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樊詩琪. "漢語語篇中主位推進模式理論研究 = A study of thematic progression theory in Chinese discourse." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/980.
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Barreto, Eccia Alécia. "A expressão do aspecto habitual : um estudo na fala e na escrita de Itabaiana/SE." Pós-Graduação em Letras, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5771.
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This study aims at identifying the traits and the contexts that characterize the habitual aspect occurrence in a sample of speech and writing Itabaiana/SE community in order to contribute to the aspectual descriptive model and support Portuguese language teaching. We begin with a compositional point of view, predicting the interaction between grammatical and lexical components for its expression. In addition, we propose a guided approach by American cognitive functionalism (BYBEE, 2010; GIVON, 2011) combined with the notion of aspectual gradience proposed by Bybee et al. (1994). We understand that linguistic phenomena are derived from cognitive processes and human communication occurs on the basis of experiments involving participants and non-homogeneous contexts (BYBEE, 2010). In order to investigate the traits and contexts that influence the use of habitual aspect within the samples, we controlled the linguistic factors as well as formal, cognitive and discursive character: I) aspectual modifier (presence or absence); II) aspectual traits: durativity [+ / - durative], dynamism [+ / - dynamic], homogeneity [+ /- homogeneous]; III) Vendler s actional classes + cognition + (activity, status, accomplishments, achievements and cognitive); IV) tense - imperfect, past perfect; and other tenses that proved to be relevant to compose the habitual aspect; V) verb: Simple or periphrastic; VI) gradations of modality: degree 1, degree 2, degree 3 and degree 4; VII) specification of reiteration: (+ / - specifiable); VIII) type of textual sequence: narrative, opinionated, descriptive texts and essays; VIX) discourse topic: intertopic level, inter-clausal level and intratopic level; X) agentivity: active and passive subjects. For the study proposed by us, we take the corpus of analysis the following databases: Itabaiana / SE s Intellectual Speakers (ARAUJO; BARRETO; FREITAG, 2012) and Itabaiana / SE s Narrative and Opinionated Texts Writing Database (ARAUJO; PEIXOTO; FREITAG, 2012), which are linked to the Group of Studies in Language, Interaction and Society (GELINS). Data were subjected to statistical analysis, from which we noted that arrangements traits are more prototypical to the expression of habitual aspect in Itabaiana / SE, what may present a proposal for gradience. Thus, 396 contexts of habituation were analyzed. The quantitative data suggest that there were changes in trajectories, which require stages with a reduced stability of the system as there are overlapping forms (PP and IP) that can perform the same function: the expression of habitual aspect. The quantitative results suggest a continuum of shapes PP and PI for the expression of habituation. Besides presenting some peculiarities, stative aspectual modifier + verb + PP update the habitual aspect, in which the situation is seen as unique and durative, uninterrupted in its duration, but being repeated indefinitely, taking into account that its last limits are not visible. Furthermore, the structures with action verbs + PI or aspectual modifier + nonstative verb + PI also update the habitual aspect, therefore, the situation is not perceived as unique, but as repeating indefinitely. Moreover, through Vendler s (1957) decomposition of aspectual classes, developed by Bertinetto (2001), we conclude that stative verbs promote the emergence of habitual aspect in interaction with PP due to its trait [- dynamic] and the presence of aspectual modifier. In contrast, action verbs promote the interaction with PI aspect and, in some cases, with the presence of an aspectual modifier because they share the trait [+ dynamic].O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os traços e contextos que caracterizam a ocorrência do aspecto habitual, em uma amostra de fala e escrita da comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, a fim de contribuir para o modelo descritivo aspectual e subsidiar aplicações para o ensino de língua portuguesa. Partimos de uma visão composicional de aspecto, prevendo a interação entre componentes gramaticais e lexicais para a sua expressão. Propomos uma abordagem guiada pelo funcionalismo cognitivista norte-americano (BYBEE, 2010; GIVÓN, 2011), articulada com a noção de gradiência aspectual, proposta por Bybee et al. (1994). Assumimos a perspectiva de que os fenômenos linguísticos derivam de processos cognitivos e que a comunicação humana ocorre em função das experiências, que envolvem participantes e contextos não homogêneos (BYBEE, 2010). Para investigarmos os traços e contextos que influenciam o uso do aspecto habitual, dentro das amostras, controlamos os fatores linguísticos, de caráter formal, cognitivo e discursivo: i) modificador aspectual (presença ou ausência); ii) traços aspectuais: duratividade [+/ - durativo], dinamismo [+ / - dinâmico], homogeneidade [+ / -homogêneo]; iii) classes acionais de Vendler + cognição (atividade, estado, accomplishments, achievements e cognitivo); iv) tempo verbal pretérito imperfeito, pretérito perfeito; e outros tempos verbais que se mostraram relevantes para compor o aspecto habitual; v) forma verbal: simples ou perifrástica; vi) gradações de modalidade: grau1, grau 2, grau 3 e grau 4; vii) especificação da reiteração: (+ / - especificável); viii) tipo de sequência textual: narrativo, opinativo, dissertativo e descritivo; vix) tópico discursivo: nível intertópico, nível inter-oracional e nível intratópico; x) agentividade: sujeito ativo e sujeito passivo. Para o estudo que propomos, tomamos como corpus de análise os bancos de dados Falantes Cultos de Itabaiana/SE (ARAUJO; BARRETO; FREITAG, 2012) e Banco de Dados de Escrita Textos Narrativos e Opinativos (ARAUJO; PEIXOTO; FREITAG, 2012), da comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, vinculados ao Grupo de Estudos em Linguagem, Interação e Sociedade (GELINS). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, a partir da qual evidenciamos quais arranjos de traços são mais prototípicos para a expressão do aspecto habitual na comunidade de Itabaiana/SE, podendo apresentar uma proposta de gradiência. Foram analisados 396 contextos de habitualidade. Os dados quantitativos sugerem as trajetórias de mudança que pressupõem estágios de menor estabilidade do sistema, na medida em que ocorre a sobreposição de formas (PP e PI) para o desempenho de uma mesma função: a expressão do aspecto habitual. Os resultados quantitativos sugerem um continuum das formas de PP e PI quanto à expressão da habitualidade. Além de apresentar algumas especificidades, como, por exemplo, modificador aspectual + verbo estativo + PP atualizam o aspecto habitual, em que a situação é vista como única e durativa, sem interrupções no seu tempo de duração, mas se repetindo indeterminadamente, já que os limites finais não são visíveis. Também as estruturas com verbos de atividade + PI ou modificador aspectual + verbo não estativo + PI também atualizam o aspecto habitual, fazendo com que a situação seja percebida não como única, mas como se repetindo indeterminadamente. Além disso, por meio da decomposição das classes aspectuais de Vendler (1957) elaborada por Bertinetto (2001), concluímos que os verbos estativos favorecem a emergência do aspecto habitual em interação com PP devido ao seu traço [ dinâmico] e pela presença do modificador aspectual. Em contrapartida, verbos de atividade favorecem o aspecto habitual em interação com PI e, em alguns casos, com a presença de um modificador aspectual, por compartilharem o traço [+ dinâmico].
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Law, Yee Wah Mary. "The study of register differentiation of two types of press text : opinion article & feature news." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/488.
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Drolc, Uschi. "Textlinguistische Funktionen der Swahili-Morpheme Ka und Ki." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91539.
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Ist das Swahili eine Tempus- oder eine Aspektsprache? Bei einer genaueren Betrachtung des Swahili-Verbalsystems wird man feststellen, dass es sowohl Tempus- als auch Aspektmorpheme gibt, aber auch Morpheme, die sich weder als Tempus noch als Aspekt klassifizieren lassen. Ein eindeutiger Tempusmarker ist das Präteritum -li-. Das Präsens -na- und das Perfekt -me- haben sowohl aspektuelle als auch temporale Merkmale. Das Habitualispräfix -hu- oder das Suffix -aga könnten als aspektuelle Kategorien bezeichnet werden. Daneben gibt es modale Kategorien, die durch die Infixe -nge- und -ngali- sowie das Subjunktivsuffix -e ausgedrückt werden. Und es gibt die Morpheme -ka- und -ki-, die sich weder als Tempus noch als Aspekt bezeichnen lassen, sondem textlinguistische Funktionen ausdrücken, wie ich im folgenden zeigen werde.
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Silva, Teresa Maria Silva e. "Aspecto da anáfora encapsuladora em redações de estudantes universitários." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras e Linguística da UFBA, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10953.
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Esta pesquisa tem como propósito refletir sobre o fe nômeno da anáfora, tendo como recorte a anáfora encapsuladora, a partir do funcionamento de itens anafóricos identificados nos textos do gênero dissertativo. A presente investigação se apóia na Lingüística Textual, considerando os trabalhos já desenvolvidos pelos teóricos Apothéloz (1995), Marcuschi e Koch (2002) e Heine (2000). Esta hipótese de trabalho orienta-se por considerar o texto como objeto particular da investigação lingüística, por ser ele a forma específica de manifestação da linguagem. A anáfora encapsuladora nesse estudo será entendida como um tipo de expressão referencial que sumariza uma porção textual (ou o discurso) e não será considerada como um referente na acepção clássica, pontual que postula uma relação de correspondência entre itens textuais. Dessa forma, a anáfora no presente trabalho, tende a uma concepção mais ampla do termo anafórico, considerando que a anáfora encapsuladora recupera porções textuais que serão ou que já estão sinalizadas no co(n)texto. Assim, a anáfora encapsuladora pode ter seu funcionamento na rotulação, sumarização ou recuperação do discurso.
Salvador
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Costa, Rodriana Dias Coelho. "Um mapeamento da função sujeito numa perpectiva tipológicogramatical." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4443.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study focuses on a literature search about the subject syntactic function. It is objective of this study describe its treatment by main contemporary linguistic theoretical current and its typological description. For that, we turned to some Traditional Grammar representatives who evoke the function of subject in their unmarked prototypical realization passing through the Generative Grammar and refining the reflections starting from the Typological-Functional approach that recognizes the occurrence of the subject in its diversity of achievement and its relationship with other subsystems of languages. We gave special attention to the analysis by a functionalist bias, view since our hypothesis is that there are aspects in different language approaches that integrate in order to form an epistemological function body that defines the subject. Thus, we selected some descriptive studies of Romance languages (Spanish, French and Italian), No-Romance languages (English, Icelandic, Warlpiri) and Brazilian Indigenous languages (Apãniekrá (Macro-Jê), Akwẽ-Xerente (Jê), Avá-Canoeiro and Kamaiurá (Tupi- Guarani) to compose the data of this study. The subject as syntactic or grammatical function takes different proportions in the discussion, since the functional approach considers that the oracional structure begins from the pragmatic-discursive level, it means, the subject is analysed according to the speaker’s cognitive and functional intentions in a natural speech situation. Worldview is another fundamental key to the analysis of the syntactic subject, since the functional approach considers that the speaker’s world experience is function of the updating of language in use. The above-mentioned approaches present some theoretical differences, but all of them recognize a basic oracional structure that begins from the organization of relations in the sentence level, it means, they recognize that the phrase is projected from an argument structure and, thus, they conceive the subject function in his syntactic nature.
Este estudo centra-se numa pesquisa bibliográfica acerca da função sintática sujeito, seu tratamento pelos principais aportes teóricos linguísticos contemporâneos e sua descrição tipológica. Para isso, recorremos a alguns representantes da Gramática Tradicional, que evoca a função sujeito em sua realização prototípica, não marcada, passando pela Gramática Gerativa, e, refinando os reflexos a partir da abordagem Tipológico-Funcional, que reconhece a ocorrência do sujeito em sua diversidade de realização e sua relação com os demais subsistemas das línguas. Privilegiamos na análise uma visão pelo viés funcionalista, uma vez que a nossa hipótese é que existem aspectos nas diversas abordagens linguísticas que se integram para a formação de um corpo epistemológico que define a função sujeito. Assim, selecionamos para compor os dados deste estudo alguns trabalhos descritivos de línguas românicas (Espanhol, Francês e Italiano), não românicas (Inglês, Islandês, Warlpiri) e indígenas brasileiras (Apãniekrá (Macro-Jê), Akwẽ-Xerente (Jê), Avá-Canoeiro e Kamaiurá (Tupi-Guarani)). O sujeito como função sintática ou gramatical toma diferentes proporções dentro da discussão, uma vez que a abordagem funcional considera que a estrutura oracional parte do nível discursivo-pragmático, ou seja, o sujeito é analisado de acordo com as intenções cognitivas e funcionais do falante numa situação natural de fala. A visão de mundo é outro elemento fundamental para a análise da função sujeito, uma vez que a abordagem funcional considera que a experiência de mundo do falante é função da atualização da língua em uso. As abordagens supracitadas apresentam algumas divergências teóricas, mas todas reconhecem uma estrutura oracional básica, que parte da organização das relações no nível da frase, ou seja, reconhecem que a frase é projetada a partir de uma estrutura argumental e, consequentemente, concebem a função sujeito em sua natureza sintática.
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Silva, Sofia Oliveira Pereira dos Anjos Coimbra da. "Considerações sobre a posição dos verbos na língua brasileira de sinais: uma análise descritiva a partir de diálogos entre surdos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8558.
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This study presents a descriptive analysis of Libras about the position of verbs in the turns of a dialogue between deaf people. For this, we resorted to the descriptive analysis, recognizing the dialogical interaction as a textual instrument, and to the semantic-syntactic theoretical base to analyse the documented data, which allowed us to observe the relations between elements that predicate and the position of verbal predication in the analyzed turns. Our analysis favors the typological-functional view, once our hypothesis is that the position of verbs is preferred in certain texts for inherent pragmatic factors and not derived from an underlying basic order.Thus, we use the theoretical bases of prototypicality in the simple sentence composition and in the verb semantics suggested by Givón (2001), in order to analyze the documented data. In the dialogue the verbs present an ending position when the turns contain predications, when relating elements, that represent changing of location and aspectual and descriptive information of the entities. The verbs present a medial and initial position when such predications have the articulated base anchored to the body. Therefore, the position of the verb will follow accordingly the compositional mode of the predicate inserted in the turn. The position of the verbs in Libras is a consequence of the pragmatic influence upon the semantic and syntactic structure of the units presented in turns in the analyzed dialogue.
Este estudo apresenta uma pesquisa de análise descritiva da Libras acerca da posição dos verbos nos turnos de um diálogo entre surdos. Para isso, recorremos à análise descritiva, reconhecendo a interação dialogada como instrumento textual, e à base teórica semântico-sintática para analisar os dados documentados, que permitiu observar as relações entre elementos que predicam e a posição da predicação verbal nos turnos analisados. Nossa análise privilegia a visão tipológico-funcional, uma vez que nossa hipótese é de que a posição dos verbos é preferida em determinados textos por fatores pragmáticos inerentes e não derivada de uma ordem básica subjacente. Para tanto, nos valemos das bases teóricas de prototipicidade na composição sentencial simples e na semântica dos verbos sugerida por Givón (2001), a fim de analisar os dados documentados. No diálogo, os verbos apresentam posição final quando os turnos contêm predicações que, ao relacionar elementos, representam mudança de localização e informações aspectuais e descritivas das entidades. Os verbos apresentam posição medial e inicial quando tais predicações têm base articulatória ancorada ao corpo. Sendo assim, a posição do verbo seguirá o modo composicional do predicado inserido no turno. A posição dos verbos na Libras é uma consequência da influência pragmática sobre a estrutura semântica e sintática das unidades apresentadas por turnos no diálogo analisado.
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Diller, A. R. "Frege's theory of functions in application to linguistic structures." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376364.
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Gomes, Margarida Santos Mattos Marques. "Reducing the number of membership functions in linguistic variables." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5293.
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Dissertation presented at Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Mathematics and Applications, specialization in Actuarial Sciences, Statistics and Operations ResearchThe purpose of this thesis was to develop algorithms to reduce the number of membership functions in a fuzzy linguistic variable. Groups of similar membership functions to be merged were found using clustering algorithms. By “summarizing” the information given by a similar group of membership functions into a new membership function we obtain a smaller set of membership functions representing the same concept as the initial linguistic variable. The complexity of clustering problems makes it difficult for exact methods to solve them in practical time. Heuristic methods were therefore used to find good quality solutions. A Scatter Search clustering algorithm was implemented in Matlab and compared to a variation of the K-Means algorithm. Computational results on two data sets are discussed. A case study with linguistic variables belonging to a fuzzy inference system automatically constructed from data collected by sensors while drilling in different scenarios is also studied. With these systems already constructed, the task was to reduce the number of membership functions in its linguistic variables without losing performance. A hierarchical clustering algorithm relying on performance measures for the inference system was implemented in Matlab. It was possible not only to simplify the inference system by reducing the number of membership functions in each linguistic variable but also to improve its performance.
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Martowicz, Anna. "Origin and functioning of circumstantial clause linkers : a cross-linguistic study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6411.
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The thesis analyses a variety of clause linkers used in the world’s languages as dedicated markers of four circumstantial relations between states of affairs: anteriority (‘after’), causality (‘because’), purpose (‘in order to’) and conditionality (‘if’). Focusing primarily on the function of the linkers rather than on their formal properties the study scrutinizes the origin and functioning of free-word adverbial subordinators, converbal endings as well as other subordinating affixes and polymorphemic structures specialized for clause-linking functions. The database consist of nearly 700 items which come from a geographically and genetically balanced sample of 84 languages. In the first part of the thesis I discuss in detail the scope of the study, theoretical foundations (functional approach to language analysis) and methodology. In the second part I focus on the issues of grammaticalization and semantic scope of the linkers. The analysis of patterns of polysemy of the linkers, as well as the make-up of the polymorphemic items among them provide material for the reconstruction of the most common sources and pathways of grammaticalization. Looking closer at the patterns of semantic polyfunctionality (i.e. other circumstantial meanings that the clause linkers convey in addition to being markers of the four analysed relations) I reveal the architecture of the network of their cognitive affinities. The result of this investigation is a set of findings, which add to our understanding of the origin and functioning of the markers – a topic which has received little attention so far. The third part of the dissertation is dedicated to the analysis of the crosslinguistic variation in the degree of grammaticalization, lexicalization and explicitness of the linkers and discussion on the motivations behind their development. The main body of the analyses is focused on the investigation of the potential influence of a variety of socio-cultural factors on the variations observed. The factors include those most often mentioned in the context of the forces shaping language structure: presence and vitality of written form as well as other media of displaced communication, presence of the language in schooling, population size of the speech community, and type of society. The results obtained show that the degrees of grammaticalization, lexicalization and explicitness are much stronger correlated with socio-cultural factors for anteriority and conditionality than for causality and purpose. In order to account for the differences I evoke the concepts of cognitive salience and communicative pressure arguing that the influence of socio-cultural factors on language structure should always be considered in a broader context which includes also pragmatics and cognitive psychology.
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Lodovici, Flaminia Manzano Moreira. "O idiomatismo como lugar de reflexão sobre o funcionamento da lingua." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269040.
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Orientador: Claudia Thereza Guimarães de LemosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho de investigação objetiva abordar a natureza da questão idiomática e a relação que, por meio dela, reclama reflexão: o jogo entre o universal do funcionamento lingüístico e as manifestações singulares de fala. A análise deixa ver que o idiomatismo é mesmo um fato de língua; resulta de um jogo combinatório no qual seu efeito de unidade se configura, e delimita-se no fluxo da fala "em ato". Não se pode propriamente prever seu sentido antes que ele se atualize numa determinada fala. A hipótese é a de que "expressões idiomáticas" se comportam como outras quaisquer no sistema: elas também estão sujeitas a operações de composição/ recomposição que renovam seu modo de fazer presença nos dizeres. Mesmo em se levando em consideração que sentidos relativos a enunciados idiomáticos podem se estabilizar no uso, o que importa é que estabilização não é sinônimo de fixidez. A investigação indica que essas "formas de significar" comportariam duplo sentido. A princípio, a tendência deste trabalho foi tomar essa característica como diferencial dos outros elementos da língua. Mas o que se impõe é reconhecer que esse é mesmo o destino de todo o dizer. Por fim, o idiomatismo exibe uma diferença, uma extravagância que parece vincular-se à sua natureza essencialmente metafórica que, por sua vez, responde pela produção de um, muitas vezes, inesperado efeito significativo
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to approach the nature of the idiomatic issue and the relation that requires reflexion: the play between the universal aspect of linguistic functioning and the unique manifestations of speech. This analysis allows you to see that idioms are actually a speech fact; they result from a combinatory play in which their unity effect is configured and bound in the speech flow in actu [en acte/in act]. Their meaning cannot be foreseen before they are materialized in a specific speech. The hypothesis is that ¿idiomatic expressions¿ behave like any others in the system: they are also subject to composition / recomposition operations which renew the manner in which they are present in the utterances. Even if we consider that senses concerning idiomatic utterances can be stabilized in usage, what really matters is that stabilization is not synonymous with immutability. Research shows that such forms of meaning attribution allow for double meaning. At first, this study was inclined to consider this as a distinguishing feature with respect to the other features of speech. But what must be acknowledged is that all utterances have the same fate. Finally, idioms show a difference, an extravagancy that seems to be linked to their essentially metaphorical nature which, in turn, is responsible for the production of a, very often, unexpected signifying effect
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Parker, Martin Graham. "An investigation of the discoursal functions of English intonation." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276127.
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Evans, Elliott. "The Origin, Functions, and Histories of Germanic Adjective Endings." Thesis, Indiana University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13858651.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to provide an account for why Germanic languages inflect adjectives along the adjective declension choice (ADC)—i.e. as strong or weak—in addition to the typical parameters of gender, number, and case. Specifically, I examine the origin, functions, and histories of Germanic adjective endings.
The ADC, which developed in prehistoric times, could not have arisen from the Proto-Indo-European individualizing suffix as is typically assumed, since early runic examples directly contradict that account. Instead, geographically peripheral Swedish attest nominal incorporation to express definiteness, which finds corresponding examples in both Runic Germanic and other Indo-European languages and provides a more likely origin for the ADC.
The modern Germanic languages exhibit different functions for the ADC. In German it conveys syntactic nominal features that would otherwise remain unvalued and result in a crash. In Dutch and Norwegian, it conveys semantic definiteness features.
The function of the ADC in Proto-Germanic, as demonstrated through a comparison of early Germanic translations of Matthew’s Gospel, was syntactic, though distinct from German. In Proto-Germanic, weak adjectives were bound by determiners and strong adjectives were free and occupied the elsewhere environment. A series of developments happened in the history of German, attested from approximately 800 to 1300 CE. First, possessives and the indefinite article grammaticalized from adjectives into determiners. Second, many nominative inflections phonologically reduced to zero, making most predicate adjectives appear uninflected. Finally, strong attributive adjectives adopted the pronominal paradigm to replace the zero endings. In Norwegian, the system shifted from a syntactic one to a semantic one, with the two competing systems vacillating from approximately 1100 to 1500 CE. The newer semantic system, which eventually won out, aligned weak adjectives with definiteness instead of the older syntactic system in which weak adjectives were bound by a determiner.
By examining the ADC, I provide an account of a phenomenon that morphosyntactically identifies nearly all Germanic languages, while showing that significant variation in function and historical trajectory exists across the Germanic languages—both past and present.
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Gardner, Sheena F. "Parasyntax and the sentential level in axiomatic functionalism." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2877.
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This thesis is presented as a contribution to the St Andrews School of Linguistics, Axiomatic Functionalism, as developed by Mulder and Hervey. It is essentially a piece of Theoretical Linguistics which outlines an approach to the hitherto undeveloped areas of Parasyntax and the Sentential Level in Axiomatic Functionalism. The theoretical arguments are supported by descriptive hypotheses concerning the nature of Spoken English. These descriptions are corpus-based. The conclusion reached by the author is that not only are Parasyntax and the Sentential Level distinct in theory (this is axiomatic), but they are also distinct in their application as regards methodology and description. This conclusion will undoubtedly prove to be controversial in the light of recent developments in Axiomatic Functionalism concerning the Postulates in particular (of which the author was at the time of writing unaware), and in the light of other Functionalist approaches to the nature of intonation and sentences. It is anticipated that this thesis will be of value to those interested in Functionalism as well as those concerned with intonation and the levels of language beyond syntax.
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Silva, Maria Piedade Teodoro da. "Proposta de um modelo teórico para o ensino de texto dissertativo-argumentativo para alunos do Ensino Médio: um enfoque da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20635.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The purpose of this thesis is the delineation of a diagnosis based on the examination of the unit of structure and texture of the argumentative-dissertative essay (ADTs), written by High School students and the ones in preparatory course. In light of the recent literature on the production of this type of text, mapping the areas of mismatch between the suggestions of this literature on the ADT and the effective accomplishment of this type of text by the candidate. The diagnosis should allow the development of a framework that provides teachers with resources that can guide students to write texts that meet the expectations of the academic audience in terms of both structure and language requirements. The difficulty that writing production represents for most students, at all levels of education, is present in the discourse of teachers from the most divergent areas. As for the high school students, as well as the university ones, this difficulty relies on the writing of ADT - the type of text requested for the students, but in which they, according to research, find it difficult to argue, discuss and persuade. For the executive secretary of MEC, Maria Helena Guimarães de Castro, the writing relates to the language performance. With the basic support of Systemic Functional Linguistics - a multiperspective model, designed to give analysts complementary lenses for the interpretation of the language in use. This thesis examines interpersonal aspects related to gender structure - with its stages and purposes, as well as the texture of the ADT, focusing on the lexicalgrammatical choices of the text (cohesion, coherence, modality and evaluation). The research should answer the following questions: (a) What are the interpersonal resources that affect the success of producing an ADT? (b) What role does the gender structure unit play in this issue? and the texture unit? The diagnosis should allow the development of a framework that provides teachers with resources that can guide students to write texts that meet the expectations of the academic audience in terms of both structure and language requirements
O objetivo desta tese é o delineamento de um diagnóstico baseado no exame da unidade de estrutura e de textura de textos dissertativo-argumentativos (TDAs) redigidos por alunos do Ensino Médio e vestibulandos para, à luz da literatura recente sobre a produção desse tipo de texto, mapear as zonas de desencontro entre as sugestões dessa literatura sobre o TDA e a efetiva realização desse tipo de texto pelo candidato. O diagnóstico deve permitir a elaboração de um enquadre que forneça aos professores recursos capazes de guiar os estudantes a escrever textos que satisfaçam as expectativas da audiência acadêmica tanto em termos de estrutura quanto de requisitos linguísticos. A dificuldade que a produção escrita representa para a maioria dos estudantes, em todos os níveis de ensino, está presente no discurso dos professores das mais diversas áreas. Quanto aos alunos do Ensino Médio bem como da universidade, essa dificuldade recai, especialmente, sobre a redação do TDA – o tipo de texto mais solicitado a esses alunos, mas em que eles, segundo pesquisas, encontram dificuldade em arguir, discutir, avaliar com competência e persuasão. Para a secretária executiva do MEC, Maria Helena Guimarães de Castro, a redação está ligada ao desempenho em linguagens. Com o apoio básico da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional - um modelo multiperspectivo, designado a dar aos analistas lentes complementares para a interpretação da língua em uso. – esta tese examina aspectos interpessoais referentes à estrutura de gênero – com seus estágios e finalidades, bem como à textura dos TDA, focalizando as escolhas léxicogramaticais do texto (coesão, coerência, modalidade e avaliatividade). A pesquisa deve responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) Quais são os recursos interpessoais que afetam o sucesso da produção de um TDA? (b) Que papel tem a unidade de estrutura de gênero nessa questão? e a unidade de textura? O diagnóstico deve permitir a elaboração de um enquadre que forneça aos professores recursos capazes de guiar os estudantes a escrever textos que satisfaçam as expectativas da audiência acadêmica tanto em termos de estrutura quanto de requisitos linguísticos
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Schulte-Nafeh, Martha. "Overt subject pronouns in Cairene Arabic: Pragmatic and syntactic functions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280649.
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This dissertation investigates the use of null and overt subject pronouns in Cairene Arabic. The data for the study are: (1) a corpus of 1944 clauses from a movie; and (2) responses of 6 Egyptian consultants regarding their preference for the use/non-use of subject pronouns in those clauses. In indicative sentences, overt pronouns are used about one-third of the time with both first and second person subjects (31.7% and 29.8%, respectively). The percentage for third person subjects is only 6.4%. The claim, made frequently over the last 20 years, that null subjects can only occur in Arabic with predicates that have person marking is shown to be empirically incorrect. Numerous examples of null anaphora with predicates lacking person marking are presented and I argue that the information processing strategies needed to recover the intended subject with such predicates is not qualitatively different from strategies needed to recover null subjects with predicates that do have subject person marking. Referential ambiguity across predicate types was analyzed in order to determine whether or not this ambiguity was playing a role in motivating more overt pronoun use. I found no evidence that this ambiguity leads to increased overt pronoun use. The traditional explanation of overt pronoun use in terms of expressing "emphasis" and/or "contrast" is not illuminating. These terms are not semantic or pragmatic primitives and do not explain the underlying discourse circumstances that lead to overt pronoun use. I explain the use of overt pronouns as resulting from an extra "layer" of meaning implicit in the utterance with the overt pronoun and argue that the added meaning can frequently not be conveyed without the overt pronoun. Once speaker illocutionary intent is taken into consideration, the use of an overt pronoun frequently becomes pragmatically obligatory. The sources of that added, often indirect, meaning are identified through a careful analysis of examples in the corpus which consultants indicated were pragmatically obligatory. In addition, an information processing function of "predicate signaling" is proposed for overt pronouns occurring with definite NP predicates that could be interpreted as new subjects of predication, in the absence of an overt subject pronoun.
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Harris-Haywood, Sonja. "MEASURING CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC COMPETENCY OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1422394993.
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Thompson, Robin L. "Eye gaze in American Sign Language linguistic functions for verbs and pronoun /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3279427.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 16, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Amuda, A. A. "Yoruba/English code-switching in Nigeria : Aspects of its functions and form." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371431.
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Matos, Janaica Gomes. "As funÃÃes discursivas das recategorizaÃÃes." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=998.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEsta dissertaÃÃo possui como escopo a anÃlise das funÃÃes discursivas das recategorizaÃÃes. Este trabalho restringe-se à anÃlise das recategorizaÃÃes lexicais ocorridas por meio de anÃforas diretas, correferenciais. Adotamos a perspectiva teÃrica de que o fenÃmeno pesquisado situa-se na atividade discursiva de referenciaÃÃo, concebida como uma (re)construÃÃo do real, advinda da interaÃÃo entre os falantes, de forma intersubjetiva. Propomos uma classificaÃÃo das possÃveis funÃÃes assumidas pelas recategorizaÃÃes nos diferentes contextos discursivos. Para tal fim, abordamos, inicialmente, a proposta classificatÃria de Cavalcante (2003) dos processos referenciais, entre os quais estÃo inseridas as recategorizaÃÃes. A partir disso, retomamos a anÃlise pioneira de ApothÃloz e Reichler-BÃguelin (1995) sobre as recategorizaÃÃes, bem como discutimos os trabalhos de Tavares (2003) e de Lima (2003), que se baseiam nos dois autores. Contemplamos, fundamentalmente, a sugestÃo de Koch (2004) sobre as funÃÃes cognitivo-discursivas das expressÃes nominais referenciais, que serviram de parÃmetro para nossa proposta de funÃÃes das recategorizaÃÃes. Nosso corpus consta de 80 textos de diversos gÃneros: destes, 62 textos foram por nÃs escolhidos aleatoriamente; a outra parte da amostra à pertencente ao banco de dados do grupo de estudos Protexto/UFC. Com a anÃlise dos dados, averiguamos traÃos funcionais das recategorizaÃÃes, que vieram a compor nossa classificaÃÃo e nos levaram a constatar que as recategorizaÃÃes podem ser multifuncionais nos discursos. (213 palavras)
This dissertation has as a goal the analysis of the discourse functions of the recategorizations. This research was delimited to the analysis of the occurred lexical recategorizations through direct co-referential anaphoras. We adopt the theoretical perspective of that the searched phenomenon is placed in the activity discourse of referencing, conceived as a (re) construction of the reality, happened of the interaction between the speakers, in a intersubjective way. We proposed one classification of the possible functions assumed for the recategorizations in different discourse contexts. For such end, we approached, initially, the classifying proposal by Cavalcante (2003) about referential expressions, that has been used as a base of our functional proposal about recategorizations. From this, we retook the pioneer analysis by ApothÃloz and Reichler-BÃguelin (1995) about recategorizations, and we discussed the works by Tavares (2003) and Lima (2003), based on the two authors. We contemplated, basically, the suggestion by Koch (2004) about cognitive and discourse functions of the lexical referential expressions; in our proposal about recategorizations. Our corpus consisted of 80 texts was taken from different genres: 62 of them were chosen casually. Another part belongs to the bank of data of Protexto/UFC group studies. With the analysis of the data, we inquired functional traces of the recategorizations, that had come to compose our classification and it had taken us to evidence that recategorizations can be multi-functional in the speeches. (219 words)
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Tavel, Jose Enrique. "A theory of architecture based on the synthesis of bricolage and linguistic devices." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21742.
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Sano, Motoki. "A linguistic exploration of persuasion in written Japanese discourse a systemic functional interpretation /." Access electronically, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/21.
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Sullivan, Michelle Thibault. "Communicative functions of echolalia in children with autism : assessment and treatment /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3069220.
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Herold, Marina. "The use of word prediction as a tool to accelerate the typing speed and increase the spelling accuracy of primary school children with spelling difficulties." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09232004-105149.
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Zhang-Wu, Qianqian. "Exploring the Bilingual Linguistic Functioning of First-Semester Chinese International Students: Myths and Realities." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108381.
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Thesis advisor: María E. BriskBilingual international students’ ability to function linguistically has been found to be closely associated with their academic performance (Karuppan & Barari, 2010; Rowntree, Zufferey, & King, 2016) and social adjustment (Andrade, 2006; Yeh & Inose, 2003). While most previous research has focused on the language and education experiences of graduate international students (e.g., Cheng & Erben, 2011; Jiang, 2014; Lin, 2006; Xue, 2013), it remains unclear how undergraduate students, especially newly-arrived college freshmen, function linguistically during their transnational, translingual, and transcultural experiences. Drawing upon Bioecological Model of Human Development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985), this one-semester-long qualitative study explored the linguistic functioning and first-semester college experiences of twelve international freshmen from China. The guiding research questions were: (1) How did the twelve Chinese international students from different disciplines function linguistically in academic and social settings at the beginning of their first semester in college? (2) How did they meet the oral and written linguistic demands in academic and social settings throughout the semester? (3) What has changed regarding their linguistic functioning over the course of one semester? The participants were twelve first-semester Chinese international freshmen majoring in eight disciplines. Multi-modal data were collected through a combination of a 4-month digital ethnography (Pink et al., 2016) using a culturally-relevant social media application software WeChat, along with traditional qualitative data collection methods including semi-structured interviews, bilingual language logs, writing samples across genres, talks around texts, and informal communication. Three themes emerged based on data analyzed following applied thematic analysis (Guest, MacQueen, & Namey, 2012), including linguistic functioning in academic and social settings, the students’ coping strategies initiated, and their perceptions of support received. While the students’ previous language and education backgrounds played an important role in their ability to function linguistically in college, internal factors such as motivation and agency also helped to shape their first-semester college experiences. Although Chinese was frequently adopted as a bridging tool earlier in the semester, its popularity naturally decreased overtime throughout the semester. In questioning eight commonly held misconceptions, this dissertation has unpacked the within-group variability and tensions among Chinese international students and drawn attention to their initial transitional, translingual, and transcultural experiences from a developmental perspective. Based on the findings, I present (1) suggestions on how American higher education could better serve the unique linguistic and academic needs of its growing international student population to facilitate their long-term success, (2) implications on research methodology, and (3) directions for future research
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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FACCHIN, FEDERICA. "EXPRESSIVE WRITING AND ADOLESCENCE: SHORT AND LONG TERM EFFECTS AND LINGUISTIC PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/702.
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Il presente programma di ricerca si è proposto di valutare l’utilizzo di un intervento di scrittura su una popolazione di soggetti adolescenti iscritti al primo anno di scuola superiore. Ciò nei termini di risultati (effetti a breve e lungo termine), mediatori e moderatori. Tali questioni sono state esplorate nell’ambito di due diversi progetti. Il primo progetto si è esplicato in uno studio sperimentale sull’efficacia di un intervento di Expressive Writing [EW] standard rispetto ad un compito di scrittura focalizzato sugli aspetti positivi di un evento (Benefit Finding [BF]) e ad un gruppo di controllo che scriveva su temi superficiali (Trivial [TR]). Le analisi quantitative sono state effettuate all’interno di due studi finalizzati a testare gli effetti della modificazione delle consegne di scrittura e gli effetti di mediazione del linguaggio sui risultati dell’intervento (Studio 1), nonché gli effetti di moderazione di ottimismo, supporto familiare e relazioni interpersonali (Studio 2). Questi studi hanno fornito supporto alla letteratura di ricerca che ha messo in luce gli effetti positivi della scrittura tra gli adolescenti, rivelando risultati migliori per il gruppo BF. Il secondo progetto ha implicato uno studio naturalistico condotto in una scuola superiore del Nord Italia due settimane dopo la morte di uno studente, avvenuta durante le lezioni. In particolare è stato esaminato il processo della scrittura, considerando i cambiamenti linguistici in funzione di variabili legate al trattamento (le tre sessioni di scrittura) e ai partecipanti (l’ottimismo e le traiettorie individuali di adattamento).The current research program aimed to evaluate the use of a writing intervention on an adolescent population transitioning from middle school to high school in terms of outcomes (short and long term effects), mediating mechanisms, and moderators. These issues have been investigated within two different projects. The first project implied a longitudinal, randomized, controlled trial on the efficacy of a standard Expressive Writing [EW] intervention relative to a writing assignment focused on positive aspects of an event (Benefit Finding [BF]) and a control group writing on neutral topics (Trivial [TR]). Quantitative analyses were performed within two studies aimed to test the effects of altering writing assignments and the mediating effects of language on writing outcomes (Study 1), and the moderating effects of optimism, family support, and interpersonal relationships (Study 2). These studies provided support to research literature showing positive effects of writing among adolescents, revealing greater outcomes for the BF group. The second project implied a small, naturalistic study conducted in a high school of Northern Italy two weeks after a student died during classes (Study 3). The process of writing was examined, considering linguistic changes in writing as a function of treatment variables (the three writing sessions) and participant variables (optimism and individuals’ adjustment trajectories).
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FACCHIN, FEDERICA. "EXPRESSIVE WRITING AND ADOLESCENCE: SHORT AND LONG TERM EFFECTS AND LINGUISTIC PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/702.
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Il presente programma di ricerca si è proposto di valutare l’utilizzo di un intervento di scrittura su una popolazione di soggetti adolescenti iscritti al primo anno di scuola superiore. Ciò nei termini di risultati (effetti a breve e lungo termine), mediatori e moderatori. Tali questioni sono state esplorate nell’ambito di due diversi progetti. Il primo progetto si è esplicato in uno studio sperimentale sull’efficacia di un intervento di Expressive Writing [EW] standard rispetto ad un compito di scrittura focalizzato sugli aspetti positivi di un evento (Benefit Finding [BF]) e ad un gruppo di controllo che scriveva su temi superficiali (Trivial [TR]). Le analisi quantitative sono state effettuate all’interno di due studi finalizzati a testare gli effetti della modificazione delle consegne di scrittura e gli effetti di mediazione del linguaggio sui risultati dell’intervento (Studio 1), nonché gli effetti di moderazione di ottimismo, supporto familiare e relazioni interpersonali (Studio 2). Questi studi hanno fornito supporto alla letteratura di ricerca che ha messo in luce gli effetti positivi della scrittura tra gli adolescenti, rivelando risultati migliori per il gruppo BF. Il secondo progetto ha implicato uno studio naturalistico condotto in una scuola superiore del Nord Italia due settimane dopo la morte di uno studente, avvenuta durante le lezioni. In particolare è stato esaminato il processo della scrittura, considerando i cambiamenti linguistici in funzione di variabili legate al trattamento (le tre sessioni di scrittura) e ai partecipanti (l’ottimismo e le traiettorie individuali di adattamento).The current research program aimed to evaluate the use of a writing intervention on an adolescent population transitioning from middle school to high school in terms of outcomes (short and long term effects), mediating mechanisms, and moderators. These issues have been investigated within two different projects. The first project implied a longitudinal, randomized, controlled trial on the efficacy of a standard Expressive Writing [EW] intervention relative to a writing assignment focused on positive aspects of an event (Benefit Finding [BF]) and a control group writing on neutral topics (Trivial [TR]). Quantitative analyses were performed within two studies aimed to test the effects of altering writing assignments and the mediating effects of language on writing outcomes (Study 1), and the moderating effects of optimism, family support, and interpersonal relationships (Study 2). These studies provided support to research literature showing positive effects of writing among adolescents, revealing greater outcomes for the BF group. The second project implied a small, naturalistic study conducted in a high school of Northern Italy two weeks after a student died during classes (Study 3). The process of writing was examined, considering linguistic changes in writing as a function of treatment variables (the three writing sessions) and participant variables (optimism and individuals’ adjustment trajectories).
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Rose, Suzanne. "The functions of codeswitching in a multicultural and multilingual high school." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1855.
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Pedlow, Robert. "Linguistic politeness in middle childhood : its social functions, and relationships to behaviour and development /." Connect to thesis, 1997. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000602.
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Ho, Miu-chun Michelle, and 賀妙珍. "The application of systemic functional linguistics to teaching individual brief narrative speaking to junior secondarystudents =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37520350.
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Jaffe-Berg, Erith. "Towards a paradigm of the polylingual performance, linguistic and metalinguistic functioning in the Commedia dell'Arte." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/NQ50042.pdf.
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Thompson, Dominic. "Getting at the passive : functions of passive-types in English." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4050/.
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To describe a transitive event, the English language allows a choice of two Voices. The canonical form is the active-voice, and the alternative is the passive-voice, which offers its own semantic and syntactic functions. The passive-voice can also be divided into two further variants: be-passives and get-passives. Though theories are numerous, literature from both Linguistics and Psychology falls short in describing the functions and uses of these two forms. In this thesis, I present a rethink of passive syntactic representation, simplifying its description under a single structural unit. The proposed pvP theory allows for the variation between the two passive-types, while accounting for the features that are shared by all passive forms. I also present several experiments that explore the differing semantics and syntax of be-passives and get-passives. The results of these studies show a clear preference for the be-passive over the get-passive, especially in self-reporting and tasks that allow self-correction. However, it is also clear that, though there is overlap between them, each form serves its own purposes and exhibits preference for use in specific contexts.
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Ellis, Carla. "Die verwerwing van grammatikale geslag in tweedetaal Duits deur leerders met Afrikaans, Engels of Italiaans as eerstetaal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6826.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on an investigation into the acquisition of grammatical gender in second language (L2) German by learners with Afrikaans, English or Italian as their first language (L1). The aim of the study was to determine how similarities and differences between the L1 and L2 in terms of grammatical gender affect the acquisition of this aspect of the target L2. Previous research has shown that the L2 acquisition of grammatical gender is influenced by the morphological similarities and differences between gender marking in the L1 and L2 (see, for example, Sabourin, Stowe and De Haan 2006). Two experimental tasks were designed to determine to which extent the grammatical gender of nouns is accurately reflected on determiners and adjectives. Throughout, the L1 Italian group performed better than the other two groups. Since Italian (like German) expresses grammatical gender on determiners and nouns, while neither English nor Afrikaans does, the results indicate that the acquisition of grammatical gender in an L2 is easier for learners whose L1 also expresses grammatical gender.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor ’n ondersoek na die verwerwing van grammatikale geslag in Duits as tweedetaal (T2) deur volwasse beginnerleerders met Afrikaans, Engels of Italiaans as moedertaal (T1). Die doel van die ondersoek was om vas te stel hoe ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die T1 en T2 in terme van grammatikale geslag die verwerwing van hierdie betrokke aspek van die teikentaal beïnvloed. Vorige navorsing het bevind dat die T2-verwerwing van grammatikale geslag beïnvloed word deur die morfologiese ooreenkomste en verskille tussen geslagsmarkering in die T1 en T2 (sien byvoorbeeld Sabourin, Stowe en De Haan 2006). Twee eksperimentele take is ontwerp om vas te stel tot watter mate die grammatikale geslag van naamwoorde akkuraat uitgedruk word op determineerders en adjektiewe. Die T1 Italiaanse groep het deurgaans beter gevaar as die ander twee groepe. Aangesien Italiaans (soos Duits) grammatikale geslag uitdruk op determineerders en adjektiewe, terwyl dit nie die geval in Engels en Afrikaans is nie, dui die resultate daarop dat die verwerwing van grammatikale geslag in 'n T2 makliker is vir leerders wie se T1 ook grammatikale geslag uitdruk.
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Gao, Hua. "A cognitive-functional investigation of questions in Chinese." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3473790X.
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Ho, Miu-chun Michelle. "The application of systemic functional linguistics to teaching individual brief narrative speaking to junior secondary students Xi tong gong neng yu yan xue zai chu zhong ji shi duan jiang jiao xue de ying yong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37520350.
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Wong, Lai-wing. "The application of systemic functional linguistics to the teaching of evaluative writing at matriculation level Xi tong gong neng yu yan xue zai yu ke ping lun xie zuo jiao xue de ying yong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37609531.
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Chu, Wan-kam. "An evaluation of the genre approach to prose writing in matriculation level Chinese literature = Wen lei gong neng jiao xue fa yu yu ke Zhongguo wen xue ke san wen chuang zuo zhi ying yong ji xian zhi." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4004001X.
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Serratrice, Ludovica. "The emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17548.
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This thesis is a case study on the emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition. The investigation focuses on the transition from one-word to multiword utterances and the shaping of functional projections of Determiner, Agreement and Tense and their associated formal features. The empirical basis of this work is a corpus of thirty-nine videorecorded observations of Carlo, an English-Italian bilingual child, during free-play sessions with an adult. Data was collected separately for English and Italian for a period of fifteen months from when the child was 1;10 until he was 3;1, and was then transcribed in CHAT format. Four interrelated lines of enquiry inform the analysis presented here. The principal research question concerns the acquisitional strategies adopted by C. in these early stages of development in the two languages. A bilingual child is the closest one can get to a perfect matched pair where a number of variables such as socio-cognitive development, socio-economic status, parents' education, etc. are eliminated, and the two main variables to be investigated are the child's two input languages. This is an ideal situation in which the respective roles of general acquisitional strategies and language particular ones can be teased apart. An analysis of the emergence of the morphosyntactic correlates of Determiner, Agreement and Tense categories in English and Italian reveals a discrepancy between the two languages in the age of acquisition, rate of acquisition and in the language-specific strategies the child adopts. The observation of a significant difference in C.'s acquisitional strategies in English and Italian leads us to the second and third research questions: the way in which the emergence of functional categories differs between the two languages, and the reasons why this should be the case. The most obvious difference is the extent to which morphological correlates of functional categories emerge in the child's speech. In Italian, verbal and nominal morphology emerges earlier than in English and, at least in the nominal system, there is evidence that an Agreement category is part of the child's grammar. In English, verbal morphology is virtually non-existent by the end of the period of observation, and there is no substantial evidence that either Agreement or Tense are realised. Lexically-specific, item-based learning plays a substantial role in both languages, but in Italian there is some evidence that a number of grammatical contrasts are becoming productive by age 3;0, albeit some of them are still limited to a small number of lexical items. Two reasons were identified for the observed differences in the emergence of Determiner, Agreement and Tense in English and Italian: a typological reason, and an environmental reason. The former concerns the richness of Italian morphology, where grammatical contrasts are transparently marked both on nominal and verbal paradigms, as opposed to the relative poverty of English morphology where such contrasts correlate less obviously ans systematically with morphophonological markers. The latter reason concerns the very different input conditions in which C. is exposed to Italian and English: Italian is the home language spoken to him by his family and his babsysitters, while he is addressed in English by the staff at the nursery where one adult is in charge of several children and cannot engage in the one-to-one interaction which is typical of the dyadic situation in which C. finds himself at home. The differences observed in the lead-lag pattern between C.'s Italian and his English also provide sufficient evidence to address the fourth research question concerning the separate developement of the two languages. The analysis of the data did not reveal any systematic interferences from one language to the other. On the contrary there is evidence that C. is sensitive to the different morphosyntactic cues of his two input languages, and that he can treat the two as independent, self-contained problem spaces.
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Norgate, Sarah. "Conceptual and lexical functioning in blind, severely visually impaired and sighted infants." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/78595/.
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This thesis examines the role of vision in language development by focusing on: first, the understanding blind infants have of objects, actions/events and the way they start to talk about these aspects of their environment; and, second, the ways visual information contributes to conceptual and lexical development in sighted infants. Until recently, research has predominantly focused on infants' understanding of objects and their understanding of actions/events has been neglected. Since individuals who are blind predominantly have access to temporal, rather than spatial infomation and so are better able to process information about actions and events rather than objects, this bias seems to have led to the conclusion that an absence of visual information results in a cognitive deficit. Six blind/severely visually impaired infants and their sighted controls were studied for around a year using a range of quasi-experimental, parental report and observational techniques. The studies found little difference between the blind and sighted infants in the age of onset or rate at which first words are produced. However, blind infants were found to be delayed in the age at which they were able to comprehend and produce labels for objects and they produced few words for concrete, discrete objects. The finding that the blind infants were able to categorize objects/actions as well as generalise and extend their words calls into question Dunlea's (1989) claim that an absence of visual information leads to a cognitive deficit. It is argued that blind infants can make their way into language using a route which is merely one end of a spectrum of routes used by sighted infants. Implications are discussed for theories of lexical development (multiroute model, developmental lexical principles framework and the social-pragmatic framework) as well as for possible strategies facilitate conceptual and lexical development in blind/SVI and sighted infants.
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Wong, Lai-wing, and 王麗榮. "The application of systemic functional linguistics to theteaching of evaluative writing at matriculation level =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37609531.
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Santos, José Carlos Lima dos. "O par pergunta-resposta como estratégia de articulação tópica: uma análise funcional." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9202.
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This thesis is scope to investigate the question-answer pair as topics articulation strategies from the perspective of Linguistic Functionalism, more precisely the North-American, which conceives the forms of language from the communication needs of the interlocutors (VUCHINICH, 1977; GIVÓN 1979 1983, 1995, 2001, 2002; RODRÍGUEZ, 1988; MANN e THOMPSON, 1988; HERRING, 1991; SORJONEN, 2001; MARTELOTTA, 1996; SAN-TOS, 2011; ARAÚJO e FREITAG, 2010; FREITAG, 2010, 2012; TAVARES, 2012; SAN-TOS e SILVA, 2015, among others). Therefore, it is taken as starting point the grammaticali-zation continuum: full question (PP) > semiretorical question (PSR) > rhetorical question (PR). The PP is formulated to be answered; the PSR is drawn up and answered by the speak-er; and the PR is asked not to be answered. The origin of this continuum is the PP, which is considered the most prototypical example of the question category why have two characteris-tic traces: [+ rising intonation] and [+ response]. The criteria adopted in the elaboration of continuum is the trace [+response], which is present in PPs, it redirected to the speaker him-self in PSRs and it is situated contextually in PRs. It is assumed the hypothesis that the P-R pair functions as connector in a higher level of textual /discursive portions, through of phoric and presuppositional relations. This connection is accomplished by processing of the discur-sive topics coded in questions and in answers. The data used in this research are part of two samples: i) Dados de fala de estudantes do Atheneu Sergipense, with respect to a data col-lection in a public school of Aracaju - SE; and ii) Rede Social de Informantes Universi-tários, which refers to the data collection held at Alberto Carvalho university campus, of the UFS, in Itabaina-SE, which integrate the database Falares Sergipanos, coordinated by Prof. Dra. Raquel Meister Ko Freitag. The methodological procedure adoptedin this research is of qualitative nature. First, it is held a survey of interrogative contexts with the purpose to infer the topics encoded in the P-R pair. Then it is accomplished the analysis and the description of the topical relations in the text/discourse, in order to capture the articulation strategies that are established by means of anaphoric, cataphoric and presuppositional relations. To complement the analysis, statistical data are used to enlarge the scope of understanding of the phenomenon studied. The results indicate that the P-R pair functions as strategies of topics articulation since the topics encoded in the questions are resumed in the responses, forming what Vuchinich (1977) calls relational unit. The PPs, to be more prototypical, act at textual level through the relationship question<> response; the PSRs are responsible for organizing the speaker's discourse, in a movement of resumption and projection of portions of the text and discourse; and the PRs which serve as search strategies of the listener's approval for what is being said for presenting a high degree of presupposition.
Esta tese tem por escopo investigar o par pergunta-resposta como estratégias de articulação de tópicos sob a perspectiva do funcionalismo linguístico, mais precisamente o norte-americano, que concebe as formas da língua a partir das necessidades comunicativas dos interlocutores (VUCHINICH, 1977; GIVÓN, 1979, 1983, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2002; RODRÍGUEZ (1988); MANN e THOMPSON, 1988; HERRING, 1991; SORJONEN, 2001; MARTELOTTA, 1996; ARAÚJO e FREITAG, 2010; SANTOS, 2011; FREITAG, 2010, 2012; TAVARES, 2012; SANTOS e SILVA, 2015, entre outros). Para tanto, toma-se como ponto de partida o continuum de gramaticalização: pergunta plena (PP) > pergunta semirretórica (PSR)> pergunta retórica (PR). A PP é formulada para ser respondida; a PSR é elaborada e respondida pelo falante; e a PR é formulada para não ser respondida. A origem desse continuum é a PP, que é considerada o exemplo mais prototípico da categoria pergunta por possuir dois traços característicos: [+ entonação ascendente] e [+resposta]. O critério adotado, na elaboração do continuum, é o traço [+ resposta], que está presente nas PPs, é redirecionado para o próprio falante nas PSRs, e é situado contextualmente nas PRs. Assume-se a hipótese de que o par P-R funciona como conector, em um nível mais alto, de porções textuais/discursivas por meio de relações fóricas e pressuposicionais. Essa conexão é realizada pelo processamento dos tópicos discursivos codificados nas perguntas e nas respostas. Os dados utilizados, nesta pesquisa, fazem parte de duas amostras: i) Dados de fala de estudantes do Atheneu Sergipense, que diz respeito a uma coleta de dados realizada em uma escola pública de Aracaju; e ii) Rede Social de Informantes Universitários, que se refere à coleta realizada no campus Prof. Alberto Carvalho, da UFS, em Itabaiana-SE, os quais integram o banco de dados Falares Sergipanos, coordenadoProf. Dra. Raquel Meister Ko Freitag. O procedimento metodológico adotado, nesta pesquisa, é o de cunho qualitativo. Primeiro, realiza-se um levantamento dos contextos interrogativos, tendo por finalidade depreender os tópicos codificados no par P-R. Em seguida, procede-se à análise e à descrição das relações tópicas no texto/discurso, a fim de captar as estratégias de articulação que se estabelecem por meio das relações fóricas e pressuposicionais. Para complementar a análise, utilizam-se dados estatísticos para ampliar o escopo de entendimento do fenômeno estudado. Os resultados indicam que o par P-R funciona como estratégias de articulação taxtual-discursiva, já que os tópicos codificados nas perguntas são retomados nas respostas, formando o que Vuchinich (1977) denomina de unidade relacional. As PPs, por serem mais prototípicas, atuam no nível textual por meio da relação pergunta<>resposta; as PSRs são responsáveis por organizar o discurso do locutor, em um movimento de retomada e de projeção de porções do texto e do discurso; eas PRsfuncionam como estratégias de busca de aprovação do ouvinte para o que está sendo dito por apresentar alto grau de pressuposicionalidade.
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Gao, Hua, and 高華. "A cognitive-functional investigation of questions in Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3473790X.
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Anstey, Matthew Philip. "The linguistic description and analysis of 2 Samuel 11-12 from the perspective of functional grammar in the tradition of Simon Dik." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Santos, Almir Grigorio dos. "As mudanças linguísticas nas crônicas do livro amor é prosa, sexo é poesia: crônicas afetivas de Arnaldo Jabor." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14275.
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The topic of this dissertation is about the linguistic change in the chronicles of the book "amor é prosa, poesia é sexo: crônica afetiva" by Arnaldo Jabor. In this context, it draws attention to the movements that occur in the language in common use during communicative interactions, but are not approached by normative grammars and skill that each speaker has to interact socially with the language because it is the speaker, who organizes the speech. Therefore, it is a study that focuses on the language in common use in day by day, questioning what would be the occurrence of grammaticalization the chronicler uses in his texts to express their communicative intentions with your readers and what are the effects of these occurrences meaning that, as language marks in use, enable. For this, we consider two processes of linguistics creation, grammaticalization and lexicalization, addressing the first to change the lexical items in the language constructs and the second is defined as a process of creating new lexical elements, modifying or combining existing elements. According to the results, it can be said that the way the author writes his texts is like talking with someone, it brings the language in common use in day by day to texts written with the intention of building senses and maintaining the communicative interaction with its reader, a language that is not approached by normative grammars. It is the functionalist basis grammar, the grammaticalization and lexicalization that fit the principles for this approach, for it involves lexical relations, semantic, grammatical, discursives and language study in real use of communication
O tema desta dissertação é sobre as mudanças linguísticas nas crônicas do livro amor é prosa, sexo é poesia: crônicas afetivas de Arnaldo Jabor. Nesse contexto, chama a atenção os movimentos que ocorrem na língua em uso comum durante as interações comunicativas, mas não são abordados pelas gramáticas normativas e a habilidade que cada falante tem de interagir socialmente com a língua, pois, é o falante quem organiza o discurso. Dessa maneira, é um estudo que focaliza a língua em uso comum no dia a dia, questionando quais seriam as ocorrências de gramaticalização que o cronista usa em seus textos para manifestar suas intenções comunicativas com seus leitores e quais seriam os efeitos de sentidos que essas ocorrências, como marcas da língua em uso, possibilitam. Para isso, devemos considerar dois processos de criação linguística, a gramaticalização e a lexicalização, abordando o primeiro a mudanças dos itens lexicais nas construções linguísticas e o segundo é definido como um processo criador de novos elementos lexicais, modificando ou combinando os elementos já existentes. Conforme os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que a maneira como o autor escreve seus textos é como se estivesse conversando com alguém, ele trás a língua em uso comum no dia a dia para os textos escritos com a intenção de construir sentidos e manter a interação comunicativa com o seu leitor, uma língua que não é abordada pelas gramáticas normativas. É a gramática de base funcionalista, a gramaticalização e a lexicalização que servem de fundamento para essa abordagem, por envolver as relações lexicais, semânticas, gramaticais, discursivas e estudo da língua em uso real de comunicação
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Kilpert, Diana Mary. "Language and value : the place of evaluation in linguistic theory." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002635.
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It is a central claim of modern linguistic theory that linguists do not prescribe, but describe language as it is, without pronouncing on correctness or judging one variety better than another. This attempt to exclude evaluation is motivated by a desire to be ' politically correct', which hinders objective analysis of language, and by an ill-advised imitation of the natural sciences, which obstructs the discipline's progress towards becoming a science in its own right. It involves linguists, as users of a valued variety, in self-deception and disingenuousness, distances them from the concerns of the ordinary language user, and betrays a failure to understand the involvement of social values in language, the nature of language itself, and the limits of linguistic science. On a wider scale, linguistics reflects society's devaluing and mechanisation of language. Despite growing concern expressed in the literature, and the incoherence that becomes apparent when linguists attempt to address social problems using a theory that regards language as an autonomous object, newcomers to the discipline continue to be taught that anti-prescriptivism is the natural corollary of a scientific approach to language. This thesis suggests that the way out of these difficulties is to rethink the meaning of ' theory' in linguistics. If we take the reflexivity of language seriously, building on M.A.K. Halliday's notion of 'linguistics as metaphor', we are reminded that a linguistic theory is made of language. Metalanguage must use the experiential and interpersonal meaning-making resources of everyday language. It follows that a linguistic theory cannot escape being evaluative, because evaluation is an inherent part of interpersonal meaning. If we fail to notice our own metalinguistic evaluation, this is because language disguises its evaluative meanings, or perhaps we are just not used to thinking of them as part of the grammar. To achieve clarity about the involvement of value in language, we need to turn our metalanguage back on itself - 'using the grammar to think with about the grammar' . Some ways of doing this are demonstrated here, turning the resources of systemic functional linguistics on linguists' own language. The circularity of this process should be seen not as a drawback but as a salutary reminder that linguistics is an interpretive rather than a discovery process. This knowledge should help us revalue language and make a place for evaluation in linguistic theory, paving the way for a socially responsible and productive linguistics.
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LO, BAIDO Maria Cristina (ORCID:0000-0002-7076-4829). "The Comment Clause in Present-day Italian: Forms, functions, directionalities." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/181493.
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Chan, Cheuk Fong Kim. "The socio-cultural functions of written code alternation in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/354.
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Yang, Yilong Laura. "The analysis of interpersonal meaning of Barack Obama's presidential campaign speeches in 2012." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1368.
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Alajarva, A. (Annika). "How has Shakespearean literature affected contemporary business news?:a study on the linguistic functions of idiomatic language." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201904131480.
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Abstract. The aim of this thesis is to show what are the linguistic functions of the idioms in Shakespeare’s literature and language in the language of contemporary business communication in online newspaper articles. The analysis conducted for this thesis is based on 60 news article examples of three Shakespearean idioms which have been collected and examined for the purpose of this thesis. Those idioms are ‘all that glitters is not gold’, ‘budge not an inch’ and ‘all the world’s a stage’.
The main theoretical and methodological background of this thesis bases on critical discourse analysis (CDA) and especially on Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analytic work concerning media discourse. In addition, the analysis will include notions from Paul Lennon’s (2004) ideas of applied linguistic study and allusions in the press. The study shows that these Shakespearean idioms do enliven the business news, even though the use of the idiom might not been intended by the writer or received by the reader.Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tarkoituksena on näyttää, kuinka Shakespearen teoksissaan käyttämä kieli on vaikuttanut nykypäiväisen liike-elämän idiomaattiseen kieleen ja sen kielellisiin toimintoihin. Tutkimuskohteena tässä tutkielmassa on kolme oletetusti Shakespearen keksimää idiomia, joiden esiintymisistä on kerätty yhteensä 60 uutisartikkeliesimerkkiä. Tutkitut idiomit ovat ‘all that glitters is not gold’, ‘budge not an inch’ sekä ‘all the world’s a stage’.
Teoreettisesti tämä kandidaatintutkielma perustuu pääasiassa kriittiseen diskurssianalyysiin ja erityisesti Norman Fairclough’n (1995) oppeihin diskurssianalyysistä mediassa. Tämä tutkielma sisältää myöskin käsitteitä Paul Lennonin (2004) ajatuksista soveltavasta kielitieteestä ja hänen tarkastelemistaan vihjauksista kaupallisessa kommunikaatiossa. Mitä tulee tämän tutkielman pääasiallisiin tutkimustuloksiin, on selvää, että nämä kyseiset Shakespearen innoittamat idiomit elävöittävät liike-elämän uutisartikkeleita, vaikka idiomin käyttö ei olisikaan ollut tarkoitettua artikkelin kirjoittajan osalta tai lukija ei sitä osaisi vastaanottaa tarkoitetulla tavalla.
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Al-Otaibi, Abdullah Munahi Majed. "Identifying the English communication needs of Kuwaiti student soldiers at the Military Language Institute in Kuwait." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.344027.
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