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1
Yang, Jiarun. "FPGA-based PPM Modulation System Design." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 53 (June 30, 2023): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v53i.9687.
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As a widely used modulation technique in the field of communication, PPM modulation techniques have the advantages of high interference immunity, simple coding and high-power utilization, and are often applied in practical scenarios. PPM modulation techniques can be divided into three categories. single pulse position modulation, differential pulse position modulation and multi pulse position modulation. In different application scenarios, different kinds of pulse position modulation methods should be selected for modulation. In this paper, the frame structures of these three types of pulse position modulation are discussed using the Verilog language based on FPGA, the corresponding mapping relationships for each type of pulse position modulation are given, and the design and performance of these three types of pulse position modulation demodulation systems are compared.
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M., A. Ilyas, Othman Maisara, Talib Rahmat, et al. "Comparison study of 8-PPM, 8-DPIM, and 8-RDH-PIM modulator FPGA hardware design in term of bandwidth efficiency and transmission rate." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 2 (2020): 707–15. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.1871.
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In this paper, a performance study of 8-Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM), 8-Digital Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM), and 8-Reverse Dual Header-Pulse Interval Modulation (RDH-PIM) implementation in Verilog hardware design language is presented. The hardware design is chosen over software design since it could provide much more flexibility in term of transmission rate and reduce the workload of the processor in the complete system. Using 50 MHz clock as the reference data clock speeds, the transmission rate recorded are 11.11 Msymbol/second or 33.33 Mbps, 9.09 Msymbol/s or 27.27 Mbps, and 6.25 Msymbol/s or 18.75 Mbps for 8-RDH-PIM, 8-DPIM, and 8-PPM respectively. We conclude that 8-RDH-PIM modulator design provides better performance in term of bandwidth utilization and transmission rate as compared to 8-PPM and 8-DPIM.
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Ilyas, M. A., Maisara Othman, Rahmat Talib, et al. "Comparison study of 8-PPM, 8-DPIM, and 8-RDH-PIM modulator FPGA hardware design in term of bandwidth efficiency and transmission rate." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 2 (2020): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.1871.
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In this paper, a performance study of 8-Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM), 8-Digital Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM), and 8-Reverse Dual Header-Pulse Interval Modulation (RDH-PIM) implementation in Verilog hardware design language is presented. The hardware design is chosen over software design since it could provide much more flexibility in term of transmission rate and reduce the workload of the processor in the complete system. Using 50 MHz clock as the reference data clock speeds, the transmission rate recorded are 11.11 Msymbol/second or 33.33 Mbps, 9.09 Msymbol/s or 27.27 Mbps, and 6.25 Msymbol/s or 18.75 Mbps for 8-RDH-PIM, 8-DPIM, and 8-PPM respectively. We conclude that 8-RDH-PIM modulator design provides better performance in term of bandwidth utilization and transmission rate as compared to 8-PPM and 8-DPIM.
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Yao, Rugui, Pengfei Jiang, Jun Ma, and Shizhou Pan. "Exploring Physical Frame Format Design and Synchronization Algorithm for Optical Communication." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 5 (2018): 904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183650904.
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Space optical communication has been a hot topic in modern communication system research, because it has many advantages, such as good secrecy, large information capacity, strong anti-interference ability, and so on. Pulse position modulation (PPM) is an excellent modulation method. In view of the low rate of information transmission by a space optical communication system, an improved "empty-empty-zero" physical frame format is designed to improve its transmission rate. In view of the actual space laser digital receiver, the frame synchronization algorithm is designed in this paper. Based on the physical frame format, this paper focuses on the design of frame synchronization algorithm. In order to deal with the change of noise and other parameters, an adaptive threshold setting is proposed. Considering the engineering implementation, a simplified correlation filtering implementation method is proposed. Finally, we designed the reception prototype system based on FPGA. The Matlab simulation, online simulation and experimental verification prove that the proposed method is correct and reliable.
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Ahmed H. Albatoosh, Mohamed Ibrahim Shuja'a, and Basman M. Al-Nedawe. "A VHDL Code for Offset Pulse Position Modulation Working with Reed Solomon System by Using ModelSim." Journal of Techniques 4, no. 4 (2022): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v4i4.758.
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Error correction codes, often known as ECC, play a significant part in the process of detecting and correcting data mistakes that occur through communication channels that are unreliable or noisy. The essential concept behind error correction through ECC is to supplement the message that is being sent by the transmitter with redundant bits, the values of which are determined by the parameters n and k. These bits can then be utilized by the receiver to identify and correct specific types of errors. ECC is utilized in a wide variety of applications, including but not limited to data storage, the Internet, and telecommunications. There are numerous variations of ECC, including linear block, convolutional, and turbo codes, among others. The results of a simulation of a linear block reed Solomon, for example, with offset pulse position modulation have been presented in this study. The simulation was carried out in very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL), and a field-programmable gate array was used (FPGA) It made use of a Boolean function to function to program code for an algorithm that is working. Because of its performance, time to market, cost, reliability, and long-term maintenance benefits, FPGA is an appropriate platform for implementing error correction code (ECC). As a part of this project, the technique of offset Pulse Position Modulation (Offset PPM) was invented as an outstanding solution to code the fiber-optic applications and Reed Solomon (RS) codes apply to ModelSim SE-64 10.5 software. In addition, this coding scheme has been approved by the simulation and is matched with theory, and it is expected to be implemented shortly. The study begins with a concise introduction to RS encode/decode about design and performance and then moves on to discuss the development result of simulation and hardware implementation.
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Yu, Nanjun, Pengzhao Wang, and Zhiyi Zhuang. "Design of Digital Pulse-Position Modulation System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2093, no. 1 (2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2093/1/012030.
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Abstract Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) is a modulation method that only makes every pulse in the carrier pulse sequence change with time but without changing the shape and amplitude of the pulse signal. In this paper, a PPM system is designed. Firstly, an appropriate mathematical model is established to represent PPM transmission, and the shape of the pulse signal is designed. After that, we write the code and add a white Gaussian noise channel. Then the transmission process is simulated and visualized. At last, the error rate of the scheme is analyzed and discussed through MATLAB simulation then compared with other modulation methods. The goal of this paper is to study PPM by designing a PPM system fully. Besides, our method is compared with other modulation methods to understand the advantages and disadvantages of PPM. This may help other scholars to design and research the PPM system.
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Ramlee, Nur Hazwani Binti. "Tunable Pulse Amplitude and Position Modulation Scheme." Journal of Applied Engineering & Technology (JAET) 4, no. 1 (2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55447/jaet.04.01.20.
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In optical communication applications, there are always trade offs between system performance and costs. Therefore, there is need to design a modulation technique to prevent this problem in terms of their power and bandwidth requirements. Basic technique such as On Off Keying (OOK), Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) have been validated as suitable for the optical wireless channel. The method employ amplitude and position modulation technique, a guaranteed system performance can be secured, without compromising power and bandwidth. The example model will stabilize the Bit Error Rate (BER). However, a latest modulation technique which is combining L-level pulse-position modulation (L-PPM) and L-level pulse-width modulation (L-PWM) which have a relatively low bit error rate and improved power and bandwidth efficiencies is the better hybrid modulation compared to the Pulse Amplitude and Position Modulation. Extensive simulations using a Matlab will be carried out to validate this two technique.
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Aboltins, Arturs, Tatjana Solovjova, Janis Semenako, et al. "Passive Electrical and Optical Methods of Ultra-Short Pulse Expansion for Event Timer-Based TDC in PPM Receiver." Electronics 12, no. 22 (2023): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12224634.
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The energy efficiency of a communication system using pulse position modulation (PPM) can be increased by reducing the duration of the pulses transmitted over the communication channel to several tens of picoseconds. The employment of an event timer device as a time-to-digital converter (TDC) for demodulation allows the use of PPM with many pulse positions and achieves competitive data transfer speeds. However, along with several-picosecond accuracy of modern event timers, they require a pulse duration of several hundred picoseconds for precise detection. This research is devoted to developing passive techniques for precise pulse expansion from tens of picoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds. We propose two methods: the electrical method, which employs a microstrip low-pass filter (LPF), and the optical method, which uses fiber Bragg grating (FBG). This research offers a detailed analysis of distortion-free pulse expansion requirements, the design of prototypes meeting these requirements, and experimental design verification. Theoretical background, mathematical models, and results of experimental validation of the proposed pulse expansion methods within the laboratory transmitted reference pulse-position modulation (TR-PPM) communication system are provided.
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Li, Baolong, Xiaomei Xue, Qiong Wu, Yang Liu, Guilu Wu, and Zhengquan Li. "Multiuser Transmit Precoding Design for Dimming Compatible Visible Light Communications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061147.
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In multiuser visible light communication (VLC) systems, many transmit precoding (TPC) techniques have been investigated to suppress multiuser interference. However, these conventional works restrict their modulation to the special case of zero mean, which inherently limits their application to some popular modulations associated with the non-zero mean in VLC, such as pulse position modulation (PPM). Since the modulation with non-zero mean leads to more intricate optical power constraints and design objective functions than the case of zero mean, the TPC design that can support a general modulation is still an open problem. In the paper, we conceive of a general solution of the TPC scheme combined with dimming control for multiuser VLC systems, which is capable of mitigating multiuser interference, while at the same time, achieving the desired dimming level. The proposed scheme is applicable to a wide range of modulations in VLC, such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), PPM, and so on. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional pseudo-inverse-based zero-forcing TPC in terms of bit error rate (BER).
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Zaki, Reham W., Heba A. Fayed, Ahmed Abd El Aziz, and Moustafa H. Aly. "Outdoor Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Impact of Snow and Rain." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (2019): 5453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245453.
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A comprehensive study of outdoor visible light communication (VLC) under snow and rain effects has been conducted in this paper. This paper analyzes the expected rain attenuation of Marshal, Carbonneau, and Japan models at different precipitation levels. Snow attenuation is measured in wet and dry situations at various precipitation levels as well. Therefore, a full comparison is carried out for different attenuation effects on certain outdoor VLC design characteristics such as the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), optical power received, bit error rate (BER), and maximum coverage area. VLC with various modulation techniques is considered. The ON–OFF Keying (OOK), L-Pulse Position Modulation (L-PPM), Inverse L-Pulse Position Modulation (I-L-PPM), and Subcarrier Binary Phase-Shift Keying (SC-BPSK) are investigated. The simulation results show a considerable difference in the information received under different weather conditions depending on the type of modulation scheme used. The simulation has been done on a two-lane road, and a green traffic light-emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 505 nm is used as a transmitter. A non-imaging concentrator coupled with a photodetector is considered to be a cost-effective receiver.
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Baltazar Barrón, Rebeca, Celso Gutiérrez Martínez, Jacobo Meza Pérez, and José Alfredo Torres Fórtiz. "Design and evaluation of a free-space optical communications link using pulse width modulation (PWM)." Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología 26, no. 2 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2025.26.2.013.
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Free-space optical communications (FSO) use light as information carrier. Light travels through atmosphere or vacuum and reaches a distant receiver. Light is generated by semiconductor lasers (LDs) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and is modulated by varying the injection current on these devices. To carry information, basic modulation techniques are analog as intensity (IM), amplitude (AM), frequency (FM) or phase (PM). However, pulse time modulation (PTM) techniques as pulse-width modulation (PWM) or pulse-position modulation (PPM) are more performant. In PWM, information is imprinted on the duration of a pulse train; PPM codes information on the relative position of narrow pulses of fixed duration. Analog and PTM formats are widely used over optical fiber transmissions. However, works using PTM over FSO communications are scarce in technical literature. As FSO links represent an alternative for last-mile communications (up to 4 km), analog or digital information such as remote sensing and instrumentation signals, environmental monitoring, video and voice, etc. These signals are efficiently transmitted using low-complexity and low-cost hardware. Under this perspective, this paper reports the design, realization and laboratory evaluation of a prototype of short-distance (up to 1 km) FSO link based on PWM. The link operates at a wavelength of 1.5 µm and transmits information in a 10 MHz bandwidth, in indoor or outdoor environments. The system is based on in-home developed PWM electronics. The beamforming optics use in-home fabricated lenses. The transmitter delivers a 2.5 mW collimated beam. The receiver collects a fraction of the transmitted power and feeds fiber-pigtailed photodetectors. To date, the optical link has been evaluated over 5.5 m. Sensitivities of 2.5 and 0.5µW for PIN and APD based photoreceivers are achieved and ensure high quality information recovery. Work is in progress for designing a beam tracking system for tests over distances up to 1 km.
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Madasamy, P., R. K. Pongiannan, Sekar Ravichandran, et al. "A Simple Multilevel Space Vector Modulation Technique and MATLAB System Generator Built FPGA Implementation for Three-Level Neutral-Point Clamped Inverter." Energies 12, no. 22 (2019): 4332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224332.
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The pulse width modulation (PWM) is an important segment in power electronic inverters and multilevel inverters (MLIs) design. The space vector modulation (SVM) methods own distinct advantages over other PWM methods. However, MLI SVM has involved more mathematics in their executions. Hence, the digital signal processors (DSPs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) based digital implementations are highly preferred for MLI SVM realizations, which require exceptional properties. The conventional MLI SVMs use complex mathematical functions to solve their internal functions to identify the space vector diagram (SVD) sub-triangle and over modulation boundary switching on-times. Particularly these are the changes in the position of reference vector with respect to their sub-triangle positions involving higher mathematical functions. This paper proposes a simplified three-level MLI SVM that reduces the sub-triangle and over modulation switching on-time calculations with reduced mathematical functions. The proposed MLI SVM is derived based on two-level SVM without changing the reference vector position, unlike the traditional approaches. This helps in extending the SVM for any n-level inverter with additional LUTs. The detailed theoretical study, MATLAB-Simulink system generator simulations and Xilinx FPGA family SPARTAN-III-3A based experimental implementations are done with three-level neutral point MLI fed induction motor drive. The theoretical design, analysis, and experimentation results validate the advantages of the proposed PWM design and its implementation. In addition, the proposed implementation is executed from the MATLAB Xilinx system generator directly into target FPGA, which makes it faithful, efficient and minimizes the time spent.
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Wu, Kaiwei, Shijun Hao, Chunhua Liu, Xiaoshan Shi, and Zhonghua Huang. "Design of Anti-Interference Ultra-Wideband Fuze Waveform Based on Chaotic Pulse Position Modulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2891, no. 12 (2024): 122001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2891/12/122001.
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Abstract In modern warfare, the increasingly complex electromagnetic environment and the enhanced capabilities of intelligent jamming techniques pose a threat to the survival rate of radio fuzes on the battlefield. To improve the anti-jamming performance and thereby enhance the battlefield survivability of radio fuzes, this paper proposes a chaotic pulse position modulation (PPM) method for ultra-wideband (UWB) radio fuzes based on nonlinear mapping. Simulations validate that the proposed method exhibits better autocorrelation characteristics and superior anti-jamming performance compared to unmodulated UWB radio fuzes.
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Matsenko, Svitlana, Oleksiy Borysenko, Sandis Spolitis, et al. "FPGA-Implemented Fractal Decoder with Forward Error Correction in Short-Reach Optical Interconnects." Entropy 24, no. 1 (2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010122.
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Forward error correction (FEC) codes combined with high-order modulator formats, i.e., coded modulation (CM), are essential in optical communication networks to achieve highly efficient and reliable communication. The task of providing additional error control in the design of CM systems with high-performance requirements remains urgent. As an additional control of CM systems, we propose to use indivisible error detection codes based on a positional number system. In this work, we evaluated the indivisible code using the average probability method (APM) for the binary symmetric channel (BSC), which has the simplicity, versatility and reliability of the estimate, which is close to reality. The APM allows for evaluation and compares indivisible codes according to parameters of correct transmission, and detectable and undetectable errors. Indivisible codes allow for the end-to-end (E2E) control of the transmission and processing of information in digital systems and design devices with a regular structure and high speed. This study researched a fractal decoder device for additional error control, implemented in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) software with FEC for short-reach optical interconnects with multilevel pulse amplitude (PAM-M) modulated with Gray code mapping. Indivisible codes with natural redundancy require far fewer hardware costs to develop and implement encoding and decoding devices with a sufficiently high error detection efficiency. We achieved a reduction in hardware costs for a fractal decoder by using the fractal property of the indivisible code from 10% to 30% for different n while receiving the reciprocal of the golden ratio.
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Wu, Aiping, Sihong He, Yali Ren, Ning Wang, Siu Ho, and Gangbing Song. "Design of a New Stress Wave-Based Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) Communication System with Piezoceramic Transducers." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030558.
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Stress wave-based communication has great potential for succeeding in subsea environments where many conventional methods would otherwise face excessive difficulty, and it can benefit logging well by using the drill string as a conduit for stress wave propagation. To achieve stress wave communication, a new stress wave-based pulse position modulation (PPM) communication system is designed and implemented to transmit data through pipeline structures with the help of piezoceramic transducers. This system consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware is composed of a piezoceramic transducer that can generate powerful stress waves travelling along a pipeline, upon touching, and a PPM signal generator that drives the piezoceramic transducer. Once the transducer is in contact with a pipeline surface, the generator integrated with an amplifier is utilized to excite the piezoceramic transducer with a voltage signal that is modulated to encode the information. The resulting vibrations of the transducer generates stress waves that propagate throughout the pipeline. Meanwhile, piezoceramic sensors mounted on the pipeline convert the stress waves to electric signals and the signal can be demodulated. In order to enable the encoding and decoding of information in the stress wave, a PPM-based communication protocol was integrated into the software system. A verification experiment demonstrates the functionality of the developed system for stress wave communication using piezoceramic transducers and the result shows that the data transmission speed of this new communication system can reach 67 bits per second (bps).
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Kaliannan, Thenmalar, Johny Renoald Albert, D. Muhamadha Begam, and P. Madhumathi. "Power Quality Improvement in Modular Multilevel Inverter Using for Different Multicarrier PWM." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 2 (2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2021.5.2.315.
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Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique employed in analog circuit convert with a microprocessor based digital output. Besides, Pseudo Random Multi Carrier (PRMC) involves in two random PWM strategies to minimize the harmonic order for 9- level cascaded multilevel H-bridge (CHB) inverter and 9-level Modular Multilevel inverter are introduced. The design mainly focuses on the (Pulse Width Modulation) PWM method, in which two nearest voltage levels are approached in estimated output voltage prediction based on the Partial swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and it conveys a random variation in the pulse position of output by Pseudo Random Multi Carrier- Pulse Width Modulation (PRMC-PWM). The CHB and the Modular inverters generate low distortion output by using PMRC. The simulation and prototype circuit are developed for the nine level output using sixteen switches and ten with Resistive-Inductive (R-L) load variation condition. The power quality is improved in CHB and Modular inverter (MoI) with minimized harmonics in various modulation index (MI) as varied from 0.1 up to 0.8. The circuit is designed by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Implementing a PSO algorithm for both CHB, and MoI are proposed. The comparisons of results are verified with lower order harmonics and find the best switching angle across the MLI switches. Modular inverter furthermore investigates with PRMC, Random Nearest level (RNL) modulation scheme are presented, and the proposed circuit is along with the respective degree of the output voltage were synthesized in non-linear load by the development of reactive power across a motor load.
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Komuro, Nobuyoshi, and Hiromasa Habuchi. "Design and Analysis of Enhanced IM/DD System with Nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying and Parallel Transmission." Photonics 12, no. 2 (2025): 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12020166.
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Providing Optical Wireless Communications (OWCs) is desirable for high data transmission efficiency. Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (IM/DD) is widely adopted for its simplicity and practicality. Among various modulation schemes, Code Shift Keying (CSK) has demonstrated superior transmission efficiency compared to On-Off Keying (OOK) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Prior research has shown that CSK performance can be further enhanced through parallel transmission and code concatenation techniques. However, the direct application of concatenated CSK to parallel transmission reduces the number of available code combinations as the concatenation level increases, potentially lowering modulation efficiency. This study proposes an advanced transmission scheme that integrates parallel transmission with a multi-level intensity adjustment mechanism. The proposed method preserves a high number of distinguishable transmission symbols, thereby achieving higher data transmission rates. Analytical derivations for transmission efficiency are provided for single-user scenarios, and numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The key contributions of this work include mitigating symbol reduction in nonorthogonal CSK with parallel transmission and adjusting the multi-level intensity to enhance overall system performance. The results confirm that the proposed scheme significantly improves the efficiency and scalability of nonorthogonal CSK in OWC applications.
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Liu, Shiyao, Baorong Yan, Wei Guo, et al. "Research on ELoran Demodulation Algorithm Based on Multiclass Support Vector Machine." Remote Sensing 16, no. 17 (2024): 3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173349.
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Demodulation and decoding are pivotal for the eLoran system’s timing and information transmission capabilities. This paper proposes a novel demodulation algorithm leveraging a multiclass support vector machine (MSVM) for pulse position modulation (PPM) of eLoran signals. Firstly, the existing demodulation method based on envelope phase detection (EPD) technology is reviewed, highlighting its limitations. Secondly, a detailed exposition of the MSVM algorithm is presented, demonstrating its theoretical foundations and comparative advantages over the traditional method and several other methods proposed in this study. Subsequently, through comprehensive experiments, the algorithm parameters are optimized, and the parallel comparison of different demodulation methods is carried out in various complex environments. The test results show that the MSVM algorithm is significantly superior to traditional methods and other kinds of machine learning algorithms in demodulation accuracy and stability, particularly in high-noise and -interference scenarios. This innovative algorithm not only broadens the design approach for eLoran receivers but also fully meets the high-precision timing service requirements of the eLoran system.
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Trane, Gianpiero, Rito Mijarez, and Jesús Arturo Pérez-Díaz. "Automatic Guided Waves Data Transmission System Using an Oil Industry Multiwire Cable." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030868.
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Alternative wireless data communication systems are a necessity in industries that operate in harsh environments such as the oil and gas industry. Ultrasonic guided wave propagation through solid metallic structures, such as metal barriers, rods, and multiwire cables, have been proposed for data transmission purposes. In this context, multiwire cables have been explored as a communication media for the transmission of encoded ultrasonic guided waves. This work presents the proprietary hardware design and implementation of an automatic data transmission system based on the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves using as communication channels a high-temperature and corrosion-resistant oil industry multiwire cable. A dedicated communication protocol has been implemented at physical and data link layers, which involved pulse position modulation (PPM), digital signal processing (DSP), and an integrity validation byte. The data transmission system was composed of an ultrasonic guided waves PPM encoded data transmitter, a 1K22 MP-35N multiwire cable, a hardware preamplifier, a data acquisition module, a real-time (RT) DSP LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) based demodulator, and a human-machine interface (HMI) running on a personal computer. To evaluate the communication system, the transmitter generated 60 kHz PPM energy packets containing three different bytes and their corresponding integrity validation bytes. Experimental tests were conducted in the laboratory using 1 and 10 m length cables. Although a dispersive solid elastic media was used as a communication channel, results showed that digital data transmission rates, up to 470 bps, were effectively validated.
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Guo, Wenjng, Xiaowei Wu, and Lei Yang. "Avalanche Photodiode-Based Deep Space Optical Uplink Communication in the Presence of Channel Impairments." Photonics 12, no. 6 (2025): 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12060562.
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Optical communication is a critical technology for future deep space exploration, offering substantial advantages in transmission capacity and spectrum utilization. This paper establishes a comprehensive theoretical framework for avalanche photodiode (APD)-based deep space optical uplink communication under combined channel impairments, including atmospheric and coronal turbulence induced beam scintillation, pointing errors, angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations, link attenuation, and background noise. A closed-form analytical channel model unifying these effects is derived and validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Webb and Gaussian approximations are employed to characterize APD output statistics, with theoretical symbol error rate (SER) expressions for pulse position modulation (PPM) derived under diverse impairment scenarios. Numerical results demonstrate that the Webb model achieves higher accuracy by capturing APD gain dynamics, while the Gaussian approximation remains viable when APD gain exceeds a channel fading-dependent gain threshold. Key system parameters such as APD gain and field-of-view (FOV) angle are analyzed. The optimal APD gain significantly influences the achievement of optimal SER performance, and angle of FOV design balances AOA fluctuations tolerance against noise suppression. These findings enable hardware optimization under size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) constraints without compromising performance. Our work provides critical guidelines for designing robust APD-based deep space optical uplink communication systems.
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Wang, Baosheng, Kuobin Liu, Chenyao Liu, and Yongseng Wong. "Optimization stability and performance of the TPS storage ring dipole magnet power supply." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 05 (2024): T05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05015.
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Abstract This article focuses on the current status of the dipole magnet power supply (DMPS) and improvement in the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) storage ring. The DMPS provides a stable and precise magnetic field for the storage ring operation. Appropriate wiring methods are employed to minimize magnetic field interference across the entire TPS area to meet the demands of high-energy output and overcome the challenges of operating at high currents. The target energy is set at 850 V and 750 A, utilizing a single-pole switching voltage regulator as a high-precision constant current source output structure. The system incorporates a closed control loop that uses the Direct Current Current Transducer (DCCT) to provide current signal feedback to the system. FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) calculates PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) compensation values, generating a 2.1 kHz pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to regulate the output current. At the same time, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules are switching components. However, even after several years of practical operation, the stability and performance of the DMPS in the storage ring still require improvements. To enhance long-term output current stability and address peripheral issues, the current TPS utilizes the Beam Orbit Feedback (FOFB) system to suppress and fine-tune the magnetic field and compensate for the impact of temperature drift on the DMPS's output current. This improvement ensures a more stable circulation of the photon beam within the storage ring. By optimizing the temperature control circuit of the main control card, the long-term output current stability has been successfully enhanced to within ± 10 ppm. Simultaneously, the FOFB system reduces uncertainties in adjusting the X-axis beam position, improving beam stability and quality. Furthermore, relevant protective measures have been implemented to ensure robust system operation. Ultimately, these improvement measures have successfully met TPS's stringent requirements for the DMPS, enabling the synchrotron accelerator light source to operate at higher performance levels and fostering advanced scientific research. The results of these upgrades underscore the success of the power supply enhancements, making significant contributions to the overall improvement of the Taiwan Photon Source facility.
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Rehman, Sana, Yue Rong, and Peng Chen. "Designing an Adaptive Underwater Visible Light Communication System." Sensors 25, no. 6 (2025): 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061801.
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The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has attracted significant attention from researchers due to the fact that seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. Reliable underwater communication is the enabler of IoUT. Different carriers, such as electromagnetic waves, sound, and light, are used to transmit data through the water. Among these, optical waves are considered promising due to their high data rates and relatively good bandwidth efficiency, as water becomes transparent to light in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm). However, limitations such as link range, path loss, and turbulence lead to low power and, consequently, a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. In this article, we present the design of a smart transceiver for bidirectional communication. The system adapts the divergence angle of the optical beam from the transmitter based on the power of the signal received. This paper details the real-time data transmission process, where the transmitting station consists of a light fidelity (Li-Fi) transmitter with a 470 nm black-light-emitting diode (LED) and a software-defined radio (SDR) for underwater optical communication. The receiving station is equipped with a Li-Fi receiver, which includes a photodetector with a wide field of view and an SDR. Furthermore, we use pulse position modulation (PPM), which demonstrates promising results for real-time transmission. A key innovation of this paper is the integration of the Li-Fi system with the SDR, while the system adapts dynamically using a servo motor and an Arduino microcontroller assembly. The experimental results show that this approach not only increases throughput but also enhances the robustness and efficiency of the system.
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Nguyen, Nga T. T., Minh Q. Vu, Hien T. T. Pham, Bac H. Dang, and T. Dang Ngoc. "Performance Enhancement of HAP-Based Relaying M-PPM FSO System Using Spatial Diversity and Heterodyne Detection Receiver." Journal of Optical Communications, June 13, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0033.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, we investigate the performance of a high-altitude platform (HAP)-based relaying free-space optical communication (FSO) system, where HAP plays a role as a relay node that employs detect-and-forward relaying scheme to connect between two ground stations (GSs). $M$ -ary pulse-position modulation (PPM), spatial diversity, and heterodyne detection receiver are used to improve the system’s performance. Instead of using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), which makes the HAP complex, multiple-input single-output (MISO) is applied to the uplink while single-input multiple-output (SIMO) is utilized for the downlink. Consequently, the HAP only needs a couple of transmit and receive aperture. The expression for the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed FSO system is derived considering the impact of atmospheric attenuation and turbulence. The achievable BER with low values has proved the feasibility of our proposed system. In addition, the advantages of using $M$ -PPM, spatial diversity, and heterodyne detection are demonstrated in terms of the power gain and the geometric distance between two GSs. Other useful information for system design regarding the required transmitted power, the number of transmit/receive apertures, the modulation level, and the local oscillator power is also provided in this paper.
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Chen, Shun-Ping. "Performance analysis of near-earth, lunar and interplanetary optical communication links." Optical and Quantum Electronics 54, no. 9 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03987-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe performance of near-Earth, lunar and interplanetary laser optical communications is investigated by using simulation models which were successfully verified in previous projects. The simulation models consider typical mission design parameters like transmit power and operation wavelength for the optical laser transmitters, different apertures of the optical telescope, varying distances between the Earth ground station and the spacecraft terminals, Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APD) or superconducting nanowire single photon detection (SNSPD) receivers, atmospheric disturbances like scintillation and absorption, background noises for the uplink and downlink and appropriate pulse position modulation (PPM) orders. Typical design parameters are those of published ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) missions. The investigations of laser optical communications for various system parameters and different distances between the Earth ground station and the spacecraft could also help to achieve an overview of free space and deep space optical communications for different orbit constellations for future missions with laser optical communication links.
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Hao, Hao, Qing-Yuan Zhao, Yang-Hui Huang, et al. "A compact multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array supporting gigabit space-to-ground communications." Light: Science & Applications 13, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01374-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractClassical and quantum space-to-ground communications necessitate highly sensitive receivers capable of extracting information from modulated photons to extend the communication distance from near-earth orbits to deep space explorations. To achieve gigabit data rates while mitigating strong background noise photons and beam drift in a highly attenuated free-space channel, a comprehensive design of a multi-functional detector is indispensable. In this study, we present an innovative compact multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array that integrates near-unity detection efficiency (91.6%), high photon counting rate (1.61 Gcps), large dynamic range for resolving different photon numbers (1–24), and four-quadrant position sensing function all within one device. Furthermore, we have constructed a communication testbed to validate the advantages offered by such an architecture. Through 8-PPM (pulse position modulation) format communication experiments, we have achieved an impressive maximum data rate of 1.5 Gbps, demonstrating sensitivities surpassing previous benchmarks at respective speeds. By incorporating photon number information into error correction codes, the receiver can tolerate maximum background noise levels equivalent to 0.8 photons/slot at a data rate of 120 Mbps—showcasing a great potential for daylight operation scenarios. Additionally, preliminary beam tracking tests were conducted through open-loop scanning techniques, which revealed clear quantitative dependence indicating sensitivity variations based on beam location. Based on the device characterizations and communication results, we anticipate that this device architecture, along with its corresponding signal processing and coding techniques, will be applicable in future space-to-ground communication tasks.