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Journal articles on the topic 'Frequency-reuse schemes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Aki, Hazar Cenk, M. Erturk, and Huseyin Arslan. "Fractional Reuse Partitioning Schemes for Overlay Cellular Architectures." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 2, no. 4 (2010): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2010100102.

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In this paper, the authors propose three partitioning schemes for adaptive clustering with fractional frequency reuse namely maximal fractional frequency reuse partitioning (MFRP), optimal fractional reuse partitioning (OFRP), and GoS-oriented frequency reuse partitioning. The authors propose that an overlaid cellular clustering scheme, which uses adaptive fractional frequency reuse factors, would provide a better capacity by exploiting the high level of signal to interference ratio (SIR). The proposed methods are studied via simulations and the results show that the adaptive clustering with different partitioning methods provide better capacity and grade of service (GoS) comparing to the conventional cellular architectures.

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2

Ibrahim, Ahmed, A. Al-Awamry Al-Awamry, and Ashraf Shawky Mohra. "Managing the Interference for Down-Link in LTE Using Fractional Frequency Reuse." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (2020): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v5i3.25636.

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Long Term Evolution has developed a new radio technology called femtocell or Femto Base station, which is well-suited to improve cellular network capacity and mobile coverage to indoor user's areas. Providing additional capacity and coverage expansion through FBSs could lead to large interference in a cellular radio communication network. In this paper, we proposed an efficient resource allocation scheme based on Fraction Frequency Reuse (FFR) for interference mitigation, where the entire spectrum is shared among network entities. FFR mechanism aims to reduce co-tier and cross-tier downlink interferences by allocating non-overlapping sets of bands to the user equipment at different geographic locations. The main purpose of this work is to compare two main types of FFR schemes, respectively, Strict FFR and Soft Frequency Reuse with the proposed scheme. The three types of FFR schemes were explained and evaluated with Monte-Carlo simulation based on some performance metrics, namely, sum-rate, spectral efficiency, and outage probability. Simulation results showed that the impacts of the proposed scheme are significantly high in comparison with two other methods. The proposed scheme proved to enhance spectral efficiency, reduced the outage probability, and increased the sum rate for all the users.

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3

Wang, Jian-Sing, and Jeng-Shin Sheu. "Study of Handover Techniques for 4G Network MIMO Systems." International Journal of Communications 15 (April 23, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9107.2021.15.3.

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For the upcoming 4G systems, network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) are two of key techniques adopted in 4G systems to mitigate the serious inter-cell interference (ICI) and improve coverage and cell-edge throughput. Network MIMO is referred to as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) in LTE-A. In this paper, we propose a simulation platform to analyze the handover issue for downlink CoMP transmissions in LTE-A cellular systems. Among the variety of ICIC strategies, we apply the widely adopted soft frequency reuse (SFR) and the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) schemes. Both schemes are based on the idea of applying a frequency reuse factor of one in cell-center areas, and a higher reuse factor in cell-edge areas. Therefore, the ICI is reduced at the expense of the available frequency resources for each cell.

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Liang, Jian. "Two Novel High Spectral Efficient Frequency Reuse Schemes in OFDMA Cellular Relay Networks." Journal of Information and Computational Science 10, no. 6 (2013): 1777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12733/jics20101640.

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5

Chuang, Tsung-Hui, Guan-Hong Chen, Meng-Hsun Tsai, and Chun-Lung Lin. "Alleviating Interference through Cognitive Radio for LTE-Advanced Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 3 (2015): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i3.pp539-547.

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In the LTE-Advanced network, some femtocells are deployed within a macroecell for improving throughput of indoor user equipments (UEs), which are referred to as femtocell UEs (FUEs). Cross-tier interference is an important issue in this deployment, which may significantly impact signal quality between Macrocell Base Stations (MBSs) and Macrocell User Equipments (MUEs), especially for MUEs near the femtocell. To relieve this problem, the Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution-Advanced (3GPP LTE-Advanced) de<br /> fined the cognitive radio enhanced femtocell to coordinate interference for LTE-Advanced Network. Cognitive radio femtocells have the ability to sense radio environment to obtain radio parameters. In this paper, we investigated the performance of existing schemes based on fractional frequency reuse. Therefore, we proposed a scheme with cognitive radio technology to improve the performance of fractional fre-quency reuse scheme. Simulation results showed that our scheme can effectively enhance average downlink throughput of FUEs as well as the total downlink throughput in LTE-Advanced Networks.

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6

Maqbool, Masood, Philippe Godlewski, Marceau Coupechoux, and Jean-Marc Kélif. "Analytical performance evaluation of various frequency reuse and scheduling schemes in cellular OFDMA networks." Performance Evaluation 67, no. 4 (2010): 318–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peva.2009.08.001.

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7

Bilios, Dimitrios, Christos Bouras, Georgios Diles, Vasileios Kokkinos, Andreas Papazois, and Georgia Tseliou. "A Simulation Framework for the Evaluation of Frequency Reuse in LTE-A Systems." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 3, no. 2 (2014): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2014040104.

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Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) technology is considered as the most possible candidate for next generation mobile communications. LTE-A networks offer high capacity and are specified and designed to accommodate small, high performance, power-efficient end-user devices. Similarly to its predecessor LTE, LTE-A incorporates inter-cell interference mitigation methods in order to mitigate interference and to enhance efficiency in bandwidth usage. These methods include power and frequency allocation schemes that allow neighbouring cells and femtocells in heterogeneous networks to co-ordinately share and reuse available spectral resources, in order to avoid performance degradation for interference suffering cell-edge users. In this paper, the authors study the LTE-A multi-cell systems' performance using a simulation framework, which integrates several frequency reuse techniques and provides a user-friendly graphical presentation of the evaluation results. The optimal Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) configuration for the user-defined network instance is also determined, based on overall performance and fairness index metrics. Finally, the authors examine FFR techniques in two-tier femtocell/macrocell environments and evaluate them based on the optimization of different metrics, depending on the network operator's needs.

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8

JEONG, Minwoo, Yongseouk CHOI, and Sook-Jin LEE. "Performance Evaluation of Frequency Reuse and Scheduling Schemes for Dense Millimeter-Wave Multi-Beam eNodeB Architecture." IEICE Transactions on Communications E100.B, no. 8 (2017): 1312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2016fgp0026.

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9

Wang, Weiwei, Zihua Guo, Jun Cai, Xuemin(Sherman) Shen, and Changjia Chen. "Multiple frequency reuse schemes in the two-hop IEEE 802.16j wireless relay networks with asymmetrical topology." Computer Communications 32, no. 11 (2009): 1298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2009.02.001.

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10

Molisch, Andreas F., Giuseppe Caire, David Ott, Jeffrey R. Foerster, Dilip Bethanabhotla, and Mingyue Ji. "Caching Eliminates the Wireless Bottleneck in Video Aware Wireless Networks." Advances in Electrical Engineering 2014 (November 30, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261390.

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Wireless video is the main driver for rapid growth in cellular data traffic. Traditional methods for network capacity increase are very costly and do not exploit the unique features of video, especially asynchronous content reuse. In this paper we give an overview of our work that proposed and detailed a new transmission paradigm exploiting content reuse and the widespread availability of low-cost storage. Our network structure uses caching in helper stations (femtocaching) and/or devices, combined with highly spectrally efficient short-range communications to deliver video files. For femtocaching, we develop optimum storage schemes and dynamic streaming policies that optimize video quality. For caching on devices, combined with device-to-device (D2D) communications, we show that communications within clusters of mobile stations should be used; the cluster size can be adjusted to optimize the tradeoff between frequency reuse and the probability that a device finds a desired file cached by another device in the same cluster. In many situations the network throughput increases linearly with the number of users, and the tradeoff between throughput and outage is better than in traditional base-station centric systems. Simulation results with realistic numbers of users and channel conditions show that network throughput can be increased by two orders of magnitude compared to conventional schemes.

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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Minimizing risks in wastewater reuse: proposed operational principles and guidelines for South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, no. 4 (2012): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.038.

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Treated wastewater represents a significant potential source of reclaimed water for some beneficial reuses. However, public concern over the risks/health-related hazards of wastewater reuse has limited the general acceptability of reuse systems in many countries. It is important to manage the operation of recycled water systems in such a way that it will not adversely affect public health and the environment. Management of recycled water involves process control and compliance monitoring. This paper presents proposed unit process monitoring guidelines to classify the performances of treatment units according to the pollutant removal efficiencies and frequency of sampling to test for effluent quality suitable for reuse. The paper also highlights the procedure for proper inspection of treatment facilities to ensure optimum performances. It proposes minimum quality requirements for different reuse activities in South Africa such as domestic (toilet flushing, watering private gardens), irrigation (crops, landscape, public parks and golf courses, cemeteries), industrial (system cooling and process water) and other activities (construction works, street cleaning, fire protection, groundwater recharge). By employing the wastewater treatment monitoring and sampling procedures proposed in this paper, health-related hazards can be minimized while public confidence in reuse schemes will be enhanced.

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12

Sharma, Abhijit, Arvind Shah, Monish Chatterjee, and Uma Bhattacharya. "CAC DPLB MCN: A Distributed Load Balancing Scheme in Multimedia Mobile Cellular Networks." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 41, no. 4 (2016): 261–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2016-0015.

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Abstract The problem of non-uniform traffic demand in different cells of a cellular network may lead to a gross imbalance in the system performance. Thus, the users in hot cells may suffer from low throughput. In this paper, an effective and simple load balancing scheme CAC_DPLB_MCN is proposed that can effectively reduce the overall call blocking. This model considers dealing with multi-media traffic as well as time-varying geographical traffic distribution. The proposed scheme uses the concept of cell-tiering thereby creating fractional frequency reuse environment. A message exchange based distributed scheme instead of centralized one is used which help the proposed scheme be implemented in a multiple hot cell environment also. Furthermore, concept of dynamic pricing is used to serve the best interest of the users as well as for the service providers. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two other existing schemes in terms of call blocking probability and bandwidth utilization. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the call blocking significantly in highly congested cell with highest bandwidth utilization. Use of dynamic pricing also makes the scheme useful to increase revenue of the service providers in contrast with compared schemes.

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13

Sackey, Eric, and Rajeev Paulus. "Random access improvement for M2M communication in LTE-A using femtocell." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (2019): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp1153-1162.

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<p><span>When an area is highly populated with Machine-to-Machine devices and all these devices attempt to access the Random Access Network Simultaneously, congestion is created on the network which degrades the performance of the network to other users. In this paper, the researchers are seeking to improve network accessibility by deploying more Femtocell into the network. They engaged the use of Extended Access Barring to restrict the M2M devices from accessing the network via macrocell eNB when a minimum load threshold is attained, thereby preventing the macrocell eNB from being congested. Deploying these Femtocells underneath the macrocell eNB comes with the issue of Inter-Cell Interference which nullifies any gains made by this deployment. The researchers employed Fractional Frequency Reuse and Complete Frequency Reuse schemes to mitigate the negative effects of ICI to augment the throughput of the network, improve the system capacity and enhanced the user experience within the network.</span></p>

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14

MUBAROK, ARIF, and HASANAH PUTRI. "Analisis Dampak Inter-Band Carrier Aggregation pada Perencanaan Jaringan LTE-Advanced." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 7, no. 2 (2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i2.363.

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ABSTRAKPenerapan teknologi Long Term Evolution (LTE) di Indonesia belum optimal dalam pengalokasian spektrum dikarenakan keterbatasan spektrum, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut 3GPP mengeluarkan teknologi terbaru yaitu LTEAdvanced yang mendukung fitur carrier aggregation (CA) yang memberikan throughput yang lebih tinggi dengan penggunaan spektrum yang lebih efisien. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perencanaan jaringan LTE-Advanced menggunakan metode inter-band CA dengan menggabungkan dua band frequency yang berbeda yaitu bandwith 5 MHz di band 5 (850 MHz) dan bandwidth 10 MHz di band 3 (1800 MHz). Untuk mendapatkan performansi yang maksimal perencanaan jaringan LTE dan LTE-A dikombinasikan dengan penggunaan skema Physical Cell Identity (PCI) dan Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR). Penggunaan PCI meningkatkan SINR sebesar 1 dB dan throughput meningkat sebesar 200 Kbps, sedangkan penggunaan skema SFR meningkatkan SINR sebesar 9 dB dan throughput meningkat sebesar 13 Mbps.Kata kunci: LTE-Advanced, PCI, SFR, Carrier Aggregation. ABSTRACTThe implementation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in Indonesia has not been optimal due to spectrum limitations. To overcome the problem, 3GPP issued the latest technology, i.e. LTE-Advanced, to support the carrier aggregation (CA) feature that provides higher throughput with more efficient spectrum usage. In this study, LTE-Advanced network planning was performed using the inter-band CA method by combining two different band frequencies, namely 5 MHz bandwidth on Band 5 (850 MHz) and 10 MHz bandwidth on Band 3 (1800 MHz). In addition, to generate maximum performance, the LTE and LTEA networks planning was combined with the use of Physical Cell Identity (PCI) and Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) schemes. The use of the PCI managed to increase SINR by 1 dB and throughput by 200 Kbps, while the use of SFR scheme managed to increase SINR by 9 dB and throughput by 13 Mbps.Keywords: LTE-Advanced, PCI, SFR, Carrier Aggregation.

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15

Ma, Gary H. K., and Albert Y. Zomaya. "An Efficient Algorithm for Solving the Minimum Blocking Frequency Assignment Problem Using Channel Reassignment." Journal of Interconnection Networks 04, no. 02 (2003): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265903000842.

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The channel allocation problem (CAP) that involves the allocation a disjoint set of channels to meet the call demands for a cellular network is an NP-complete combinatorial optimisation problem [1]. The CAP can be viewed as: static (during the initial design/planning of the cellular network) and dynamic (when the network is operational). This paper presents a new algorithm designed to solve the online call control problem. This algorithm is a modified version of the maximum channel packing channel allocation (MCPCA) scheme, proposed by [19]. The original MCPCA scheme aims at maximising the reuse of channels (i.e. dense packing) and simulation results showed that it is more efficient than fixed channel assignment (FCA) or borrowing channel assignment (BCA) schemes for solving the class of minimum blocking frequency assignment problem (MB-FAP) [2]. The new algorithm, entitled maximum channel packing channel assignment with re-assignment (MCPCA-RA), takes the dense packing mechanism further by allowing a neighbouring cell to re-assigns a channel to an existing call and releases the channel previously used to the new request. Simulation results that the number of blocked calls is reduced by an average of 6% compared to the original MCPCA scheme, but at the cost of extra computations due to the reassignment mechanism. Since the reassignment computations only involve cells in the local neighbourhood and can be compute in a parallel manner, MCPCA-RA algorithm is practical and efficient in real-time.

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Osama, Mayada, Salwa El Ramly, and Bassant Abdelhamid. "Interference Mitigation and Power Minimization in 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141723.

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Macro cells’ (MCs) densification with small cells (SCs) is one of the promising solutions to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rates in 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Unfortunately, the interference that arises between these densely deployed SCs and their elevated power consumption have caused huge problems facing the 5G HetNets. In this paper, a new soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme is proposed to minimize the interference and elevate the network throughput. The proposed scheme is based on on/off switching the SCs according to their interference contribution rate (ICR) values. It solves the interference problem of the densely deployed SCs by dividing the cell region into center and edge zones. Moreover, SCs on/off switching tackles the elevated power consumption problem and enhances the power efficiency of the 5G network. Furthermore, our paper tackles the irregular nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares between two different proposed shapes for the center zone of the SC: circular, and irregular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the center zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. The results show that the proposed scheme surpasses the traffic and the random on/off switching schemes, as it decreases the outage probability and enhances the total system data rate and power efficiency. Moreover, the results demonstrate the close performance of both the irregular and circular shapes for the center zone.

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Tchao, E. T., W. K. Ofosu, and K. Diawuo. "Radio Planning and Field Trial Measurement of a Deployed 4G WiMAX Network in an Urban Sub-Saharan African Environment." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 5, no. 3 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2013070101.

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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology has gained growing interest due to its applications and advantages. It is fast emerging as a last-mile problem solution for broadband access technology. This paper presents operation scenarios for the deployment of a Fourth Generation (4G) WiMAX system in a typical sub-Saharan African environment. This has been specified based on real world conditions considering the regulatory rules specified by the National Communication Authority (NCA) for radio frequency spectrum utilization in the 2.6GHz licensed band in Ghana. Appropriate propagation models and Network planning tools have been used to design the final radio network plan. Coverage prediction has been performed using Genex-U-Net to achieve the main aim of providing coverage in the predefined areas of Accra and Tema, Ghana. Simulation results for different downlink/uplink ratios with different frequency reuse schemes have been presented. A total of 11 base stations have been suggested to provide coverage of -92dBm using 32 sectors 4 transmit 4 receive (4T4R) adaptive Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna configuration within the Accra and Tema municipality. Finally the system performance is evaluated through field trial measurement and the results presented.

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18

Veerappan Kousik, Nalliyanna Goundar, Yuvaraj Natarajan, Kallam Suresh, Rizwan Patan, and Amir H. Gandomi. "Improving Power and Resource Management in Heterogeneous Downlink OFDMA Networks." Information 11, no. 4 (2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040203.

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In the past decade, low power consumption schemes have undergone degraded communication performance, where they fail to maintain the trade-off between the resource and power consumption. In this paper, management of resource and power consumption on small cell orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) networks is enacted using the sleep mode selection method. The sleep mode selection method uses both power and resource management, where the former is responsible for a heterogeneous network, and the latter is managed using a deactivation algorithm. Further, to improve the communication performance during sleep mode selection, a semi-Markov sleep mode selection decision-making process is developed. Spectrum reuse maximization is achieved using a small cell deactivation strategy that potentially identifies and eliminates the sleep mode cells. The performance of this hybrid technique is evaluated and compared against benchmark techniques. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid performance model shows effective power and resource management with reduced computational cost compared with benchmark techniques.

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19

Shahsavari, Shahram, Nail Akar, and Babak Hossein Khalaj. "Joint Cell Muting and User Scheduling in Multicell Networks with Temporal Fairness." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4846291.

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A semicentralized joint cell muting and user scheduling scheme for interference coordination in a multicell network is proposed under two different temporal fairness criteria. In the proposed scheme, at a decision instant, each base station (BS) in the multicell network employs a cell-level scheduler to nominate one user for each of its inner and outer sections and their available transmission rates to a network-level scheduler which then computes the potential overall transmission rate for each muting pattern. Subsequently, the network-level scheduler selects one pattern to unmute, out of all the available patterns. This decision is shared with all cell-level schedulers which then forward data to one of the two nominated users provided the pattern they reside in was chosen for transmission. Both user and pattern selection decisions are made on a temporal fair basis. Although some pattern sets are easily obtainable from static frequency reuse systems, we propose a general pattern set construction algorithm in this paper. As for the first fairness criterion, all cells are assigned to receive the same temporal share with the ratio between the temporal share of a cell center section and that of the cell edge section being set to a fixed desired value for all cells. The second fairness criterion is based on max-min temporal fairness for which the temporal share of the network-wide worst case user is maximized. Extensive numerical results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes and to study the impact of choice of the pattern set.

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20

Karaca, Hakan Murat. "Throughput Optimization of Multichannel Allocation Mechanism under Interference Constraint for Hybrid Overlay/underlay Cognitive Radio Networks with Energy Harvesting." Electronics 9, no. 2 (2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020330.

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By harvesting energy from ambient radio frequency (RF) signals, significant progress has been achieved in wireless networks self-maintaining their life cycles. Motivated by this and improved spectrum reuse by combined use of overlay/underlay modes of cognitive radio networks (CRNs), this paper proposes a novel multi-channel (m-channel) allocation performance maximization algorithm for low-power mobiles. CRNs, called secondary transmitters (STs), can harvest energy from RF signals by nearby active primary transmitters (PTs). In the proposed scheme, PTs and STs are distributed as independent homogeneous Poisson point processes and contact their receivers at fixed distances. Each PT contains a guard zone to protect its intended receiver from ST interference, and provides RF energy to STs located in its harvesting zone. Prioritization of STs during opportunistic allocation of channels is critical as properties like energy level and harvesting capability improve channel distribution performance. A novel metric is proposed that prioritizes STs based on initial energy levels, harvesting capability, and number of channels through which they can transmit. For comparison, three algorithms were considered: a greedy mechanism for m-channel allocation of hybrid CRNs without harvesting, the proposed m-channel allocation schemes based on maximum independent sets (MIS), and the proposed metric of hybrid CRNs with harvesting capability. The simulations show that the proposed m-channel allocation method based on MIS outperforms the greedy algorithm. The proposed m-channel allocation using the proposed metric on hybrid CRNs with energy harvesting ability produced the best performance of the three methods, proving the superiority of the proposed algorithm.

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21

Wang, Zhaocheng, and R. A. Stirling-Gallacher. "Frequency reuse scheme for cellular OFDM systems." Electronics Letters 38, no. 8 (2002): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020255.

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22

He, Yi Nuo, Wei Zheng, Bin Li, Ya Zhe Gao, and Jian Jun Wu. "A Frequency Reuse Scheme Based on Interference Pre-Cancellation and Resource Scheduling for Multi-Beam Satellite Downlink Signal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1085.

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A frequency reuse scheme is proposed in this paper for multi-beam satellite system to improve spectral efficiency as well as system capacity. Firstly, in order to reuse same channel among beams, Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is introduced to pre-cancel downlink interference of users from different beams. Secondly, a resource scheduling algorithm is proposed to jointly work with THP. Finally, simulations are executed to validate the proposed scheme, which suggest that compared to traditional frequency reuse scheme, the proposed frequency reuse scheme can successfully eliminate co-channel interference with a high spectral efficiency.

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23

Bas, Joan, and Alexis A. Dowhuszko. "On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals." Sensors 21, no. 12 (2021): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21123952.

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The verticals of 5G, such as the automotive, smart grid, and smart cities sectors, will bring new sensors and IoT devices requiring Internet connectivity. Most of these machine-type terminals will be sparsely distributed, covering a very large geographical area and, from time to time, will have to update their software, firmware, and/or other relevant data. Given this situation, one viable solution to implement the “Over-the-Air” update of these IoT terminals can be done with the aid of GEO satellite systems. However, due to the ultra-dense radio frequency reuse factor that contemporary High-Throughput Satellite (HTS) systems implement in the access link to serve the IoT terminals, the use of a time-packed Free Space Optical (FSO) link represents a practical solution to avoid the bottleneck that the satellite gateway experiences in the feeder link. The performance of both Detect-and-Forward and Decode-and-Forward relaying strategies are studied, assuming that the single-carrier M-PAM symbols that are transmitted on the optical feeder link are mapped into M-QAM symbols that modulate the multiple sub-carriers of the OFDM-based radio access link. In addition, the benefits of encapsulating the NB-IoT frames into DVB-S2(X) satellite frames is also analyzed in detail. The effects of the impairments introduced in both the optical feeder and radio access links are characterized in detail, and the end-to-end error correction capabilities of the Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) defined in the contemporary releases of the NB-IoT and DVB-S2(X) standards are studied for different working regimes.

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PENG, Wei, and Fumiyuki ADACHI. "Hybrid Frequency Reuse Scheme for Cellular MIMO Systems." IEICE Transactions on Communications E92-B, no. 5 (2009): 1641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e92.b.1641.

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25

Qian, Manli, Wibowo Hardjawana, Yonghui Li, Branka Vucetic, Xuezhi Yang, and Jinglin Shi. "Adaptive Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme for Wireless Cellular Networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 1 (2015): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2321187.

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Aliu, Osianoh Glenn, Mahima Mehta, Muhammad Ali Imran, Abhay Karandikar, and Barry Evans. "A New Cellular-Automata-Based Fractional Frequency Reuse Scheme." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 4 (2015): 1535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2330601.

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27

Rim, Minjoong. "An irregular frequency reuse scheme for cellular OFDMA systems." International Journal of Communication Systems 24, no. 4 (2010): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.1164.

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Li, Yibing, Chongyu Niu, Fang Ye, and Rose Qingyang Hu. "A universal frequency reuse scheme in LTE-A heterogeneous networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 16, no. 17 (2016): 2839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2731.

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Reza, Asif, Md Rafiqul Islam, Khaizuran Bin Abdullah, and Farah Raisa. "Interference Avoidance Using Dynamic Frequency Reuse For LTE-A System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16193.

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To meet the increasing demand for spectrum in communication system, Long Term Evolution (LTE) system has been proposed. It allowed users to use a new and much wider spectrum comparing to the other previous technologies. To utilize the full capacity of the LTE system Frequency Reuse (FR) has been adapted. It is a promising aspect of transmission of high rate data stream with better system capacity and fading immunity in the modern Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system. Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is the commonly used frequency reuse technique to increase the system capacity. But the problem is, with introduction of FR, it also increases the Inter Cell Interference (ICI) of the system. The out of cell interference coming from the neighbouring e-NodeBs (eNB) as a result of using the same frequency band and they act as an interference source. This ICI decreases the system capacity, resulting in hampering of communication, browsing and in worst case no connection at all. This condition highly affects the users under a cell specially those who are located in the cell edge areas. To take care of this issue an approach called Dynamic Frequency Reuse scheme has been proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference thus increasing the system capacity. This scheme uses continuous assessment of resource allocation and choosing the best sub-band for the user with least interference. There is a sequential order to be maintained for the users with using off minimum Base Station (BS) transmit power. The cell edge area users are the primary concern in terms of increasing their service quality. MATLAB simulation software has been used to justify the theory that the proposed scheme is capable increase the capacity of the cell edge areas as well as the cell centre area user. The results achieved from the simulation also indicates that the proposed model can enhance the system capacity comparing to the existing FFR scheme.

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Lam, Sinh C., and Kieu T. Nguyen. "Strict Frequency Reuse Algorithm in Downlink 3GPP Random Cellular Networks." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 9, no. 3 (2019): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327908666181023125721.

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Background & Objective: In this work, we introduced a mathematical network model which follows on the recommendations of 3GPP to evaluate the downlink Long Term Evolution (LTE) network utilizing Strict Frequency Reuse (FR) scheme. The network modelling bases on the establishment phase and communications of the FR scheme. The user average coverage probability is derived and analysed under Rayleigh fading environment and furthermore the closed-form formulations of the performance are found using Gauss Quadratures. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, it is proved that the proposed analytical approach is more accurate than other approaches in the literature. Conclusion: Furthermore, this paper stated that the overall system can achieve the better performance with a higher number of Cell-Edge Users (CEUs), which contrasts with other works in the literature.

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Elwekeil, Mohamed, Masoud Alghoniemy, Osamu Muta, Adel Abdel-Rahman, Haris Gacanin, and Hiroshi Furukawa. "A dynamic distributed frequency reuse scheme for OFDMA downlink cellular networks." IEICE Communications Express 5, no. 8 (2016): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.2016xbl0080.

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Jiming, Chen, Wang Peng, and Zhang Jie. "Adaptive soft frequency reuse scheme for in-building dense femtocell networks." China Communications 10, no. 1 (2013): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2013.6457529.

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Hossain, M. S., F. Tariq, and G. A. Safdar. "Enhancing cell‐edge performance using multi‐layer soft frequency reuse scheme." Electronics Letters 51, no. 22 (2015): 1826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.2757.

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Akhtar, Muhammad Saeed, Ziaul Haq Abbas, Fazal Muhammad, and Ghulam Abbas. "Analysis of decoupled association in HetNets using soft frequency reuse scheme." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 113 (January 2020): 152961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152961.

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Zhong, Lang, Guangjun Li, Xuemin Yang, and Zhi Zheng. "A PDF/PMF Function Based Frequency Allocation Scheme in Fractional Frequency Reuse Aided OFDMA Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 84, no. 4 (2015): 2693–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2761-z.

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Pan, Yan Xiong, Hui Han, Si Hai Zhang, and Wu Yang Zhou. "Relay Sharing and Soft Frequency Reuse Based Frequency Planning in OFDMA Cellular Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.221.

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This paper proposed a relay sharing and soft frequency reuse based (RSSFR) frequency planning scheme, which reaches high data rates while using the precious frequency resource efficiently, system performance is analysed and evaluated as well. System performance is enhanced in four aspects: 1) Co-channel interference is reduced significantly, which broadens the area of high achievable data rates in each cell. 2) Base stations (BSs) communicate with fixed relay stations through narrow beam antennas, which boosts the resource efficiency without bringing much interference to mobile stations (MSs). 3) The relay sharing strategy can not only bring down network cost, but also provide a better coverage to cell edge users. 4) Soft frequency reuse on shared relay increases the frequency resource efficiency further. Simulation results show that, a better tradeoff between cell throughput and frequency resource efficiency is achieved in RSSFR.

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Rha, P. S. "Frequency reuse scheme with reduced co-channel interference for fixed cellular systems." Electronics Letters 34, no. 3 (1998): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980094.

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Wang, Huiqi. "Biorthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Cellular System with Angle Division Reuse Scheme." Wireless Personal Communications 70, no. 4 (2012): 1553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0765-5.

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Bilios, Dimitrios, Christos Bouras, Vasileios Kokkinos, Andreas Papazois, and Georgia Tseliou. "Selecting the Optimal Fractional Frequency Reuse Scheme in Long Term Evolution Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 71, no. 4 (2013): 2693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0965-z.

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Hari Asti, Sri Maldia, Wei Peng, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Impact of Antenna Placement on Frequency Domain Adaptive Antenna Array in Hybrid FRF Cellular System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/538161.

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Frequency domain adaptive antenna array (FDAAA) is an effective method to suppress interference caused by frequency selective fading and multiple-access interference (MAI) in single-carrier (SC) transmission. However, the performance of FDAAA receiver will be affected by the antenna placement parameters such as antenna separation and spread of angle of arrival (AOA). On the other hand, hybrid frequency reuse can be adopted in cellular system to improve the cellular capacity. However, optimal frequency reuse factor (FRF) depends on the channel propagation and transceiver scheme as well. In this paper, we analyze the impact of antenna separation and AOA spread on FDAAA receiver and optimize the cellular capacity by using hybrid FRF.

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Park, Seung Young, Joon Young Kim, and Dong Hoi Kim. "Decentralized Frequency Reuse Scheme Supporting Best-Effort Services in Downlink Small-Cell Network." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 38A, no. 4 (2013): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2013.38a.4.360.

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Chung, Sungmoon. "Dynamic Frequency Reuse Scheme Based on Traffic Load Ratio for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 40, no. 12 (2015): 2539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.40.12.2539.

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Pao, Wei-Chen, Wen-Bin Wang, Shu-Ming Tseng, and Yung-Fang Chen. "A Resource Allocation Scheme with Fractional Frequency Reuse in Multi-cell OFDMA Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 101, no. 4 (2018): 2009–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5803-5.

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CHEN, Mu-qiong, Hong JI, and Xi LI. "Load-adaptive frequency reuse scheme for inter-cell interference coordination in relay networks." Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 17, no. 5 (2010): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(09)60505-7.

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CHEN, Hao-kai, Hui YIN, Jian LIANG, Zhong-nian LI, and Shou-yin LIU. "Joint relay station deployment and frequency reuse scheme for two-hop cellular networks." Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 19, no. 2 (2012): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(11)60248-3.

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Khan, Sajjad Ahmad, Adnan Kavak, sultan Aldirmaz colak, and Kerem Kucuk. "A Novel Fractional Frequency Reuse Scheme for Interference Management in LTE-A HetNets." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 109662–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2933689.

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Kim, Jeehyeong, Teasung Kim, Jaewon Noh, and Sunghyun Cho. "Fractional Frequency Reuse Scheme for Device to Device Communication Underlaying Cellular on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 8 (2018): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082661.

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Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have been improved with the increase of multimedia data. In WMSNs, a centralization problem can occur because of large-size multimedia data. It is necessary to consider device-to-device (D2D) communication. We focus on D2D WMSN based on cellular networks. Sensors in the D2D WMSN can non-orthogonally use a cellular link, which is a wireless communication channel between a sensor and an aggregator, and a D2D link, which is the channel between sensors. As a result, it has more complex interference environments than an ordinary system. Therefore, it is a key factor to manage the varying inter-cell interference effectively for throughput improvement. We propose an interference mitigation scheme that can be applied to D2D WMSN. In the proposed scheme, a cell is separated into six zones and orthogonal frequency is allocated to each zone for cellular links. The frequencies allocated to cellular links are reused by D2D links of neighboring zones. The simulation results show that the throughput of the proposed scheme increases two times compared to a static frequency allocation scheme.

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Ghosh, Joydev, and Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody. "An Analytical View of ASE for Multicell OFDMA Networks Based on Frequency-Reuse Scheme." IEEE Systems Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2018.2855431.

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Wang, Lusheng, Fei Fang, Navid Nikaein, and Laura Cottatellucci. "An Analytical Framework for Multilayer Partial Frequency Reuse Scheme Design in Mobile Communication Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65, no. 9 (2016): 7593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2015.2497315.

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Iskandar, Iskandar, I. Setyawan, and H. Nuraini. "Inter-cell Interference Management Technique for Multi-Cell LTE-A Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (2017): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2696-2705.

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In modern cellular system such as LTE Advanced (LTE-A), frequency reuse scheme is targeted to be applied to fulfill the requirement of high capacity broadband access and high spectrum efficiency. But this kind of frequency planning may lead to the worse inter-cell interference (ICI) level experienced especially by a user located at the cell edge. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) is considered as an effective way to mitigate inter-cell interference and maintain capacity. We propose a power division SFR, known as multi level SFR technique to minimize ICI in a designed LTE-A network for sub-urban environment. Service area of LTE-A network was first developed to deploy particular number of eNB by using LTE network planning tools in the frequency of 1800 MHz with the use of SISO (Single Input Single Output) antennas. Coverage dimensioning and propagation consideration determine LTE-A parameters which were used in the simulation. Monte carlo simulation is executed to examine the performance of SFR for LTE-A downlink transmission to address different power ratio and traffic loads problem. Both performance of cell edge users and overall cell performance are evaluated in terms of CINR, BLER, and throughput. Performance with SFR is also compared with the classical frequency reuse one and three.

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