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Journal articles on the topic 'Fourier transform spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Remote sensing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rafert, J. Bruce, Jaime Zabalza, Stephen Marshall, and Jinchang Ren. "Singular Spectrum Analysis: A Note on Data Processing for Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imagers." Applied Spectroscopy 70, no. 9 (2016): 1582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816641420.

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Hyperspectral remote sensing is experiencing a dazzling proliferation of new sensors, platforms, systems, and applications with the introduction of novel, low-cost, low-weight sensors. Curiously, relatively little development is now occurring in the use of Fourier transform (FT) systems, which have the potential to operate at extremely high throughput without use of a slit or reductions in both spatial and spectral resolution that thin film based mosaic sensors introduce. This study introduces a new physics-based analytical framework called singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to process raw hyper

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Cao, Min, Dongping Ming, Lu Xu, et al. "Frequency Spectrum-Based Optimal Texture Window Size Selection for High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Image Analysis." Journal of Spectroscopy 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4970376.

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Image texture is an important visual cue in image processing and analysis. Texture feature expression is an important task of geo-objects expression by using a high spatial resolution remote sensing image. Texture features based on gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) are widely used in image spatial analysis where the spatial scale is especially of great significance. Based on the Fourier frequency-spectral analysis, this paper proposes an optimal scale selection method for GLCM. Different subset textures are firstly upscaled by GLCM with different window sizes. Then the multiscale texture

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Mattu, Mutua J., Gary W. Small, Roger J. Combs, Robert B. Knapp, and Robert T. Kroutil. "Quantitative Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide with Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Remote Sensing Interferogram Data." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 3 (2000): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001949609.

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Multivariate calibration models are developed for the determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) remote sensing measurements. In a series of experiments designed to simulate the measurement of SO2 from industrial stack emissions, low-angle sky backgrounds are viewed through the windows of a heated flow-through gas cell. With this apparatus, infrared emission from the hot SO2 is measured against the cold background of the sky. The FT-IR interferogram data collected are analyzed directly in the construction of the calibration models. Bandpass digital filt

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Shaffer, Ronald E., and Roger J. Combs. "Comparison of Spectral and Interferogram Processing Methods Using Simulated Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Remote Sensing Data." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 10 (2001): 1404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011953540.

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Computer-generated synthetic single-beam spectra and interferograms provide a means of comparing signal processing strategies that are employed with passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) sensors. With the use of appropriate radiance models and spectrometer characteristics, synthetic data are generated for one-, two-, and four-component mixtures of organic vapors (ethanol, methanol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone) in two passive FT-IR remote sensing scenarios. The single-beam spectra are processed by using Savitsky–Golay smoothing and first-derivative and second-derivative filters. Inter

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Levenson, Richard. "Spectral Imaging: Fluorescence and Brightfield." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026179.

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Spectral imaging is a relatively new technique that provides images of a scene at multiple wavelengths and can generate precise optical spectra at every pixel. Mathematical approaches may then be used to extract the maximum information from the spectral image. Spectral imaging is routinely used in “remote sensing”, that is, the analysis of distant landscapes and structures from airplanes or satellites. Minor differences in spectra can be used to detect different crops, or mineral deposits, for example. Closer in, spectral imaging has uses in industrial process control, detection of otherwise i

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Senten, C., M. De Mazière, B. Dils, et al. "Technical Note: New ground-based FTIR measurements at Ile de La Réunion: observations, error analysis, and comparisons with independent data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 827–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-827-2008.

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Abstract. Ground-based high spectral resolution Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectroscopy is a powerful remote sensing technique to obtain information on the total column abundances and on the vertical distribution of various constituents in the atmosphere. This work presents results from two short-term FTIR measurement campaigns in 2002 and 2004, held at the (sub)tropical site Ile de La Réunion (21°S, 55°E). These campaigns represent the first FTIR observations carried out at this site. The results include total column amounts from the surface up to 100 km of ozone (O3),

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Sussmann, Ralf, Andreas Reichert, and Markus Rettinger. "The Zugspitze radiative closure experiment for quantifying water vapor absorption over the terrestrial and solar infrared – Part 1: Setup, uncertainty analysis, and assessment of far-infrared water vapor continuum." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 18 (2016): 11649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11649-2016.

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Abstract. Quantitative knowledge of water vapor radiative processes in the atmosphere throughout the terrestrial and solar infrared spectrum is still incomplete even though this is crucial input to the radiation codes forming the core of both remote sensing methods and climate simulations. Beside laboratory spectroscopy, ground-based remote sensing field studies in the context of so-called radiative closure experiments are a powerful approach because this is the only way to quantify water absorption under cold atmospheric conditions. For this purpose, we have set up at the Zugspitze (47.42° N,

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Ahad, Irma Zulayka Mohamad, Sulaiman Wadi Harun, Seng neon Gan, and Sook Wai Phang. "Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor coated with Polyaniline as an optical Sensor for chloroform detection." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 7 (2017): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500707.

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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor coated with PAni was designed as a sensing device in chloroform detection. PAni thin film was synthesized through chemical oxidation method by using aniline (Ani) as a monomer, ammonium persulphate (APS) as an initiator and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a dopant. The chemical structure of PAni thin film was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer. The conducting behaviour of PAni thin film (1.157 × 10−2 S/cm) was determined by using four-point probe measurement. In the optical sensor part, FBG

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Senten, C., M. De Mazière, B. Dils, et al. "Technical Note: New ground-based FTIR measurements at Ile de La Réunion: observations, error analysis, and comparisons with independent data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (2008): 3483–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3483-2008.

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Abstract. Ground-based high spectral resolution Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectroscopy is a powerful remote sensing technique to obtain information on the total column abundances and on the vertical distribution of various constituents in the atmosphere. This work presents results from two FTIR measurement campaigns in 2002 and 2004, held at Ile de La Réunion (21° S, 55° E). These campaigns represent the first FTIR observations carried out at a southern (sub)tropical site. They serve the initiation of regular, long-term FTIR monitoring at this site in the near future.

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Cao, Jun, Yan Yuan, Lijuan Su, Qian Li, and Conghui Zhu. "Adaptive Bad Pixel Correction Method for Interference-Modulated Images Based on Weighted Least Squares Support Vector Machines (WLS-SVM)." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 4 (2019): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819830776.

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Temporally and spatially modulated Fourier transform imaging spectrometers (TSMFTISs) can obtain images and interference information of targets during the data acquisition process for remote sensing. Temporally and spatially modulated Fourier transform imaging spectrometers play an important role in target classification and identification, as the spectrum information of targets can be reconstructed with the theory of Fourier transform spectroscopy. However, the defect pixels absent in the planar array charge-coupled device used in imaging spectrometers have a significant impact on the accurac

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Mosley, R. M., and R. R. Williams. "Fourier Transform near Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of Gases." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 2, no. 3 (1994): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.38.

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The application of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) to the analysis of gas phase molecules is presented. The use of this technique with both sealed laboratory cells and open-path measurements is demonstrated. The gas phase absorption spectra of several environmentally important organic molecules were collected for qualitative comparison. Calibration data and detection limits for several of the compounds are presented. For ammonia, the background equivalent concentration for a 10 cm path was determined to be 1.5 ppm while propane in the same pathlength was found to be 180 p

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Xiao, Hongkui, Steven P. Levine, Julie Nowak, Mark Puskar, and Robert C. Spear. "ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC VAPORS IN THE WORKPLACE BY REMOTE SENSING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 54, no. 9 (1993): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298669391355026.

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Gallagher, Neal B., Barry M. Wise, and David M. Sheen. "Error Analysis for Estimation of Trace Vapor Concentration Pathlength in Stack Plumes." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 6 (2003): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322005283.

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Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging is finding utility in remote sensing applications such as detection and quantification of chemical vapor effluents in stack plumes. Optimizing the sensing system or quantification algorithms is difficult because reference images are rarely well characterized. The present work uses a radiance model for a down-looking scene and a detailed noise model for dispersive and Fourier transform spectrometers to generate well-characterized synthetic data. These data were used with a classical least-squares-based estimator in an error analysis to obtain estimates of dif

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Idwasi, Patrick O., Gary W. Small, Roger J. Combs, Robert B. Knapp, and Robert T. Kroutil. "Multiple Filtering Strategy for the Automated Detection of Ethanol by Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 11 (2001): 1544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011953784.

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Digital filtering methods are evaluated for use in the automated detection of ethanol from passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) data collected during laboratory and open-air remote sensing experiments. In applications in which analyte signals are overwhelmed by the overlapping signals of an interference, the use of multiple digital filters is observed to improve the sensitivity of the analyte detection. The detection strategy is based on the application of bandpass digital filters to short segments of the interferogram data collected by the FT-IR spectrometer. To implement the automated

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15

Powell, G. L., M. Milosevic, J. Lucania, and N. J. Harrick. "The Spectropus™ System: Remote Sampling Accessories for Reflectance, Emission, and Transmission Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 1 (1992): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924444272.

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The Spectropus™ system,‡ a versatile optical sampling system for performing infrared spectroscopic analyses on remotely located samples with little regard to their size and with spectral quality and sampling rates comparable to, or better than, those achievable with spectrometer sample compartment accessories, is described. The Spectropus™ uses a “glass-tube beam-line” optical transfer system for delivering the collimated beam of an FT-IR spectrometer to one of several dedicated accessories, complete with its own detector, that may be located several meters distance from the spectrometer. The

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Liu, Jing, Zhe Yang, Yi Liu, and Caihong Mu. "Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images Deep Feature Extraction Based on Mixed Feature and Convolutional Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (2021): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132599.

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To achieve effective deep fusion features for improving the classification accuracy of hyperspectral remote sensing images (HRSIs), a pixel frequency spectrum feature is presented and introduced to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Firstly, the fast Fourier transform is performed on each spectral pixel to obtain the amplitude spectrum, i.e., the pixel frequency spectrum feature. Then, the obtained pixel frequency spectrum is combined with the spectral pixel to form a mixed feature, i.e., spectral and frequency spectrum mixed feature (SFMF). Several multi-branch CNNs fed with pixel frequenc

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Koehler, Frederick W., Gary W. Small, Roger J. Combs, Robert B. Knapp, and Robert T. Kroutil. "Calibration Transfer in the Automated Detection of Acetone by Passive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 5 (2000): 706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001949960.

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The qualitative determination of acetone is performed by passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry with data spanning two spectrometers. Digital filtering and piecewise linear discriminant analysis techniques are optimized and applied directly to short interferogram segments to eliminate background and instrument variation and then perform pattern recognition. Once optimized, this methodology classifies remote sensing data into categories representing the presence or absence of the analyte in an automated fashion. The addition to the training set of small numbers of interferogram

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Schneider, M., G. C. Toon, J. F. Blavier, F. Hase та T. Leblanc. "H<sub>2</sub>O and <i>δ</i>D profiles remotely-sensed from ground in different spectral infrared regions". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, № 4 (2010): 3105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-3105-2010.

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Abstract. We present ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) water vapour analyses performed for three different spectral regions: in the mid-infrared at 790–1330 cm−1 and 2650–3180 cm−1 as well as in the near infrared at 4560–4710 cm−1. All three analyses allow the retrieval of lower, middle, and upper tropospheric water vapour amounts with a vertical resolution of about 2, 4, and 6 km, respectively. The mid-infrared analyses allow in addition the retrieval of lower and middle/upper tropospheric δD values with a vertical resolution of 3 and 7 km, respectively. The H2O profiles retrieve

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Sung, Keeyoon, Linda R. Brown, Robert A. Toth та Timothy J. Crawford. "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements of H2O-broadened half-widths of CO2 at 4.3 μmThis article is part of a Special Issue on Spectroscopy at the University of New Brunswick in honour of Colan Linton and Ron Lees." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, № 5 (2009): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p08-130.

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To support remote sensing of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, H2O pressure-broadened half-widths were obtained for 182 lines of CO2 in the 2250–2390 cm–1 region. For this, six spectra of CO2 were recorded at 0.003 89 cm–1 resolution using a Bruker IFS-125HR at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The absorption cell length was 6.14 cm, and the water pressures ranged from 20.1 to 26.5 torr (1 torr = 133.322 4 Pa) near room temperatures. Partial pressures of the species in the mixtures were determined by measuring selected line intensities in the v3 band of CO2 and the v2 band of H2O. Sample tempera

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Steiner, H., M. Jakusch, M. Kraft, et al. "In Situ Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater: First Field Tests of a Mid-Infrared Fiber-Optic Sensing System." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 6 (2003): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322005274.

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A prototype mid-infrared sensor system for the determination of volatile organic pollutants in groundwater was developed and tested under real-world conditions. The sensor comprises a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, coupled to the sensor head via mid-infrared transparent silver halide fiber-optic cables. A 10 cm unclad middle section of the 6-m-long fiber is coated with ethylene propylene copolymer in order to enrich the analytes within the penetration depth of the evanescent field protruding from the fiber sensor head. A mixture of tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, dieth

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Chen, Zhanye, Yu Zhou, Linrang Zhang, Chunhui Lin, Yan Huang, and Shiyang Tang. "Ground Moving Target Imaging and Analysis for Near-Space Hypersonic Vehicle-Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar System with Squint Angle." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (2018): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121966.

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Near space is the key to integrating “sky” and “space” into the future. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that works in this area would initiate a technological revolution for remote sensing applications. This study mainly focused on ground moving target imaging (GMTIm) for a near-space hypersonic vehicle-borne SAR (NS-HSV-SAR) with squint angle. The range history, parameter coupling, and Doppler ambiguity of the squint-looking NS-HSV-SAR are more complicated than traditional side-looking airborne or space-borne SARs. Thus, a precise range model is presented on the basis of phase error analyses

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Pu, Yanyan, Zongchao Yu, Fengqin Wang, Yiyuan Fu, Tao Yan, and Honglin Cheng. "Selective fluorescence sensing ofp-nitroaniline and Fe3+ions by luminescent Eu-based metal-organic framework." Sensor Review 39, no. 2 (2019): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2017-0153.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop luminescence sensors for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) and metal ions to protect human health and prevent environmental pollution.Design/methodology/approachThe composition and morphology of Eu-metal-organic frameworks (MOF) (1) were well characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The emission spectrum displays that 1 has significant characteristic emission bands of Eu(III) io

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De Mazière, Martine, Anne M. Thompson, Michael J. Kurylo, et al. "The Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): history, status and perspectives." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (2018): 4935–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018.

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Abstract. The Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) is an international global network of more than 90 stations making high-quality measurements of atmospheric composition that began official operations in 1991 after 5 years of planning. Apart from sonde measurements, all measurements in the network are performed by ground-based remote-sensing techniques. Originally named the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), the name of the network was changed to NDACC in 2005 to better reflect the expanded scope of its measurements. The primary goal of ND

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Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. Van Roozendael, et al. "Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 10 (2014): 10715–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-10715-2014.

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Abstract. As a ubiquitous product of the oxidation of many Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a key role as a short-lived and reactive intermediate in the atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways leading to the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. In this study, HCHO profiles have been successfully retrieved from ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) solar spectra and UV-Visible Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) scans recorded during the July 2010–December 2012 time period at the Jungfraujoch station (Sw

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Волосюк, Валерий Константинович, Семён Сергеевич Жила, Эдуард Алексеевич Цернэ та Александр Иванович Стороженко. "МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ ПРОЦЕДУР ПОСТРОЕНИЯ КОГЕРЕНТНЫХ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ ПРИРОДНЫХ СРЕД В ЗОНЕ ФРАУНГОФЕРА МНОГОКАНАЛЬНЫМИ РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИМИ СИСТЕМАМИ". Aerospace technic and technology, № 4 (14 жовтня 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.4.11.

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The structure of the electromagnetic field in the domain of its registration is considered in the case of the solution of problems of remote sensing of the underlying surfaces on the basis of the phenomenological approach. This approach is mainly based on the theory of ray optics and the Huygens-Fresnel principle. It allows to determine the radiated and scattered fields for complex types of surfaces. Analysis of the structure of the electromagnetic field shows that it can be regarded as a mathematical transformation over the true image of the surface. In this case, the basic procedures for the

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Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. Van Roozendael, et al. "Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 4 (2015): 1733–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1733-2015.

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Abstract. As an ubiquitous product of the oxidation of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a key role as a short-lived and reactive intermediate in the atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways leading to the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. In this study, HCHO profiles have been successfully retrieved from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectra and UV-visible Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) scans recorded during the July 2010–December 2012 time period at the Jungfraujoch station (S

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27

Alzahrani, Eman. "Colorimetric Detection Based on Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance Optical Characteristics for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Acacia Gum–Stabilised Silver Nanoparticles." Analytical Chemistry Insights 12 (January 1, 2017): 117739011668468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177390116684686.

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The use of nanoparticles in sensing is attracting the interest of many researchers. The aim of this work was to fabricate Acacia gum–stabilised silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using green chemistry to use them as a highly sensitive and cost-effective localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) colorimeter sensor for the determination of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Silver nanoparticles were fabricated by the reduction of an inorganic precursor silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) using white sugar as the reducing reagent and Acacia gum as the stabilising reagent and a sonic

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Ziemann, Astrid, Manuela Starke, and Claudia Schütze. "Line-averaging measurement methods to estimate the gap in the CO<sub>2</sub> balance closure – possibilities, challenges, and uncertainties." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 11 (2017): 4165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4165-2017.

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Abstract. An imbalance of surface energy fluxes using the eddy covariance (EC) method is observed in global measurement networks although all necessary corrections and conversions are applied to the raw data. Mainly during nighttime, advection can occur, resulting in a closing gap that consequently should also affect the CO2 balances. There is the crucial need for representative concentration and wind data to measure advective fluxes. Ground-based remote sensing techniques are an ideal tool as they provide the spatially representative CO2 concentration together with wind components within the

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Kutzner, Rebecca D., Juan Cuesta, Pascale Chelin, et al. "Diurnal evolution of total column and surface atmospheric ammonia in the megacity of Paris, France, during an intense springtime pollution episode." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 15 (2021): 12091–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12091-2021.

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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for the formation of atmospheric secondary inorganic particles, such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate. Although the chemical processes associated with the gas-to-particle conversion are well known, atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia are still scarcely characterized. However, this information is critical, especially for processes concerning the equilibrium between ammonia and ammonium nitrate, due to the semivolatile character of the latter. This study presents an analysis of the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia during a pollution event o

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Makarova, Maria V., Carlos Alberti, Dmitry V. Ionov, et al. "Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment (EMME): an overview and first results of the St. Petersburg megacity campaign 2019." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (2021): 1047–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1047-2021.

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Abstract. Global climate change is one of the most important scientific, societal and economic contemporary challenges. Fundamental understanding of the major processes driving climate change is the key problem which is to be solved not only on a global but also on a regional scale. The accuracy of regional climate modelling depends on a number of factors. One of these factors is the adequate and comprehensive information on the anthropogenic impact which is highest in industrial regions and areas with dense population – modern megacities. Megacities are not only “heat islands”, but also signi

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Cortesi, U., J. C. Lambert, C. De Clercq, et al. "Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 18 (2007): 4807–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4807-2007.

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Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on-board the European ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) launched on 1 March 2002, is a middle infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer measuring the atmospheric emission spectrum in limb sounding geometry. The instrument is capable to retrieve the vertical distribution of temperature and trace gases, aiming at the study of climate and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and at applications to data assimilation and weather forecasting. MIPAS operated in its standard observation mode for approximately two years, from

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Cortesi, U., J. C. Lambert, C. De Clercq, et al. "Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (2007): 5805–939. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-5805-2007.

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Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on-board the European ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) launched on 1 March 2002, is a middle infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer measuring the atmospheric emission spectrum in limb sounding geometry. The instrument is capable to retrieve the vertical distribution of temperature and trace gases, aiming at the study of climate and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and at applications to data assimilation and weather forecasting. MIPAS operated in its standard observation mode for approximately two years, from

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