Academic literature on the topic 'France – Economic conditions – 20th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "France – Economic conditions – 20th century"
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PACHOWICZ, ANNA. "POLISH EMIGRATION IN FRANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 28 (December 27, 2017): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2017.28.134-146.
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The main aim of the article is an attempt to show the life of Polish emigration in France in the first half of the 20th century and, above all, the circumstances and organization of the trips, the number of people, their distribution within the territory of individual departments, working conditions and the problem of assimilation. In those times, Poles were coming to work in France from the territory of Germany (Westphalia) and from Poland. France was a destination Poles were very keen on and emigrated to on several occasions. On the one hand, France needed workers and, on the other hand, the difficult economic situation prompted Poles to leave their country and look for work outside their borders. The Polish-French convention on emigration and immigration, concluded on 3rd September 1919, played an important role in this matter. It set out the rules that gave grounds for many Poles to leave Poland in the following years. Polish immigration in the 1920s and 30s was of economic nature. Poles chose to work in various branches of heavy industry, primarily in mining, metallurgy, construction, textile and, least profitable, agriculture. They had to get used to the new conditions of life such as learning the language, the culture and mentality of Frenchmen, which was different from Polish. For the first groups of Poles arriving in France, French was a serious problem, yet with each passing year the problem started to fade away. Poles were ambitious and tried to educate their children and young people. Working in France, despite many difficulties, meant an improvement of material conditions for them compared to those in Poland. Compared with the French workers, their position was much worse, their status was significantly lower, they performed physical work, they generally received lower wages, and did not have full occupational rights.
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Кашницкий, Илья Савельевич. "Демографический дайджест." Демографическое обозрение 3, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v3i2.1760.
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Rallu J.-L. Projections of older immigrants in France, 2008-2028Tolts M.S. Demographic transformations among ex-Soviet migrants in IsraelDion P., É. Caron-Malenfant, C. Grondin, D. Grenier. Long-term contribution of immigration to population renewal in Canada: A simulationSasson I. Trends in life expectancy and lifespan variation by educational attainment: United States, 1990-2010Cámara A.D. A biosocial approach to living conditions: inter-generational changes of stature dimorphism in 20th-century SpainSohn K. Sexual stature dimorphism as an indicator of living standards?Kang S. Inequality and crime revisited: effects of local inequality and economic segregation on crimeSohn K. Men's revealed preferences regarding women's ages: evidence from prostitution
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Caruccio Martins, Regina Maria. "From the workers’ adult education to the trade union higher education system in France: The Regional Employment Institutes." education policy analysis archives 19 (March 29, 2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n9.2011.
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This presentation on the hystorical context of the trade union adult education, limits itself to the 20th century, beginning with the postwar years till the creation of the first Regional Instituto of Employment, in 1956. The socio-economic conditions, as well as the policies of the time, determined the development of the workers’ social right that eventually led to the right to training and education. My role as a research professor at the IRT (2006- 2007) enabled me to enjoy the productions and discussions held by the institute’s experts in several fields (economists, lawyers, sociologists and historians) to carry out my research work on the unionism in France. In my capacity as an expert in adult education, I aimed to demonstrate through the data I could gather, the role that lifelong education plays in the education of the trade union workers, regardless of the ideologycal orientation the union may have, as it concerns a right embedded in the Civil Code which every worker is entitled to.
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Lucchi, Elena, and Anna Caterina Delera. "Enhancing the Historic Public Social Housing through a User-Centered Design-Driven Approach." Buildings 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10090159.
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The study presents a didactic experience for the deep refurbishment and the revitalization of the San Siro neighborhood in Milan (Italy). The public housing is a significative example of the 20th-century architecture (also named “Italian Modernism of Architecture”), designed by the Italian architects—Franco Albini, Renato Camus, Giancarlo Palanti, and Laslo Kovacs (1938–1941). Nowadays, it is a multicultural area, characterized by the presence of a fragile population, with strong socio-spatial inequalities, intercultural and intergenerational conflicts. Here, an architectural design project is realized, experimenting with innovative and up-to-date design solutions. This experience develops a sensitive awareness of the multidimensional complexity of the environmentally responsible design, which requires a critical balance among different disciplines and skills. The reusing of existing buildings has sustainable importance for preventing new land-uses and for saving the potential energy consumption related to the construction process. Only a widespread knowledge of the local socio-economic conditions through participatory actions permits the selection of appropriate retrofit solutions, considering also the high cultural, social, and economic values. Functional and social mix, space flexibility, green design, renewable energies, circular economy criteria, and continuative maintenance are the correct strategies for boosting the social revitalization and for improving fairness, safety, architectural quality, human comfort, energy efficiency, and sustainability in this public housing neighborhood.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Mau, V. "Modernization under Conditions of Political Stability (Reforms of the Second Half of XIX Century: Logic and Stages of Complex Modernization)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2009): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-32-50.
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The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.
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Diakov, Nikolai. "Islam in the Colonial Policy of France: from the Origins to the Fifth Republic." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.
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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.
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Ph.D.Guide, Dr Oinam Ranjit Singh, and Kumud Ranjan Basumatary. "The Socio-Economic & Religious Conditions of the Bodos in the Early 20th Century." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 06 (June 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206061322.
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Padayachee, Vishnu. "The 20th-century South African economy through a development lens." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569119x15765873896736.
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Based on Bill Freund’s latest book, this review essay critically reviews the author’s discussion of: the institutional and network fibres underlying the mid-20th-century South African developmental model; how and why it developed; how and why it transformed through the course of that century; and how it was dismantled by the end of that century. The essay also tries to assess the significance of that model for South African development in the post-1994 democratic era, as well as the economic and public policy choices exercised by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government under conditions of fiscal constraint.
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Lebedeva, Lidia, Yulia Kucherova, and Elena Godina. "Secular Changes in Male Body Height in the European Part of Russia during the 20th Century." Collegium antropologicum 44, no. 2 (2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.44.2.1.
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Significant political and economic transformations took place on the territory of contemporary Russia in the first part of the 20th century. We hypothesized that they would have affected male growth curve negatively. To test this idea, the dataset was collected to present the graph, which illustrates the changes in male body height during the 20th century. We searched for bibliographic sources with information about body height of men and women born during the 20th century, with full description of measurement methodology, sample design and significant geographical distribution of the dataset covering more than 15 territories of the country – cities or regions. Such criteria were met only for men. We found only 8 sources that could be considered reliable in the research. The observed graph confirms positive changes in male body height on the territory of the European part of contemporary Russia: for those, who were born in 1900‘s it was 166.1 cm, in 1920s – 166.5 cm, in 1940s – 171 cm, in 1960s – 174.8 cm and in 1980s the indicator reached 176.1 cm. No significant negative changes in this indicator have been found during the studied period. The primary hypothesis that political and socio-economic transformations affect male growth curve negatively was confirmed only partly. We concluded that unfavorable political and socio-economic events (such as revolutions, World War I and World War II, purges and famines) influenced the pace of body height increase in men. While the main period of secular trend was fixed in the first decades of the 20th century in Germany, Netherlands and France, in this part of Russia it occurred later, in 1930–1960s. However, the total increase in male height was very similar for all mentioned territories (9–11 cm) during 1900–1980’s.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "France – Economic conditions – 20th century"
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De, Rouvray Cristel Anne. "Economists writing history : American and French experience in the mid 20th century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/36/.
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If one considers the fortunes of economic history in the 20th century U.S., the 1940s, 50s and 60s stand out as a particularly vibrant time for the field and economists’ contributions to it. These decades saw the creation of the main association and journals - the Economic History Association, the Journal of Economic History for example – and the launching of large research programs – Harvard’s history of entrepreneurship, Simon Kuznets’ retrospective accounts, cliometrics for example. Why did American economists write so much history in the decades immediately following WWII, and why and how did this change with cliometrics? To answer these questions I use interviews with scholars who were active in the mid 20th century, their publications and archival material. The bulk of the analysis focuses on the U.S., yet it relies in part on a comparison with France where economic history also experienced a golden period at this time, though it involved few economists. Instead it was the domain of Annales historians. This comparison sheds light on the ways in which the labels “economist” and “historian” changed meaning throughout the period of study. Economists’ general interest for history is best understood as a part of an ongoing debate on scientific method, specifically about whether and how to observe and what constitutes reliable empirical evidence. These debates contributed both to draw social scientists to history, and change the way they wrote history. In the U.S. the mid 20th century surge in economist-history was principally due to the post-war demand for knowledge about growth and development. The sense of urgency that came with this task increased scholars’ willingness to work with estimated (as opposed to found) data. This was reinforced by American economists’ experience in war planning and ensuing spread of an operations research mentality among graduate students. The issue of whether or not to estimate became a new demarcation line between “historians” and “economists”. By the late 1960s, scholars who wanted to turn to the past to observe economies evolve over several decades, and let these facts “speak for themselves” had largely been replaced by researchers who used modern economic theory to frame historical investigation, and relied on quantification and estimation as their main empirical inputs.
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Mendez, Juan M. "The Hispanic population's economic impact on the city of West Chicago." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306379.
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Growing up as the son of Mexican immigrant parents, in a city that has changed drainatically, I have had many questions as to the reason the city has changed so much. The city of West Chicago has experienced demographic shifts that are as astonishing on paper as they are in real life. This study answers why the Hispanic population chose the city of West Chicago as a destination and the positive impact that had on the city's economy. Hispanic family interviews also reveal the important factors and draws to the city, as well as an oral history of the city.Department of Urban Planning
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Biehl, Lundberg Andrés. "Social policy and income inequality in the Southern Cone during the 20th century : a comparative perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce998341-6b28-41a7-9453-94a22174e47a.
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This dissertation compares the effects of progressive social reform on income inequality in the Southern Cone of South America, Scandinavia, and Australasia. These regions faced comparable economic challenges at the start of the 20th century, but experienced different trends of income inequality after they introduced progressive policies in this period. Australasia and Scandinavia converged on a downward trend while the Southern Cone remained comparatively more unequal. The dissertation concentrates on three areas that significantly predict inequality in contemporary research: labour markets, education, and taxation and spending policies. Existing explanations usually focus on supply-side aspects of policy reform: wage regulation, and increased taxation and spending on education and social insurance, are thought to bring inequality down in the long-run. These reforms are seen as the outcome of the relative power of working class groups over elites. Despite institutional variation, the three regions enacted progressive policies to address distributional conflict and protect their economies from global risks. I study the demand-side of policy reform; policies faced considerable collective action problems to promote compliance and cooperation in order to work in the long-time and include populations at large. The fact that most people were motivated to comply meant that labour markets generated formality and standard wages, education increased human capital, and spending became stable as the tax base increased in Scandinavia and the Antipodes. The opposite happened in the Southern Cone as social actors tried to link selectively with the state while state officials neglected the material constraints that limited access to welfare and education. Each chapter spells out the conditions through which policy addressed collective action problems to motivate cooperation with wage agreements, sending children to school, and compliance with taxation and spending policies. Behind comparable aggregate numbers in these areas, the underlying social processes differed as Australasians and Scandinavians fostered cooperation between state and social actors, while the Southern Cone did not.
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Mirza, Rinchan Ali. "Essays in the economic history of South Asia, 1891 to 2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31ac00fe-f728-4e22-bcf1-62447a4e367c.
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This thesis presents research that subscribes to the broader theme of the Economic History of South Asia from 1891 to 2009. First, Chapter 2 shows that the Partition induced expulsion of religious minorities reduced school provision in Pakistan. The effect of minorities is explained by their education, occupational structure and their contribution towards local social capital. Then, Chapter 3 examines how areas affected by the Partition fare in terms of long-run agricultural development in India. It finds that areas that received more displaced migrants after Partition perform better in terms of crop yields, are more likely to take up of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, and are more likely to use agricultural technologies. It highlights the superior educational status of the migrants as a potential pathway for the observed effects. Next, Chapter 4 shows that the agricultural productivity shock induced by the adoption of HYV of seeds reduced infant mortality across districts in India. It uses data on the characteristics of children and mothers in the sample to show that it was children born to mothers whose characteristics generally correlate with higher child mortality, children born in rural areas, boys, children born in rice and wheat producing districts and children born in poorer households who benefit more from HYV adoption. Furthermore, Chapter 5 shows that baseline differences in irrigation prior to the adoption of HYV are associated with differences in the growth of yields after adoption. It explores the relationship between irrigation and yields over time to uncover potential mechanisms for the observed relationship. Finally, Chapter 6 empirically investigates the relationship between religious shrines and literacy in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
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Guo, Huanguang. "Inequality and economic growth in China : an empirical analysis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/607.
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McNeil, Charles A. "Carved from stone? : community life and work in Barre, Vermont, 1900-1922." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61921.
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Aprahamian, Sima. "The inhabitants of Haouch Moussa : from stratified society through classlessness to the re-appearance of social classes." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75876.
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This is a case study, based on fieldwork research carried out in 1980-1981 and 1986-1987 among the inhabitants of Haouch Moussa ('Anjar)--a Lebanese Armenian community in the Beka'a valley of Lebanon. The study itself constitutes a reconstruction of the practices and experiences (and their genesis) of the people in question, as Lebanese and Armenians (and therefore, of my own history as a Lebanese and an Armenian (and a woman)). The settlement itself was established in 1939 by Armenian refugees deported from their original habitat in Mount Moussa, the Sanjak of Iskandaroun (Turkey). When relocated in the Central Beka'a the inhabitants initiated a collectivisation experiment. However, it was brought to an end shortly after Lebanese Independence. During the following decades, while the socialist ideology has persisted the individual households have at first become petty commodity producers for a regional, national and international market, and later through the dynamics of petty commodity production, capitalism, and the effects of the civil war in Lebanon further transformations have occurred. This thesis examines these transformations and attempts to translate the dynamics of the reality of the inhabitants of 'Anjar into anthropological discourse.
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Hileman, Garrick. "Sovereign debt sustainability, financial repression, and monetary innovation : Britain and currency black markets in the mid-20th century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3295/.
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The 1940s were the last time sovereign debt levels for many advanced economies were comparable to recent times. Following the Second World War the United Kingdom is viewed as having achieved the highest public debt to income ratio while still avoiding default of any country in last three centuries. However, previous research on the UK during this period has largely overlooked British post-war debt sustainability and the role played by financial repression. This thesis presents a conceptual framework of the mechanisms for achieving sovereign debt sustainability, along with their resultant political economy trade-offs. The conventional historical view that the UK avoided default on its sovereign financial agreements following the Second World War is re-examined and Britain is found to have ‘partially defaulted’ in the years following the Second World War. This thesis provides a historical narrative of the intellectual origins and policies of modern financial repression in Britain and presents alternative qualitative and quantitative measurements of financial repression. Monetary innovation accompanied 1930s-40s financial regulation, particularly the development of sophisticated currency black markets in New York and Switzerland. Statistical analysis of new daily time series data from these markets provides a quantitative market perspective on historical turning points during the 1940s. A currency taxonomy and discussion of the causes behind the rise and decline of alternative currencies is presented. While alternative currencies also featured during the 1940s they were arguably less numerous and less innovative than during the Great Depression period. The British case ultimately illustrates the complex dynamics and trade-offs of sovereign debt sustainability vis-à-vis other competing policy objectives, such as a desire for open markets and economic growth, financial stability, and geopolitical priorities.
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Breashears, Margaret Herbst. "An Analysis of Status: Women in Texas, 1860-1920." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279203/.
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This study examined the status of women in Texas from 1860 to 1920. Age, family structure and composition, occupation, educational level, places of birth, wealth, and geographical persistence are used as the measurements of status. For purposes of analysis, women are grouped according to whether they were married, widowed, divorced, or single.
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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Sovereign debts in trouble times." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211300.
Full textBooks on the topic "France – Economic conditions – 20th century"
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Broder, Albert. Histoire économique de la France au XXe: 1914-1997. Paris: Ophrys, 1998.
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Berstein, Serge. Histoire de la France au XXe siècle. Bruxelles: Ed. Complexe, 2003.
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Pierre, Milza, ed. Histoire de la France au XXe siècle. Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991.
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Berstein, Serge. Histoire de la France au XXe siècle. Bruxelles: Editions Complexe, 1995.
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Berstein, Serge. Histoire de la France au XXe siècle. Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1990.
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Facing the Second World War: Strategy, politics, and economics in Britain and France, 1938-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
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Funtecha, Henry Florida. Iloilo in the 20th century: An economic history. Iloilo City: [U.P. in the Visayas], 1997.
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Democracies at the turning point: Britain, France, and the end of the postwar order, 1928-1933. New York: P. Lang, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "France – Economic conditions – 20th century"
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Ershov, Bogdan. "Revolutionary Upheavals in Russia in the Early 20th Century." In Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood, 61–76. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch004.
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This chapter examines the social contradictions and the inability of the government to solve the main political problems that led to the deep socio-political crisis of Russia in the early 20th century. This was expressed in the struggle of the workers against the autocratic police system, in the creation of radical, left-wing political parties and liberal opposition unions, in disputes within the ruling elite, and fluctuations in the government's course. All these sociopolitical contradictions and problems were aggravated in the conditions of the deep economic crisis that Russia, like all other European powers, experienced in the early 20th century. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that in the late 19th to early 20th centuries in Russia, as in other capitalist countries, monopolistic associations in industry, commerce, and transport became widespread.
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"Dietary changes in Europe from 16th to 20th century, with particular reference to France and Italy." In Consumer Behaviour and Economic Growth in the Modern Economy (RLE Consumer Behaviour), 119–40. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315761923-11.
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Janzen, Olaf U. "The Problem of Piracy in the Newfoundland Fishery in the Aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession." In War and Trade in Eighteenth-Century Newfoundland, 31–48. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the brief resurgence of piracy in Newfoundland between the years 1717 and 1725. It places the developments in Newfoundland within the context of North Atlantic piracy in the aftermath of the War of Spanish Succession, whilst linking the presence of pirates in Newfoundland to the working conditions of the Fishery. It details the fish trade’s vulnerability to piracy, particularly from North African ‘Sallee Rovers’; the increase in state protection; the differing approaches of Britain and France when dealing with piracy; and the difficult working conditions in the fishery and how that contributed to the recruitment of pirates. It concludes that once the Royal Navy’s presence in Newfoundland increased and the working conditions in the fishery eased during economic recovery, piracy was quick to disappear from the area.
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Lebeloane, Lazarus D. M. Oupa. "Scientific Basis of Social Pedagogy." In Handbook of Research on Pedagogies and Early Intervention Strategies for Combatting Socio-Pathological Behaviors, 30–46. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8509-2.ch003.
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The scientific basis of social pedagogy was developed between the 19th and 20th centuries. Its development was propelled by the era's poor socio-economic conditions. The society was emancipated from traditional ways of life in rural areas to industrialization, urbanization, and modern forms of lifestyles. This chapter discusses the scientific basis of social pedagogy in countries in Europe, which include but are not limited to Germany, Sweden, Finland, and France. It covers this background, but the focus of the chapter is the position of social pedagogy in the system of science, its research areas, the education of social pedagogues, and the areas of work of social pedagogues.
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Szabó, Máté. "From the Manorial Village to the Regional Center. The Economic Development of Barcs in the Period of Dualism." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations, 148–60. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-17.
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At the very beginning of my essay I point out that what kind of natural and economical conditions Barcs have had in the 19th centuries. This is important becouse I had to place Barcs into this medium, which in the beginning of the 19th was a simple manorial village situated in the flood plain of the Drava. The Drava river had a great impact on the improvement of the village. This little manorial village by the end of the century became one of the determinative villages in the region of southern Transdanubia. I show why was the location of the village so importan at that time. As a vehicular interchange and with its warehouse capacity by the beginning of the 19th century it was significant too. There were five railway lines that are met in Barcs in the begining of the 20th century. So it was a significant vehicular intersection at that time. Furthermore after Kaposvár it was the second biggest industrial centre of the county. By this time it was famous about its wood and mill industries across Europe. Moreover it had a regional centre role at different types of food industries. I introduce to what kind of economical processies and infrastructural investments helped the large economical developement of the village. At the end of my essay I want to show the series of events
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Harvey, Mark. "Making People Work for Wages: Instituting the Capital–Labour Exchange in the United Kingdom." In Inequality and Democratic Egalitarianism, 98–129. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526114020.003.0004.
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This chapter develops the theoretical analysis by providing an historical account of the development of wage labour, in a long duration account from the beginning of the 19th century through to mid-20th century in the United Kingdom. It shows how new forms of coercive labour developed with industrial capitalism through employment and welfare law. It argues that state power, through law and fiscal regimes, conditions the exchange between labour and capital. As such, it critiques the abstraction of the economy as a separate sphere and discipline, proposing a co-evolutionary account of economic organisation, law and fiscal regimes.
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Sichkar, Alla, and Yana Matiushynets. "IDEAS OF THE SUBJECT-DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN IN THE UKRAINIAN PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE LATE 19TH – 20TH YEARS OF THE ХХ CENTURY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional as. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-1-8.
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The article highlights the features of the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in the pedagogical thought of Ukraine and their transformation under the influence of socio-economic, political, ideological, pedagogical factors (late 19th - 20s of the 20th century) To achieve the goal, to solve the tasks set, a set of research methods was used, namely: historical and retrospective - in order to analyze the priority ideas of domestic teachers on the creation and functioning of a developing environment for children and their implementation into practice; constructive-genetic – for the analysis of goals, objectives, content-methodological support of the dynamics of ideas of a developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age; chronological – to establish the time boundaries of phenomena and processes; hermeneutic – for a new reading and commenting on historical and pedagogical texts; specific historical – for the purpose of analyzing documents on the development of preschool education and primary education in Ukraine in a certain chronological framework. On the basis of the historical and pedagogical analysis of archival documents, narrative sources, theoretical provisions have been determined that relate to the development of ideas about a subject-developing environment in educational institutions of Ukraine: key ideas, periodization and factors influencing their development have been identified; highlights the features of their interpretation by Ukrainian teachers in a certain chronological framework. The historical genesis of ideas about a subject-developing environment is associated with the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of preschool education and primary school under the influence of progressive European systems of education (F. Frebel, M. Montessori) and scientific achievements in the field of child anatomy, physiology, and psychology. It was found that the ideas of self-activity and creative self-realization, self-development of a child in a subject-developing environment, control of the process of self-development of a child by introducing him to various types of activities in an environment prepared by the educator remained relevant in a certain chronological framework of the study, but the means of their implementation changed under the influence of social economic, ideological, political factors. During the three socio-political milestones identified by us, namely: ideas about the developmental influence of environments for children (1871-1917); filling developing environments with national content in the years of the UPR (1917-1919); adaptation of the ideas of previous periods to class education (1920-1930), different, of the above factors were dominant and exercised a decisive influence on the formation of pedagogical theory and practice on the organization of a subject-developing environment for children of preschool and primary school age in educational institutions and in the conditions of family education of children in the Ukrainian territory.
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Hulvey, Monique. "Sellers and Buyers of the Lyon Book Market in the Late 15th Century." In Printing R-Evolution and Society 1450-1500. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-332-8/026.
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Without a university or parliament, Lyon became an important centre of book production and distribution over the last quarter of the fifteenth century. In the course of these years, favourable economic conditions with the development of a fourth annual fair and elaborate banking services, turned the provincial merchant town into a European marketplace. Constant movement of people, goods, and money, as well as a ten-year tax exemption for newcomers to the printing business, attracted printers and booksellers who placed Lyon at the heart of networks operating near and far. Contemporary material evidence from the buyers’ side documents the markets targeted by the Lyon book merchants during this key period, some of their strategies, and skills at time and distance management. It also suggests how, in their spheres of influence, the development of the book trade could have played a part in the evolution of urban and rural society. With little archival evidence at hand, we need to reassess the larger organisation of the Lyon book trade in the international landscape and the part played by the importation of books. A mapping of available data, and observations on bindings and provenance, is helping to define the role of the city in the circulation of books, printed locally or elsewhere, throughout France.
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Roy, Maitreyee Bardhan. "Women Empowerment Vis-a-Vis Late Parenting." In Handbook of Research on New Dimensions of Gender Mainstreaming and Women Empowerment, 204–20. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2819-8.ch012.
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The author of the chapter, while focusing on the neo-family ethos in India, indicates how women empowerment has overhauled the traditional family culture in 20th century India in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal and independence. The post-partition empowered women, with their economic independence, gave birth to an inherently empowered and educated women group (as their offspring) propagating late marriage and late parenting through their own practices and also through their fellow Indian citizens located in various urban centres of the country. The post-1990 globalization and liberalization policies have enabled the educated women group to procure skilled jobs with lucrative salaries and attractive service conditions in MNCs and IT sectors. The author of the chapter, through field surveys, tries to display the reality scenario through interaction with those women located in the modern employment sectors in the Kolkata metropolis.
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Cinar, Dilaysu. "A Market Analysis Approach to Portfolio Theories." In Global Strategies in Banking and Finance, 241–52. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4635-3.ch016.
Full textAbstract:
Stocks are affected by general economic conditions in different ways and differing severities. Various parameters affect different securities. Through diversification by making a mixture of the securities, which are affected by different states, transactions increase the benefit of the investor and this situation, which is called portfolio management. Portfolio management is deciding when securities are removed and when securities will be added. Traditional portfolio theory ignores the relationship between mutual funds and quantitative data. This is done by Modern Portfolio Theory, which uses the mathematical and statistical methods in the second half of the 20th century. Undoubtedly, market analysis within the scope of this theory will provide great convenience to investors. Thus, the aim of this study is to express some basic concepts to discuss the both traditional and modern portfolio theories and their importance in the technical and fundamental analyses.
Conference papers on the topic "France – Economic conditions – 20th century"
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D'Aprile, Marianela. "A City Divided: “Fragmented” Urban and Literary Space in 20th-Century Buenos Aires." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.22.
Full textAbstract:
When analyzing the state of Latin American cities, particularly large ones like Buenos Aires, São Paolo and Riode Janeiro, scholars of urbanism and sociology often lean heavily on the term “fragmentation.” Through the 1980s and 1990s, the term was quickly and widely adopted to describe the widespread state of abutment between seemingly disparate urban conditions that purportedly prevented Latin American cities from developing into cohesive wholes and instead produced cities in pieces, fragments. This term, “fragmentation,” along with the idea of a city composed of mismatching parts, was central to the conception of Buenos Aires by its citizens and immortalized by the fiction of Esteban Echeverría, Julio Cortázar and César Aira. The idea that Buenos Aires is composed of discrete parts has been used throughout its history to either proactively enable or retroactively justify planning decisions by governments on both ends of the political spectrum. The 1950s and 60s saw a series of governments whose priorities lay in controlling the many newcomers to the city via large housing projects. Aided by the perception of the city as fragmented, they were able to build monster-scale developments in the parts of the city that were seen as “apart.” Later, as neoliberal democracy replaced socialist and populist leadership, commercial centers in the center of the city were built as shrines to an idealized Parisian downtown, separate from the rest of the city. The observations by scholars of the city that Buenos Aires is composed of multiple discrete parts, whether they be physical, economic or social, is accurate. However, the issue here lies not in the accuracy of the assessment but in the word chosen to describe it. The word fragmentation implies that there was a “whole” at once point, a complete entity that could be then broken into pieces, fragments. Its current usage also implies that this is a natural process, out of the hands of both planners and inhabitants. Leaning on the work of Adrián Gorelik, Pedro Pírez and Marie-France Prévôt-Schapira, and utilizing popular fiction to supplement an understanding of the urban experience, I argue that fragmentation, more than a naturally occurring phenomenon, is a fabricated concept that has been used throughout the twentieth century and through today to make all kinds of urban planning projects possible.