrinas. Foi observado um total de marcação de territórios no período de cheia de 10,2 minutos e no período de seca de 8 minutos. Durante a cheia, foi registrado o tempo em horas continuas na presença dos grupos que correspondeu a 4h34minutos (n=10) e durante a seca o tempo foi de 52h41minutos (n=5). Para estimar os territórios de cada grupo, foi o utilizado o método MPC 100%. Os tamanhos dos territórios na cheia (0.1 - 16.2 km2) foram de 2 a 27 vezes maiores do que na estação seca (0.4 -1.49 km2) e a média da estimativa linear no período de cheia foi de 12,44 km e na seca de 4,19 km. Houve uma correlação significativa entre o tamanho de territórios e tamanho de grupos no período de cheia (r= 0.81, t = 3.16, p= 0.02), não apresentando, porém, relação significativa para o período seco (r= -0.26, t = -0.47, p= 0.66). Nos meses de seca, foi observada uma forte correlação negativa entre o tamanho do território e o tamanho da ninhada (r= -0.76, t= -1.19, p= 0.44). No Cantão, especialmente no período de cheia, a maioria dos grupos em algum momento sobrepôs os territórios de outros grupos, chegando até 4 grupos diferentes patrulhando o mesmo lago e em espaços de tempo curto. As sobreposições territoriais variaram de 6% a 28%. Sociedades de ariranhas são provavelmente moldadas pela dispersão espacial de lagos combinada com a abundância de alimentos e dispersão destes dentro de floresta de igapó no período de cheia. O partilhar de latrinas utilizadas nos lagos aponta para um caminho interessante para uma nova pesquisa sobre os comportamentos que podem surgir quando grupos diferentes de ariranhas patrulham ou usam suas escalas ampliadas na estação cheia. The giant otter is a recognized social species, living in groups of 2 to 16 individuals with reproductive cooperative. Individuals of the same group often perform most of daily activities together. One form of organize spatially of animals living in society is defending a territory. The giant otter groups actively defend its territory with high vocalizations and agonism between groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to know how the social organization is related in space and time. Assess whether there is a change in the group’s composition and size, as well as any difference between the size of the territories in the seasons – drought/dry season (DS) and flood/rainy season (RS). We observed 48 individuals in 12 groups (35 adults or sub-adults and 13 cubs of the year) and one solitary, totaling 49 individuals studied, 40 of these identified. The group sizes ranging from 2 to 12 individuals. The study took place between December 2013 and December 2014 at the State State Park of Cantão, Tocantins State, Brazil. We recorded 130 events of territorial marking in 5 groups, with 80 events during the RS and 50 during the DS. For the RS period, 100% of the marking records took place in communal latrines, meanwhile most of the marking records during the DS season happened in dens’ and latrines’ complexes. A total of territories marking was observed, with 10,2 minutes in the RS period and 8 minutes in the DS period. The time was recorded in continuous hours at the presence of the groups, corresponding to 4h 34 min (n = 10) during the RS, and 52 h 41min (n = 5) during the DS. To estimate each group areas a MPC 100% method was applied. The sizes of the territories in the RS (0.1 - 16.2 km2) have been 2 to 27 times greater than in the DS (0.4 - 1.49 km2); with the linear estimate averaging 4.19 km in the DS and 7.72 km in the RS. There was a significant correlation between the size of territories and groups in the RS period (r= 0.81, t = 3.16, p= 0.02) however, there was no significant relationship for the DS period (r= -0.26, t = -0.47, p= 0.66). During the ebb months, we observed a strong negative correlation between the size of the territory and the clutch (r= -0.76, t= -1.19, p= 0.44). At Cantão, especially in RS period, most groups overlapped each other territories at some point; reaching up to 4 different groups patrolling the same lake during short periods of time, with territorial overlaps ranging from 6% to 28%. Giant otters societies are probably shaped by the spatial dispersion of lakes combined through the food abundance and dispersion of both inside Igapó Forest in RS period. The sharing of latrines used in lakes indicates an interesting path to new research on the behaviors that can arise when different groups of giant otters are either patrolling or using their enlarged scales during the RS.

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BASTIDA, ARRIAGA YEUSETH LILIANA. "POTENCIAL DE PRODUCCIÓN DE HABA VERDE (Vicia faba L.) COMO UNIDAD DE DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL AGRÍCOLA EN CALIMAYA, ESTADO DE MÉXICO." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105688.

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Este estudio se realizó en el municipio de Calimaya de Díaz González en el periodo 2017-2018, con el objetivo de estudiar el potencial productivo de haba verde a través de la acción participativa de los productores. El municipio de Calimaya es un gran productor de vaina verde, las comunidades de Zaragoza de Guadalupe y San Marcos y Calimaya siembran una superficie agrícola de 10 a 15 ha y obtienen los mayores rendimientos de 8 a 12 t ha-1. Es un cultivo que ayuda a generar empleos y a mejorar el nivel socioeconómico de las familias de la región. Sin embargo, es un cultivo que es sensible a las enfermedades, a la sequía y granizo, por lo que es necesario tener cultivares mejorados que sean tolerantes a estos factores. Los agricultores seleccionan su semilla en base al tamaño de vaina y semilla, porte, sanidad y rendimiento, por lo que es necesario que el agricultor aplique eficientemente la técnica de selección. CONACYT COMECYT

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Bourlon, Fabien. "Dynamiques territoriales des confins touristiques de nature : une lecture par les formes de développement en Patagonie chilienne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH030/document.

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Les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat des jeux d'acteurs au sein d'un espace géographique déterminé. Les comprendre suppose de cerner les stratégies d'acteurs et leurs rapports au territoire. L'ancrage progressif d'un espace à la frontière de l'écoumène dans l'économie du tourisme induit des changements socio-spatiaux importants. Quelles logiques sociogéographiques caractérisent alors la mise en tourisme des confins de nature ? Les dynamiques des destinations touristiques sont abondamment étudiées, mais celles des confins de nature ne le sont pas. Lieux marginaux, périphériques ou frontaliers, ils sont omniprésents dans les imaginaires du voyage, car chargés d'altérité, et constituent des objets géographiques à part entière [partie I]. Dans un monde toujours plus urbanisé, les confins de nature les moins connus, qualifiés de Wilderness par les Anglo-saxons, attirent de plus en plus les touristes de toutes origines.L'analyse des spécificités physiques, des données statistiques et cartographiques des confins touristiques de nature montre la pertinence spatiale de la notion. L'interprétation des discours d'acteurs du tourisme de nature permet d'en préciser les attributs sociaux culturels et les imaginaires qui s'y rattachent. Les territoires de nature sont des construits sociaux, le produit d'une organisation culturelle singulière. Différentes représentations sociales, individuelles ou collectives, produisent des discours et des logiques d'acteurs. Il en résulte différentes formes de développements des espaces touristiques, qui sont étatiques, industrielles, traditionalistes, entrepreneuriales, écologiques, alternatives ou récréatives [partie II].L'apparition d'une forme dépend de conditions historiques et culturelles sur un territoire. Il est possible de les identifier sur un espace de nature grâce à l'analyse du discours des acteurs du tourisme et aux matérialités spatiales qui résultent de leurs actions. Les dynamiques à l'œuvre sur un territoire de pratiques récréatives sont tributaires des rapports qu'entretiennent des collectifs d'acteurs ayant des conceptions différenciées du développement. Des confrontations et des compromis entre des formes de développement touristique s'établissent dans le temps et dans l'espace [partie III]. Malgré des représentations de la nature et des justifications économiques distinctes, celles-ci peuvent s'unir face à une menace affectant leurs intérêts. C'est le cas, par exemple, lors des conflits environnementaux, autour de l'usage industriel des ressources hydriques. En revanche des politiques publiques voulant favoriser le développement économique du territoire tendent à n'appuyer qu'une forme de développement et attiser alors les affrontements idéologiques. L'analyse des projets publics et privés dans la région d'Aysén en Patagonie chilienne montre que les projets d'États favorisent de manière partiale certains acteurs du territoire. Seuls certains projets, tels que celui du tourisme scientifique, parviennent à fédérer les acteurs. Ceci est rendu possible par un processus de participation active à un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, basé sur le partage de connaissances et une spécification de la ressource touristique. L'action d'un animateur et médiateur, responsable de l'ingénierie territoriale, assure la mise en œuvre de l'initiative collective.Une lecture par les formes de développement touristique apparait comme particulièrement pertinente pour caractériser les systèmes émergents. L'étude des tensions à l'œuvre dans les confins de nature révèle des processus caractéristiques des sociétés contemporaines, le tourisme étant au cœur des contradictions de nos civilisations ancrées dans les métropoles Territorial dynamics are the result of a games of actors within a given geographical area. Understanding them involves identifying the actors' strategies and their relationship to the territory. The gradual investment of at the frontier of civilization to the tourism economy induces significant socio-spatial changes. What are the socio-geographical logics that characterize the tourism transformation of the nature borderlands? The dynamics of tourism destinations are extensively studied but those of nature's borderlands are not. Marginal, peripheral or frontier places are strong in the traveler's imaginaries, they are exotic and constitute geographical objects of their own [part I]. In an ever more urbanized world, the lesser-known areas of nature, defined as Wilderness in the Anglo-Saxon culture, are attracting evermore tourists of all origins.The analysis of the physical particularities, statistical and cartographic data of Touristic Nature Borderland shows the spatial relevancy of the notion. A critical analysis of nature tourism actors' speeches shows their the social-cultural attributes and the imaginaries associated to them. Nature territories are social constructs, they result of a unique cultural organization. Different social representations, individual or collective, generate actor's speeches and actions. They build different Tourism Development Forms that have different logics; state, industrial, traditionalist, entrepreneurial, ecological, alternative or recreational [Part II].The appearance of a form depends on historical and cultural conditions of a territory. It is possible to identify them on a nature area by analyzing tourism actor's speeches and the spatial materiality which result from their actions. The dynamics at work in a recreational area are the result of the existing relationships between group of actors with different conceptions of development. Confrontations and agreements between Tourism Development Forms arise in time and space [part III]. Despite distinct representations of nature and economical justifications, they can unite against a threat to their interests. This is the case, for example, during environmental conflicts, around the industrial use of water resources. On the other hand, public policies wanting to promote the economic development of the territory tend to support only one form of development and thus favor ideological confrontations. The analysis of public and private projects in the region of Aysén in Chilean Patagonia, shows that these favor in partial manner certain actors of the territory. Only some projects, such as scientific tourism, manage to unite actors. This is made possible by empowering them trough a territorial project, cultural rather than commercial, based on the sharing of knowledges and the specification of the tourism resources. The work of a facilitator and mediator, in charge of territorial engineering, insures the collective initiative.A reading through the Tourism Development Forms proves particularly relevant for emerging systems. The study of the existing conflicts in Nature based Borderlands reveals processes that are characteristic of modern societies, tourism being at the heart of the contradictions of our civilization anchored in the metropolis

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Pandey, Sudip. "Assessment of forest community response to environmental variability by using an integrated approach from tree-ring anatomy to allometry of tree structures." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426839.

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Climate change is the biggest challenge of this century and is exerting pressure on high altitude forests. Increase in global temperature along with the rise in CO2 in the atmosphere may change the structure and function of treeline species. Several studies showed the range shifts of trees towards higher altitude affecting growth, mortality, and composition of the forest. There are few studies carried out in Nepalese Himalaya at tree ring level but still miss the inter and intra annual information. To enhance our knowledge, the main objectives of the thesis is to understand the response of treeline species to climate change. This study provides knowledge on the competition between trees for the resources used in the natural forest which alters the structure and pattern of the forest ecosystem. The target species for wood anatomical and isotopic study were Abies spectabilis D. Don Mirb. and Betula utilis D. Don which is dominating in upper treeline of Himalayas. I used the dendro-anatomy to assess the growth responses of xylem anatomical traits to climatic constraints. This allowed retrieving the information at a cellular level with longer time resolution. Further, the results were complemented by isotopic measurements that were inscribed in wood cellulose during their formation. Moreover, dendrometric data (DBH, crown radius, tree height) were collected from forest permanent plots located from different geographic locations (Nepal, Italy, and Romania). The data were used to test the crown allometries and their effects on natural forest structure and dynamics using crown area and crown volume models. Wood anatomical studies of B. utilis showed mean ring width, mean vessel area, and ring specific hydraulic conductivity to positively correlated with summer temperatures. However, fibers were negatively correlated with same season temperature suggesting that fiber get narrower when the vessel is wider to maintain the xylem hydraulic system. Another, study based on dual isotope (carbon and oxygen) showed growing season water availability could be a supplementary limiting factor for this treeline species though high altitude species are mainly limited by low temperature. In such a condition, A. spectabilis, a high altitude conifer could benefit from its higher water use efficiency during the drier period taking the competitive advantage to gas exchange compare to B. utilis. The last part of a study on the crown geometry of natural forest showed trees are site-specific determining the structure of forest ecosystem through growth, mortality, and recruitment. The predicted number of trees calculated based on crown area/volume models suggested that natural forest is oriented towards a condition of space equivalence between tree-size classes, showing in parallel that the use of soil resources increment in higher tree classes. In conclusion, this thesis provides information on wood anatomy and physiology of treeline species in response to global warming. Integration of crown models opens the idea how crown allometries contribute to a better understanding of forest communities and dynamics.

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Binkowski, Patrícia. "Dinâmicas socioambientais e disputas territoriais em torno dos empreendimentos florestais no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/109253.

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Nas últimas décadas, o cenário mundial foi marcado pela migração de empresas produtoras de madeira para celulose e papel do hemisfério norte para o hemisfério sul, provocando uma nova espacialização dos plantios de arbóreas, entre elas, eucalipto, acácia e pinus. A implantação desses grandes projetos tem desencadeado mudanças nas práticas sociais e no meio natural nos espaços rural e urbano de determinadas regiões, como é o caso do sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo se destina a analisar e compreender como e por que se expandiu a atividade florestal em um dos municípios desta região, Encruzilhada do Sul, e como a expansão dos empreendimentos de produção e beneficiamento de madeira passaram a interferir nas relações sociedade-natureza, influenciando novos contextos no meio urbano e rural do município. Para responder a tais questionamentos foi realizada pesquisa de campo com atores sociais envolvidos nesse contexto empírico. Adotou-se como referencial teórico-metodológico as noções/categorias de território e conflito ambiental. A análise permitiu constatar: a) o surgimento de novos atores sociais e a disseminação de uma “lógica florestal”; b) alterações importantes na paisagem rural e urbana; c) desterritorialização e reterritorialização da população local; d) alterações nos sistemas produtivos e influências diretas na posse da terra; e) mudanças nas relações e condições de trabalho; e, f) transformações nas relações de poder e redefinição de estratégias empresariais. As mudanças afetaram, direta e indiretamente, as práticas cotidianas da população local envolvida ou não com a atividade de silvicultura, provocando alterações nas formas como os indivíduos/grupos passaram a decidir e garantir a sua reprodução social e modos de vida. As comunidades envolvidas passaram então a resignificar o território, construindo um “novo” espaço, atrelado ao surgimento de uma “nova territorialidade” e uma “nova ruralidade”. Mas não foi identificada uma reação coletiva por parte da população local contrária aos impactos negativos provocados pela atividade de silvicultura no município. A atividade de silvicultura em Encruzilhada do Sul tende a ser vista como uma “estratégia de desenvolvimento”, seja na visão do poder público local, das empresas florestais ou da população local, esta última influenciada pelos dois primeiros grupos, acreditando que a atividade é, literalmente, a “salvação da lavoura”. A concepção desenvolvimentista gerada pela atividade de silvicultura, no entanto, não determinou até agora o tão desejado desenvolvimento para o município, ao contrário, tem comprometido a própria reprodução social das comunidades que passam a criar novas estratégias de (re)adaptação e enfrentamento à “lógica florestal” instaurada na região. In recent decades, the world stage was marked by the migration of timber companies (for paper and pulp production) from north to south hemisphere, influencing on the new specialization of tree crops, specially eucalyptus, acacia and pine. The implementation of these large projects have led to changes in the social practices and in the natural environment, in the rural and urban areas, as for instance the south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This study aims to analyse and understand how and why the forestry sector have expanded into city of Encruzilhada do Sul, and how the expansion of timber production and processing enterprises have interfered in the society-nature relations, influencing new rural and urban contexts. To answer these questions, the research was conducted with local social actors.The theoretical and methodological framework adopted were notions/categories of territory and environmental conflict. The results indicated that: a) the emergence of new social actors and the dissemination of a “forestry logic”; b) significant changes over the rural and urban landscape; c) re-territorialization of local population; d) changes in the productive systems and direct influences in the land tenure; e) changes in the relations and conditions of work; f) transformations in the power relations and in the redefinition of business strategies. These changes have affected directly and indirectly the everyday practices of local population, which are involved or not with the forestry activity, changing their decisions, guarantees of social reproduction and the ways of life. The territory has been re-framed by these communities, building a “new” space, related to the emergence of a “new territoriality” and a “new rurality”. However, it was not identified a collective reaction from local population against the negatives impacts caused by the forestry activity in this municipality. The forestry activity in Encruzilhada do Sul tends to be seen as a development strategy from local government, forestry companies and local population. The last one is influenced by the two first groups, which believe that the activity literally is the “farming salvation”. The developmental concept generated by the forestry activity, however, has not determined yet the “development desired” for the local, unlike, it committed the social reproduction of the communities that have created new re-adaption and confronting strategies to the “forestry logic” established in the region. En las últimas décadas el escenario mundial fue marcado por la migración de las empresas productoras de madera para celulosa y papel del hemisferio norte para el hemisferio sur, provocando una nueva especialización en el cultivo de arbóreas, entre ellas, eucalipto, acacia y pino. La instalación de estos grandes proyectos ha desencadenado cambios en las prácticas sociales y en el medio natural, en los espacios rurales y urbanos de determinadas regiones, como es el caso del sur de Río Grande do Sul. Este estudio se orienta a analizar y comprender como y porque se expandió la actividad forestal en uno de los municipios de esta región, Encruzilhada do Sul, y como la expansión de los emprendimientos de producción y beneficio de la madera pasaran a interferir en las relaciones sociedad-naturaleza, influyendo en nuevos contextos en el medio urbano y rural del municipio. Para contestar a tales interrogantes se realizó una investigación de campo con actores sociales involucrados en este contexto empírico. Se adoptó como referencia teóricametodológica las nociones/categorías de território y conflicto ambiental. El análisis permitió constatar: a) el surgimiento de nuevos actores sociales y la diseminación de una “lógica forestal”; b) alteraciones importantes en el paisaje rural y urbano; c) desterritorialización y reterritorialización de la población local; d) alteraciones en los sistemas productivos e influencias directas en la posesión de la tierra; e) cambios en las relaciones y condiciones de trabajo; f) transformaciones en las relaciones de poder y re-definición de estrategias empresariales. Los cambios afectaron, directa o indirectamente, las practicas cotidianas de la población local involucrada o no, con la actividad de silvicultura, provocando alteraciones en las formas como los individuos /grupos pasaron a decidir y garantizar su reproducción social y sus modos de vida. Las comunidades involucradas pasaron entonces a re-significar el territorio, construyendo un “nuevo” espacio, atrayendo el surgimiento de una “nueva territorialidad” y una “nueva ruralidad”. Pero no fue identificada una reacción colectiva por parte de la población local opuesta a los impactos negativos provocados por la actividad de silvicultura en el municipio. La actividad de silvicultura en Encruzilhada do Sul tiende a ser vista como una “estrategia de desarrollo”, sea con la visión del poder publico local, de las empresas forestales o de la población local, esta ultima influenciada por los dos primeros grupos, acreditando que la actividad es, literalmente, la “salvación de la agricultura”. La concepción desarrollista generada por la actividad de la silvicultura, sin embargo, no se ha determinado hasta ahora el tan deseado desarrollo para el municipio, al contrario, tiene comprometido la propia reproducción social de las comunidades que pasan a crear nuevas estrategias de (re)adaptación y enfrentamiento a la “lógica forestal” instaurada en la región.

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Cincunegui, Carmen. "Cluster industrial y desarrollo territorial: el caso del polo petroquímico de Bahía Blanca (Agentina)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283264.

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La tesis es un estudio de caso del Polo Petroquímico de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), que analiza su evolución y su configuración actual centrándose en su adecuación o no al modelo de cluster industrial y su contribución al desarrollo regional. El estudio de este cluster en cierta medida “no exitoso” permite cuestionar ciertas nociones de la perspectiva teórica del Nuevo Regionalismo o Teoría del Desarrollo Endógeno. Este estudio se basa en encuestas a las cuatro empresas petroquímicas que componen el Polo y entrevistas a informantes de las empresas y de los principales agentes institucionales que componen el contexto local vinculados a la actividad de las empresas (asociaciones empresariales representantes de las empresas petroquímicas y de los proveedores locales, sindicato, gobierno local, universidades e institutos de I+D). A su vez, se realiza una revisión de los modelos de desarrollo a nivel nacional que sirven de contexto para entender la evolución de la aglomeración de empresas petroquímicas. The thesis consists of a case study of Bahía Blanca’s Petrochemical Pole (Argentina), analyzing its evolution and present configuration focusing on its adequacy or not to the model of industrial cluster and its contribution to regional development. The case study of a partially “non successful” industrial cluster allows us to question certain notions of New Regionalism and Endogenous Development Theory. The case study is based on a survey of the four petrochemical enterprises and semi-structured interviews to enterprises managers and main institutional agents that shape the local context of the enterprises activity (petrochemical enterprises and local suppliers entrepreneurial associations, the union, local government, universities and R&D institutions). A review of national development models is made in order to provide a context to understand the petrochemical enterprises agglomeration evolution.

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ZANZI, AMBROGIO. "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: PROVISION, ASSESSMENT AND QUANTIFICATIONHOW TO COUNCIL SUSTAINABLE FOOD PROVISION, TERRITORIAL PLANNING, URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND NATURAL CAPITAL PRESERVATION? CASE STUDIES AND EXPERIENCES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/848125.

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The doctoral dissertation represents an investigation into the topic of Ecosystem Services and the related challenges that our society has to face, such as the integration between environmental conservation, sustainable food provision, socio-economic development and the need for improving quality of life. In particular, the dissertation proposes a set of case studies thanks to which it is possible to evaluate and assess the provision of Ecosystem Services in different contexts and at different spatial scale, both in agricultural and urbanized areas, therefore showing, from various point of views, the implementations of Ecosystem Services driven policies and approaches. Through the exploration of different environments, the interactions between new forms of agriculture (e.g., agroecology and agroforestry), territorial planning and environmental benefits can be observed, explaining dynamics and opportunities deriving from the application of combined frameworks capable to council both theoretical and practical aspects. The adoption of these frameworks, as well as the related analytical research methodologies, allows, on the one hand, a deeper understanding of the “state-of-art” scenario among Ecosystem Services concept and, on the other, provides specific insights for the transition to a more sustainable development and clear perspectives about the needed future research directions.

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Esparon, Stéphane. "Analyse de la durabilité systémique d'un réseau de création de valeurs forestier : étude de cas à l'échelle d'une communauté de communes dans le massif des Landes de Gascogne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0377/document.

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Les politiques publiques encouragent le déploiement de l’économie circulaire (EC). Parmi les champs de mise en oeuvre qui constituent ce courant de pensée, l’écologie industrielle et territoriale (EIT) vise à améliorer les systèmes productifs en optimisant les boucles de matière. Or, des études ont montré que l’organisation des éléments d’un système influence les capacités holistes de ce système.L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer l’influence du développement des interconnexions entre entreprises dans un périmètre de proximité. Plus précisément, nous observons les mécanismes qui influent sur la durabilité systémique.Le système forestier des Landes de Gascogne est un écosystème industriel propice à l’étude d’innovations organisationnelles et d’aménagement du territoire. Notre territoire expérimental est au coeur de ce massif forestier, de fait, nous avons cartographié les flux de matériau Bois, dans le but de construire la structure des collaborations entre activités. Via une analyse comparative avec deux autres structures issues de scénarios, nous observons des indicateurs d’analyse de réseau relatifs à la robustesse, la flexibilité et la stabilité.La première contribution de la thèse est le réseau de création de valeurs élargi (RCVFE) comme cadre permettant d’observer l’ensemble des activités qui participent à la valorisation d’une ressource dans un territoire. La seconde contribution propose la communauté de communes comme périmètre adéquat pour comprendre la topologie des flux entre la ressource et la fin de vie des biens usagés.Il est nécessaire de reproduire notre étude sur d’autres territoires ou sur des jeux données expérimentales afin de perfectionner notre méthode et nos résultats Public policies stimulate the deployment of circular economy (EC). Among the application tools, industrial and territorial ecology aims is to improve productive systems by optimizing materials loops. However, studies have shown that elements organizations of a system influences the holistic capabilities of this system.The objective of this thesis is to exploring the influences of the network shapes of a companies set, on systemique durability of this set at local scale.The forest system of « Les Landes de Gascogne » is an appropriate industrial ecosystem to analyse innovative organization shapes and regional networking. Our experimental territorial unit is surrounded by forest and gives support to many companies, therefore we mapped the material wood flow, in order to build the collaborations structure between companies. Using comparative analysis we observed some network indicators related to robustness, flexibility and stability.The first contribution of this thesis is the extended created value network as a optimal framework to observe all activities involved in the value-creation of local resource. The second contribution is the proposition of the municipalities conurbation as adequate scales, to understand flux topology from local naturals ressources and the end-of-life goods.It is necessary to reproduce our study on other territories or on experimental data sets to improve our methods and results

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Bortoleto, Silvana. "Análise da arborização urbana da Estância de Águas de São Pedro-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-01112011-101837/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a arborização urbana da Estância Turística de Águas de São Pedro-SP, visando obter uma série de informações que possibilitassem o planejamento de uma cidade com mais qualidade ambiental, mais qualidade de vida para seus habitantes e que se mostrasse mais atrativa aos turistas. Primeiramente, buscou-se quantificar a percepção dos residentes em relação à arborização urbana e ao meio ambiente; para tanto, foram aplicadas 330 entrevistas. Concluiu-se que a maioria da população se referiu à necessidade de melhorias nos parques, nas praças e na arborização urbana, além de apontar problemas ambientais na Estância. Ficando evidente a necessidade de um plano de gestão, que leve em consideração as indicações da opinião pública e os fatores técnicos. Em uma segunda etapa, foi analisado o histórico da formação da cidade e levantadas as condições atuais das praças, dos parques, dos espaços livres e das áreas de preservação permanente. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: a) a cidade possui duas praças e apenas uma é utilizada pela população; b) em relação aos parques, um deles é privado e outros três são de domínio público; destes, um atrai um alto número de freqüentadores e os outros dois são subutilizados. Sugerem-se, então, várias intervenções, que possibilitariam um aumento das atrações turísticas; c) em relação aos espaços livres, não obstante a cidade possuir dois espaços para atrações públicas, a população reclama da falta de lazer. A cidade, além destes, possui mais cinco espaços livres, configurados no projeto de urbanização de uma cidade jardim, mas que ainda não receberam tratamento paisagístico; a maioria se encontra em estado de abandono, sendo um deles propício para a implantação de um parque destinado à recreação infantil, tão desejado pela população, e d) em relação às áreas de preservação permanente, estas se encontram em estado precário e abandonadas, necessitando de intervenções urgentes tanto no uso e ocupação do solo, como em ações de reflorestamento e de tratamento de esgoto. Conclui-se que somente a concepção de um bom projeto urbanístico não garante qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida aos habitantes de uma cidade; faz-se necessário um planejamento contínuo, que englobe as etapas de concepção, implantação, manutenção e gestão. Na terceira etapa, fez-se uso de videografia aérea multiespectral de alta resolução, obtendo-se a área dos espaços livres, de cobertura de copa, entre outros. Pôde-se concluir, que a técnica foi adequada para a diferenciação dos alvos urbanos e que a cidade possui espaços livres configurados no plano urbanístico de uma cidade jardim, que não estão sendo utilizados, comprometendo a concepção do projeto, acarretando em perdas ambientais, de qualidade de vida e potencial turístico. Constatou-se que o município não tem uma Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, o que reforça a necessidade de sua criação, com ações direcionadas no sentido da construção de parques, reformulações nos espaços livres, plantios de árvores nas áreas indicadas, reflorestamentos, tratamento de esgoto, reciclagem do lixo e eliminação/redução da poluição sonora, do ar, das águas e visual. This paper goal was to analyze urban forestry in the city of Águas de São Pedro-SP, aiming to obtain important information that allows planning of a city with better environmental quality, more life quality to its inhabitants and more attractive to the tourists. Firstly, it was quantified inhabitants opinion about city urban forestry and environment. To do so, 330 people were interviewed. Most of the people cited the need of improvements in the parks, squares and city urban forestry but also pointed out environmental problems in the city. It is clear the necessity of a management plan that takes into account public opinion and technical factors. Secondly, it was analyzed the city conception and formation history and levantadas the current conditions of squares, parks, open spaces and permanent protection areas. The results were the following: a) the city has only two squares but only one is used by the population; b) about parks, one of them is private and the other three are public. From the public ones, one is highly frequented and the other two are underused. Some changes in the parks are suggested to increase the number of visitors; c) about open spaces, despite the fact the city has two dedicated areas for public events, the population complains about the few choices for entertainment in these places. The city has another five open spaces, designed in the so called garden-city urbanization project, but none of them has any landscaping treatment. Most of them is abandoned, but one is appropriate to install a park meant for children recreation, hardly wished by the population, and d) about permanent protection areas, are found in bad shape and abandoned, needing urgent actions, from reforesting to wastewater treatment. It can be stated that only a good urban project does not guarantee life and environment quality to the population, being necessary a continuous urban environment planning that includes conception, implementation, maintenance and management. Thirdly, it was used high resolution multispectra air videography, obtaining the open spaces area, trees canopy, among others. This technique was adequate to distinguish between different targets urban and to show that the city has open spaces designed in the garden-city concept that are not used. This leads to environmental, life quality and touristy potential losses. The city does not have an Environment Department, thus reinforcing the need to create one with actions towards the construction of parks, open spaces reformulation, trees planting in certain areas, reforesting, effluent treatment, waste recycling and elimination/reduction of sound, air, water and visual pollution.

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Badiru, Ajibola Isau. "Floresta urbana: Uma proposta metodológica no estudo do espaço hídrico e da configuração territorial de Registro, Região do Vale do Ribeira-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-26102011-143544/.

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Atravessando diferentes escalas, o diagnóstico do ambiente construído considera a floresta urbana como espaço humano de natureza integrada, enfrentando a necessidade de equacionar a capacidade reprodutora de água diante da ocupação e da expansão urbana. O presente trabalho apresenta um método desenvolvido e aplicado para avaliar as diferentes dimensões do espaço urbano, notadamente, aquelas relacionadas à interface cidade-hidroesfera de municípios e de regiões, que necessitam do gerenciamento das unidades hidrográficas. Consiste em um modelo conceitual de uma abordagem multidimensional da paisagem construída, contextualizando os principais componentes do espacial/urbano, visando a configuração adequada de zonas ecológico-econômicas. Avaliaram-se inicialmente as técnicas desenvolvidas por outros autores para a construção de um novo método. A partir das observações diretas e indiretas, dados e informações foram organizados em um banco de dados que viabilizou a leitura cruzada, pela técnica de sobreposição de mapas e imagens de satélite (LANDSAT 7ETM+), processadas para Sistema de Informação Geográfica SIG com o uso do ENVI 4.1 (Environment for Visualizing Images) acompanhado com IDL (Interactive Data Language). Do cruzamento da dimensão horizontal com a vertical, propõem-se sete passos metodológicos: identificar, conhecer, compreender, ordenar, analisar, aplicar e avaliar para a abordagem da dinâmica estrutural combinada a compatibilidade ambiental. Adotou-se a modelagem para a análise multi-espacial da cobertura da terra, analisando os componentes do espaço/território na região do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape e no município de Registro-SP. Nas diferentes escalas observadas, os resultados mostram vários Planos de Informações (Pis) de fronteiras topológicas que traduziram os padrões e processos, interligados em diferentes campos da ecologia da paisagem urbana, unindo a geografia humana, a economia do espacial hídrico e o planejamento adequado. Oito planos de informação estão correlacionados na relação população-recursos da unidade municipal conceituada como florestas coletivas, considerando a gestão urbana para as quais os recursos renováveis estão endereçados ao uso sustentável. A compreensão global da paisagem integrou imagem, formato, função, estrutura e ordem urbanas nas quais vetores socioambientais interagem, revelando três características básicas: a imagem da cidade como recurso coletivo, a dinâmica da expansão urbana e as zonas ecológico-econômicas para o desenvolvimento adequado. Ampliou-se a base teórica entre estruturas do espaço/território e a compreensão de conceitos urbanos num planejamento territorial. Recomenda-se o conhecimento multidimensional e o desenvolvimento metodológico para a ordenação do espaço urbano. Across different scale, research has focused on the diagnosis of built environment, considered as the urban forest treated as integrated natural human space. However, susceptive to occupation and urban expansion, urban forests are generally in need of adequate management for water catchments areas capacity that is expected to provide the increasing population. A new method has been developed and applied to evaluate different dimensions of the urban space. Notable, those interrelated to the interface of the city-hydrosphere of the municipal and the regional areas where adequate management for hydrographic units is required. Initially existing technique of several author were investigated in order to construct a new method. A multi-dimensional approach towards built environment has been developed and applied for the configuration of ecologic-economic zone by the principal components of the spatial/urban. Through direct and indirect observation, data and information collected were organized as data bank of shapefiles, which was utilized in cross analysis and in the overlaying of maps and satellite images (LANDSAT ETM+). With the aid of computer system and softwares, using ENVI 4.1 (Environment for Visualizing Images) with IDL (Interactive Data Language), satellite images were processed in GIS (Geographic Information System) ambient. By linking vertical and horizontal assessments seven methodological steps proposed were determined to identify, perceive, understand, organize, analyze, apply and evaluate the structural urban components under compatible environment investigations. A dynamic model adopted has treated the multi-spatial view of Land Cover, through spatial/territorial modeling, considering the region of Vale do Ribeira and the municipal area of Registro (SP). In all scales, results has revealed both information layer based on the topological translation of urban social/natural pattern and process interconnected with subjects of urban landscape ecology; linking human geography, water environment ecology and adequate planning. Eight elements in different layers of information were correlated on the subject of population-resources of the municipal area, which was considered as collective forest. Territorial management was addressed for sustainable urban use and settings on which a global comprehension of pattern, image, function, structure and order of the special/urban has been integrated. By introducing social environmental vectors, three basic results were archived: the city image as collective resources, the dynamic expansion model and the configuration of ecologic- economic zones. The notional basis of urban space has been amplified for a comprehensive regional planning. A multi-dimensional approach has been recommended for urban landscape ecology towards environment improvement and physical space configuration.

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Galli, Sabrina. "Descripción y zonificación de los bosques de Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobo dulce) de la Reserva Villavicencio con el propósito de incluirlos en el Ordenamiento Territorial de Bosques Nativos de la Provincia de Mendoza." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2020. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/14872.

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En Argentina, la normativa actual define al ordenamiento territorial de los bosques como una herramienta necesaria para la utilización de los recursos forestales. Es importante el conocimiento de su estructura y dinámica para su adecuado manejo. Bajo este marco se llevó a cabo este trabajo. Una de las asociaciones vegetales de la Provincia Biogeográfica del Monte, es el bosque dominado por especies del género Prosopis (conocido como "algarrobal") que forman unidades boscosas de distinta magnitud en el fondo de valles y bolsones. Particularmente, Prosopis flexuosa es considerada una especie estructuradora del sistema. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue describir y caracterizar los bosques de Prosopis flexuosa de la Reserva Natural Villavicencio, de la Provincia de Mendoza. Dentro de los objetivos particulares, se buscó conocer la distribución y estructura poblacional de estos algarrobales y, en consecuencia, evaluar si podrían adecuarse a la definición de bosques del COFEMA (Consejo Federal del Medio Ambiente), cumpliendo los parámetros adoptados de superficie de ocupación continua (0,5 ha), de altura mínima (2,5 m) y de cobertura mínima de copas (15 %). Para ello, se realizó un inventario que tuvo en cuenta parámetros dasonómicos o estructurales (cobertura, altura, diámetro basal, etc.), el estado de conservación y la forma de los árboles de 16 parcelas muestreadas. Las parcelas fueron realizadas en zonas aleatorias dentro de la reserva donde se relevaron visualmente individuos de Prosopis flexuosa y en zonas aledañas donde fue posible acceder. El área de cada parcela fue de 1000 m2 (50 x 20 m), conformado una transecta rectangular con un lado mayor de 50 m y un lado menor de 20 m. Estos datos, además de permitir compararlos con los parámetros del COFEMA, aportarán información de base para el manejo y la conservación de estos bosques. Además, fue realizado un análisis de componentes principales con el objeto de diferenciar la estructura de las distintas parcelas y ver si podían agruparse debido a alguna variable ambiental determinante. Se concluyó que todas las parcelas pertenecían a la misma unidad estructural, sin poder determinar un patrón espacial según las variables dasométricas medidas. La cobertura total de individuos de Prosopis flexuosa es de 20,9% y la altura promedio predominante es de 2,9 m. Con respecto al número de fustes, los individuos fueron en general multifustales (con más de tres fustes), representando el 54% del total. Finalmente, según la estructura diamétrica, puede observarse que se trata de individuos jóvenes, en proceso de crecimiento, con escasos individuos longevos y renovales. La forma predominante de los árboles es semierecta (66%). En general, el estado de conservación de la unidad es bueno, presentando en su mayoría individuos sanos (77%). Por último, se categorizaron las 16 parcelas muestreadas según si cumplen o no con una altura mayor a 2,5 m y cobertura mayor a 15 %. Se propusieron estos umbrales, teniendo en cuenta la Resolución COFEMA 230/12 y definición de bosques según F.A.O. de inclusión de árboles que aseguren alcanzar en su estado adulto los umbrales propuestos. Se ha considerado el buen estado general de los individuos muestreados y la potencialidad de estos para alcanzar en el mediano plazo con los parámetros dispuestos en dicha resolución. Del total de parcelas, pudo notarse que cinco de ellas no cumplieron con los parámetros de altura y cobertura, cuatro de ellas cumplieron ambos parámetros, y las siete restantes cumplieron con uno u otro parámetro. Finalmente, la descripción estructural y del estado de conservación del bosque de Prosopis flexuosa en Villavicencio, permite analizar la posibilidad de incorporarlos en el Ordenamiento Territorial de los Bosques Nativos de la provincia de Mendoza. De esta forma, se podrán ampliar las áreas de distribución y conocimiento de los bosques nativos de la provincia, en un contexto global de degradación creciente de los bosques nativos, pérdida de biodiversidad y cambios de uso del suelo. Fil: Galli, Sabrina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.

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Alves, Patrícia Layne. "Capacidade de interceptação pelas árvores e suas influências no escoamento superficial urbano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4800.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-16 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG Problems related to water, in the urban environment, have drawn attention in the face of the problem caused by its lack and/or excess. Among this backdrop there is the tumultuous occupation of urban space that combined with the suppression of soil coverage and vegetation leads to the urban runoff higher volume, pollution and shorter time to peak discharge. In this context, the benefits of urban afforestation are present, which besides the aesthetic value added to space, set up physical barriers to stormwater, favoring its retention, storage and infiltration into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainfall interception treetops the some species, reduce the volume of urban runoff, slow the flow peaks, as well as to expand the attention span of an urban watershed. The research was field experiments with recurrent arboreal species in the urban afforestation of Uruaçu, Goiás, using pluviographs, trunk collectors and water level sensor. From the use of interception parameters determined in this study, computer simulations using the Storm Water Management Model Model (SWMM) were performed, starting from the proposition of scenarios with different types of territorial installment associated with the Low Impact Development practices (LID) and urban forestry. During the data collection period 2012/2013, the rainfall events had a median of accumulated rainfall of 16.7mm. During this period, the median values of interception were Mangifera indica - 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa - 7.2mm; and Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. The period of data collection relating to 2013/2014, the median precipitation of rainfall events were 20.7mm, and the median values for interception and stemflow were respectively: 5.7mm and 0.1mm for Mangifera indica; 4.5mm and 0.2mm for Licania tomentosa; and 3.8mm and 0.3mm for Tabebuia ochracea. The delay at the start of average rains caused by tree species was 3min. The presence of individual trees afforded a median delay in the peak time of 3 min, a reduction of the peak flow of 0.8 mm/min and runoff of 4.7mm/min. Through simulations with the scenario where the wooded urban planning aggregated all LID techniques employed in this study, it was possible to achieve a reduction in peak flows in 3.42m³ / s, compared to conventional design; allowing storage of a volume of water in 4470.59m³ local infiltration proposed structures; and delay the peak flows of up to 6 min. This thesis confirms the interference of the individual characteristics of the species in the rain interception capability by their canopies and reducing runoff, highlighting the need for careful definition of the species that make up the urban forestry; testifies the existence of variations in interceptions in relation to rainfall events and during their occurrence; as well as quantitative data points precipitate volume reduction and drained by the tree individual presence in urban areas. Their research shows that, alone, afforestation and LID techniques cause little reduction in volume and flow and little delay in time to peak flow, while combined contribute significantly to drainage. This study differs from the use of recording rain gauges and linígrados for the measurement of precipitation and runoff directly under the canopy of individual trees in an urban environment; and adds to SWMM the insertion of arboreal benefits in hydrological simulation. Os transtornos relacionados à água, no ambiente urbano, têm merecido destaque diante da problemática causada pela sua falta e/ou excesso. Dentre este cenário, tem-se a ocupação desordenada do espaço urbano, que aliada à supressão da cobertura natural do solo e da vegetação acarretam ao escoamento urbano maior volume, poluição e menor tempo ao pico de vazão. Neste contexto, insere-se os benefícios da arborização urbana, que além do valor estético que agrega ao espaço, oferece barreiras físicas às águas pluviais, favorecendo a sua retenção, armazenamento e infiltração no solo. Este estudo se propõe a avaliar a capacidade de algumas espécies arbóreas em interceptar as águas de chuva pelas suas copas, reduzir o volume de escoamento superficial urbano, retardar os picos de vazão, bem como de ampliar o tempo de concentração de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana. A pesquisa teve experimentos de campo com espécies arbóreas recorrentes à arborização urbana de Uruaçu, Goiás, utilizando pluviógrafos, coletores de tronco e linígrafos. A partir do emprego dos parâmetros de interceptação determinados neste estudo, foram realizadas simulações computacionais com o uso do modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), partindo da proposição de cenários com diferentes tipologias de parcelamento territorial associados às práticas de Low Impact Development (LID) e à arborização urbana. Durante o período de coleta de dados de 2012/2013, os eventos chuvosos tiveram mediana de 16.7mm de precipitação acumulada. Neste período, os valores medianos de interceptação foram: Mangifera indica – 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa – 7.2mm; e, Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. No período de coleta dados referente a 2013/2014, as precipitações medianas dos eventos chuvosos foram de 20.7mm, e os valores medianos para interceptação e escoamento pelo tronco, foram respectivamente: 5.7mm e 0.1mm para a Mangifera indica; 4.5mm e 0.2mm para a Licania tomentosa; e, 3.8mm e 0.3mm para a Tabebuia ochracea. O retardo mediano no início das chuvas ocasionado pelas espécies arbóreas foi de 3min. A presença dos indivíduos arbóreos propiciou, um atraso mediano no tempo ao pico de 3 minutos, uma redução do pico de vazão de 0.8 mm/min e do escoamento superficial de 4.7mm/min. Através de simulações, com o cenário em que o planejamento urbano arborizado agregava todas as técnicas de LID neste estudo empregadas, conseguiu-se atingir a redução das vazões de pico em 3.42m³/s, em relação ao projeto convencional; permitindo o armazenamento de um volume de água de 4470.59m³ nas estruturas de infiltração locais propostas; e, retardar os picos de vazão em até 6 min. Esta tese, confirma a interferência das características individuais das espécies na capacidade de interceptação de chuva por suas copas e na redução do escoamento superficial, ressaltando a necessidade de definição criteriosa das espécies que comporão a arborização urbana; atesta a existência de variações nas interceptações em relação aos eventos chuvosos e durante suas ocorrências; bem como, aponta dados quantitativos de redução de volume precipitado e escoado pela presença do indivíduo arbóreo no meio urbano. A pesquisa comprovou que, isoladamente, a arborização e as técnicas de LID causam pouca redução no volume e vazão e, pouco retardo no tempo ao pico do escoamento, enquanto que somadas contribuem de forma significativa à drenagem. O presente estudo se difere pela utilização de pluviógrafos e linígrados para a aferição de precipitações e escoamento superficial diretamente sob as copas de indivíduos arbóreos em ambiente urbano; e, agrega ao SWMM a inserção dos benefícios arbóreos na simulação hidrológica.

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Pantalena, Ana FlÃvia. "AnÃlise dos impactos ambientais no mÃdio e baixo Jaguaribe a partir da memÃria histÃrica da ocupaÃÃo humana e registros geolÃgicos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12941.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior O rio Jaguaribe estÃ localizado na regiÃo Leste do Estado do CearÃ e representa a maior e mais relevante reserva hÃdrica cearense. Juntamente com seus tributÃrios mais importantes, os rios BanabuiÃ e Salgado, formam as bacias do Alto, MÃdio e Baixo Jaguaribe. A Ãrea abrangida por sua bacia hidrogrÃfica compreende aproximadamente 80.000 km2, praticamente a metade da Ãrea do Estado. Apesar da irregularidade hÃdrica fluvial cearense, o rio Jaguaribe teve um papel de destaque na ocupaÃÃo e no desenvolvimento econÃmico do Estado. A partir de uma abordagem histÃrica, desde o inÃcio de sua colonizaÃÃo, no sÃculo XVII atÃ os dias de hoje, em conjunto com os elementos naturais, associada aos diversos usos e Ãs vÃrias atividades econÃmicas desenvolvidas na Ãrea, buscou-se apresentar e analisar os diversos impactos decorrentes dessa ocupaÃÃo na bacia do mÃdio e baixo Jaguaribe, inclusive em face do Projeto do Novo CÃdigo Florestal aprovado pelo Senado em dezembro de 2011, bem com a importÃncia da avaliaÃÃo dos impactos ambientais de maneira mais integrada e sistÃmica, levando-se em consideraÃÃo os eventuais impactos ambientais residuais e/ou cumulativos gerados isoladamente ou pela somatÃria das atividades desenvolvidas na regiÃo, a fim de prevalecer o uso racional e sustentÃvel do meio ambiente para as futuras geraÃÃes. A presente pesquisa possui caracterÃsticas exclusivamente qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos tÃcnicos, as pesquisas bibliogrÃfica e documental, e quanto Ã coleta de dados, a observaÃÃo simples, entrevistas, e levantamento fotogrÃfico. Como referencial teÃrico, dentre as inÃmeras obras utilizadas, destacam-se: GirÃo, R. (1985, 1986 e 2000), Studart, B.D. (1896, 1898) e ThebÃrge (1895, 1973). No que se refere Ã conclusÃo desse processo de investigaÃÃo cientÃfica, pode-se considerar que, historicamente, a ocupaÃÃo das margens do rio Jaguaribe ocorreu levando em consideraÃÃo tÃo somente os interesses antrÃpicos. The Jaguaribe river is located in the East region of the CearÃ State and represents the greater and more relevant hydric reserve of the State. Together with its more important tributaries, the BanabuiÃ and Salgado rivers, form the basins of the High, Medium and Low Jaguaribe. The enclosed area for its hydrographic basin comprehends approximately 80,000 km2, practically the half of the area of the State. Although the hydric irregularity of the rivers in CearÃ, the Jaguaribe river had an important role in the occupation and economic development of the State. From a historical approach, since the beginning of its colonization in the seventeenth century to the present day, together with the natural elements, linked to the various uses and the various economic activities in the area, sought to present and analyze the various impacts of this occupation in the Middle and Lower basin Jaguaribe, also in face of the Project of the New Forestry Code approved by the Senate in December of 2011, this research presents the importance of the evaluation of the environmental impacts in a integrated and systematic way, taking in consideration the eventual residual and/or cumulative environmental impacts generated separately or for the addition of all the activities developed in the region, in order to prevail the rational and sustainable use of the environment for the future generations. This research has exclusively qualitative characteristics, with the technical procedures, literature and documentary research, and the data collection, the simple observation, interviews, and photographic survey. As theoretical framework, among the numerous works used are: GirÃo, R. (1985, 1986 and 2000), Studart B.D. (1896, 1898) and Theberge (1895, 1973). Regarding the conclusion of this process of scientific research, one can consider that, historically, the occupation of the Jaguaribe river was taking into account the interests solely anthropogenic.

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Gassama, Ibrahima. "Du rendement soutenu à l'aménagement forestier durable : Quelle gouvernance pour le Québec ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV063/document.

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Cette thèse est une exploration pour rendre opérationnel le concept d'aménagement forestier durable, en dépassant les perspectives proposées par le rendement soutenu. Dans ce cadre, la démarche n'est pas de calculer l'évolution de la production des volumes de bois pour en garantir un flux constant, mais bien la définition, par la diversité des acteurs, de la cohérence dans le développement d'une diversité d'activités forestières. Cette démarche nécessite non seulement un éclairage associé à la connaissance experte, mais aussi à la connaissance provenant des acteurs des activités forestières et des acteurs de la gouvernance pour comprendre les effets de tels développements sur le territoire. La réalité, sur le terrain montre que la préoccupation des acteurs du milieu forestier va au-delà de la préservation des volumes de bois.Ainsi, la durabilité forestière englobe d’autres valeurs et usages non ligneuses et non monétaires. Une évaluation de ces autres valeurs ne saurait se faire sans la création d’une démarche participative dont la finalité est de construire les préférences par les acteurs eux-mêmes. Ainsi, l’aménagement forestier durable devient un problème de choix social afin d’identifier les formes d’aménagement acceptables par les acteurs du territoire. Cette recherche s’attèlera à ressortir ces préférences sociétales sur le territoire pilote du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean par une démarche délibérative et des outils multimédias de la médiation des connaissances This thesis is an exploration to operationalize the concept of Sustainable Forest Management, overcoming the prospects offered by the concept of Sustained Yield. In this context, the approach is not to calculate the evolution of production volumes of wood to ensure a constant flow, but to define by the diversity of stakeholders, the consistency in the development of multiple forest activities. This approach requires an associated lighting expert knowledge but also knowledge from actors in forestry and governance stakeholders to understand the effects of such developments in the area. The reality on the ground shows that the concern of forest stakeholders goes beyond the preservation of wood volumes.Thus, forest sustainability encompasses other non-timber and non-monetary values and uses. An evaluation of these other values cannot be achieved without the creation of a participatory process whose aim is to build preferences by the actors themselves. Thus, Sustainable Forest Management becomes a social choice problem to identify acceptable forms of development by local actors. This research will strive to highlight the societal preferences on the pilot territory of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean by a deliberative approach and multimedia tools of mediation of knowledge

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Mattivi, Pietro. "Remote sensing and geomorphological data in support of precision agriculture and forestry." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Precision agriculture and forestry require a great deal of spatial data, in order to study the heterogeneity in vegetation conditions. The acquisition of this information can help decision-making and site-specific operations. The final aim of these land management procedures is to meet production demand, reducing waste and environmental impacts. The amount of data requested is huge and their collection could be considerably expensive in time and money. However, some of this information can be extracted from ready available data source, which are Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and spaceborne Remote Sensing. The aim of this work is to analyze these data and to study how they can be processed in order to obtain useful information for precision land management. The potentialities of these data sources were tested on the Rio Sinigo catchment. This basin is located near the town of Merano, in the autonomous province of Bolzano, South Tyroly. The Rio Sinigo watershed has an extension of 35 km2 and it presents a variety of morphological features, that make it suitable for the study. The DTM was processed, using different FOSS GIS packages, to extract primary and secondary topographic indexes, and to perform hydrological analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the extraction of the secondary topographic attributes (TWI and Potential Incoming Solar Radiation), which operating principles were discussed in detail, highlighting their limitations and potentialities. Satellite images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 were used to obtain information on the soil moisture spatial and temporal variations, and to identify different land covers and possible major changes in time of the basin vegetation. The conducted study confirmed the wide range of applications and the potentiality that these data sources have. The obtained products represent good basic data to perform preliminary investigations, to plan targeted data collection and to start a multi-criteria analysis.

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JANISZEWSKI, Vanessa. "Um estudo referente à adoção do imposto sobre especulação imobiliária na cidade de Recife: o imposto predial e territorial urbano (IPTU) extra-fiscal como instrumento de auxílio ao orçamento municipal." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17485.

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Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T16:56:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vanessa Janiszewski.pdf: 1923385 bytes, checksum: e5c38b299eca370ed96858594f5a46ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T16:56:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vanessa Janiszewski.pdf: 1923385 bytes, checksum: e5c38b299eca370ed96858594f5a46ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 Facepe O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o mercado imobiliário do município de Recife, verificando se existe evidência de uma possível supervalorização desses ativos; ressaltar a importância da previsão das receitas públicas para fins orçamentários, estudando e propondo um modelo de previsão de arrecadação da receita do IPTU, e; simular a adoção do Imposto sobre Especulação Imobiliário (PST - Property Speculation Tax) no cálculo e cobrança do IPTU no município de Recife, avaliando possíveis efeitos no valor arrecadado. A abordagem adotada para a execução do estudo foi de natureza quantitativa e a estratégia de pesquisa foi exploratória, utilizando-se como fonte de informações o levantamento de dados - receita histórica de IPTU e ITBI, valor imobiliário do Zap imóveis, dentre outros. Assim como a realização de pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, leis, normas, teses, dissertações, artigos técnicos e pesquisa na Internet, com o objetivo de estabelecer uma fundamentação teórica referente à problemática do estudo. Como resultado alguns pontos merecem destaque: foi possível observar que não há reais indícios de especulação imobiliária em Recife; foi proposto um modelo auto regressivo para a previsão da Receita do IPTU de Recife, e; foi encontrado evidência de uma leve elevação na arrecadação desta receita com a introdução do PST - tendo como premissa alguns condições descritas no trabalho. The objective of this study was to analyze the real estate market in the city of Recife, examining if there is evidence of a possible overvaluation of these assets, some sort of real state bubble; emphasizing the importance of forecasting in public revenues for budgetary purposes, studying and proposing a revenue forecasting model of property tax revenues and; simulate the adoption of the PST (Property Speculation Tax) in the calculation and collection of property tax in the city of Recife, assessing possible effects on the amount collected. The approach adopted for the execution of the study was quantitative and the search strategy was exploratory, using as source of information data collection - Historical property tax revenue and ITBI, real estate value of Zap database, among others. As well as carrying out bibliographic research in books, laws, standards, theses, dissertations, technical articles and research on the Internet, in order to establish a theoretical framework concerning the issue of study. As a result it was observed that there is no solid evidence of speculation in Recife; proposed an AR model for the prediction of the property tax revenue from Recife, and; evidence of a slight rise in revenue this recipe with the introduction of the PST - with the premise some conditions described in the work.

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Arreghini, Louis. "Formes et acteurs du changement territorial dans les périphéries du monde : dynamiques urbaines et mutations rurales en Bolivie." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647076.

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Dans un monde globalisé, les territoires de la périphérie du monde entrent dans un processus de changement continuel sous les contraintes de multiples acteurs, transnationaux, étatiques et locaux. Cette thèse s'est fixée comme objectif de révéler la spatialité de ces changements ainsi que les jeux d'acteurs qui y contribuent dans le cas de la Bolivie. Les hypothèses, qui postulent un irréversible processus d'autonomisation des territoires, ont résisté à l'épreuve des faits : les bouleversements politiques et sociaux intervenus pendant la période de la réalisation de ce projet. La thèse présente d'abord un positionnement épistémologique qui propose d'articuler l'espace et ses acteurs dans une perspective modélisatrice. Elle expose ensuite un cadre systémique de mise en cohérence des éléments de structuration et de changement territorial qui place, au centre, un système idéel construit à partir des signaux échangés par les acteurs afin de maîtriser ce changement territorial : signaux de domination, de pression ou de séduction engendrant des relations d'exploitation, de conflits ou de coopération. Ce système idéel est relié à des sous-systèmes matérialisés (organisation politico-administrative, système de villes et espaces de l'économie) qui subissent l'impact des changements étudiés. En effet, les politiques territoriales sont les rétroactions d'un tel système. Le traitement de chaque sous-système matérialisé correspond à un changement d'échelle géographique. Les modèles spatiaux à base de chronochorèmes complètent l'étude dynamique du changement. Ces choix méthodologiques permettent une lecture géographique des résultats suivants : - L'efficacité des mouvements sociaux réside moins dans la matrice sectorielle et professionnelle que dans leur assise territoriale .-L'État concentre ses réformes sur le sous-système matérialisé de l'organisation politico-administrative car il semble n'avoir prise ni sur le système des villes, ni sur les espaces et territoires de l'économie. Il n'est jamais parvenu jusqu'à présent à un accord qui lui aurait permis d'équilibrer dépenses sociales et investissements productifs. Un consensus social devra également être trouvé pour rendre viable un État plurinational. L'État concentre sur lui la majorité des signaux et établit ses politiques territoriales en fonction de leur pression. - La toute puissance technologique et financière des acteurs transnationaux se heurtent à l'efficacité des mouvements sociaux. Toutefois, ces acteurs restent à terme des pièces importantes d'un jeu où , pourvoyeurs d'activité et d'emplois, ils continueront à produire de l'espace et à consommer des territoires

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Pinto, Bruna Gabriela de Carvalho. "Uso da terra e fragmentos de vegetação de Mata Atlântica na APA Tietê: subsídios para o planejamento ambiental e a gestão territorial." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6788.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_Bruna_2014.pdf: 7582705 bytes, checksum: d231281182e1012c5ab65a4e42ad1f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-04 Considering that less than 11% of the brazilian Environmental Protection Areas have a Management Plan, the assessment of land use and the conflict in Permanent Preservation Areas can provide important results to the management of this Protected Area category, since the map of degraded Permanent Preservation Areas can be used as a guide for restoration actions. This research aimed to characterize the land use in APA Tietê, highlighting the conflict associated with Permanent Preservation Areas (Federal law n° 12.651 de 2012), in order to provide subsidies to the planning and land management. We have mapped land use through supervised automatic classification of RapidEye satellite image, and determined the land use conflicts with aid of software ArcGIS 10.2. We can conclude that APA Tietê has predominance of agricultural land uses, corresponding to 78.42% of the total protected area. This area is in critical condition to biodiversity conservation, since 76.43% of Permanent Preservation Areas consist of conflicting land uses. We have mapped 908 forest fragments, of which approximately 88% have areas smaller than 10 ha. 39.64% of these forest fragments have no neighbor fragment in a distance of 100 m. The native vegetation cover represents only 9.98% of the total area of the Environmental Protection Areas. The analysis of the hypothetical scenario showed that the restoration of Permament Preservation Areas can increase the size of the fragments and enhance landscape connectivity, in compliance with environmental legislation. Another alternative indicated to increase total vegetation cover in APA Tietê following legal increments is proposed for the restoration of the area through the establishment of Legal Reserves. In this context, through multicriteria analysis, we made a rank of all the territory of the Protected Area based on ecological relevance in order to give priority to some areas for the establishment of these protected areas. This work revealed the criticality of the current status of APA Tietê, especially towards its conservation objectives and offered alternatives, based on a scientific rigor to support the planning process of the protected area, at the local, state and national context. Considerando que menos de 11% das Áreas de Proteção Ambiental brasileiras possuem Plano de Manejo, a avaliação do uso da terra e do conflito em Áreas de Preservação Permanente pode fornecer resultados importantes para a gestão dessa categoria de Unidade de Conservação, uma vez que a espacialização das Áreas de Preservação Permanente degradadas pode ser utilizada como diretriz de ações de restauração. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o uso da terra da APA Tietê, evidenciando os conflitos associados às Áreas de Preservação Permanente (Lei Federal n° 12.651 de 2012), de modo a fornecer subsídios para o planejamento e gestão territorial. Mapeou-se o uso da terra por meio classificação automática supervisionada de imagem do satélite RapidEye e determinou-se os conflitos com o auxílio do software ArcGis 10.2. Conclui-se que a APA Tietê possui predominância de usos agropecuários da terra, correspondendo a 78,45% da área total da Unidade de Conservação. A área encontra-se em estado crítico para conservação da biodiversidade, uma vez que 74,40% das Áreas de Preservação Permanente são compostas por usos da terra conflituosos. Foram mapeados 908 fragmentos florestais, sendo que aproximadamente 88% dos fragmentos mapeados possuem áreas menores do que 10 ha. 39,64% dos fragmentos florestais não possuem nenhum fragmento vizinho em um raio de 100 m. A cobertura vegetal nativa representa apenas 9,98% da área total da APA. A análise do cenário potencial revelou que a restauração das APPs permite aumentar o tamanho dos fragmentos e melhorar a conectividade da paisagem, em observância com a legislação ambiental. Outra opção indicada para incrementar a cobertura vegetal total na APA Tietê seguindo os incrementos propostos por lei é a restauração de área por meio da instituição da RL. Nesse aspecto, por meio de análise multicritério, pode-se ranquear todo o território da UC com base na sua relevância ecológica de modo a priorizar áreas para a instituição dessas áreas protegidas. O trabalho revelou a criticidade da situação atual da APA Tietê, principalmente perante seus objetivos conservacionistas e ofereceu alternativas, baseadas em um rigor científico, para subsidiar o processo de planejamento dessa área protegida, no contexto local, estadual e nacional.

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Pottier, Aude Marie-Emilie. "La forêt des Landes de Gascogne comme patrimoine naturel? Echelles, enjeux, valeurs." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU1011/document.

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Ce travail de thèse en Géographie Humaine a pour objectif d’identifier et d’analyser les valeurs qui font entrer le massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne dans un processus dit de patrimonialisation au travers des discours et actions de ses acteurs. Affecter des valeurs à un espace forestier, le patrimonialiser ne correspond plus simplement à la mise en place d’espaces protégés où le « exceptionnel » est adoubé. Le processus ne se définit plus par la simple protection officielle qui soustrait à l’action humaine des éléments jugés remarquables : des objets et des espaces de plus en plus communs et quotidiens sont également appropriés par des groupes sociaux variés tout autant spécialistes qu’ « amateurs ». Le massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne constitue, selon nous, un espace exemplaire pour traiter de cette appropriation d’un espace forestier « ordinaire », qui n’a, a priori, rien de « remarquable », du moins, selon les critères de la patrimonialisation institutionnelle. Forêt d’origine artificielle à vocation de production en grande majorité privée, le massif forestier landais a toujours été plus ou moins décrié pour sa gestion intensive remettant en cause sa capacité à être porteuse de valeurs autres qu’économique et pouvant aller jusqu’à remettre en question son statut de forêt. Pour autant, bien que la vocation productive de ce massif soit sa raison d’être, la forêt landaise est aussi porteuse de valeurs culturelles, naturalistes et sensibles qui la font entrer dans une volonté de préservation qui dépasse, et parfois se confronte, à sa simple importance économique. La dernière tempête Klaus de Janvier 2009, a permis d’à la fois révéler et catalyser ses valeurs qui, face à un tel bouleversement, s’exacerbent. Aborder la patrimonialisation de cet objet forestier à part entière, partagé entre nature et culture, permet ainsi de questionner l’idée même de patrimoine naturel et le processus qui le sous-tend. La thèse s’appuie sur l’analyse d’une centaine d’entretiens semi-directifs effectués auprès de différents acteurs du massif (sphère forestière privée et publique, élus, collectivités territoriale, Parc Naturel Régional, milieu associatif) et menés selon une double échelle d’analyse (de l’échelle « massif » à l’analyse plus localisée de quatre terrains d’étude) This thesis in Human Geography aims to identify and analyze the values which imply an heritage process through the words and actions of its actors. To associate a forest with values, to launch an heritage process does not mean only to set it as a protected area where the exceptional character of this area is acknowledged. This process cannot be reduced to official protection, preserving from human activities some elements considered as remarkable: more and more common areas and elements are equally owned by different social groups, specialists just as much as amateurs. With this regards, the forest of Landes de Gascogne constitutes a good example of heritage process of a common and ordinary forest, with nothing “remarkable” at first sight, at least according to the usual criteria of institutional natural heritage. This artificial forest has a production purpose and is privatized for its vast majority. Therefore, this forest has always been more or less pointed out for its intensive exploitation, questioning its ability to circulate values outside economic ones, and even the legitimacy of its status as a forest. Nevertheless, and however its production purpose is its first determination, this forest is also carrying cultural, natural and sensible values which generate a willingness of preservation going beyond, or even confronting the simple economic concern. The last storm in January 2009, Klaus, enabled to unveil and catalyze those valued, which, in front of such an event, became clearer. To consider the heritage process of this forest as a whole, shared between nature and culture, also allows pondering over the idea of natural heritage in itself and the process behind. This thesis has been written thanks to the analysis of a hundred of semi-structured interviews of different actors of the forest (private and public areas, elected representatives, local communities, Regional Natural Parc, associations) and realized according to a double-scale analysis (from the whole forest scale to the more localized analysis of four different field studies)

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Silva, Regina Aparecida da. "Do invisível ao visível: o mapeamento dos grupos sociais do estado de Mato Grosso Brasil; Mapa social; Identidades de resistências; Territórios; Educação ambiental; Sustentabilidade." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1737.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3911.pdf: 10639147 bytes, checksum: 230fde9ada685b4189426c44c2d4bbd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos xuberant landscape, identities that are at the mercy of the historical indifference and of the hegemonic economy of the agribusiness that advances over the so‐called empty spaces are hidden. In these different environments, a rich cultural mosaic of interacting identities, that many times, are invisible or barely known coexist. With this pseudo‐invisibility, many social groups are not being attended in the elaboration of public policies. An example of this can be noticed in the policies that aim at the territorial management of the State, such as the Ecological Socioeconomic Zoning Project of Mato Grosso that did not support the different social groups that form the mato‐grossense landscape. In the attempt to overcome this fragility and give visibility to this beautiful cultural mosaic, we started in 2008, a daring proposal of building the Mapping of identities and territories of the State of MT , proposed and carried out by the leadership of the Research Group in Environmental Education, Communication and Arts (GPEA) of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) with the important contribution of several partners. Enrolled in this project, we assumed the commitment of performing the mapping of the social groups of MT, with the aim of identifying and registering the identities of resistance. Based on the triad inhabitants-habits-habitats, we sought to understand the identity of the mapped social groups, their different rationalities and ways of life that limit the characteristics of their territories in an intrinsic relationship between culture and nature. Besides, we seek to understand how the identities of these groups are constructed, destroyed and re‐constructed due to the alterations in the habitats. In this trajectory, we elaborated a methodology called Social Map that used the narratives of the representatives of several social groups, aiming at understanding the essence of the identities that build different meanings and act in the different mato‐grossense biomes. Two seminars of Social Mapping with more than 500 participants from 54 municipalities; were held in 2008 and 2010. There were more than 70 Indigenous representatives of 19 ethnicities, of Maroon communities, pantaneiro peoples, families who were camping, settlers, family farmers, rubber‐tappers, extractivist workers, gypsy communities, affected by dams, people from Araguaia, Morroquian communities, among others. In an ethnographic approach field researches were also carried out. In this becoming of several groups and movements we expose the existence of old and new social protagonists, totalizing 52 social groups /communities/movements that added to 47 Indigenous ethnicities that resulted in a prognostic of 99 mapped identities. In the search for finding space for them, a map of the social groups was made, an important result of this thesis. In this map the identities built in traditional dimensions; of the place of culture and habitat; of labor, work and production; of the driving forces and development; and, of the choices and philosophies of life were shown and circumscribed in the territories. The expectation is that with information provided by this research, there will be subsidies for articulations, partnerships and alliances so that the social groups can be strengthened in their struggle for the protection of the State s ecosystems and be attended by the public policies. The environmental education comes hand in hand in this circle allied to the valuing of culture, in the daring idea of reconstructing the sustainable societies that re‐signify values such as environmental justice, belonging and democracy. There are loose dots and lines, but there is also, a territory of hopes that transcends this tyrant time, rescuing the weavings of the collective dreams. O Estado de Mato Grosso‐Brasil localizado no centro da América do Sul possui uma rica diversidade ecológica distribuídas nos domínios da Amazônia, Cerrado e Pantanal. Na paisagem exuberante, escondem‐se identidades que estão à mercê do descaso histórico e da economia hegemônica do agronegócio que avançam sobre os ditos espaços vazios . Nesses ambientes diversos, coexiste um rico mosaico cultural de identidades interatuantes, que muitas vezes, estão invisibilizadas ou pouco conhecidas. Com esta pseudo‐invisibilidade, muitos grupos sociais não estão sendo contemplados na elaboração de políticas públicas. Um exemplo disso pode ser percebido nas políticas que visam o ordenamento territorial do Estado, como o projeto de Zoneamento Socioeconômico Ecológico de Mato Grosso que não contemplou os diferentes grupos sociais que compõem a paisagem mato‐grossense. Na tentativa de superar tal fragilidade e dar visibilidade a este belo mosaico cultural, iniciamos em 2008, uma ousada proposta de construir o Mapeamento das identidades e territórios do Estado de Mato Grosso , proposto e concretizado pela liderança do Grupo Pesquisador em Educação Ambiental, Comunicação e Arte (GPEA) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) com a importante contribuição de diversos parceiros. Inscritos neste projeto, assumimos o compromisso de realizar o mapeamento dos grupos sociais do Estado, com objetivo de identificar e registrar as identidades de resistências. Ancorados na tríade habitantes-hábitos-habitats, buscamos compreender as identidades dos grupos sociais mapeados, suas diferentes racionalidades e modos de vida que demarcam as características de seus territórios ‐ numa relação intrínseca entre a cultura e a natureza. Além disso, procuramos compreender como as identidades destes grupos se constroem, se destroem e re‐constroem frente às alterações dos habitats. Neste percurso, elaboramos uma metodologia denominada Mapa Social, que contou com as narrativas dos representantes de vários grupos sociais, visando, compreender a essência das identidades que constroem diferentes significados e atuam nos diversos biomas mato‐grossenses. Foram realizados dois Seminários de Mapeamento Social, em 2008 e 2010, que somados contou com mais de 500 participantes vindos de 54 municípios; sendo mais de 70 representantes indígenas de 19 etnias, de comunidades quilombolas, povos pantaneiros, acampados, assentados, agricultores familiares, seringueiros, extrativistas, povos ciganos, atingidos por barragem, retireiros do Araguaia, povos morroquianos, entre outros. Como também, em uma abordagem de cunho etnográfico foram realizadas pesquisas de campo. Neste vir‐a‐ser de vários grupos e movimentos trazemos a cena a existência de antigos e novos protagonistas sociais, ao total registramos 52 grupos sociais/comunidades/movimentos que somados a 47 etnias indígenas totalizaram um prognóstico de 99 identidades mapeadas. Na busca de espacializá‐los foi elaborado o mapa dos grupos sociais, resultado importante desta tese. Neste mapa as identidades construídas nas dimensões da tradição; do local da cultura e habitat; do labor, trabalho e produção; das driving forces e desenvolvimento; e, das escolhas e filosofias de vida foram evidenciadas e circunscritas nos territórios. A expectativa é que com apropriação das informações proporcionadas por esta pesquisa nasçam subsídios para articulamentos, parcerias e alianças para que os grupos sociais sejam fortalecidos na luta pela proteção dos ecossistemas do Estado e possam ser contemplados nas políticas públicas. A educação ambiental vem de mãos dadas nesta ciranda, aliada à valorização da cultura, na ousadia da reconstrução de sociedades sustentáveis, que resignifique valores como justiça ambiental, pertencimento e democracia. Há pontos e linhas frouxas, mas há, também, um território de esperanças que transcende este tempo tirano, resgatando as tessituras dos sonhos coletivos.

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Hely, Vincent. "Évaluation synthétique de la durabilité des territoires : forces et faiblesses de la modélisation dans le processus d'aménagement." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC025/document.

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Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit autour des enjeux visant à évaluer les impacts des décisions d'aménagement à l'aune des impératifs de développement durable. Au delà du flou se dégageant souvent de ce concept, il s'agit ici de conduire une réflexion sur un meilleur équilibre à trouver entre les trois sphères généralement identifiées comme piliers du développement durable : l'économique, le social et l'environnemental. L’objectif s’inscrit dans la réflexion suivante : comment évaluer les impacts des politiques d’aménagement dans chacune de ces trois sphères, et quelles conclusions en tirer ?Il s'agit ici d'apporter des éléments de réponse en évaluant la performance des territoires étudiés dans ces trois sphères du développement durable. Pour cela, le travail s'appuie sur les sorties des modèles de simulation (ici, le modèle MobiSim développé au sein du laboratoire ThéMA) et la production d'indicateurs synthétiques permettant une analyse et une évaluation lisible de l'espace. La combinaison de ces indicateurs synthétiques permet de visualiser et d'analyser la durabilité du territoire étudié et d'en déduire les mesures appropriées à mettre en œuvre en vue d'assurer une politique de développement durable.Il s'agit ainsi de mettre en perspective la méthodologie et les résultats obtenus dans une vision globale, cherchant à établir par l'équilibre entre les trois sphères une harmonie qui permette de satisfaire aux objectifs d'une politique guidée par les impératifs liés au concept de développement durable hérités du rapport Bruntland. Une approche critique de ce concept et une analyse des jeux d'acteurs d'un territoire sont ici conduits de manière à pouvoir implémenter les travaux de recherche scientifique au sein d'un processus de décision. L'enjeu est ainsi de permettre aux résultats des travaux de recherche basés sur les outils de modélisation de pouvoir trouver une issue plus concrète et plus opérationnelle This thesis work is based on issues aimedat assessing the impacts of planning decisions in the light of the imperatives of sustainable development. Beyond the vagueness that often emerges from this concept, the aim here is to reflect on a better balance to be found between the three fields generally identified as pillars of sustainable development : the economic, the social and the environmental. The objective is part of the following reflection: how to evaluate the impacts of management policies in each of these three pillars, and what conclusions to draw from them ? The aim here is to provide answers by assessing the performance of the territories studied in these three pillars of sustainable development. For this, the work relies on the outputs of the simulation models (here, the MobiSim model developed within the ThéMA laboratory) and the production of synthetic indicators allowing analysis and a readable evaluation of the space.The combination of these synthetic indicators makes it possible to visualize and analyze the sustainability of the territory studied and to deduce the appropriate measures to implement in order to ensure asustainable development policy. It is thus a question of putting in perspective the methodology and the results obtained in a global vision, seeking to establish by the balance between the three spheres a harmony which makes it possible to satisfy the objectives of a policy guided by the imperatives related to the sustainable development concept inherited from the Brundtland report. A critical approach to this concept and an analysis of the games of actors of a territory are conducted here in order to implement the scientific research work within a decision process. The challenge is to enable results of research work based on modeling tools to be able to find a more concrete and more operational outcom

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De, Los Ríos Sebastián. "La pax extractiva y el conflicto socioambiental en Colombia." Conexión, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114682.

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The government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) have signed agreements heralding an era of “peace” for the country. While the end of the confrontation brings many opportunities, it also poses numerous challenges. This article argues that the most significant of these challenges is the potential for the conflict to merely transform into a socio-environmental conflict. Indeed, the mere signing of the peace agreements does not constitute a guarantee to prevent the escalation of conflict in some regions. To prevent this, the dynamics of dialogue and consensus evidenced in the negotiations that took place in Havana must be replicated at a local level in the territories that once were dominated by the FARC. Improved security conditions deriving from the ceasefire have shown propitious for the development of extractive activities in territories previously ridden by armed conflict. But while the dynamism of the mining and energy sector provides significant opportunity for economic development, it has coincided with the intensification of socio-environmental conflict in several regions of the country. If the government does not address these rising conflicts between multi-nationals and local populations, what is now fertile ground for peacebuilding could prove to be the beginning of a new form of long-lasting violent conflict. El gobierno de Colombia y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) han suscrito los acuerdos que presagian una era de “paz” para el país. Si bien el fin del enfrentamiento armado trae consigo muchas oportunidades, plantea a su vez muchos retos. La firma de los acuerdos de paz no constituye una garantía para evitar la intensificación del conflicto en algunas regiones. Las dinámicas de diálogo y concertación de las mesas de negociación de La Habana deben replicarse en los territorios que otrora fueron dominados por las FARC si no se quiere incrementar el conflicto, particularmente el socioambiental. El mejoramiento de las condiciones de seguridad que derivan del cese al fuego entre ambos bandos se ha mostrado propicio para el desarrollo de actividades extractivas en territorios donde hasta hace poco estuvieron vedadas. El reciente dinamismo del sector minero energético coincide con el escalamiento del conflicto socioambiental en numerosos territorios del país. Ante esta situación, la promoción del desarrollo por el Estado colombiano constituye un complejo desafío en el contexto de construcción de la paz.

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Kim, Kyung Sook. "L'invention de l'environnement en Corée : mobilisation sociale et régulation autour de l'aménagement du territoire à Saemankum." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG005/document.

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Saemankum en tant que milieu naturel aux multiples et riches ressources constitue un espace rural que le gouvernement décide d’aménager et d’urbaniser au début des années 1990. La mise en œuvre de cette politique d’aménagement du territoire a entrainé des mutations de l’environnement social et engendré un conflit entre partisans et adversaires du projet face à la question du mode de développement local le plus adapté. Les enjeux écoterritoriaux peuvent être analysés comme un jeu d’interactions entre l’action publique et l’espace pratique de la pêche. Ceci s’inscrivant dans le cadre d’un rapport de forces. Il s’agit essentiellement ici de décrire la compatibilité entre les rationalités à l’œuvre dans ce projet, en prenant en compte d’une part la territorialisation des pratiques environnementales, d’autre part les objectifs politiques et de croissance des acteurs concernés. Comment l’idée d’une gouvernance démocratique a-t-elle émergé ? À quel point le modèle du développement durable s’est-il imposé comme un élément unificateur dans la régulation des usages des zones littorales ? Cette recherche se définit comme une étude du rapport social au système territorial tel qu’on a pu le voir dans le jeu des acteurs, à travers l’évolution générale récente de l’administration du pays Saemankum as a natural environment is a rural area with many rich resource that the government decided to develop and urbanize in the early 1990s. The implementation of this land policy has led to changes in the social environment and created a conflict between supporters and opponents of the project facing the question of which local mode of development would be most suitable. Eco-territorial issues can be analyzed as a set of interactions between public policy and the practice of fishing area. This is in the context of a power relationship. That means to describe the compatibility between rationality at work in this project, taking into account both the regionalization of environmental practices, on the other hand, political and growth objectives of stakeholders. How the idea of democratic governance was born? In which way the model of a sustainable development has emerged as a unifying element in the regulation of coastal areas uses? In short, this research is defined as a study of the social relations within the territorial system as we have seen in the actors’ strategies through the recent developments in the administration of the country

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Almeida, Guadalupe Maria Jungers Abib de. "O papel dos municípios na regulação jurídica da expansão urbana na zona costeira: limites e possibilidades." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6230.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guadalupe Maria Jungers Abib de Almeida.pdf: 2532093 bytes, checksum: 07ffe0330ff40ca62d9318dbd86fad3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of the City have improved the development and urban expansion policies establishment, but only the issue of the Federal Law No. 12.608, of April 10, 2012, introduced standards directly related to the process of urban expansion and the role of municipalities in the respective legal regulation. The current legal landscape has important consequences in the Brazilian municipalities located in the coastal zone. In the last decades these regions, especially the northern coast of São Paulo State, have subjected to land use conflicts and economic pressures that led to a chaotic urbanization. Indeed, the region still facing geographical, environmental and legal barriers when considering the processes of urban expansion planning, as it comprises areas especially protected by federal and state legislation (the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, State Park Serra do Mar and the Atlantic Forest Law), as well as it undergoes the Coastal Ecological Economic Zoning, established by the Union and by Member State. The present work was conduced by employing an integrated approach which considers the legal standards related to coastal zone, derived from the legislative powers exerted by the different instances and their reflexes in the municipalities competences for the regulation of legal policy towards urban expansion, also linked with data and correlated aspects of the North Coast of São Paulo State. By adopting the referred method, we approached the following aspects: a) From the analysis of the possible conflicts arising from the application of regulatory rules issued by the Union and the Member State, overlapping or opposing the municipal master plan, we proposed some measures to ensure legal federal cooperation and minimize these potential incompatibilities; b) by analyzing the standards and guidelines of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and of the City Statute, in particular the legal rules introduced by Federal Law No. 12.608/2012, we exposed the minimum content required by municipal urban expansion policies, as well as outlined the role of the master plan and traced the outlines of the legislative competence for the municipalities A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Cidade avançaram na disciplina da política de desenvolvimento e expansão urbana, mas apenas com a edição da recente Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10 de abril de 2012, foram introduzidas normas diretamente associadas ao processo de expansão urbana e ao papel dos Municípios na respectiva regulação jurídica. Este atual panorama jurídico tem reflexos importantes nos Municípios abrangidos pela zona costeira brasileira. Nas últimas décadas estes territórios, especialmente o Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, têm sido submetidos a conflitos de uso e a pressões econômicas que geraram uma urbanização desordenada. A análise da realidade aponta que esta região encontra entraves de natureza geográfica, ambiental e jurídica para a delimitação de áreas de expansão urbana, pois nela se localizam espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos pela legislação federal e estadual (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e Lei da Mata Atlântica) e, ainda, submete-se ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro estabelecido pela União e pelo Estado-Membro. A análise empreendida propõe a abordagem integrada das normas jurídicas de ordenamento territorial incidentes na zona costeira, advindas das competências legislativas exercidas pelos três entes federativos e seus reflexos na competência dos Municípios para a regulação jurídica da política de expansão urbana, sempre relacionando os aspectos e dados da realidade do Litoral Norte paulista. Adotado o método analítico e propositivo, enfrentamos as seguintes questões: a) A partir da análise dos possíveis conflitos normativos decorrentes da aplicação das normas editadas pela União e Estado-Membro, sobrepostas ou contrapostas ao plano diretor municipal, propusemos alguns caminhos que assegurem a cooperação federativa e minimizem estes potenciais desajustes; b) E partindo da análise da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas e diretrizes do Estatuto da Cidade, em especial as regras legais introduzidas pela Lei Federal nº 12.608/2012, expusemos os conteúdos mínimos necessários para a disciplina da política municipal de expansão urbana, delineamos o papel do plano diretor e traçamos os contornos da Competência legislativa dos Municípios

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Alvarez, Ivan André. "Qualidade do espaço verde urbano: uma proposta de índice de avaliação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-22102004-165714/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor, entre os índices já existentes, um índice que avalie a qualidade da cobertura vegetal em relação à sua função ecológica, no meio urbano. Para a composição deste índice, compararam-se os métodos de amostragem aleatória simples e de amostragem estratificada de inventários da arborização de calçadas com o censo, com a finalidade de se escolher o melhor método de levantamento quali-quantitativo para árvores de calçada. Determinou-se o número de árvores por quilômetro, número total de árvores, Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (IDS) para árvores de calçada. Foram calculados o Índice de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (IELUP), a Porcentagem de Espaços Livres de Uso Público (PELUP), o Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas Urbanas (ICVAU) e o Índice de Verde por Habitante (IVH). Foram utilizadas planta baixa digital, fotografia aérea e videografia para mensurar as áreas ocupadas pela vegetação. A unidade de paisagem escolhida para estudo foi o bairro Santa Cecília em Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2000 a 2003. O levantamento amostral qualitativo das árvores de calçada foi feito por amostragem aleatória simples, escolhido, no trabalho, como o melhor método para inventariar árvores de rua. Considerando o ano de 2003, para a proposição do índice, os resultados obtidos foram: a) o IELUP variou de 11,42 a 41,62m2/hab (videografia); b) o PELUP variou de 1,52% a 2,89%; c) o ICVAU foi de 25,76m2 (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 16,48 m2 (cobertura arbórea); d) o IVH foi de 101,96m2/hab (forração + cobertura arbórea) e de 65,21m2/hab (cobertura arbórea). Para a avaliação de espaços verdes urbanos foi feita discussão em função de obter-se um chamado Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano (IQEVU), particularizado para a função ecológica, então denominado Índice de Qualidade do Espaço Verde Urbano com Função Ecológica (IQEVUe). Os parâmetros para avaliação deste último índice foram: sombreamento, para árvores de calçadas; hidrologia, fixação de Carbono e influência de temperatura, para todos os espaços verdes. O IQEVUe mostrou-se adequado e coerente para mensurar os benefícios da vegetação em áreas urbanas, fornecendo subsídios para o planejamento e o manejo de cidades. The aim of this work was to propose a new index, amongst other already known, that evaluates the quality of green coverage in relation to its ecological role in urban environment. To elaborate this index, simple random and stratified random sampling were compared with the census, in order to assess the best qualitative and quantitative method to do the tree inventory. A survey of sidewalk arborisation, as well as trees per kilometre, total number of trees and the Shannon Diversity Index (IDS) of sidewalk trees were evaluated. Amongst the studied indexes were the Index of Open Spaces for Public Use (IELUP), Percentage of Open Spaces for Public Use (PELUP), Index of Green Coverage for Urban Areas (ICVAU) and Index of Green per Inhabitant (IVH), by means of digital plan, aerial photography and videography for the areas covered by vegetation measurement. Santa Cecilia District in Piracicaba City, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was the object of study from 2000 to 2003. The qualitative sampling survey of trees was carried out by simple random sampling, as found to be the most adequate to survey sidewalk trees. Data obtained for 2003, the year chosen to propose the new index, were: a) IELUP varied from 11.42 to 41.62m2/inhab, using videography; b) PELUP varied from 1.52% to 2.89%; c) ICVAU was 25.76m2 (coverage + tree canopy) and 16.48m2 ( tree canopy ); d) IVH consisted of 101.96m2/hab (coverage + tree canopy) and 65.21m2/inhab (tree canopy). The index for the evaluation of green spaces, so named Index for Quality of Green Urban Space (IQEVU) was one of the subsidies to study and propose the Index for Quality of Green Urban Space with Ecological Role (IQEVUe). The parameters for evaluation of such index were the shading from sidewalk trees; hydrology, Carbon sequestration and temperature influence for all green space. In this study, the proposed IQEVUe seems to be adequate and coherent as an evaluation method for the benefits of urban vegetation, providing subsidies for the planning and management of cities.

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Гончаров, В. Є. "Сублокальний геологічний прогноз нафтогазоперспективних об'єктів (на прикладі Талалаївського виступу Дніпровсько-Донецької западини)". Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2006. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4098.

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У дисертаційній роботі на основі дослідження методології і методів проведення геологічних досліджень та використання наявного найдетальнішого "сублокального рівня контролю нафтогазоносності" розроблено відповідний йому рівень геологічного прогнозу нафтогазоперспективних об'єктів. Визначені і деталізовані сучасні та запропоновані нові принципи виявлення нафтогазоперспективних об'єктів сублокального рівня - пасток ВВ. Розроблені принципи побудови візуальних фреймів за допомогою елементів ГІС для створення системних уявлень про геологічні об'єкти. На основі інтеграції тектонічних, літологічних і геоморфологічних досліджень розроблено комплекс геологічних досліджень придатний для прогнозу й картування таких об'єктів. Запропоновано використання розробленого комплексу на всіх етапах і стадіях проведення ГРР. На основі проведення сублокального геологічного прогнозу на площі Талалаївського виступу ДДЗ виявлено 17 перспективних об'єктів різноманітного типу в карбонатній і теригенній частинах розрізу, видано конкретні пропозиції на буріння пошукових і розвідувальних свердловин. В диссертационной работе на основе методологии геологических исследований, выделения "сублокального уровня контроля нефтегазоносности" (В.Е.Хаин, 1986 г.) и сублокального прогноза нефтегазоносности (Л.А.Буря-ковский и др., 1990 г.) определён уровень геологического прогноза в системе существующих прогнозов нефтегазоносности недр. Разработаны принципы проведения сублокального прогноза нефтегазоперспективных объектов. Обоснована необходимость и уровень использования существующих методов тектонических, литологических и геоморфологических исследований для прогноза объектов сублокального уровня - ловушек УВ. Предложен к использованию комплекс геологических исследований, включающий оценку, детализацию и интеграцию существующих направлений геологических исследований (структурное картирование, палеотектонические методы, зональный и локальный прогнозы нефтегазоносности) и новых принципов прогноза нефтегазоперспективных объектов сублокального уровня. К новым принципам, разработанным диссертантом, относятся: - ранжирование и выделение изученных частей перспективных территорий и объектов на основе равнозначных горизонтальной и вертикальной структурных составляющих характеристик их геологического строения; - прогноз новых объектов сублокального уровня с помощью отличительных точек; - модельный прогноз новых объектов сублокального уровня в пределах резервуара; - построения карт визуальных фреймов с целью создания системных представлений о геологическом строении многоуровневых геологических объектов. Впервые обоснованы принципы и построен визуальный фрейм изученной части визейских карбонатных отложений Талалаевского выступа Днепровско-Донецкой впадины. Предложено введение в официальные документы и использование разработанного комплекса прогнозных геологических исследований на всех этапах и стадиях проведения ГРР. На территориях с высокой степенью изучения недр решение о бурении поисковых и разведочных скважин предлагается принимать на основании использования геологических моделей визуальных фреймов объектов исследования. Проведенный сублокальный прогноз нефтегазоперспективных объектов на площади Талалаевского выступа Днепровско-Донецкой впадины позволил выделить 17 перспективных объектов разнообразного типа в карбонатной и терригенной частях разреза и выдать конкретные предложения о бурении поисковых и разведочных скважин. The level of petroliferous objects geological forecast on the basis of geological searches methodology and methods and use of detailed "sublocal level petroliferous control" elaborated. The modern and offering new principles of revealing sublocal level petroleum potential objects - НС-traps determined and detailed. The principles of visual frames construct elaborated by means of exploration geophysics elements for system ideas about geological objects creation. On the basis of tectonical, lithological and geomorphological investigations integration worked out the complex of geological searches which suitable for such objects predict and mapping. The use of elaborating complex at all stages of explorations works offered. By means of petroliferous objects sublocal forecast at DDD's Talalayevsky ledge distinguished 17 various type perspective objects in carbonaceous and terrigenous parts of section and gave propositions for wildcats and exploration wells drilling.

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Pezoa, Fuentes Claudia Andrea. "Elementos competitivos en base a la eficiencia colectiva de las empresas pertenecientes a un cluster emergente: el cluster minero de antofagasta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8823.

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La tesis analiza el impacto de los factores determinantes de la competitividad empresarial (sectoriales, empresariales y, sobre todo, sistémicos) en un cluster emergente. El énfasis en los factores sistémicos se deriva de que son los que se vinculan directamente con las ventajas que proporciona la ubicación geográfica. Así, se desarrolla un marco de análisis a partir del concepto de eficiencia colectiva, en el cual tanto los factores económicos ligados al territorio (economías externas) como los factores socioculturales vinculados a la comunidad (acciones conjuntas) se relacionan con el desempeño y resultados empresariales, su capacidad para competir y su capacidad innovadora. Las hipótesis planteadas se comprueban para una muestra representativa de empresas del cluster minero de Antofagasta (Chile), de cuyo estudio empírico se desprende que las economías externas dinámicas son las que presentan un efecto significativo, por encima de las estáticas y de las acciones conjuntas. This thesis analyzes the impact of the determinants of corporate competitiveness (sectoral, business and, especially, systemic) on an emerging cluster. Emphasis has been placed on the systemic factors, because they are directly associated with the advantages provided by the geographical location of the firms. Thus, an analytic framework has been developed based on the concept of collective efficiency. In this framework, both economic factors related to the territory (external economies) and socio-cultural factors linked to the community (joint actions) are associated to the firms' performance, competitiveness and innovative capacity. To test the hypotheses formed, fieldwork was carried out using a representative sample of companies in the mining cluster in Antofagasta (Chile). Results show that dynamic external economies have a significant effect, above the static and joint actions.

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Torres, Sthefane Mara [UNESP]. "As Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas: interesses brasileiros versus interesses norte-americanos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96017.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 torres_sm_me_mar.pdf: 1290937 bytes, checksum: 4031a265cd6309189f7c98bdddfbb221 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view

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Torres, Sthefane Mara. "As Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas : interesses brasileiros versus interesses norte-americanos /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96017.

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Orientador: Héctor Luís Saint Pierre Banca: Eduardo Mei Banca: Samuel Alves Soares O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira Abstract: This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view Mestre

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Sandulache, Cornelia Elena. "Comment appréhender les nouvelles formes d’organisation du travail au service de l’innovation collaborative dans le cadre des territoires inscrits dans une démarche de stratégie intelligente ? - Cas des tiers - lieux collaboratifs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0006/document.

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Alors que la littérature scientifique décrète que l’innovation collaborative n’est pas une nouveauté, les définitions sont souvent contradictoires et sa mise en œuvre reste énigmatique. Par conséquent, cette thèse en sciences de gestion a souhaité apporter des clarifications et des premiers éléments de réponse à travers la problématique centrale suivante : " Comment appréhender les nouvelles formes d’organisation du travail au service de l’innovation collaborative dans le cadre des territoires inscrits dans une démarche de stratégie intelligente ? Le cas des espaces de coworking ". Plusieurs objectifs en ont découlé : 1. Analyser la dimension collaborative de l’organisation du travail afin de déceler son potentiel novateur ; 2. Identifier les processus de gestion qui favorisent l’innovation collaborative en utilisant le cas des espaces de coworking ; 3. Conjuguer ces processus au niveau d’un territoire afin de pouvoir proposer un modèle de gestion intégratif capable de démultiplier le potentiel d’innovation collaborative. La thèse s’est, donc, articulée autour de trois niveaux d’analyse : conceptuel, conjoncturel et territorial. La recherche empirique s’est concentrée sur plusieurs études de cas : 11 espaces de coworking en France et 6 espaces de coworking aux États-Unis. La triangulation des données à partir des entretiens semi-directifs, de l’analyse documentaire et de l’observation empirique a contribué à une meilleure qualité des résultats obtenus. L’analyse conceptuelle nous a permis de clarifier la notion de « nouveauté » associée aux nouvelles formes d’organisation de travail, ainsi que leur potentiel novateur, afin de pouvoir esquisser la grille d’analyse de l’innovation collaborative, le schéma conceptuel de la thèse. Le niveau conjoncturel de l’analyse propose, donc, un schéma conceptuel enrichi intégrant les éléments du terrain. Enfin, l’analyse territoriale a donné lieu à un modèle intégratif de gestion territoriale de l’innovation collaborative. Ces résultats visent, d’un côté, la prise de conscience de nouveaux enjeux associés au concept de travail collaboratif et son potentiel, notamment l’innovation collaborative ; et de l’autre, la prise de conscience de l’importance de l’espace et des trois types de communication - communication pour coordination, communication pour information, communication pour inspiration - dans la gestion de l’innovation collaborative afin d’envisager de nouvelles politiques (publiques) de gestion de l’innovation collaborative (territoriale) While the scientific literature concludes that collaborative innovation is not a new concept, definitions are often contradictory and its implementation remains enigmatic. Therefore, this thesis in management aimed to address the issue by stating its main question as follows: "How do we capitalize on the new forms of work organization targeting collaborative innovation in regions supporting smart specialization strategies? The case of coworking spaces". As a consequence, the following research objectives have been formulated: 1. To analyze the collaborative dimension of the organization of work in order to detect its innovative potential; 2. To identify management processes that foster collaborative innovation using the case of coworking spaces; 3. To conjugate these processes at the level of a territory in order to propose an integrative management model capable of enhancing the potential of collaborative innovation. The thesis was articulated around three levels of analysis: conceptual, conjunctural and territorial. Empirical research has focused on several case studies: 11 coworking spaces in France and 6 coworking spaces in the United States. The triangulation of the data from semi - structured interviews, documentary analysis and empirical observation helped produce quality results. The conceptual analysis permitted to clarify the notion of "novelty" associated with the new forms of work organization, as well as their innovative potential; thus, this level of analysis aimed to outline the collaborative innovation analysis grid, the conceptual schema of the thesis. The conjunctural level of the analysis proposed an enriched conceptual diagram by integrating the elements of the fieldwork. Finally, the territorial analysis provided an integrative model of the territorial management of collaborative innovation. On the one hand, these results are meant to raise awareness of the new implications of collaborative work and its potential, particularly collaborative innovation; on the other hand, they emphasize the importance of space and the importance of the three types of communication - communication for coordination, communication for information, and communication for inspiration - in the management of collaborative innovation. Thus, they underline multiple opportunities to define new (public) policies for the management of (territorial) collaborative innovation

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Bachar, Keira. "L'intégration des dimensions environnementales et sociales dans les pratiques urbaines en Algérie : enjeux et perspectives." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA3002/document.

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En Algérie, depuis 2001, la notion de développement durable devient l'un des référentiels essentiel des nouvelles orientations politiques et du cadre législatif. de nombreux projets d'amélioration urbaine, d'habitat et d'équipements, ainsi que de grands projets structurants sont lancés, semblant prouver que la volonté des pouvoirs publics d'améliorer les conditions de vie des citoyens est bien réelle.cependant, la question reste posée quant à la pertinence et la cohérence des choix, particulièrement en matière d'aménagement urbain et de gestion du cadre bâti, avec la mise en pratique des objectifs du développement durable qui passe par une prise en compte non seulement de la dimension économique, mais également des dimensions environnementale et sociale.ce projet propose de mettre en lumière les conditions d'élaboration et de production des aménagements urbains en Algérie, en particulier, à travers deux axes de recherche:-le premier porte sur l'harmonisation entre les milieux urbain et naturel, en analysant la ville à partir de sa situation écologique, angle de compréhension et d'étude peu exploré, pouvant offrir des possibilités d'innovation et d'amélioration en matière de développement urbain.-le second préconise la recherche de processus d'habitat et d'aménagement incluant une vision plus large de la signification du terme social, qui dépasserait le modèle standard d''habitat pour catégories sociales démunies pour s'orienter vers un concept améliorant la prise en compte des aspirations et des spécificités sociales des populations, en promouvant des notions telles que bien-être, qualité de l'espace vécu, satisfaction résidentielle Since 2001, the notion of sustainable development becomes one of the essential reference table in new political orientations and legislative framework in Algeria. Many urban improvement projects, housing and equipments, as well as important projects are launched, seeming to prove that the will of public authorities to improve living conditions of citizens isreal. However, the question remains as to the relevance and the coherence of choices, particulary regarding urban planning and built frame management, with the objectives of sustainable development witch taking into account not only the economic dimension, but also environmental and social ones. This work proposes, based on the observation of three cities contexts representing the three major geographical areas of the country (the coast, the highlands and the Sahara) to highlight the conditions of elaboration and production of urban planning in Algeria, particularly through two research areas: - The first one concerns harmonization between urban and natural environments, by analyzing the citie from its ecological situation, angle of understanding and study not really explored, which could provide opportunities for innovation and improvement in urban development. – The second one advocates research of housing and urban planning process including broader view ofmeaning for the term social, which can overtake standard model of housing for deprived social group, and move towards a concept improving the recognition of aspirations and social specifities of populations by promoting notions such as well-being, quality of lived spaces, or residential satisfaction

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forest territories'

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