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Wright, Harry Charles, Duncan Drummond Cameron, and Anthony John Ryan. "Rational Design of a Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235111.
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Polyurethane (PU) foams are exceptionally versatile due to the nature of PU bond formation and the large variety of polymeric backbones and formulation components such as catalysts and surfactants. This versatility introduces a challenge, namely a near unlimited number of variables for formulating foams. In addition to this, PU foam development requires expert knowledge, not only in polyurethane chemistry but also in the art of evaluating the resulting foams. In this work, we demonstrate that a rational experimental design framework in conjunction with a design of experiments (DoE) approach reduces both the number of experiments required to understand the formulation space and reduces the need for tacit knowledge from a PU expert. We focus on an in-depth example where a catalyst and two surfactants of a known formulation are set as factors and foam physical properties are set as responses. An iterative DoE approach is used to generate a set of foams with substantially different cell morphology and hydrodynamic behaviour. We demonstrate that with 23 screening formulations and 16 final formulations, foam physical properties can be modelled from catalyst and surfactant loadings. This approach also allows for the exploration of relationships between the cell morphology of PU foam and its hydrodynamic behaviour.
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Lane, M. E., J. Hadgraft, G. Oliveira, R. Vieira, D. Mohammed, and K. Hirata. "Rational formulation design." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 34, no. 6 (2012): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00747.x.
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Lopalco, Antonio, and Nunzio Denora. "Paediatric Formulation: Design and Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (2020): 7118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197118.
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The development of medicines designed for children can be challenging since this distinct patient population requires specific needs. A formulation designed for paediatric patients must consider the following aspects: patient population variability; dose flexibility; route of administration; patient compliance; drug and excipient tolerability. The purpose of this Special Issue entitled “Paediatric Formulation: Design and Development” is to provide an update on both state-of-the-art methodology and operational challenges in the design and development of paediatric formulations. It aims at re-evaluating what is needed for more progress in the design and development of age-appropriate treatments for paediatric diseases, focusing on: formulation development; drug delivery design; efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs and excipients. This editorial, briefly, summarizes the objects of nine original research and review papers published in this Special Issue.
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Manish Wani, Akshay Baheti, Satish Polshettiwar, Tanaji Nandgude, Aarti Shastri, and Yogita Ozarde. "Design and Evaluation of Flurbiprofen Micro-Emulsion Based Gel." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 7293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3868.
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Flurbiprofen via oral route has many side effects. Many inflammatory infections occur locally and close to the body's surface, so topical application of flurbiprofen is advantageous. Still, intact skin acts as a barrier and hampers skin penetration of the drug. Present objective of this work was to reduce the adverse effect of flurbiprofen and increase its bioavailability by formulating Flurbiprofen microemulsion based gel, evaluating it for its Physico-chemical properties and then finally conducting its in-vitro and animal studies to determine its efficiency. Arachis oil was selected as an oil phase as flurbiprofen showed maximum solubility in it. Microemulsion formulations (A1 to A9) were prepared by varying the qty of tween 80 (as a surfactant) and propylene glycol (as co-surfactant). Microemulsions which were found to give satisfactory results w.r.t microemulsion formation (F1 to F5) were converted to microemulsion gel using Carbopol 934 as gel base. The ability of different microemulsions to penetrate flurbiprofen through the skin was in-vitro evaluated. All the formulations were evaluated for their quantity of drug present in the formulation, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, in vitro diffusion study. Formula F4, which showed good Physico-chemical properties, was subjected to anti-inflammatory study. Results showed that pH, spreadability, viscosity and amount of active ingredient present in formulations were in an acceptable limit. The standard calibration curve for flurbiprofen depicts the linear association between concentration and absorbance. The formulation F4 has the highest % release, 90.54% also showed a higher % inhibition of paw oedema after 4 hrs than marketed formulation.
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Nandhini, J., and AN Rajalakshmi. "Formulation development of methylprednisolone dispersible tablets using quality by design approach." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (2019): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2328.
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The objective of this study was to enhance the solubility of Methylprednisolone by choosing micronized form of drug and to enhance patient compliance by formulating it as dispersible tablets using quality by design (QbD) approach. Dispersible tablets of Methylprednisolone were developed by 23 factorial design. In this study independent variables were concentrations of MCC 102, CCS and Magnesium stearate and dependent variables were disintegration time, hardness and dissolution. The resulting data was fitted into Design Expert Software (Trial Version) and analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The response surface plots were generated to determine the influence of concentration of MCC 102, CCS and magnesium stearate on responses. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method by choosing micronized form of drug and formulations were evaluated for the standard of dispersible tablets. Results showed that no significant drug-polymer interactions in FTIR studies. According to QbD suggestion the formulation O1 (Desirability- 0.73) with MCC-38mg, CCS-3.5mg and magnesium stearate-2.5mg was formulated and evaluated. The disintegration time was found to be 69 seconds, hardness was found to be 64N and in vitro dissolution with in 30minutes. Optimized O1 formulation was within the limits of standards of dispersible tablets with increased water solubility and better patient compliance. Stability study on optimized O1 formulation showed that there is no significant changes during study period. Thus, O1 formulation was found to be stable. The study indicates that formulation of Methylprednisolone dispersible tablets by using QbD approach is a promising formulation development method.
 Keywords: Dispersible tablets, Methylprednisolone, Direct compression, Quality by Design and ANOVA.
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Kraisit, Pakorn, and Narong Sarisuta. "Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using the Box-Behnken Design." Key Engineering Materials 901 (October 8, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.137.
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This study aimed to prepare diclofenac sodium (DCF)–loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) (DCF-loaded NLCs) for optimizing the NLCs by using the Box-Behnken design. A hot emulsification method using an ultrasonic probe was employed to prepare DCF-loaded NLCs. The active ingredient, solid lipid, oil, and emulsifier were DCF, glyceryl monostearate (GMS) (X1), oleic acid (X2), and polysorbate 80 (X3), respectively. The DCF-loaded NLCs had particle sizes of 69.29–187.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.216–0.516, indicating a relatively narrow size distribution. The zeta potential of all formulations revealed the negative charge and ranged between -26.0 and -42.13 mV. The percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) was 92.71%–104.21%. The responses of all model formulations were created and the optimized formulation was selected by Design-Expert® software. The optimal formulation was composed of 2 g GMS, 0.926 g oleic acid, and 2.724 g polysorbate 80. The particle size and PDI experimental values with the optimal formulation did not differ from those predicted and were within the 95% CI. Therefore, the Box-Behnken design could be efficient in formulating and optimizing DCF-loaded NLCs.
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Das, Sudipta, Keya Sarkar, Baishali Ghosh, and Chandrima Saha. "Design, Formulation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Diethylamine Gel." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 8, no. 1 (2022): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v8i1.210.
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The goal of this study was to produce a topical gel formulation of Diclofenac diethylamine using various gelling agents, such as carbopol 934, Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose, and alovera extract, to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects associated with oral administration. Topical medication administration can be accomplished by integrating into the gel matrix, preventing first-pass metabolism and allowing for greater local action in anti-inflammatory and analgesic purpose. The gel formulations were tested for homogeneity, grittiness, viscosity, pH, spreadability, drug content, in vitro drug release and release kinetics. The effects of polymer composition on the rate of drug release from the gel formulations were examined through dialysis membrane at 37º ± 0.5ºC. The gel formulation consisting of alovera extract (F3) was found to be suitable for topical application based on in vitro evaluation. These results suggest the feasibility of the topical gel formulation of Diclofenac diethylamine.
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Husain, Tahir. "Hydrologic Network Design Formulation." Canadian Water Resources Journal 12, no. 1 (1987): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj1201044.
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Goldfarb, Heidi B. "Experimental Design for Formulation." Technometrics 48, no. 2 (2006): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/tech.2006.s380.
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Roy, Harekrishna, Sisir Nandi, Ungarala Pavani, Uppuluri Lakshmi, Tamma Saicharan Reddy, and Damarla Venkata Sri Gayatri. "Optimization and Quality by Design Approach for Piroxicam Fast Dissolving Tablet Formulations Using Box-Behnken Design." Current Drug Therapy 15, no. 2 (2020): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190409102614.
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Background: The present study deals with the formulation and optimization of piroxicam fast dissolving tablets and analyzes the impact of an independent variable while selecting the optimized formulation utilizing Quality by Design (QbD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Methods: Seventeen formulations were prepared by direct compression technique by altering the proportion of cross carmellose sodium, spray dried lactose and hydro propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M). The BBD statistical technique was used to optimize formulations and correlate the relationship among all the variables. Also, the powder mixture characteristics and tablet physiochemical properties such as hardness, friability, drug content, Disintegration Time (DT) and dissolution test were determined using 900 ml of 0.1N HCl (pH-1.2) at 37 ± 0.5°C. Results: Significant quadratic model and second order polynomial equations were established using BBD. To find out the relationship between variables and responses, 3D response surface and 2D contour plot was plotted. A perturbation graph was also plotted to identify the deviation of the variables from the mean point. An optimized formula was prepared based on the predicted response and the resulting responses were observed to be close with the predicted value. Conclusion: The optimized formulation with the desired parameter and formulation with variables and responses can be obtained by BBD and could be used in the large experiment with the involvement of a large number of variables and responses.
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Kim, Song-Kyoo (Amang). "Advanced Mathematical Business Strategy Formulation Design." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (2020): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101642.
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This paper deals with the explicit design of strategy formulations to make the best strategic choices from a conventional matrix form of representing strategic choices. The explicit strategy formulation is an analytical model that is targeted to provide a mathematical strategy framework to find the best moment for strategy shifting to prepare rapid market changes. This theoretical model could be adapted into practically any strategic decision making situation when a strategic formulation is described as a matrix form with quantitative measured decision parameters. Analytically tractable results are obtained by using the fluctuation theory and these results are able to predict the best moments for changing strategies in a matrix form. This research can help strategy decision makers who want to find the optimal moments of shifting present strategies.
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Aslani, Abolfazl, and Shekofeh Karbasizadeh Esfahani. "Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Clotrimazole Chewing Gum." Galen Medical Journal 10 (December 20, 2021): e1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v10i0.1084.
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Background: Oral candidiasis is widespread in the patients with immunodeficiency diseases. Chewing gums are considered as mobile drug delivery systems that affected locally or systemically via the oral cavity. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the formulation of clotrimazole chewing gums for patients having oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: Fourteen formulations (F) were designed by Design-Expert, version 7. These formulations were different in the amount of gum bases and sweeteners. Gum bases of elvasti, 487, stick, and fruit C were heated up to 70°C. Clotrimazole powder, sugar, liquid glucose, glycerin, mannitol, xylitol, and maltitol as well as different flavoring agents were added to the gum bases at 40°C. Content and weight uniformity, organoleptic properties evaluation, releasing the active ingredient in the phosphate buffer pH, 6.8, and taste evaluation were analyzed by Latin square analysis. Also, the mechanical test was done on F13 and F14 formulations. Results: F14 was the best formulation in terms of organoleptic properties. This formulation had suitable size, hardness, softness, and lack of adhesion to teeth. F14 formulation released 89% and 97% of clotrimazole after 30 and 45 minutes, respectively. F14 content uniformity and weight variations were 9.83±0.086 mg and 1.14±0.09 g, respectively. F14 evaluation of mechanical properties showed Young’s modulus about 0.32 MPa, and yield point occurred at the stress of 0.599 MPa and strain of 4.1%. Conclusion: F14 was chosen according to its physicochemical and organoleptic properties. F14 had adequate hardness, lack of adhesion to the teeth, suitable size, and best drug release. Tutti Frutti was a proper flavoring agent for clotrimazole gum formulations.[GMJ.2021;10:e1084]
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Reis, Suelen Da Silva, Valdemir Da Silva Quintanilha Junior, Gabriella Da Silva Boto, et al. "Use of Box–Behnken design for optimization of compounded medication: acyclovir capsules report." Drug Analytical Research 5, no. 1 (2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.113283.
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Campus compounding pharmacies play an important role in public health. Herpes simplex is one of the most common viral diseases in humans, which generates a great demand for acyclovir capsules in compounding pharmacy. It is well known that the formulation's components influence the effectiveness of the drug. The objective of this study is to show the applicability of Box-Behnken design in optimization of a compounded formulation and to evaluate the effect of excipients on dissolution and drug content in acyclovir 200 mg capsules produced at UFF´s University Pharmacy (FAU). The formulations were prepared and evaluated for average weight test, uniformity of dosage units and in vitro dissolution, while meeting pharmacopoeial specifications. A statistical analysis showed that sodium starch glycolate, Aerosil®, influences drug content and dissolution results. Magnesium stearate shows no influence on the dissolution at different concentrations but influences the assay results. A numerical optimization was applied to adjust the formulation variables based on the foresaid responses, accomplishing the best formulation that will be prepared and dispensed at FAU upon medical prescription.
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Kim. "Formulation and Evaluation of Railway Optimal Alignment Design Model." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 6 (2014): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.6.1851.
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Bakshi, Vasudha, Swapna S., Deepa Kumari Choudhary, Ch Revanth, B. Sai KumarCh. Praveen, and Ch Praveen. "Design and characterization of metoprolol floating matrix tablet." Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations 4, no. 2 (2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.18.
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Objective: The objective of the present research was to develop a matrix embedded floating tablet of Metoprolol for the sustained activity and prolongation of gastric residence time to improve the bioavailability of the drug. Metoprolol was chosen as a model drug because it is better absorbed in the stomach than the lower gastro intestinal tract.Methods: The experimental work was divided into pre-formulation studies, formulation development, and evaluation. Standardization of drug and excipients confirmed the authentication of the samples. Floating test were conducted for all formulations, In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in a dissolution testing apparatus-II, FTIR study was performed to interpret the drug ,excipient interaction.Results: Floating tests were also performed for 15 formulations and among them five formulations have passed the floating tests (F1, F3, F5, F7, and F14). The In-vitro release kinetics study of this tablet indicated sustained release for Metoprolol and followed zero order release and 95% drug in 8 h in vitro. The drug release profile of formulated product was compared with marketed product Metolar. The floating tablets extended the drug release up to 8 hours. The drug-polymer interaction was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Conclusions: F3 formulation showed the best floating results. The comparative study between F3 and Metolar (Marketed Product) showed the similar in vitro drug release profile. Thus, the optimzed formulation F-3 can be successfully used for the management of hypertension.
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Mashouf, Ghodsieh, Morteza Ebrahimi, and Saeed Bastani. "UV curable urethane acrylate coatings formulation: experimental design approach." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 2 (2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2012-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this work was to perform a systematic study on the effect of formulation on the physical and mechanical properties of ultaviolet (UV) curable urethane acrylate resins. In addition, the authors wanted to derive mathematical formula for the prediction of physical and mechanical properties for the aforementioned system. Design/methodology/approach – The experiments were carried out based on mixture experimental design to determine the effect of different multifunctional acrylates (i.e. 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), trimethyolpropane triactylate (TMPTA)) concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. The urethane oligomer was synthesized and characterized by the research team. Microhardness, adhesion strength and scratch resistance of the cured films were evaluated as the physical and mechanical properties. Findings – The results revealed that the resin and TMPTA concentrations had the most significant effects on the microhardness property. Adhesion strength of the films showed a linear trend with respect to all variables. Moreover, all components also had a significant and complex influence on the scratch resistance of the cured systems. In addition, mathematical equations proposed by mixture experimental design were derived for all the mentioned properties. Research limitations/implications – Other multifunctional acrylate monomers (i.e. more than three functional) can be used in the formulations. The kinetics of the curing can affect on the network formation and consequently on the properties of the cured films. Practical implications – The obtained results can be used by the researchers who are active in the field of structure-property relationship of polymers and surface coatings. The reported data and the mathematical equations can also be used for the formulating of an appropriate formulation based on a specific application. Originality/value – A systematic and statistical-based approach, i.e. mixture experimental design, was used to evaluate the effect of formulation on some of the properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. A urethane oligomer and three different multifunctional acrylate monomers as reactive diluents were used in the formulations. Noteworthy to mention that several mathematical models were derived by using analysis of variance for the prediction of the properties studied in this system.
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J, Ramesh Babu, Ramu A, Vidyadhara S, and Balakrishna T. "Design and Evaluation of Telmisartan SMEDDS for Enhancing Solubility and Dissolution Rate." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 12, no. 6 (2019): 4721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.6.8.
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Telmisartan belongs to a BCS class II drug i.e. low solubility and high permeability. It is an angiotensin II type-I receptor blocker essentially used for the treatment and curing of hypertension. The critical problem facing with telmisartan as it shows low solubility in biological fluids which results into less bioavailability after oral administration. The aim of the present work is to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate of telmisartan by formulating an optimal SMEDDS formulation. SMEDDS were prepared by admixing method using Peceol and Captex 200 as oil phases. Labrafil M2125 as surfactant and Transcutol and plurololeique as co-surfactants. Later they obtained liquid SMEDDS were converted in to free flowing powder using adsorbent like Aerosil 200. All the SMEDDS formulations were found to be stable and they were further evaluated for physical parameters such as phase separation, particle size and drug content. The formulation CT1 with oil to co-surfactant ratio 1:1 respectively showed highest rate of dissolution than the other ratios. The drug, excipients and optimized formulation were subjected to characterization studies such as FTIR and DSC studies shown that there were no interactions between drug and excipients used.
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Darna, Bhikshapathi, and Sujitha Katuri. "Design and Characterization of Ceritinib Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 13, no. 03 (2020): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2021.130316.
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Objective: The main objective of the current study was to develop ceritinib SNEDDS for the improvement of solubility, permeability, and drug release. Methods: Solubility of ceritinib was studied in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, and based on its maximum solubility, an oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were chosen (captex355, tergitol, and propylene glycol) and mixed in varying ratios, the ratios with no phase separation, maximum transmittance and clear in appearance were identified and used for plotting pseudo tertiary phase diagram. Fifteen selfnanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) formulations were selected from miscible regions of the pseudo ternary phase diagram subjected to thermodynamic stability testing. Formulations that passed stability testing were evaluated for % transmission, drug content, and in vitro drug release analysis. The final optimized formulation was analyzed for particle size, Z average, and zeta potential, followed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SEM analysis. Results: Formulation F13 with maximum drug release of 98.9% in 60 minutes higher than 48 % of the pure drug is considered the optimized formulation. The particle size, Z average, and zeta potential of the ceritinib SNEDDS formulation F13 were 144 nm, 132 nm, and -7.2 mV, respectively. The FTIR and SEM studies do not indicate any drug excipient interaction and confirm uniform drug distribution. The formulation subjected to accelerated stability study is proved to be stable over six months. Conclusion: The results indicate that ceritinib SNEDDS formulations can be designed to enhance the solubility of ceritinib and increase its absorption rate and drug release.
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Sunand, K., V. Sandhya, A. Swapna, K. Prasanth, A. Vijaya, and J. Geetha. "Formulation Design and in Vitro Evaluation of Oral Disintegrating Tablets of Selegiline." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH 2, no. 04 (2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21477/ijapsr.v2i04.9603.
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In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop fast disintegrating tablets of Selegiline, were as sodium starch glycolate, cross povidone and cross carmellose sodium were employed as super disintegrating agents to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of drug molecule. Formulations were prepared by direct compression method using 6mm punch on 8 station rotary tablet punching machine. The blend of all the formulations showed good flow properties such as angle of repose, bulk density and tapped density. The prepared tablets have shown good post compression parameters and they passed all the quality control evaluation parameters as per IP limits. Among all the formulations F2 formulation showed maximum percentage drug release i.e., 97.26 % in 45 min, hence it is considered as optimized formulation. The F2 formulation contains SSG as super disintegrate in the concentration of 24mg.
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Gadad, A., A. Patil, V. K. Sariki, P. Dandagi, and V. Masthiholimath. "DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE TIZANIDINE NANOPARTICLES FOR IMPROVED ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 03 (2016): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.03.10438.
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Tizanidine HCl is a drug with poor water solubility, oral bioavailability and high first pass metabolism. The present study aims at developing a nano formulation by nanoprecipitation method to improve the oral bioavailability. Five formulations (F1-F5) with different polymer ratios were prepare and optimized on the basis of entrapment efficiency. In vitro release kinetics of formulations shows extended release of drug over a period of 128 h. Optimized formulation F3 shows better stability and oral bioavailability 3.6 times more than pure drug.
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Leonardi, Luciano, Teresa M. Pique, Tomas Leizerow, et al. "Design and Assessment of a Lightweight Polymer Concrete Utility Manhole." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5234719.
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Polymer concrete is a composite using polymer instead of portland cement as a binder. It allows optimizing the tensile and cracking strength and the chemical resistance of a concrete structure. In this study, different formulations were assessed in order to optimize a polymer concrete underground utility manhole with minimum weight. Formulations were based on an epoxy-amine system mixed with fine regular-weight aggregates and ultralightweight aggregates. The objective was to design and assess an underground utility structure with the epoxy chemical resistance, strength, and lightweight and to study whether the replacement of regular-weight aggregates by ultralightweight aggregates would contribute to improve the strength and reduce the structure weight. Two polymer concrete systems were designed from its formulation, and their mechanical performance was evaluated experimentally. A numerical model was developed for a polymer concrete underground utility structure made from the different formulations. It was simplified as a box subjected to typical soil loads. The size of the box is a standard one. Its minimum wall thickness is specified for sustaining the in-use service pressures obtained from numerical simulation. The model predicted that the epoxy/regular-weight aggregate formulation could be used with a wall thickness significantly smaller than the formulation with ultralightweight aggregates. In addition, the underground utility structure made with this formulation would weigh six times less than the same box made with a traditional portland cement concrete.
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Sharma, Jai B., Vishal Sharma, Manish Kumar, and Shailendra Bhatt. "DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF SIMVASTATIN LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES USING FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN." Indian Drugs 59, no. 12 (2022): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.59.12.12795.
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In the present study solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of simvastatin were formulated using glyceryl monostearate and stearic acid in the ratio of 1:1 by applying 32 factorial design. The SLNs were optimized to check the effect of melted lipid and surfactant concentration on particle size and entrapment efficiency. A total of 12 formulations were prepared and characterization parameters were studied. The optimized formulation was selected by studying the interaction between the factors using polynomial equations and 3D response plots. Particle size and percentage entrapment efficiency of optimized formulation were found 185.7 nm and 82.53, respectively. A higher drug release was obtained which best fitted to first-order kinetics. Finally it was concluded that glyceryl monostearate and stearic acid in combination helps in improving the quality of simvastatin loaded SLNs.
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Rompicherla, Narayana Charyulu, Punam Joshi, Amitha Shetty, et al. "Design, Formulation, and Evaluation of Aloe vera Gel-Based Capsaicin Transemulgel for Osteoarthritis." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (2022): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091812.
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Topical treatments are a potential therapeutic option for the therapy of osteoarthritis, with significant data supporting the effectiveness and safety of topical formulation. Topical gel formulations may offer an alternative to oral formulations to relieve osteoarthritis (OA) pain while decreasing systemic exposure. Topical capsaicin transemulgel may represent an effective and safe alternative. The transemulgel was prepared from aqueous Aloe vera gel and Carbopol 934 with capsaicin in clove oil emulsion. The optimized transemulgel of capsaicin showed a pH of 6.1 ± 0.1 and viscosity of 15263–998 cps. Data from in vitro diffusion demonstrated improved permeability properties. The formulation caused no skin irritation when applied topically. The optimal transemulgel spreadability was found to be 20.23 g·cm/s. In vitro and ex vivo studies of the optimized formulation were performed. The skin irritant test was performed on rat skin with an optimized and marketed formulation. Both showed no irritation on the skin. The transemulgel of the capsaicin with Aloe vera gel was proven to be effective for osteoarthritis therapy.
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Saha, Tushar, Nusrat Ahmed, Ikramul Hasan, and Md Selim Reza. "Preparation, Characterization and Optimization of Mucoadhesive Domperidone Tablets by Box Behnken Design." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 1 (2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i1.47820.
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In pharmaceutical industry, statistically valid experimental design can be utilized to optimize data in order to provide an economic and effective formulation, which could overcome several product and process development problems. Domperidone is a BCS Class II drug and has wide range of use, but has very poor bioavailability when administered orally because of degradation in intestinal fluid. The present study was focused on formulation, evaluation and optimization of mucoadhesive tablets of domperidone using a four-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) so as to retain the prepared optimized formulation in gastric fluid for a prolong period of time in order to have better bioavailability and to get a sustained action. Physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations were determined according to the USP pharmacopeia official method and found satisfactory, except friability which was optimized to get the acceptable value. In-vitro dissolution study was performed for 8 hours for all the prepared formulations using USP II (paddle type) dissolution tester having 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) as dissolution medium. Obtained data was further analyzed by means of quadratic response surface models so as to find out an optimize formulation in terms of desirable condition of dissolution rate after 1 hour, after 8 hours, total mucoadhesion time and tablet friability. Optimized formulation was further evaluated and it was found that, it was almost similar to the proposed optimized data. The formulation can provide a high degree of patient compliance, as sustained release formulation reduces the side effects and the cost of the formulation will be minimal as lesser amount of effort will be needed employing statistical model instead of conventional trial and error method.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1): 65-76, 2020 (June)
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Baloğlu, Esra, Sinem Y. Karavana, Ismail Yuksel Hyusein, and Timur Köse. "Design and Formulation of Mebeverine HCl Semisolid Formulations for Intraorally Administration." AAPS PharmSciTech 11, no. 1 (2010): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-009-9374-3.
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Vaullerin, M., P. Morand, A. Espagnacq, and H. L. Morin-Allory. "Explosive formulation by experimental design." Analusis 26, no. 8 (1998): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/analusis:1998175.
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Shen, Y. C., P. P. Bonissone, and L. J. Feeser. "Conceptual Modeling for Design Formulation." Engineering with Computers 17, no. 2 (2001): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003660170013.
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Mehta, Chetan Hasmukh, Reema Narayan, and Usha Y. Nayak. "Computational modeling for formulation design." Drug Discovery Today 24, no. 3 (2019): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.018.
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Johnson, Kevin L., and Bryan K. Boling. "Prediction of Rotorcraft Design Impacts on Maneuverability Characteristics." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 60, no. 4 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.60.042003.
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Designing for helicopter missions requires maneuverability characteristics to be determined. These required maneuverability analyses are combinatorial in nature and involve human interaction, which hinders their integration into conceptual design. To address this issue, a model formulation is presented that includes the necessary quantitative measures to analyze the operational envelope and captures the impact of changing requirements in real time. Through quantitative analysis of the pop-up maneuver space, this formulation is shown to provide a more conservative estimate of maneuverability than traditional energy-based formulations commonly used in early design studies.
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Yang, Lei, Yao Guang Qi, Xu Hu Ren, Xin Fu Liu, Lan Lin Du, and Fen Na Zhang. "Design of New Environment-Friendly Friction Material and Optimization of the Ratio Method." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.90.
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Friction material in the future will be towards the low-noise, low wear debris, no poisoning and environment-friendly trends and direction. This paper describes the friction material formulation filtering and evaluation, and proposes design of the basic idea of friction material formulations. Then the article optimizes design of friction material formulations by means of golden section method and the gray correlation coefficients means. Experimental results show that the method gave by this paper is an effective way to study friction material formulation.
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Amisha Vyas, Anupama Diwan, and Rupali Sharma. "Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Snedds Based System for Orlistat: A Quality by Design Approach With 23 Factorial." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 5517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3186.
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Obesity, as defined by WHO is an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. is directly proportional to the resultant impact of genetic, metabolic, environment, and culture issues. The leading cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories exhausted. To design and optimize SNEDDS formulation by the development of SNEDDS with an appropriate quantity of oil, and with the factorial approach. A series of SNEDDS formulations for was prepared based on solubility studies, pseudo ternary phase diagram and visual observation. was added inaccurately weighed amount of oil into a screw-capped glass vial and heated in a water bath at 40ºC. The and were added to the oily mixture and stirred with a magnetic bar. The formulation was further for 15 minutes and stored at room temperature. From the result of evaluation parameters such as emulsification time 6±1s, % transmittance 94.01±1.5%, drug Loading 99.89%±0.56%, Index 0.47±0.01 and 0.211±0.02, Globulesize99±6 nm, Zeta potential -28.12 and -24.5 , The , Freeze-thaw cycle, Heating-cooling cycle showed no signs of phase separation, Viscosity 132.4±0m Pa.s, drug release 99.25% within 90 minutes, drug release follows Korsmeyer-Peppas model mechanism, n value was found to be1.083 hence it can be postulated formulation F-6 followed the or anomalous release and P-value for factors emulsification time, % transmittance and % drug release was found less than 0.0500 and hence it was concluded formulation F-6 an optimized formulation.
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Talya, Shashishekara S., J. N. Rajadas, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of film-cooled gas turbine blades." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5, no. 2 (1999): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1024123x99001015.
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Design optimization of a gas turbine blade geometry for effective film cooling toreduce the blade temperature has been done using a multiobjective optimization formulation. Three optimization formulations have been used. In the first, the average blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized. An upper bound constraint has been imposed on the maximum blade temperature. In the second, the maximum blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized with an upper bound constraint on the average blade temperature. In the third formulation, the blade average and maximum temperatures are chosen as objective functions. Shape optimization is performed using geometric parameters associated with film cooling and blade external shape. A quasi-three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver for turbomachinery flows is used to solve for the flow field external to the blade with appropriate modifications to incorporate the effect of film cooling. The heat transfer analysis for temperature distribution within the blade is performed by solving the heat diffusion equation using the finite element method. The multiobjective Kreisselmeier–Steinhauser function approach has been used in conjunction with an approximate analysis technique for optimization. The results obtained using both formulations are compared with reference geometry. All three formulations yield significant reductions in blade temperature with the multiobjective formulation yielding largest reduction in blade temperature.
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Almotairi, Nawaf, Gamal M. Mahrous, Saleh Al-suwayeh, and Mohsin Kazi. "Design and Optimization of Lornoxicam Dispersible Tablets Using Quality by Design (QbD) Approach." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (2022): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121463.
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The present study aims to design and optimize the lornoxicam dispersible tablet (LXDT) formulation using the Quality by design (QbD) approach. A randomized Box–Behnken experimental design was used to characterize the effect of the critical factors, such as filler (MCC/Mannitol) ratio, mixing time, and disintegrant concentration, and assessed for their impacts on the critical quality attributes (responses), including dispersibility time, friability, dissolution efficiency, and content uniformity, respectively. The drug-excipients interaction of the formulation was investigated using FTIR and DSC, respectively. The accelerated stability study at 40 °C/75% relative humidity was performed. FTIR revealed an absence of any significant chemical interaction in solid state. DSC thermogram suggested that LX endothermic peak was slightly decreased due to the dilution effect. LXDT formulations exhibited acceptable friability (0.2 to 0.9%). The dissolution efficiency of LXDT formulations ranged from 72.21 to 93.63%. The overall study showed that the optimum level of independent factors was found to be 3:1 MCC/Mannitol, 11 min mixing time, and 6.23% disintegrant concentration. Accelerated stability studies showed the compendial acceptable hardness, friability, and disintegration times. The application of QbD approach can help in the detailed understanding of the effect of CMAs and CPPs on the CQAs on LXDT final product.
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Memiş, Emine, and İsmail Tontul. "Optimization of spreadable carob cream formulation with mixture design." Food and Health 7, no. 2 (2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21009.
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Carob is used as a source of sugar in many product formulations due to its naturally high sugar content. In addition, carob naturally contains a high content of D-pinitol. D-pinitol is an important food ingredient since it regulates glucose metabolism in the body and can be used in the diets of Type 2 diabetic patients. In this study, spreadable cream was produced using carob powder instead of cocoa. Although there are various studies carried out for this purpose in the literature, the optimum formulation was determined for the first time in this study by using optimization methods. The results of the study showed that the formulation has a significant effect on sensorial properties. It was determined that all sensory parameters except consistency increased with increasing sugar syrup ratio. The formulation, which provides the highest overall acceptability (>7), was calculated as 29% carob flour, 32% sugar syrup and 24% fat. It was determined that L *, b * and DPPH radical scavenging activity values could not be statistically modelled. a * and total phenolic content of samples was increased by increment of carob flour in the formulation. As a result, the formulation that maximizes sensorial properties and total phenolic content was calculated as 25% carob flour, 39.3% sugar syrup and 20.7% fat.
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Das, Pratik Swarup, and Puja Saha. "DESIGN AND CHARACTERISATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF PHENFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 6 (2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i6.23437.
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Objective: In present work was designed to develop suitable transdermal matrix patches of Phenformin hydrochloride using various hydrophilic (HPMC) and hydrophobic (EUDRAGID) polymers as matrix formers.Methods: Transdermal patches containing Phenformin hydrochloride were prepared by the solvent casting evaporation technique.Results: Revealed that prepared patches showed good physical characteristics, no drug-polymer interaction and no skin irritation was observed. The in vitro release study revealed that F3 formulation showed maximum release in 24 h. Formulation F3 was subjected for accelerated stability studies. The F3 formulation was found to be stable as there was no drastic change in the Physico-chemical properties of the patches, which was also confirmed by FTIR.Conclusion: Thus conclusion can be made that stable transdermal patches of Phenformin hydrochloride has been developed. F1, F2, F3, F4 formulations showed highest cumulative percentage drug release of 98.13%, 95.50%, 98.65%, 97.21% were obtained during in vitro drug release studies after 24 h. The release of Phenformin hydrochloride appears to be dependent on lipophilicity of the matrix. Moderately lipophillic matrices showed best release. The predominant release mechanism of drug through the fabricated matrices was believed to be by diffusion mechanism. Based upon the in vitro dissolution data the F3 formulation was concluded as optimized formulation.
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PINILLOS M., Juan F., and Carlos M. LOPERA G. "A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT USING A EXPERIMENTAL MIXTURE DESIGN." Vitae 16, no. 3 (2009): 338–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.2804.
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The principal aim of this paper is to apply the experimental design of mixtures to formulate a solid dosage form (ibuprofen) through the study of the excipients and their proportion in the formulation. Besides it shows to the research and development teams in the pharmaceutical national companies how they can use statistical tools like the experimental design of mixtures to obtain a product with the required characteristics. The optimization of this one reduces not only the costs of investigation but also the costs of production. The experimental design of mixtures allows to typify the performance of the ibuprofeno formulation from the pharmatechnic point of view, as well as the angle of rest, hardness of the nucleus and friability. Besides Carr’s’s index, characterizing a surface of response that allows an efficient utilization of this methodology for the resolution of the problem of formulation. The angle of rest shows that it is necessary to improve the fluency of the formulation to guarantee a correct filling of the counterfoils in the rattling process on an industrial scale. The parameters of hardness and friability show that the formulations are correct and that it is possible to continue with a process to optimize the formulation.
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Salunkhe, Sachin S., Neela M. Bhatia, Prathamesh A. Kulkarni, and Manish S. Bhatia. "Formulation Design of Time-Controlled Release Formulation Containing Antidiabetic Drugs." Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation 9, no. 3 (2014): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12247-014-9186-1.
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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, and Srinivas A. "Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Fast-Dissolving Oral Films of Ropinirole." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 1 (2018): 3958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.1.3.
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The main objective of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral films of ropinirole HCl to attain quick onset of action for the better management of Parkinson’s disease. Twenty-seven formulations (F1-F27) of ropinirole oral dissolving films by solvent-casting method using 33 response surface method by using HPMC E15, Maltodextrin PEG 4000 by using Design of experiment software. Formulations were evaluated for their physical characteristics, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration time, drug content uniformity and drug release characteristics and found to be within the limits. Among the prepared formulations F4 showed minimum disintegration time 11 sec, maximum drug was released i.e. 99.68 ± 1.52% of drug within 10 min when compared to the other formulations and finalized as optimized formulation. FTIR data revealed that no interactions takes place between the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation. The in vitro dissolution profiles of marketed product and optimized formulation was compared and found to be the drug released was 92.77 ± 1.52 after 50 min. Therefore, it can be a good alternative to conventional ropinirole for immediate action. In vitro evaluation of the ropinirole fast dissolving films confirmed their potential as an innovative dosage form to improve delivery and quick onset of action of ropinirole. The oral dissolving film is considered to be potentially useful for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease where quick onset of action is desired
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., Pooja, Pankaj Kumar Sharma, and Viswanath Agrahari. "DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF ALVERINE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY." International Research Journal of Pharmacy 12, no. 7 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1207153.
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Background: The aim of this study is to develop a liquid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system for alverine (liquid-SNEDDS).Excipients in the alverine SNEDDS include Ethyl oleate as the oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, and PEG600, Propylene glycol as a cosurfactant.The prepared eleven formulations of alverine SNEDDS were performed for emulsification time, percentage transmittance, particle size, drug release, in vitro dissolution and stability studies.The optimised alverine liquid SNEDDS formulation (D1) was studied for drug-excipient compatibility using infrared spectroscopy, as well as particle size, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and stability. Alverine SNEDDS have a spherical shape with uniform particle distribution, according to their morphology. D1's optimised formulation's drug release percentage (96.6). The stability data revealed no discernible changes in drug content, emulsifying properties, drug release, or appearance. As a result, a potential SNEDDS formulation of alverine with improved solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability was developed.
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Gasic, Slavica, and Zlatko Oreskovic. "Comparative study of properties of different pesticide formulations of the same active ingredient." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 23, no. 3 (2008): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0803201g.
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Characteristics of two formulations of trifluralin, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and emulsion, oil in water (EW), the latter being a new formulation of our design, were investigated and compared. Attention was focused on particle size distribution and aspects of the two aqueous dilute formulations as the most characteristic and comparable parameters. The results show that the trifluralin EW formulation has certain advantages over the EC formulation, but a final estimate will be possible only after testing biological efficacy of the new formulation (EW).
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Shravya, Chinthakindi, and D. Adukondalu. "Design and Development of Propranolol Hydrochloride Transdermal Patches: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 3, no. 1 (2020): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/007.
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The main aim of this investigation is to design and develop matrix type transdermal patches of Propranolol Hydrochloride which is an anti-hypertensive drug. These matrix type transdermal patches were prepared by “Solvent Casting Technique” using drug, HPMC E15 and Eudragit L 100 in the ratio of 1:6, 1:6.5, 1:7, 1:7.5, 1:8, 1:8.5, 1:9, 1:9.5. All formulations carried 20%v/w of PEG-600 as plasticizer. The prepared patches were characterized for various physicochemical parameters like weight, thickness, folding endurance, drug content, percent moisture content, percent moisture absorption, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation. Among this 1:9 ratio was found to be an Optimized formulation and patches were prepared by using permeation enhancers (lemon grass oil, Eucalyptus oil, and clove oil). The cumulative amount of drug release in 12hrs for F7 formulation showed maximum and used for that formulation skin permeation on Goat abdominal skin. FTIR studies show no interaction between drug, polymer and other excipients. The drug permeation kinetics followed “First order” and “zero order” profile with diffusion mechanism.
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Kala, Nilesh P., Divyesh H. Shastri, and Pragna K. Shelat. "Design and Characterization of Buccoadhesive Liquisolid System of an Antihypertensive Drug." Journal of Drug Delivery 2015 (October 22, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/574247.
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Nifedipine is an antihypertensive BCS class II drug which has poor bioavailability when given orally. The objective of the present study was to increase the bioavailability of nifedipine, by formulation and evaluation of a buccoadhesive liquisolid system using magnesium aluminium silicate (Neusilin) as both carrier and coating material and dissolution media were selected based on the solubility studies. A mixture of carboxymethylcellulose sodium and carbomer was used as mucoadhesive polymers. Buccoadhesive tablets were prepared by direct compression. FTIR studies confirmed no interaction between drug and excipients. XRD studies indicated change/reduction in crystallinity of drug. The powder characteristics were evaluated by different flow parameters to comply with pharmacopoeial specifications. The dissolution studies for liquisolid compacts and tablet formulations were carried out and it was found that nifedipine liquisolid tablets formulated from bioadhesive polymers containing 49% liquisolid system, 17.5% carbomer, and 7.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium showed the best results in terms of dissolution properties. Prepared formulation batches were evaluated for swelling, bioadhesion strength, ex vivo residence time, and permeability studies. The optimized batch was showing promising features of the system. Formulating nifedipine as a buccoadhesive tablet allows reduction in dose and offers better control over the plasma levels.
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Manisha, G., GS Sharma, S. Raja Shekar, and T. Rama Rao. "Design and development of stealth liposomes for oral administration of poorly bioavailable drug." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 05 (2022): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54037/wjps.2022.100501.
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The aim of the present study was to formulate Stealth Liposomes containing Curcumin which are formulated by combinations of Cholesterol, Distearoylphosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated soyphosphotidylcholine to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Turmeric and especially its most active compound curcumin have many scientifically-proven health benefits. It's a potent anti-inflammatory and help improve symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis. Total 8 formulations were developed using Cholesterol, Distearoylphosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated soyphosphotidylcholine in various ratios by thin film hydration method & evaluated for Entrapment Efficiency, SEM, particle size and shape, FTIR studies, invitro dissolution studies. From the invitro studies we can say that as the cholesterol ratio increases, drug release rate is increased upto particular ratio. Among all the fomulations, F7 formulation shows best drug release of 92.62% by the end of 24 hours whereas all the other formulations did not release the drug more than F7. So F7 formulation was choosen as optimized formulation.
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Gunda, Raghavendra Kumar. "Design, formulation and characterization of oral disintegrating tablets for lamotrigine." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2020.09.00353.
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Objective: The purpose of present investigation to formulate, characterize the oral dissolving tablets (ODT) for Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine, an antiepileptic agent, belongs to type –II as per Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Methods: ODT formulations of Lamotrigine were prepared using different quantities of Sodium Starch Glycolate & Crospovidone employed as Super disintegrants by Direct Compression technique. Nine trials were formulated and evaluated for Pharmaceutical Product Performance. Results: Results shows that all the formulations were lie within the acceptance criterion and the In-vitro dissolution profiles were subjected to kinetic modeling. Conclusion: Formulation (F4) containing 35 mg of Sodium Starch Glycolate & 40 mg of Crospovidone was found to be best one among all and also similar to the Marketed product (LAMICTAL-25) (f2=73.17, f1=3.65 & No significant difference, t=0.0218) to marketed product. Formulation (F4) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.554).
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Hamed, J. O., O. O. Ogunleye, and C. A. Osheku. "Optimal design of a composite propellant formulation using response surface methodology." Advances in Materials Science 17, no. 1 (2017): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0004.
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Abstract There is a continuous demand for high performance composite propellant formulations to meet mission requirements. The performance of composite propellant formulations can be enhanced by optimizing propellant formulation. However, the main objective of this study is to formulate a composition for composite propellant by optimizing the specific impulse which is the measure of propellant performance. A central composite design (ccd) consisting five ingredients (ammonium nitrate, powdered aluminum, polyester resin, ammonium dichromate and powdered charcoal) at five levels was used to formulate optimum propellant formulation from composite materials of ammonium nitrate based propellant verified for propellant characteristics using propellant performance evaluation programme (propep 3). The responses evaluated are specific impulse, characteristic velocity, density, temperature and molecular weight. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the results of the ccd of the composite formulations. The optimum values for specific impulse, characteristic velocity, density, temperature and molecular weight of the mixture from the surface plot are 212.178 s, 1335.81 m/s, 1640.6 k g/m3, 1968.73 k and 21.7722 g/mol respectively. The optimum predicted specific impulse was 212.178 s at composite composition of 73.61% ammonium nitrate, 4.36% powdered aluminum, 14.39% polyester resin, 5.10% ammonium dichromate and 2.54% powdered charcoal. The propellant optimum composition validated with propep 3 are in good agreement with each other in their accompany propellant characteristics. Therefore, the optimal propellant formulation enhanced the performance of solid propellants.
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Mohan, Abhinav Ram, Qiang Wang, Sneha Dhapare, et al. "Advancements in the Design and Development of Dry Powder Inhalers and Potential Implications for Generic Development." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (2022): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112495.
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Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are drug–device combination products where the complexity of the formulation, its interaction with the device, and input from users play important roles in the drug delivery. As the landscape of DPI products advances with new powder formulations and novel device designs, understanding how these advancements impact performance can aid in developing generics that are therapeutically equivalent to the reference listed drug (RLD) products. This review details the current understanding of the formulation and device related principles driving DPI performance, past and present research efforts to characterize these performance factors, and the implications that advances in formulation and device design may present for evaluating bioequivalence (BE) for generic development.
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Reddy, Shimmula R., and Bomma Ramesh. "In vivo Evaluation of Fluvoxamine Maleate Mouth Dissolving Films by Design of Experiment." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 13, no. 03 (2020): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2021.130313.
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Fluvoxamine, an antidepressant belonging to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) class, exhibits maximum absorption through the oral route of administration. The objective of current research is to formulate mouth dissolving fluvoxamine films by employing super disintegrants. The central composite design (CCD), employed to examine the effects of amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E15 (A), amount of eudragit RL 100 (B), amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) (C) on response variables tensile strength, disintegration time and cumulative % drug released. A 27 formulations prepared according to CCD and evaluated for physicochemical parameters and in vitro dissolution studies. Fluvoxamine mouth dissolving films formulated by employing solvent-casting method using HPMC E15, eudragit RL100, and PEG 4000. CCD is employed to optimize the effective dosage of formulation superdisintegrants. FF15 with a maximum tensile strength of 55.63 ± 1.37 mg, least disintegration time of 10 ± 1.85 seconds, and highest drug release of 98.29 ± 1.87 % is chosen as an optimal formulation with maximum content uniformity and folding endurance. From in vivo bioavailability studies, Cmax and Tmax of the fluvoxamine optimized mouth dissolving film formulation were significant (p is less than 0.05) compared to the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation. AUC0-∞ infinity for the optimized formulation was higher (733.84 ± 2.04 ng.h/mL) than the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation (485.67 ± 1.54 ng.h/mL). Statistically, AUC0-t of the optimized mouth dissolving film formulation was significantly higher (pis less than 0.05) than fluvoxamine marketed product formulation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits confirmed the quick release and increase in bioavailability for fluvoxamine from optimized mouth dissolving film formulation as compared to the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation.
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Saleh N., Safiya, Swati Vikas, and Niranjan Panda. "Design, Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Oxybutynin HCl Floating Matrix Tablets." JOURNAL OF DRUG VIGILANCE AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 01, no. 03 (2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52816/jdvat.2021.1302.
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The goal of this study was to prepare and test a hydrodynamically balanced floating matrix controlled Oxybutynin HCl drug delivery system. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes M1, M2, and M3 are competitively antagonized by oxybutynin HCl. It is used to treat urinary and bladder problems. It has a 10-12 h elimination half-life. The effervescence produced by the combination of sodium bicarbonate with hydrochloric acid in the stomach causes the Oxybutynin HCl tablets to float in the stomach. Twelve alternative floating tablet formulations were made utilizing direct compression using hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M and hydrophobic polymers such ethyl cellulose in various ratios. The produced formulation was characterized using FTIR and DSC analysis. In terms of general appearance, content consistency, hardness, friability, and buoyancy, the examination found that all formulations meet the specifications of official pharmacopoeias and/or standard reference. Formulation F11, which contained 25% HPMC K100M and 12.5% ethyl cellulose, had the best in vitro drug release up to 99% after 12 hours. The formulations with more than 12.5% NaHCO3 had a floating time of more than 12 hours. In vitro drug release kinetics of improved formulation F11 were discovered to be zero order, with anomalous diffusion coupled with erosion being the drug release mechanism. At the conclusion of 90 days, accelerated stability studies revealed negligible change in physicochemical attributes and drug release profiles, indicating that all the formulations were stable.
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Khoo, Shui-Mei, Andrew J. Humberstone, Christopher J. H. Porter, Glenn A. Edwards, and William N. Charman. "Formulation design and bioavailability assessment of lipidic self-emulsifying formulations of halofantrine." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 167, no. 1-2 (1998): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00054-4.
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Zhang, Xin Yu. "Material Properties and Optimization Design of Tennis Adhesive Formations." Advanced Materials Research 1046 (October 2014): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1046.8.
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By studying the effects of reinforcing system, tackifier, vulcanization system and solvent on properties of tennis ball adhesive (of which the main material is NR), the purpose of this article is to achieve the optimized design for adhesive formulations of tennis ball. Optimized formulation is: NR100, carbon black N220 of 30, zinc oxide of 8.3, stearic acid of 2.2, phenolic tackifying resin of 3, accelerator CZ/D of 1.5/1 and sulfur of 3. Using this formulation could make the obtained adhesive with good properties, and accordingly make the finished balls with excellent adhesive properties and air-tightness as well as meet the design requirements.