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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas chromatograph detector'

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Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Arzu Ibragimova, Arzu Ibragimova. "BENEFITS OF USING A FID TO MEASURE THE MULTICOMPONENT GAS MIXTURES." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 27, no. 06 (2023): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-131.

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The development of the oil and gas complex is one of the priority areas of the Azerbaijan economy. Oil and gas are among the most competitive Azerbaijan goods and are in high and stable demand from global consumers. Therefore, increased attention is paid to product quality. One of the methods for quality control of petroleum products is gas chromatography. Today it is a widely used physical and chemical research method. The capabilities of a gas chromatography are mainly determined by the enormous separating power of the chromatographic columns and the characteristics of the detectors. If the chromatographic column is sometimes called the heart of the chromatograph, then the detector can be called the brain of the chromatograph [1,2]. Effective development of an analysis technique, its successful implementation, troubleshooting of a chromatograph, and metrological certification are impossible without the ability to make the right choice of a detector, operate it competently, and correctly interpret the detector signal. About 50 detectors have been proposed for gas chromatography, but only a few of them are used in practice. The most used are the flame ionization detector and the thermal conductivity detector. The article shows the advantage of using a flame ionization detector to measure important physical and chemical properties, such as density, caloric content, the ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of hydrogen atoms C/H. Keywords: Chromatography, gas-mixture, density, hydrocarbon, heat of combustion, calorific value, flame ionization detector, number of carbon atoms, sensitivity, quality.

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Jitender, Kumar, Kumar Vinod, Kumar Singh Vinay, et al. "GC-SAW and GC-FID performance comparison for fast analysis of volatile organic compounds." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 48 (2020): 4672–78. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v13i48.1611.

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Abstract Objectives: To develop gas chromatograph (GC) based chemical agent detector and to compare the response of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) detector with Flame Ionization Detector (FID) for the development of a reliable and fast gas/vapour analyzer. Also, to describe the limitations of the FID over SAW detector. Methods: An uncoated 433.92 MHz SAW device was used as Gas Chromatography (GC) detector and its response was recorded and compared with conventional FID detector using short capillary column. The response of both the detectors were analyzed by using standard mixture of seven Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Besides this comparison various key parameter of GC i.e. Flow, temperature and length of GC column were also optimized for fast GC analysis. Findings: After analyzing the fast GC data of both the detectors with same sample, it was observed that the resolution of chromatograms with SAW detector showed more resolved peaks as compare to the FID detector for the same GC parameters. Improvements/Applications: It is concluded that the SAW detector is more suitable for fast and reliable analysis of chemical vapors in rapid analysis. Keywords: Gas chromatograph detector; surface acoustic wave; volatile organic compounds

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Shkurdoda, S., D. Shynkarenko, V. Pasichnyk, K. Korol, and O. Posilskyi. "EXPERT STUDY OF ISONIAZIDE IN MEAT PRODUCTS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.57.

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The article deals with the recommendations for the detection of isoniazid in meat products, using the example of minced meat using physicochemical methods. This study does not lose its relevance over the years, due to the use of drugs for tuberculosis for poisoning homeless and domestic animals, in particular dogs, in different regions of Ukraine, the main active ingredient of which is isoniazid. The article describes a method for the extraction of isoniazid in food products of meat origin (minced meat, sausage), which presumably could or may be used to poison domestic animals, in particular dogs. Isoniazid was identified by the methods of qualitative color reactions, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector. The process of qualitative identification of isoniazid in foodstuffs that could or may be used to poison domestic animals, in particular dogs, includes: -the method of extraction and separation of interfering impurities, primarily fats, preliminary research by the method of qualitative analytical reactions; -studies by thin layer chromatography; -research by instrumental methods, in particular, gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. The method for extracting isoniazid from meat products described in the article is effective and allows you to get rid of interfering substances, especially fats. In addition, the method of gas chromatography with mass-selective detection has sufficient sensitivity and selectivity. It allows with a minimum number of interfering peaks of low intensity, determine the composition of isoniazid accurately. The specified list of instrumental base, methods and research techniques is not exhaustive. The examiner should be guided by the availability of relevant literature and the availability of appropriate analytical equipment (gas chromatograph, gas chromatograph with mass-selective detector, liquid chromatograph, liquid chromatograph with mass-selective detector, etc.). In accordance with this, it is necessary to use certain methods for studying substances. These methods are subject to mandatory verification before being used in the laboratory. The obtained research results allow us to recommend this technique for implementation in expert practice.

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Yatsenko, Larisa Anatolyevna, Maria Yurevna Printseva, Ilya Danilovich Cheshko, and Artur Alexandrovich Tumanovsky. "Detection of residues and determination of the composition of combustible components in case of explosions of vapor-gas-air mixtures." Technology of technosphere safety 97 (2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2022.3.97.51-60.

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Introduction. Liquefied hydrocarbon gases (LHG) are widely used in various fields. The main components of LHG are: propane, isobutane and n-butane, which are not only combustible, but also explosive gases capable of detonation combustion. The detection of LHG in the air is a very urgent task in expert studies. To determine the component composition of various flammable liquids, for the purpose of their identification, chromatographs equipped with a capillary quartz column with a phase that allows detecting saturated hydrocarbons of the homologous series from pentane to pentatetracontane inclusive are used in the Forensic Expertise Institutions of Federal Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia. However, it is not possible to analyze the component composition of lighter hydrocarbons according to the previously proposed and used in expert practice method for detecting and studying flammable liquids/high liquids under these conditions. To solve the problem of unification of the use of the instrumental base for the detection of residues of flammable liquids, liquid liquids and light hydrocarbons, new chromatography conditions were selected using the existing equipment set. Goals and objectives. The aim of the study is to select the analysis conditions for detecting the remains of liquefied hydrocarbon gases after explosions of steam-air mixtures on the basis of the instrumental gas chromatographic complex in service with the Forensic Expertise Institutions of Federal Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia. Research methods. To detect and determine the composition of residues of combustible components during explosions of vapor-gas-air mixtures, a hardware-software instrumental complex based on a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, a ZB-50 capillary column, and an attachment from a two-stage thermal desorber was used. Results and its discussion. In the course of the study, the optimal conditions for conducting gas chromatographic analysis were defined and selected in order to detect liquefied hydrocarbon gases. Recommended pressures are given for various carrier gases. It is shown that, by varying the pressure and inlet temperature, light hydrocarbons propane, butane, isobutane is fairly well separated on a gas-liquid chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and on a ZB-50 capillary column 30 meters long. Conclusion. The research shows that the problem of combining a hardware-software instrumental complex based on a gas chromatograph with an attachment from a two-stage thermal desorber used for the analysis of two groups of substances (liquefied hydrocarbons and flammable liquids, gas liquids) is solved by varying the pressure and temperature of the input. Keywords: gas-liquid chromatography, thermal desorption, liquefied petroleum gases, light hydrocarbons, air-fuel mixtures, vapor-gas-air mixtures, explosion, fire examination.

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Hammack, Walter, Mary C. Carson, Barbara K. Neuhaus, et al. "Multilaboratory Validation of a Method To Confirm Chloramphenicol in Shrimp and Crabmeat by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, no. 6 (2003): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1135.

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Abstract An existing method for chloramphenicol (CAP) determination in shrimp using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was adapted for confirmation of CAP with a liquid chromatograph interfaced to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. CAP residues are extracted from tissue with ethyl acetate, isolated via liquid–liquid extraction, and concentrated by evaporation. Extracts are chromatographed by using a reversed-phased column and analyzed by electrospray negative mode tandem mass spectrometry. Four product ions (m/z 152, 176, 194, and 257) of precursor m/z 321 were monitored. Moving from gas chromatography to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry improved the sensitivity of the method greatly, enabling reliable confirmation of CAP residues at 0.3 μg/kg (ppb). The method meets confirmation criteria recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and 4-point identification criteria established by the European Union. With slight modifications to accommodate different equipment, the method was validated in 3 laboratories.

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Zharov, V. P., and S. G. Montanari. "Capillar Gas Chromatography With Laser Optothermal Detection." Laser Chemistry 5, no. 3 (1985): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.5.133.

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The design of a through-flow laser opto-thermal (OT) detector intended for operation as a selective chromatographic detector in combination with capillary columns is described. The main advantage of such a detector is its relative simplicity and high spatial resolution. A new differential scheme of OT detector which can reduce the background signals of scattered radiation by about 102 times is suggested. The threshold sensitivity of OT detector is experimentally estimated to be equal to about 7 ng (ethanol). The higher selectivity of the developed system “gas capillary chromatograph + laser OT spectrometer” has been demonstrated by analyzing a mixture of five atomatic hydrocarbons with the use of a tunable CO2 laser. Recommendations for further modification of the equipment are given.

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He, Zilan, Qingsha Hang, Baiquan Chen, Bangfa Chen, and Sixiang Chen. "MEMS-based Sensing Technology for the Gas Chromatograph Analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2479, no. 1 (2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2479/1/012003.

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Abstract Device miniaturization based on MEMS technology is an important research direction in the field of MEMS. The gas chromatograph is a commonly used instrument for detecting complex gases, but due to its large size, high power consumption, and heavyweight, it is not convenient and cannot meet people’s needs for real-time, online, and rapid access to information. Therefore, the miniaturization of gas chromatographs combined with MEMS technology is a research trend. This paper first introduces the basic structure of the gas chromatograph. Then it studies the miniaturization of columns, detector miniaturization, and flow meter miniaturization based on MEMS technology, combined with cross-micro-nano scale integration technology to further improve sensitivity, and summarizes the prospects.

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Dobrokhotov, Vladimir, and Alexander Larin. "Multisensory Gas Chromatography for Field Analysis of Complex Gaseous Mixtures." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010013.

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A novel approach to analysis of complex gaseous mixtures is presented. The approach is based on the utilization of a compact gas chromatograph in combination with an array of highly integrated and selective metal oxide (MOX) sensors. Thanks to the implementation of a multisensory detector, the device collects multiple chromatograms in a single run. The sensors in the integrated MEMS platform are very distinct in their catalytic properties. Hence, the time separation by chromatographic column is complemented by catalytic separation by a multisensory detector. Furthermore, the device can perform the analysis in a broad range of concentrations, from ppb to hundreds of ppm. Low ppb and even sub-ppb levels of detection for some analytes were achieved. As a part of this effort, nanocomposite gas sensors were synthesized for selective detection of hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, alcohols, ketones, and heavy hydrocarbons.

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Fiddler, Walter, Robert C. Doerr, and Robert A. Gates. "Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Dimethylamine, Trimethylamine, and Trimethylamine Oxide in Fish-Meat Frankfurters." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 2 (1991): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.400.

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Abstract A method Is described for analysis of minced fish-meat and surlmi-meat frankfurters for dimethylamine (DMA), trimethyiamine (TMA), and trimethyiamine oxide (TMAO) using a headspace-gas chromatographic technique. After simple acid extraction and addition of NaOH, the headspace was directly Injected Into a gas chromatograph by a gas-tight syringe. DMA and TMA were separated on a Chromosorb 103 column and detected by a flame Ionization detector. TMAO was measured as TMA after Zn reduction. Repeatability of the method for DMA, TMA, and TMAO was 6.6,1.0, and 18.8 ppm, respectively. The method was applicable to Alaska pollock-meat and Atlantic menhaden-meat frankfurters, unwashed, and washed mince and surlml.

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Kataev, S. S., O. N. Dvorskaya, M. A. Gofenberg, A. V. Labutin, and A. B. Melentyev. "ANALYTICAL FEATURES OF SYNTHETIC MDMB(N)-073F CANNABIMIMETICS AND ITS MARKERS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL." Pharmacy & Pharmacology 7, no. 4 (2019): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2019-7-4-184-197.

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The aim of the research is to study both analytical features of synthetic MDMB(N)-073F cannabimimetics of indazole carboxamides group by gas chromatography methods combined with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) as well as characteristics of the major MDMB(N)-073F metabolite, its glucuronide and derivatives, using gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric (GC-MS) detection and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with MS/MS mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in urine samples to be applied in expert practice, chemical-toxicological and forensic and chemical analyses.Materials and methods. To carry out the study, the following materials were used: plant-based objects with narcotic drugs withdrawn from illegal trafficking and applied to them;. urine samples to be studied under chemical-toxicological and forensic and chemical analyses. For solid-phase epitaxy, SampliQ EVIDEX TFE cartridges – 200 mg – 3 ml (Agilent, USA) were used for sample preparation; β-glucuronidase, Type HP-2, From Helix Pomatia, 100000 UA/ml (Sigma-ALDRICH CHEMI, Germany) was used for enzymatic hydrolysis. GC-MS/MS analysis was made using Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph with a tandem quadrupolar mass-spectrometer Agilent 7000 (Agilent, США); GC-MS analysis was carrid out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7820 with mass-selective detector Agilent 5975 (Agilent, USA); HPLC-HRMS research was made on liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 with tandem hybrid high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight detector Agilent 6540 (Agilent, США); liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 with Agilent 6460 (Agilent, USA) with tandem mass-spectrometer were used for making HPLC-MS/MS research.Results. The structure of MDMB(N)-073F compound has been confirmed and an exact mass of the protonated molecule corresponding to the chemical formula C19H27FN3O3 fixed by GC-MS/MS and HPLC-HRMS methods. Spectral characteristics of MDMB(N)-073F have been given. One of the branches in MDMB(N)-073F biotransformation in the human body found out by GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS methods, is the ester decomposition with further conjugation of the resulting acid. The product interacting with glucuronic acid, is found to be the conjugate of major MDMB(N)-073F metabolite of the Ist phase in biotransformation. Metabolites appearing due to the ester decomposition and its conjugate with glucuronic acid, are recommended to be used as markers for synthetic MDMB(N)-073F cannabimimetics in the analysis by chromatographic methods; they can be used for regular screening of biological samples.Conclusion. The research results presented here, are the following: the analytical features characteristic for synthetic MDMB(N)-073F cannabimimetics found out by gas chromatography methods combined with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/ MS) and liquid chromatography of hybrid high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), as well as characteristics of major MDMB(N)-073F metabolite, its glucuronide and derivatives with the use of gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in urine samples to be applied in expert practice, chemical-toxicological, forensic and chemical analyses.

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Joern, W. A. "Marijuana Testing in Urine: Use of a Hexadeuterated Internal Standard for Extended Linearity, and Ion Trap vs Mass Selective Detector Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer Systems." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 5 (1992): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.5.717.

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Abstract The use of a hexadeuterated internal standard for the assay of the marijuana carboxy metabolite in urine resulted in two significant improvements. First, the linearity of the procedure was increased considerably because of the minimal chromatographic peak overlap of the internal standard and carboxy metabolite derivatives. Second, again because of minimal peak overlap, the same extract could be analyzed with similar results by both the ion trap detector and mass selective detector gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer systems.

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Xu, Qu, Yutao Qin, and Yogesh B. Gianchandani. "A Rule-Based Automated Chemical Recognition Algorithm for a Multi-Cell Multi-Detector Micro Gas Chromatograph." Separations 10, no. 11 (2023): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10110555.

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A chemical recognition algorithm is an integral part of any autonomous microscale gas chromatography (µGC) system for automated chemical analysis. For a multi-detector µGC system, the chemical analysis must account for the retention time of each chemical analyte as well as the relative response of each detector to each analyte, i.e., the detector response pattern (DRP). In contrast to the common approaches of heuristically using principal component analysis and machine learning, this paper reports a rule-based automated chemical recognition algorithm for a multi-cell, multi-detector µGC system, in which the DRP is related to theoretical principles; consequently, this algorithm only requires a small amount of calibration data but not extensive training data. For processing both the retention time and the raw DRP, the algorithm applies rules based on expert knowledge to compare the detected peaks; these rules are located in a customized software library. Additionally, the algorithm provides special handling for chromatogram peaks with a small signal-to-noise ratio. It also provides separate special handling for asymmetrical peaks that may result from surface adsorptive analytes. This work also describes an experimental evaluation in which the algorithm used the relative response of two complementary types of capacitive detectors as well as a photoionization detector that were incorporated into the µGC system of interest. In these tests, which were performed on chromatograms with 21–31 peaks for each detector, the true positive rate was 96.3%, the true negative rate was 94.1%, the false positive rate was 5.9%, and the false negative rate was 3.7%. The results demonstrated that the algorithm can support µGC systems for automated chemical screening and early warning applications.

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Omelchuk, Sergii T., Alina I. Syrota, and Anna V. Blagaia. "THE NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FUNGICIDES RESIDUAL QUANTITIES CONTROL METHODS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DOMESTIC REGULATORY BASE HARMONIZATION." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 10 (2022): 2455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202210126.

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The aim: To develop highly sensitive analytical methods for the determination of the systemic phenylamide class fungicide – Metalaxyl-M residues in watermelons and grapes to reduce the risk of hazardous effects on workers’ and public health. Materials and methods: Conditions for Metalaxyl-M detection by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) using a chromatographic capillary column SH-Rxi-5ms (length – 30 m, inner diameter – 0.25 mm, layer thickness – 0.25 μm) were determined. The optimal conditions for chromatography of Metalaxyl-M were established: column thermostat temperature – 220°С, evaporator temperature – 260 °С, detector temperature – 280 °С. The retention time under these conditions was 3,384 ± 0.1 minutes. The linear detection range is 0.01 to 0.05 mg / kg. The calibration dependence of the tested substance peak area on its concentration was established and described by the linear regression equation. Results: We found that the most sensitive method for chromatography of Metalaxyl-M is the method of using a capillary column SH-Rxi-5ms on a gas chromatograph Shimadzu Nexis 2030. Conclusions: The developed GC methods correspond to modern requirements, are selective and allow to control the Metalaxyl-M content in the matrices of the studied crops and can be used as a marker of the safety of agricultural products grown with fungicides containing Metalaxyl-M application. We found that the most sensitive method for Metalaxyl-M chromatography detection is the method with usage of a capillary column SH-Rxi-5ms on a gas chromatograph Shimadzu Nexis 2030.

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Ward, N., X. Mu, G. Serrano, et al. "Microfluidic-packaged CMOS chemiresistor detector for micro-scale gas chromatograph." Micro & Nano Letters 7, no. 8 (2012): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0231.

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WANG, Jian-Wei, Hong PENG, Chun-Feng DUAN, and Ya-Feng GUAN. "Development of Micro-Flame Ionization Detector for Portable Gas Chromatograph." Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 39, no. 3 (2011): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60427-6.

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Bowman, I. N. R., and J. A. Edwards. "The use of a Flame lonisation Detector for mass fraction measurement in short duration windtunnels." Aeronautical Journal 97, no. 966 (1993): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000026257.

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The purpose of this note is to demonstrate the application of a Flame lonisation Detector gas chromatograph for the measurement of gas concentration in short duration windtunnel facilities. The determination of gas mixing properties has many important applications in internal and external aerodynamics: for example, two phase flows in jets, film cooling and wake flow properties.

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Melikhova, E. V., and V. Yu Solovyova. "Gas Chromatographic Determination of Residual Concentrations of a Mixture of Organochlorine Pesticides in Food Products." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Engineering and Technology 13, no. 4 (2024): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1528-2023-13-4-163-173.

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Purpose of research. The aim of the work is to optimize the conditions for gas chromatographic determination of a mixture of eight organochlorine pesticides: aldrin, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene.Methods. For chromatographic studies of organochlorine pesticides we used a Shimadzu GC-2010Plus gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with an automatic equilibrium vapor sample dispenser NT200N, electron-capture detector based on 63Ni and quartz capillary nonpolar column "Chromatek" SPB-5 (30 m, 0.32 mm, film thickness on the basis of phenyl(5%) and dimethyl(95%) polysiloxanes 0.5 μm) with an operating temperature range of 60°C 320/340°C. The chromatograms were processed in the application LabSolutions GPC.Results. On the basis of experimentally obtained data the optimal conditions for gas chromatographic determination and separation of eight-component mixture of organochlorine pesticides were selected, namely: the value of mobile phase flow division 1:10, carrier gas flow rate – 1.0 ml/min, two-stage temperature programmable column mode from 160 to 240°C with the rate of increase of 5°C/min. The metrological characteristics of the analysis and validation of the results of the proposed technique with the method of high-performance liquid chromatography were evaluated. Good reproducibility of chromatography results with the possibility of detection of organochlorine pesticides at the level of 10-6 – 10-5 μg/cm3 was proved. Application of Fisher's test has shown absence of significant differences in reproducibility of sampled populations the investigated methods of chromatographic analysis of COPCs are equally accurate. Extraction sample preparation of samples of real objects was proposed, the calculated extraction degrees >84% allow to recommend the technique for quantitative determination of analytes.Conclusion. The method of gas chromatographic analysis was tested for determination of organochlorine pesticides in samples of drinking water and baby puree (Russia) by additive method. Exceeding the norms of residual contents of organochlorine pesticides in the samples of the food products under study was not detected.

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Oleksenko, L. P., N. P. Maksymovych, I. P. Matushko, G. V. Fedorenko, O. P. Ripko, and L. V. Lutsenko. "Chromatographic Detector Based on Adsorption-Semiconductor Sensor for Detection of Reducing Gases in Air." Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis 17, no. 1 (2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/moca.2022.34-42.

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A semiconductor sensor with a gas sensitive layer based on SnO2 and Sb2O5 with Pd additive synthesized by co-precipitation was studied as a chromatographic detector. It was found that the subject detector, using air as a carrier gas, can selectively detect each of the reducing gases (H2, CO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6) which can leak into transformer oil if defects emerge during high-voltage transformers operation. It was established that for the fabricated detector the dependences of the signals on concentrations of the analyzed gases are linear in the range of 0–50 ppm for H2, CO, CH4 and 0–100 ppm for C2H2, C2H4, C2H6. The detector can be on-stream as combined with a chromatograph instrumentality which is rational for a wide practical application. The usage of the semiconductor detector based on the adsorption-semiconductor sensor is promising to significantly reduce the detection cost of the gases and to simplify diagnostics of the high-voltage transformer conditions.

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Wieczorek, Agnieszka. "Comparative Analysis of Devices Used for Hydrocarbon Concentration Measurements During Cargo Tank Gassing-up Operations on Gas Carriers." Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University, no. 112 (December 30, 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26408/112.03.

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The paper is a detailed analysis of the devices used in measurements of hydrocarbon content on gas carriers during cargo tank gassing-up operations. The characteristics of the Riken Keiki GX-8000 portable gas detector used commonly on ships are described, the types of detection used in the device in relation to the detected gases are discussed, which made it possible to question the validity of using the detector for analysing the concentrations of large quantities of hydrocarbons on gas carriers. Also discussed is a device enabling such analyses to be carried out much more accurately – the Agilent 490 Micro GC chromatograph, which will substantially improve the process of cargo tank gassing-up.

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Wei-Hao Li, Maxwell, Abhishek Ghosh, Anandram Venkatasubramanian, Ruchi Sharma, Xiaolu Huang, and Xudong Fan. "High-Sensitivity Micro-Gas Chromatograph–Photoionization Detector for Trace Vapor Detection." ACS Sensors 6, no. 6 (2021): 2348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00482.

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Tiebach, R., and W. Blaas. "Direct coupling of a gas chromatograph to an ion trap detector." Journal of Chromatography A 454 (January 1988): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88634-3.

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Amin, Thakor A., Sushmeet Blndra, and Rajinder S. Narang. "Evaluation of Passive Samplers for Analysis of Chlorinated Solvents." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 5 (1998): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.5.1027.

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Abstract Chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene were trapped on commercially available diffusive sampling devices and then desorbed with carbon disulfide (1.5 mL) containing surrogate standards. The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (ECD). To overcome the incompatibility of carbon disulfide with the electron capture detector, an electronically driven, high-temperature, 6- port valve was attached to the oven of a the gas chromatograph. An RTX 502 (105 m 𝖷 0.53 mm) capillary column was connected between the injector and the detector through the 6-port valve. The solvent peak was vented by rotating the valve before the peak reached the detector, and the valve was rotated to its original position before the peak due to chloroform eluted. The sampling time of 8-24 h and the use of ECD have led to detection limits of 0.5 μg/m3 for many chlorinated solvents

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Ignell, Rickard, Majid Ghaninia, and Sharon Rose Hill. "Combined Gas Chromatography and Single Sensillum Recording for Mosquitoes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, no. 9 (2022): pdb.prot107869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot107869.

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Combined gas chromatography and single sensillum recording (GC-SSR) joins together the established volatile compound separation and relative quantification techniques of GC with the ability to functionally screen olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) for volatile selectivity and sensitivity using SSR. With minimal equipment modification, including a splitter and a heated transfer line, half of the effluent from the gas chromatograph column is directed to the flame ionization detector and half to the mosquito antennae. This GC-SSR combination provides a bioassay capable of determining the salient natural ligands for individual OSNs and of providing accurate and comparable dose–response curves irrespective of differences in the volatility of the compounds.

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Anders Apel, Miriam, Rodney A.F. Rodrigues, Luiz Alberto Lira Soares, and Amélia Terezinha Henriques. "QUANTIFICATION OF THE COMPONENTS IN COMMERCIAL ESSENTIAL OIL OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS LABILL. BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – GC-FID AND GC-MS." Drug Analytical Research 1, no. 2 (2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.79217.

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Leaves of Eucalytus globulus Labill are characterized by the presence of essential oil, in which 1,8-cineole is the main component. The oil is used as an expectorant for symptomatic treatment of mild inflammation of the respiratory tract and bronchitis. This work addresses the chemical quantification of the constituents of E. globulus essential oil by gas chromatography. Commercial samples were diluted and analyzes by gas chromatograph coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The chromatographic separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (LM-20, 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm film thickness) column. The proposed GC-FID method has demonstrated to have specificity and high sensitivity. The quantitation by the normalization technique demonstrated to be adequate for the analysis. Thus, the proposed method is effective for the quantification of E. globulus oil constituents, which may help in the quality control of commercial formulations.

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Mourer, Charles R., Gregory L. Hall, William E. Whitehead, and Takayuki Shibamoto. "Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Chlorpyrifos and Its Metabolite 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol (TCP) in Dates." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (1990): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.294.

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Abstract A method is described for the determination of the Insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite TCP in green, unprocessed, and processed dates with the seeds incorporated. After extraction, chloropyrifos is cleaned up using Florisil and analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. TCP is derivatized using bis- (trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSA) to form the TCP-derivative and analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector. Recoveries of chlorpyrifos from all fortified dates (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) ranged from 86 to 110 % with an average of 94.5 %. Recoveries of TCP from all fortified dates (0.1 and 0.2 ppm) ranged from 79 to 99% with an average of 86%. Limits of detection for chlorpyrifos and TCP in green, unprocessed, and processed dates were 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively.

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Aue, Walter A., Bernard J. Flinn, Christopher G. Flinn, Veluppillai Paramasigamani, and Kathleen A. Russell. "Transformation and transmission of organotin compounds inside a gas chromatograph." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 3 (1989): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-063.

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A wide variety of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted tin compounds are transformed to, and transmitted as, chlorides, bromides, or iodides on injection into a gas chromatographic system doped with HCl, HBr, or HI, respectively. This transformation occurs directly from some thirty-odd analytes such as organotin oxides, hydroxides, organic esters, and other halides including fluorides. Three germanium compounds appear to behave similarly. A conventional, packed-column gas chromatographic set-up with flame photometric or flame ionization detector can tolerate the necessary acid doping. Compounds such as bis(tributyltin) oxide will elute, as halides, in subpicogram amounts. If the dopant flow is turned off, the packed column can act as a hydrogen halide reservoir for several days of operation. The transformations of tributyltin species into the halide form are generally fast on the timescale of chromatographic processes, i.e. sharp peaks result from the use of mixed hydrogen halides, and the retention time of mixed-halide peaks can be adjusted by varying the dopant composition. Keywords: organotins, gas chromatography, derivatization, acid doping, photometric detection.

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Ziembowicz, Sabina, Małgorzata Kida, and Piotr Koszelnik. "Development of an analytical method for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) determination in water samples using gas chromatography." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400200.

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The aim of the work described here was to develop and validate a method by which dibutyl phthalate may be subject to determinations using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography. Optimization of the chromatographic method was based on the selection of working conditions for both the chromatograph and the detector. Following the optimization of extraction and separation parameters, the method was validated by evaluating specificity, the analytical curve, linearity, limits of detection and quantification and recovery. The proposed method has been evaluated in terms of linearity, over a range of concentrations from 0 to 7.5 mg·L-1.The analytical curves show values for correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. Mean recoveries from samples ranged from 97 to 127%, with relative standard deviation lower than 11%. Limit of detection LOD and limit of quantification LOQ values were 0.02 and 0.053 mg·L-1 respectively.

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Raal, J. David, and Wayne Michael Nelson. "Gas chromatograph calibration of gas mixtures using a versatile precision volumetric apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 5 (2022): 054108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083028.

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A compact, volumetric apparatus was developed for accurate automated preparation of standard gas and gas–liquid mixtures for gas chromatograph detector calibration, with accuracies comparable to those from gravimetric or Coriolis flow methods. The method developed by the principal author is not an adaptation or extension of any other apparatus or technology, and measurements involve only stepper motor steps, temperature, and pressure ratios. Mixture preparation is accomplished via the displacement of gas between chambers in a highly uniform cylinder, separated by a movable piston. Piston movement, with piston end rods of exactly equal diameter, ensures that there is no change in interior volume, and the volume of gas displaced from the bottom into the top compartment is exactly proportional to the piston travel measured to within 10 μm. The apparatus, operation, and previously unpublished measurements on common refinery gas mixtures over large concentration ranges are described in detail. These confirmed the accuracy and versatility of the apparatus and also the principle of no pressure change during mixture preparation, from sensitive pressure measurements. Conservative expanded uncertainties in prepared mixture mole fraction ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 over extended composition ranges. Absolute average deviations for the detector response factor for the mixtures ranged from 0.001 to 0.002. An exact new mathematical solution procedure permits the use of impure “pure” gases without loss of accuracy and can be applied to other procedures for standard gas mixture preparation. An exact expression is listed for determining “pure” gas purity.

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Naumenko, Ksenia, Natalia Frolova, Oksana Petrusha, and Natalia Chepel. "THE METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF THE SORPTION CAPACITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY." EUREKA: Life Sciences 1 (January 31, 2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2017.00290.

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The article analyzes the possibility of gas chromatography use for determination of sorption capacity of adsorbents on the example of activated carbon BAC-A. The offered method provides the use of gas chromatograph with flame-ionizing detector and with nozzle geyser that is filled with studied adsorbent. At that the isotherms of absorption of substance are constructed by manifestation curve – desorption branch of substance peak on chromatogram. As a result the isotherms of absorption of isoamylol and camphor on activated carbon were constructed and the values of specific sorption capacity for these substances were calculated. This method allows receive fast and precisely the data about absorption characteristics of adsorbent and also adapt the conditions of the study using gas chromatography to the real conditions of adsorption of substances by studied adsorbent (temperature, adsorbent concentration in vapor phase and so on).

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Wang, Jianwei, Hua Wang, Chunfeng Duan, and Yafeng Guan. "Micro-flame ionization detector with a novel structure for portable gas chromatograph." Talanta 82, no. 3 (2010): 1022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.06.010.

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Uglanov, D. A., V. I. Platonov, and S. S. Dostovalova. "Choice of the Optimal Output Channels Configuration in the Gas Chromatograph Detector." Energy Procedia 100 (November 2016): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.198.

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Prem, Rajavally, Rajni Chauhan, Ajeet Kumar Agrawal, M. L. Aggrawal, and K. M. Chacko. "RESIDUAL OXYGEN IN SEALED GLASS INJECTION VIALS BY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPH." Pharma Research 21, no. 01 (2019): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3408495.

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A method for determination of residual oxygen in sealed pharmaceutical glass vials was developed and validated using gas chromatograph (GC) with thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The gas in the headspace of the vial is collected in a gas tight syringe and injected to GC maintained at 35°C using a molecular sieve packed column and helium as carrier gas. The GC conditions were maintained to separate oxygen from other interference thus to obtain a well resolved peaks. Known amount of sample and reference standard are injected through gas tight syringe and the concentration of residual oxygen present in the headspace of sample is quantitatively measured.

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Коломиец (Kolomiets), Наталья (Natal'ya) Эдуардовна (Eduardovna), Наталья (Natal'ya) Юрьевна (Yur'evna) Абрамец (Abramets), Руслан (Ruslan) Анатольевич (Anatol'evich) Бондарчук (Bondarchuk), Валентина (Valentina) Германовна (Germanovna) Шириеторова (Shirietorova), Жаргал (Zhargal) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) Тыхеев (Tyheev), and Людмила (Lyudmila) Дмитриевна (Dmitrievna) Агеева (Ageeva). "COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF PINE BUDS (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.), GROWING IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF TOMSK REGION." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014293.

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The component composition of pine buds essential oil, growing in the area of active economic activity in Tomsk region, has been studied. Essential oil from pine buds obtained by the method of distillation with the water steam. The component composition of the essential oil was studied by gas-liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry on the gas chromatograph Agilent 6890 with quadrupole mass spectrometer (HP MSD 5973N). Chromatography conditions: 30-meter long quartz column HP-5MS with internal diameter 0.25 mm, film thickness of 0.25 µm (copolymer 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylsiloxane), carrier gas – helium (constant flow 1 ml/min), column temperature – 50 °С (2 min isotherm), 50–200 °С (40 °C, min), 200–280 °С (20 °С/min), 280 °С (5 min isotherm), the temperature of the ion source 170 °С, the interface between the gas chromatograph and mass selective detector 280 °С. The energy of ionizing electrons is 70 eV. The volume of injected sample of 1 µl. The component composition was determined by comparing the times and linear retention indices, mass spectra values, the database of the chromatographic-mass spectrometric library of volatile substances of plant origin. About 163 individual components were found. It is established that with the increase of technogenic pollution, the amount of essential oil decreases, the component composition changes, which can serve as an indicator of the quality of raw materials, the state of the forest stand of pine and the environment as a whole. Data on the dominant content of 3-caren in the composition of essential oils of the pine buds, growing in the Tomsk region, suggests a limited use of this raw material and essential oil on its basis in medical practice.

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Kehr, Ján, and Peter Králik. "Gas chromatographic analysis of mercaptans using the ion-selective electrode detector." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 12 (1985): 2679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19852679.

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An electrochemical ion-selective electrode detector in conjunction with the gas chromatograph and the TCD in series is described and its operating characteristics are discussed. Under optimal conditions for resolution, mercaptans are absorbed in 1 . 10-4 mol l-1 AgNO3 absorption solution at a flow rate 1.2 ml min-1 and detected by Ag2S-solid membrane electrode. The detection limit 6 . 10-11 mol S calculated for propyl mercaptan is achieved, however, only in 1 . 10-5 mol l-1 AgNO3, where a poor resolution of mercaptane occurs. Other parameters affecting the separation and sensitivity are flow rate of absorption solution and geometry of the cell and of the absorber.

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Ziembowicz, Sabina, and Małgorzata Kida. "Determination of di-n-butyl Phthalate in Environmental Samples." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 25 (2023): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2023.025.

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A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed.

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Zaman, Maria, M. Niamul Naser, Mozaffar Hossain, et al. "Pesticide Residues and Harmful Organic Pollutants In Some Freshwater Fishes From Matlab Floodplain Area, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (2012): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12899.

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The level of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs), viz. ?-, ?-, ?-BHC,heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide isomer B, dieldrin, 4,4-DDE, endrin, 2,4-DDD, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDD, 2,4-DDT in fish samples from Matlab floodplain areas were determined. The fish samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, the extracts were cleaned up by sulphuric acid treatment and analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with electron captured detector and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The result showed that none of the studied fishes contained organochlorine pesticide residues but consist some other harmful organic contaminants in tissues. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12899 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1): 101-108, 2012

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Efimenko, A. P., I. I. Naumenko, V. K. Soboleva, and M. N. Baldin. "Application of multicapillary columns for the fast separation of BTEX aromatic hydrocarbons from ambient air samples." Аналитика и контроль 29, no. 1 (2025): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2025.29.1.005.

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Air pollution affects public health and the environment, and must be controlled. Measurement of the spatial distribution of pollutants by a mobile laboratory requires fast response of the analytical instruments used. Optical methods of detecting nitrogen oxides, suspended particles, ozone, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air allow performing up to 10 measurements per second. Determination of the content of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, collectively designated as BTEX) is carried out by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. However, a mass spectrometer is rarely used due to its high cost, and existing automatic gas chromatographs perform BTEX measurements in ca. 15 min, which is unacceptable for the mobile posts. Such time is required due to the use of capillary or packed columns for chromatographic separation. In the present study the possibility of reducing the separation time using multicapillary columns (MCC) is investigated. High capacity of MCC in respect to sample volume eliminates the need for multi-stage sample concentration or column temperature programming. A separation scheme with semi-back flushing from two sequential columns was used employing a short column with non-polar and a long column with polar stationary phases. This allowed excluding peaks of non-polar substances from the region of BTEX peaks, which simplified the chromatogram appearance and reduced the requirements to column efficiency. A photoionization detector with a krypton lamp was used as a detector. It was experimentally shown that the proposed scheme with two MCCs allows isolation of BTEX hydrocarbons during the analysis of real air samples within ca. 1.5 min. The use of MCC as part of an automatic gas chromatograph for a mobile laboratory is recommended for measuring BTEX in the atmospheric air.

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Rastegaev, O. Yu, and S. N. Chernikov. "Determination of sarin and soman in industrial emissions by gas-chromatographic method using pulsating flame-photometric detector." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 88, no. 9 (2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-9-23-27.

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Methods of gas chromatographic determination of trace amounts of sarin and soman in industrial emissions at a level of 1.0 × 10–6 mg/m3 have been developed. The capture and concentration of the target analyte was carried out using a specially designed sampling fluoroplastic cartridge filled with a pre-prepared sorbent Tenax TA with a grain size of 60/80 mesh and a volume of 8 cm3. The extraction of concentrated substances from the sampling cartridge was carried out using a modified and improved method of thermal desorption which consists in involving hot vapors of the solvent (resulted from the introduction of a liquid solvent into the cavity of the sampling cartridge with subsequent heating to 200°C) into desorption process in addition to the inert carrier gas. The substantially higher efficiency of the modified method of thermal desorption compared to the classical methods of extracting target substances from sorbents has been experimentally proved. Data on the quantitative content of sarin and soman were obtained by gas chromatographic method using a Varian CP-3800 gas chromatograph equipped with a pulsating flame-photometric detector, the mixture was separated on a VF-5ms capillary column. The sensitivity of a classical flame photometric detector and a pulsed flame photometric detector to sarin and soman has been studied. The developed methods have a relative error of determination about 27 %, and the duration of analysis of one sample is 3 h 30 min. The methods were tested on the real objects of control, appropriately certified and implemented in practice.

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El-Ghorab, Ahmed H., Kazutoshi Fujioka, and Takayuki Shibamoto. "Determination of Acrylamide Formed in Asparagine/d-Glucose Maillard Model Systems by Using Gas Chromatography with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (2006): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.149.

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Abstract A gas chromatographic method, along with a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), was developed for the determination of acrylamide formed in Maillard reaction model systems. The developed method was validated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A headspace sample was collected from an aqueous acrylamide solution (100 μg/mL) by SPME and directly injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The recovery of acrylamide from an aqueous solution was satisfactory, i.e, &gt;93% under the conditions used. Acrylamide formed in an asparagine/d-glucose (molar ratio, 1/2) Maillard reaction model system heated at 150 and 170C for 20 min was collected and analyzed by the newly developed method using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection and HS-SPME. The amounts of acrylamide were 318 33 μg/g asparagine from a sample heated at 150C and 3329 176 g/g asparagine from a sample heated at 170C. Addition of cysteamine or glutathione to the above model system reduced acrylamide formation. Acrylamide formation was not observed when cysteamine or glutathione was added to asparagine in the above model systems to obtain equimolar concentrations of both compounds. This newly developed method is simple and sensitive, and requires no solvent extraction.

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Hollingworth, Thomas A., Harold R. Throm, Marleen M. Wekell, et al. "Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Ethanol in Canned Salmon: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 3 (1986): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.3.524.

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Abstract Six laboratories collaboratively studied a headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of ethanol in the aqueous phase of canned salmon. Ethanol is determined by a headspace sampling technique with tert-butanol as the internal standard, using a gas chromatograph equipped with a Super Q column and a flame ionization detector. With outliers excluded, the mean recoveries from samples spiked with 25.1 and 78.4 ppm ethanol were 112 and 110%, respectively. For the 4 sample pairs quantitated, repeatability coefficients of variation ranged from 1.42 to 4.25% and reproducibility coefficients of variation from 2.55 to 8.09%, with 3 of the 4 reported values less than 5%. The method has been adopted official first action.

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Chernikov, S. N., and O. Yu Rastegaev. "Determination of O-isobutylmethylphosphonate in industrial emissions by gas chromatography using pulsating flame photometric detector." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 91, no. 1 (2025): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2025-91-1-24-29.

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A procedure for gas chromatographic determination of O-isobutylmethylphosphonate micro-quantities in industrial emissions with a concentration range from 0.5 to 50 mg/m3 has been developed. The target analyte was collected and concentrated using an aspirator of the required volume of the test medium taken from sources of industrial emissions through sampling tubes equipped with ready-made filter materials, two layers of filters of the PFC (Petryanova filter cloth) type, 12 mm in diameter, two layers of filters of the appropriate size, washed in ethyl alcohol and dried in air, made of dense cotton material «moleskin». Recovery of concentrated substances from the sample tubes was performed by extraction with isopropanol. Methylation with diazomethane was carried out to convert the desired substance to a volatile product for subsequent chromatography, by a method improved to obtain micro-quantities of dialkyl esters of MPA and its monoesters. The high efficiency of the proposed methylation method as a factor for obtaining solutions with a low content of impurities of both starting reagents and non-target reaction products has been experimentally proven, which leads to higher accuracy of microconcentration measurements. Trace impurities, including diazomethane residues, were removed by vacuuming the methylated solution for 2 – 5 min. The use of other methods to remove excess diazomethane does not give positive results: blowing diazomethane from the solution with an inert gas does not lead to noticeable changes even for 15 – 20 min, during which time part of the solvent is removed and, therefore, the concentration of the target product changes; the addition of additional chemicals, for example acetic acid, leads to contamination with two products at once-excess acetic acid and methyl acetate, in addition, the addition of excess competing reagent can lead to transalkylation with the participation of the target product and, as a result, to incomplete progress of the target reaction. Quantitative data were obtained by gas chromatography using a Varian CP-3800 gas chromatograph equipped with a pulsed flame photometric detector, the mixture was separated on a CP WAX CB capillary column. The methodology was tested at real control facilities, appropriately certified and implemented in environmental control and monitoring programs.

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Kaneko, Tsuyoshi, and Shin-ichi Suzuki. "Gas Chromatograph with Pulsed Discharged Detector for Explosives Covered with Petroleum and Tear Gas as Evidence." BUNSEKI KAGAKU 56, no. 12 (2007): 1187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.1187.

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Oberenko, A. V., S. V. Kachin, and S. A. Sagalakov. "Comparative study of plastic smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids using gas chromatography." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 8 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-8-5-11.

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We propose an algorithm for comparative study of plastic smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids using gas chromatography in the following configuration: a Crystal 5000.2 chromatograph (Russia) with a quartz capillary column (L = 50 m,  = 0.32 mm) with a grafted phase based on polyethylene glycol modified with nitroterephthalic acid and a flame ionization detector. Plastic smoking mixtures (40 samples) seized from illegal circulation by officers of the Transport Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Siberian Federal District were used as test samples. Mathematical processing of chromatograms was performed using Chromatek Analytic 2.5 and Unscrambler 11.0 programs. It is shown that profiles of the volatile polar components of the fillers of plastic smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids are quite well manifested and reproduced, which gives them a very high identification value. To compare the profiles of impurities, 44 target compounds were selected, which provided the best reproducibility of the areas of chromatographic peaks during repeated measurements. The chromatographic peak areas of the target compounds were normalized, and the Pearson correlation coefficients and the Euclidean distances were calculated. A hierarchical clustering of the obtained data was carried out with construction of the dendrograms demonstrating the levels of the similarity of samples from different lots. It is shown that samples could be assigned to a single batch (recipe) if the Euclidean distances between the corresponding profiles do not exceed 0.14, and the Pearson distances — 0.12 rel.u. An algorithm procedure for the comparative study of plastic smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids using gas chromatography has been developed. This procedure includes profiling of the impurities, selection of the target compounds, normalization of the areas of their chromatographic peaks and subsequent mathematical processing using cluster analysis and calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients and Euclidean distances. The obtained results allow us to recommend the developed procedure for use in expert studies of smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids.

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Edgell, Kenneth W., Elizabeth L. Jenkins, Viorica Lopez-Avila, and James E. Longbottom. "Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection for Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in Finished Drinking Waters: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 2 (1991): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.295.

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Abstract A joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/AOAC interlaboratory method validation study was conducted on EPA Method 507, Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus- Containing Pesticides In Finished Drinking Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector, to determine the mean recovery and precision for analyses of 45 nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing pesticides in reagent water and finished drinking waters. The study design was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative tests of analytical methods. The waters were spiked with 45 nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing pesticides at 6 concentration levels, prepared as 3 Youden pairs. Ten volunteer laboratories extracted the spiked test waters with methylene chloride, performed a solvent exchange with methyl ferf-butyl ether, and analyzed an aliquot of each extract by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Results were analyzed using an EPA computer program, which measured recovery and precision for each of the 45 pesticides and compared the performance of the method between water types. Method 507 was judged acceptable for all analytes tested except merphos, which thermally decomposed in the Injection port of the gas chromatograph. Five compounds (carboxin, disulfoton, metolachlor, pronamlde, and slmazlne) exhibited statistically significant matrix effects for the finished drinking water. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.

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Saka, Machiko. "Application of gas chromatograph with selected detector for pesticide residue analysis in food." Journal of Pesticide Science 35, no. 4 (2010): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.35.580.

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Tykhomyrov, Anatolii, Sergey Zaitsev, Vadim Chichеnin, and Victor Kуshnevsky. "IMPROVEMENT OF GAS MONITORING METHODS IN WATER OF THE HYDROGEN-WATER COOLING SYSTEM OF NPP’S TURBINE GENERATOR." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 29, no. 1 (2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-930012021233705.

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The relevance of research is to ensure and improve the reliability of turbine generators (TG) with a hydrogen-water cooling system by monitoring the content of dissolved gases in the water of a hydrogen-water cooling system with monoethanolamine (MEA) – C2H7NO and water vapor in the cooling hydrogen of the turbine. In this work, the influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the decomposition of a mixture of water and turbine oil, organic acids (acetic acid - С2Н4О2, formic acid - СН2О2, oxalic acid - С2Н2О4) or monoethanolamine was determined. The distribution coefficients values were definedd for the following dissolved gases Н2, О2, N2, СО, СН4, С2Н2, С2Н4, С2Н6, С3Н6, С3Н8, which are of degradation products of water mix components when exposed to ultrasonic oscillation in the following system: «dissolved gas – mixture «water + monoethanolamine» – extractant argon (Ar)». The obtained values of the Кі distribution coefficients for dissolved gases in systems «dissolved gas – mixture «water + С2Н7NО» – extractant argon (Ar)» at a temperature of 293 K and a concentration of С2Н7NО at the level of 1 g/dm3 are close to similar values for dissolved gases in deionized water. The principle flow chart of multichannel gas chromatograph for detecting dissolved gases in water and steam of water in hydrogen was developed. Developed flow chart of 4-chennel gas chromatographer for defining dissolved gases in water includes the one gas chromatographer with conductivity detector, methanator, flame ionization detector, argon gas-bearing and supplementary gases of hydrogen and air.

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Sameshima-Saito, Reiko, Kaori Chiba, and Kiwamu Minamisawa. "New Method of Denitrification Analysis of Bradyrhizobium Field Isolates by Gas Chromatographic Determination of 15N-Labeled N2." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 5 (2004): 2886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.2886-2891.2004.

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ABSTRACT To evaluate the denitrification abilities of many Bradyrhizobium field isolates, we developed a new 15N-labeled N2 detection methodology, which is free from interference from atmospheric N2 contamination. 30N2 (15N15N) and 29N2 (15N14N) were detected as an apparent peak by a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector with N2 gas having natural abundance of 15N (0.366 atom%) as a carrier gas. The detection limit was 0.04% 30N2, and the linearity extended at least to 40% 30N2. When Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 was grown in cultures anaerobically with 15NO3 −, denitrification product (30N2) was detected stoichiometrically. A total of 65 isolates of soybean bradyrhizobia from two field sites in Japan were assayed by this method. The denitrification abilities were partly correlated with filed sites, Bradyrhizobium species, and the hup genotype.

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Kreisberg, N. M., D. R. Worton, Y. Zhao, G. Isaacman, A. H. Goldstein, and S. V. Hering. "Development of an automated high temperature valveless injection system for on-line gas chromatography." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 7 (2014): 7531–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-7531-2014.

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Abstract. A reliable method of sample introduction is presented for on-line gas chromatography with a special application to in-situ field portable atmospheric sampling instruments. A traditional multi-port valve is replaced with a controlled pressure switching device that offers the advantage of long term reliability and stable sample transfer efficiency. An engineering design model is presented and tested that allows customizing the interface for other applications. Flow model accuracy is within measurement accuracy (1%) when parameters are tuned for an ambient detector and 15% accurate when applied to a vacuum based detector. Laboratory comparisons made between the two methods of sample introduction using a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) show approximately three times greater reproducibility maintained over the equivalent of a week of continuous sampling. Field performance results for two versions of the valveless interface used in the in-situ instrument demonstrate minimal trending and a zero failure rate during field deployments ranging up to four weeks of continuous sampling. Extension of the VLI to dual collection cells is presented with less than 3% cell-to-cell carry-over.

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Liu, Hanbing, Xiaoming Cheng, Xi Han, et al. "Research on the minimum detection limit for measuring high-purity gases by gas chromatography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2770, no. 1 (2024): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2770/1/012004.

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Abstract At present, the application fields of high-purity gases (purity reached 99.999% and above) include the semiconductor manufacturing industry, chemical analysis, fuel cells, aerospace, medicine, etc., and the quality and purity requirements of high-purity gases are also getting higher and higher. As the only detector that can detect ppb-level trace impurities, the pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (PDHID) is the most used detector in the field of high-purity gases. The minimum detection limit of existing PDHID-related analysis methods is usually calculated theoretically. In order to verify the actual minimum detection limit of PDHID, a multi-group gas distribution system was used in this paper to dilute the permanent gas components in the high-purity gas, and the gas chromatograph with pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (GC-PDHID) was used to detect the obtained different concentrations of standard gases. The experimental results showed that PDHID possessed high sensitivity, good linearity, and a wide linear range. The actual minimum detection limit for the permanent gas components in the high-purity gas could reach the ng/g (ppb) level, which could realize the detection of ultra-low concentration samples, and further verify the actual minimum detection limit of PDHID. This experiment provides a reference basis for the analysis of trace gases in the gas industry, especially in industries such as high-purity and ultra-high-purity gases and gas for the electronics industry, and is of great significance in actual production work.

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El-Sinawi, A. H. "Production of Hydrogen from Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) using CT 434 ZSM-5 Catalyst at Considerably Low Temperatures." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 6 (2016): 1269–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.225514.

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The production of hydrogen from Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) using CT 434 ZSM-5 is investigated in this research study. Gas chromatography equipped with a thermal conductivity detector is used to detect the amount of hydrogen produced at different temperatures. The Chromatograph spectrum of pure hydrogen as well as the spectra of evolved gases at 250oC, 280oC, 310oC and 340oC are obtained to validate the presence of hydrogen. The spectra of percentage of hydrogen and peak area to height ratio with increasing temperature shows a similar trend except at the temperature of 340oC. Maximum hydrogen percentage of 20.11% is found in the evolved gases collected at temperature of 250oC. The retention time of sample collected at 340oC is very close to reference retention time 2.014 min observed for a pure hydrogen sample.

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