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Journal articles on the topic 'Gen FLOWERING LOCUS T'

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Published: 24 April 2022
Last updated: 18 July 2025

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1

Pérez Barraza, Maria Hilda, María Alejandra Gutiérrez Espinosa, Raquel Cano Medrano, Adriana Isabel Pérez Luna, Tomás Osuna Enciso, and Irma Julieta González Acuña. "AMBIENTE Y REGULADORES DE CRECIMIENTO EN LA EXPRESION DE FLOWERING LOCUS T EN MANGO." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, no. 19 (December 12, 2017): 3839. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v0i19.653.

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La cuantificación y expresión de genes relacionados con floración constituye una herramienta importante para entender este proceso. Trabajos realizados en Arabidopsis han servido como base para estudios moleculares en frutales. El objetivo fue cuantificar la expresión del gen FLOWERING LOCUS T (MiFT) en mango ‘Ataulfo’ y su relación con ambiente y reguladores de crecimiento. Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos: 1) Se aplicaron árboles con 2500 mg·L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) en una sola aplicación (1X) a 30 días después de la poda (ddp). Se colectaron hojas maduras de septiembre a diciembre 2013 y enero a febrero 2014 bajo condiciones de sol y sombreadas. Experimento 2: Se aplicaron reguladores de crecimiento, PBZ (2500 mg·L-1, 1X), Prohexadiona de calcio (P-Ca) (500 mg·L-1, 3X) y ácido giberélico (250 mg·L-1, 1X). Se cuantificó la expresión MiFT, se evaluó el número y tipo de crecimiento emergido en floración, temperatura y precipitación. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial en experimento 1 y completamente al azar en el experimento 2. MiFT se expresó en todos los meses muestreados, la expresión varió de 0.30 hasta 31.4 %. Por otra parte, al evaluar la expresión del gen con respecto a la orientación del brote, los resultados fueron de 0.081 % el lado sombreado y 12 % el soleado. Brotes soleados presentaron el mayor porcentaje de floración (66 %). MiFT se expresó en hojas tratadas con PBZ y P-Ca, la mayor expresión fue en diciembre, mes más frío, con 4.7 y 30.3 %, respectivamente, lo que favoreció floración. Giberelinas inhibió la expresión del gen y por ende floración.
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2

Urrea López, Rafael. "Mejoramiento genético acelerado de angiospermas perennes vía inducción floral por sobre-expresión del gen FT." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales 9, no. 47 (2018): 007–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v9i47.174.

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Los bosques y selvas enfrentan el reto de satisfacer la demanda por recursos de una población en crecimiento, así como la amenaza del rápido cambio climático que exacerba la magnitud y frecuencia de estreses bióticos y abióticos. Para ello, es urgente acelerar el mejoramiento genético de especies forestales. Sin embargo, sus largas etapas juveniles y asincronía floral retrasan peligrosamente este proceso. El presente ensayo explora los adelantos biotecnológicos en inducción floral y su potencial aplicación en especies forestales. Entre los genes identificados y caracterizados que participan en la ruta de señalización de la floración, especial atención se destina al gen FLOWERING LOCUS T, considerado un integrador de rutas de señalización altamente conservado entre las angiospermas, que, al sobre-expresarse por ingeniería genética, es capaz de inducir la floración de forma eficiente. Esta novedosa estrategia biotecnológica se ha utilizado, recientemente, para segregar genes de resistencia a enfermedades, en un menor tiempo, en germoplasma comercial de manzana y ciruela. Permite soslayar barreras naturales que por mucho tiempo han restringido a las especies forestales al mejoramiento por selección, principalmente. Entre sus ventajas está la de poder restringirla al proceso y no al producto, para acelerar las cruzas sexuales sin modificar genéticamente la progenie; se aleja así de la controversia alrededor de la liberación y consumo de organismos genéticamente modificados, y de los costos y trámites obligatorios para los OGM para monitoreo de posibles riesgos. Se proyecta como una tecnología que puede acelerar, significativamente, el mejoramiento de especies forestales.
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3

Kinoshita, Toshinori, Natsuko Ono, Yuki Hayashi, et al. "FLOWERING LOCUS T Regulates Stomatal Opening." Current Biology 21, no. 14 (2011): 1232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.025.

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4

Eckardt, Nancy A. "Dissecting cis-Regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T." Plant Cell 22, no. 5 (2010): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.220511.

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5

Wang, Kangning, Huayu Liu, Fei Wang, et al. "Apple MdbHLH4 promotes the flowering transition through interactions with FLOWERING LOCUS C and transcriptional activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T." Scientia Horticulturae 322 (December 2023): 112444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112444.

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6

Hubbard, Katharine E., and Alex A. R. Webb. "Circadian Rhythms: FLOWERING LOCUS T Extends Opening Hours." Current Biology 21, no. 16 (2011): R636—R638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.058.

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7

Vollrath, Paul, Harmeet S. Chawla, Sarah V. Schiessl, et al. "A novel deletion in FLOWERING LOCUS T modulates flowering time in winter oilseed rape." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 4 (2021): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03768-4.

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Abstract Key message A novel structural variant was discovered in the FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologue BnaFT.A02 by long-read sequencing. Nested association mapping in an elite winter oilseed rape population revealed that this 288 bp deletion associates with early flowering, putatively by modification of binding-sites for important flowering regulation genes. Abstract Perfect timing of flowering is crucial for optimal pollination and high seed yield. Extensive previous studies of flowering behavior in Brassica napus (canola, rapeseed) identified mutations in key flowering regulators which differentiate winter, semi-winter and spring ecotypes. However, because these are generally fixed in locally adapted genotypes, they have only limited relevance for fine adjustment of flowering time in elite cultivar gene pools. In crosses between ecotypes, the ecotype-specific major-effect mutations mask minor-effect loci of interest for breeding. Here, we investigated flowering time in a multiparental mapping population derived from seven elite winter oilseed rape cultivars which are fixed for major-effect mutations separating winter-type rapeseed from other ecotypes. Association mapping revealed eight genomic regions on chromosomes A02, C02 and C03 associating with fine modulation of flowering time. Long-read genomic resequencing of the seven parental lines identified seven structural variants coinciding with candidate genes for flowering time within chromosome regions associated with flowering time. Segregation patterns for these variants in the elite multiparental population and a diversity set of winter types using locus-specific assays revealed significant associations with flowering time for three deletions on chromosome A02. One of these was a previously undescribed 288 bp deletion within the second intron of FLOWERING LOCUS T on chromosome A02, emphasizing the advantage of long-read sequencing for detection of structural variants in this size range. Detailed analysis revealed the impact of this specific deletion on flowering-time modulation under extreme environments and varying day lengths in elite, winter-type oilseed rape.
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8

Kim, Gayeon, Yeonggil Rim, Hyunwoo Cho, and Tae Kyung Hyun. "Identification and Functional Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS T in Platycodon grandiflorus." Plants 11, no. 3 (2022): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030325.

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Platycodon grandiflorus roots have been used as a foodstuff and traditional medicine for thousands of years in East Asia. In order to increase the root development of P. grandiflorus, cultivators removed the inflorescences, suggesting the possible negative effect of flowering on root development. This indicates that the genetic improvement of P. grandiflorus by late flowering is a potential approach to increase productivity. However, nothing is known about key genes integrating multiple flowering pathways in P. grandiflorus. In order to fill this gap, we identified potential homologs of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene in P. grandiflorus. The alignment with other FT members and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the P. grandiflorus FT (PlgFT) protein contains highly conserved functional domains and belongs to the FT-like clade. The expression analysis revealed spatial variations in the transcription of PlgFT in different organs. In addition, the expression level of PlgFT was increased by high temperature but not by photoperiodic light input signals, presumably due to lacking the CONSTANS binding motif in its promoter region. Furthermore, PlgFT induced early flowering upon its overexpression in P. grandiflorus, suggesting the functional role of PlgFT in flowering. Taken together, we functionally characterized PlgFT as a master regulator of P. grandiflorus flowering under inductive high temperature, which will serve as an important target gene for improving the root productivity.
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9

Su, Qiang, Li Chen, Yupeng Cai, et al. "Functional Redundancy of FLOWERING LOCUS T 3b in Soybean Flowering Time Regulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (2022): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052497.

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Photoperiodic flowering is an important agronomic trait that determines adaptability and yield in soybean and is strongly influenced by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes. Due to the presence of multiple FT homologs in the genome, their functions in soybean are not fully understood. Here, we show that GmFT3b exhibits functional redundancy in regulating soybean photoperiodic flowering. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that GmFT3b is a typical floral inducer FT homolog and that the protein is localized to the nucleus. Moreover, GmFT3b expression was induced by photoperiod and circadian rhythm and was more responsive to long-day (LD) conditions. We generated a homozygous ft3b knockout and three GmFT3b-overexpressing soybean lines for evaluation under different photoperiods. There were no significant differences in flowering time between the wild-type, the GmFT3b overexpressors, and the ft3b knockouts under natural long-day, short-day, or LD conditions. Although the downstream flowering-related genes GmFUL1 (a, b), GmAP1d, and GmLFY1 were slightly down-regulated in ft3b plants, the floral inducers GmFT5a and GmFT5b were highly expressed, indicating potential compensation for the loss of GmFT3b. We suggest that GmFT3b acts redundantly in flowering time regulation and may be compensated by other FT homologs in soybean.
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10

Notaguchi, Michitaka, Yasufumi Daimon, Mitsutomo Abe, and Takashi Araki. "Graft-transmissible action of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T protein to promote flowering." Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, no. 2 (2009): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.2.7558.

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11

Zhou, Hua, Fang-Yun Cheng, Jing Wu, and Chaoying He. "Isolation and Functional Analysis of Flowering Locus T in Tree Peonies (PsFT)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 3 (2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.3.265.

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Arabidopsis thaliana Flowering locus T (FT) homologs have been shown to be sufficient to trigger flowering and to regulate flowering time in a wide range of plants. However, such a homologue for the perennial ornamental shrub tree peony has not yet been characterized. In this study, we isolated PsFT, which is a closely related FT homolog from reblooming [Paeonia ×lemoinei ‘High Noon’ (HN)] and nonreblooming [P. ×suffruticosa ‘Luo Yang Hong’ (LYH)] cultivars of tree peonies, and identified its potential role in the regulation of flowering time. The PsFT alleles from the two cultivars encode the same protein, which indicates that the polymorphisms observed in the coding region do not contribute to the distinct flowering phenotypes of HN and LYH. Comparative analyses of the PsFT expression patterns in HN and LYH indicated that PsFT might be associated with reblooming. Transgenic A. thaliana plants ectopically expressing PsFT exhibited a phenotype that included significantly early flowering compared with the wild-type (WT) plants. Taken together, our data provide valuable clues for shortening the juvenile periods and extending the flowering periods of perennial woody plants, such as tree peonies.
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12

Jiang, Danhua, Yuqi Wang, Yizhong Wang, and Yuehui He. "Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T by the Arabidopsis Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Components." PLoS ONE 3, no. 10 (2008): e3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003404.

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13

Xu, Jingya, Yuzhen Zhang, Hongjia Ren, et al. "VDAC1 Negatively Regulates Floral Transition in Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (2021): 11603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111603.

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Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most important proteins in mitochondria. They localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and contribute to the metabolite transport between the mitochondria and cytoplasm, which aids plant growth regulation. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana VDAC1 is involved in the floral transition, with the loss of AtVDAC1 function, resulting in an early-flowering phenotype. AtVDAC1 is expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. To identify the flowering pathway integrators that may be responsible for AtVDAC1′s function during the floral transition, an RNA-seq analysis was performed. In total, 106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between wild-type and atvdac1-5 mutant seedlings. However, none were involved in flowering-related pathways. In contrast, AtVDAC1 physically associated with FLOWERING LOCUS T. Thus, in the floral transition, AtVDAC1 may function partly through the FLOWERING LOCUS T protein.
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14

Chowdhury, Zulkarnain, Devasantosh Mohanty, Mrunmay K. Giri, et al. "Dehydroabietinal promotes flowering time and plant defense in Arabidopsis via the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D, FVE, and RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (2020): 4903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa232.

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Abstract Abietane diterpenoids are tricyclic diterpenes whose biological functions in angiosperms are largely unknown. Here, we show that dehydroabietinal (DA) fosters transition from the vegetative phase to reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoting flowering time. DA’s promotion of flowering time was mediated through up-regulation of the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD), RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6 (REF6), and FVE, which repress expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a negative regulator of the key floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Our results further indicate that FLD, REF6, and FVE are also required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible defense mechanism that is also activated by DA. However, unlike flowering time, FT was not required for DA-induced SAR. Conversely, salicylic acid, which is essential for the manifestation of SAR, was not required for the DA-promoted flowering time. Thus, although the autonomous pathway genes FLD, REF6, and FVE are involved in SAR and flowering time, these biological processes are not interdependent. We suggest that SAR and flowering time signaling pathways bifurcate at a step downstream of FLD, REF6, and FVE, with an FLC-dependent arm controlling flowering time, and an FLC-independent pathway controlling SAR.
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15

Gorshkova, D. S., I. A. Getman, L. I. Sergeeva, Vl V. Kuznetsov, and E. S. Pojidaeva. "GRUSP, an Universal Stress Protein, Is Involved in Gibberellin-dependent Induction of Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana." Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 499, no. 1 (2021): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1607672921040062.

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Abstract The effect of T-DNA insertion in the 3'-UTR region of Arabidopsis thaliana At3g58450 gene encoding the Germination-Related Universal Stress Protein (GRUSP) was studied. It was found that under a long-day condition this mutation delays transition to flowering of grusp-115 transgenic line that due to a reduced content of endogenous bioactive gibberellins GA1 and GA3 in comparison to the wild-type plants (Col-0). Exogenous GA accelerated flowering of both lines but did not change the time of difference in the onset of flowering between Col-0 and grusp-115. In addition to changes in GA metabolism, grusp-115 evidently has disturbances in realization of the signal that induces flowering. This is confirmed by the results of gene expression of the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which are key flowering regulators and acting opposite. We hypothesize that the formation of grusp-115 phenotype can also be affected by a low expression level of FT due to up-regulated FLC expression.
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16

Navarro, Cristina, José A. Abelenda, Eduard Cruz-Oró, et al. "Control of flowering and storage organ formation in potato by FLOWERING LOCUS T." Nature 478, no. 7367 (2011): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10431.

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17

King, R. W. "Mobile signals in day length-regulated flowering: Gibberellins, flowering locus T, and sucrose." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 59, no. 4 (2012): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443712040061.

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18

Lin, Tianyi, QiuXia Chen, Ryan Z. Wichenheiser, and Guo-qing Song. "Constitutive expression of a blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T gene hastens petunia plant flowering." Scientia Horticulturae 253 (July 2019): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.051.

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19

郭, 丹丽. "Progress on the Multifaceted Roles of Flowering Control Gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)." Botanical Research 03, no. 06 (2014): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/br.2014.36028.

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20

Wang, Shenhao, Hongbo Li, Yangyang Li, et al. "FLOWERING LOCUS T Improves Cucumber Adaptation to Higher Latitudes." Plant Physiology 182, no. 2 (2019): 908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.01215.

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21

Sawa, M., and S. A. Kay. "GIGANTEA directly activates Flowering Locus T in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 28 (2011): 11698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106771108.

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22

Liang, Minting, and David W. Ow. "Nucleocytoplasmic OXIDATIVE STRESS 2 can relocate FLOWERING LOCUS T." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 517, no. 4 (2019): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.124.

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23

Chen, Hong, Fei Huang, Yanan Liu, et al. "Constitutive expression of chrysanthemum CmBBX29 delays flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 100, no. 1 (2020): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0154.

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BBX transcription factors are known to regulate the flowering time and the plant response to various abiotic stresses, but their functions in chrysanthemum have yet to be thoroughly explored. Here, a chrysanthemum homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene AtBBX29 was isolated and characterized. The gene was transcribed in various plant organs but most strongly in the root and in the ligulate flowers. Its temporal pattern of transcription mirrored that of CmCO, the chrysanthemum homolog of the key flowering regulator CONSTANS (CO). Its constitutive expression in A. thaliana induced a delay to flowering, suppressing the transcription of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), and APETALA 1 (AP1), while promoting that of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Our results indicate that CmBBX29 can regulate flowering time in A. thaliana by the integration of FLC and the photoperiod pathway.
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24

Kang, Junmei, Tiejun Zhang, Tao Guo, et al. "Isolation and Functional Characterization of MsFTa, a FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (2019): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081968.

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The production of hay and seeds of alfalfa, an important legume forage for the diary industry worldwide, is highly related to flowering time, which has been widely reported to be integrated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). However, the function of FT(s) in alfalfa is largely unknown. Here, we identified MsFTa, an FT ortholog in alfalfa, and characterized its role in flowering regulation. MsFTa shares the conserved exon/intron structure of FTs, and MsFTa is 98% identical to MtFTa1 in Medicago trucatula. MsFTa was diurnally regulated with a peak before the dark period, and was preferentially expressed in leaves and floral buds. Transient expression of MsFTa-GFP fusion protein demonstrated its localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm. When ectopically expressed, MsFTa rescued the late-flowering phenotype of ft mutants from Arabidopsis and M. trucatula. MsFTa over-expression plants of both Arabidopsis and M. truncatula flowered significantly earlier than the non-transgenic controls under long day conditions, indicating that exogenous MsFTa strongly accelerated flowering. Hence, MsFTa functions positively in flowering promotion, suggesting that MsFTa may encode a florigen that acts as a key regulator in the flowering pathway. This study provides an effective candidate gene for optimizing alfalfa flowering time by genetically manipulating the expression of MsFTa.
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25

Bellinazzo, Francesca. "Advances in virus-induced flowering in tomato." Journal of Experimental Botany 75, no. 1 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad407.

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This article comments on: Deng Y, Yarur-Thys A, Baulcombe DC. 2024. Virus-induced overexpression of heterologous FLOWERING LOCUS T for efficient speed breeding in tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 36–44.
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26

Sang, Na, Darun Cai, Chao Li, Yuqiang Sun, and Xianzhong Huang. "Characterization and Activity Analyses of the FLOWERING LOCUS T Promoter in Gossypium Hirsutum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (2019): 4769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194769.

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Flowering transition is a crucial development process in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and the flowering time is closely correlated with the timing of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression. However, the mechanism underlying the coordination of various cis-regulatory elements in the FT promoter of cotton has not been determined. In this study, a 5.9-kb promoter of FT was identified from cotton. A bioinformatics analysis showed that multiple insertion–deletion sites existed in the 5.9-kb promoter. Different expression levels of a reporter gene, and the induction by sequential deletions in GhFT promoter, demonstrated that 1.8-kb of the GhFT promoter was stronger than 4.2-, 4.8-, and 5.9-kb promoter fragments. The binding sites of the CONSTANS (CO) and NUCLEAR FACTOR Y transcription factors were located within the 1.0-kb sequence upstream of the FT transcription start site. A large number of repeat segments were identified in proximal promoter regions (−1.1 to −1.4 kb). A complementation analysis of deletion constructs between 1.0 and 1.8 kb of G. hirsutum, Gossypium arboretum, and Gossypium raimondii FT promoters revealed that the 1.0-kb fragment significantly rescued the late-flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis FT loss-of-function mutant ft-10, whereas the 1.8-kb promoter only slightly rescued the late-flowering phenotype. Furthermore, the conserved CORE motif in the cotton FT promoter is an atypical TGTG(N2-3)ATG, but the number of arbitrary bases between TGTG and ATG is uncertain. Thus, the proximal FT promoter region might play an important role affecting the activity levels of FT promoters in cotton flowering.
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Notaguchi, Michitaka, Mitsutomo Abe, Takahiro Kimura, et al. "Long-Distance, Graft-Transmissible Action of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T Protein to Promote Flowering." Plant and Cell Physiology 49, no. 11 (2008): 1645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn154.

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Notaguchi, M., M. Abe, T. Kimura, et al. "Long-Distance, Graft-Transmissible Action of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T Protein to Promote Flowering." Plant and Cell Physiology 49, no. 12 (2008): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn176.

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29

Müller-Xing, Ralf, Oliver Clarenz, Lena Pokorny, Justin Goodrich, and Daniel Schubert. "Polycomb-Group Proteins and FLOWERING LOCUS T Maintain Commitment to Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Cell 26, no. 6 (2014): 2457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.123323.

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30

Laurie, Rebecca E., Payal Diwadkar, Mauren Jaudal, et al. "The Medicago FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog, MtFTa1, Is a Key Regulator of Flowering Time." Plant Physiology 156, no. 4 (2011): 2207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.180182.

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31

Wang, Lanlan, Jiaping Yan, Xian Zhou, et al. "GbFT, a FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog from Ginkgo biloba, promotes flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis." Scientia Horticulturae 247 (March 2019): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.12.020.

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32

Bull, Simon, Adrian Alder, Cristina Barsan, et al. "FLOWERING LOCUS T Triggers Early and Fertile Flowering in Glasshouse Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)." Plants 6, no. 4 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants6020022.

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33

Lu, Hongfeng, Tao Lin, Joël Klein, et al. "QTL-seq identifies an early flowering QTL located near Flowering Locus T in cucumber." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 127, no. 7 (2014): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2313-z.

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34

Satake, Akiko, Kazutaka Kawatsu, Yukako Chiba, Keiko Kitamura, and Qingmin Han. "Synchronized expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T between branches underlies mass flowering in Fagus crenata." Population Ecology 61, no. 1 (2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-390x.1010.

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35

Groenewald, E. G., and A. J. Van Der Westhuizen. "The florigen mystery." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 25, no. 4 (2006): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v25i4.173.

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In order to obtain flowering, different applications of chemicals on plants were tested by several researchers. Substances that were tested were, amongst others, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, prostaglandin; melatonin. All had an effect on flowering. With the aid of molecular-genetic research it was established that the product of certain genes, namely CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) could be the flowering stimulus. It could be a peptide or mRNA.
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36

Xu, Feng, Xiaofeng Rong, Xiaohua Huang, and Shuiyuan Cheng. "Recent Advances of Flowering Locus T Gene in Higher Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 3 (2012): 3773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033773.

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37

Kim, Soo-Jin, Sung Myun Hong, Seong Jeon Yoo, Suhyun Moon, Hye Seung Jung, and Ji Hoon Ahn. "Post-Translational Regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T Protein in Arabidopsis." Molecular Plant 9, no. 2 (2016): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2015.11.001.

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38

PIN, P. A., and O. NILSSON. "The multifaceted roles of FLOWERING LOCUS T in plant development." Plant, Cell & Environment 35, no. 10 (2012): 1742–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02558.x.

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39

Blanke, M. "Alternanztagung in Palermo: Von Chaostheorie, Flowering Locus T bis Klimawandel." Erwerbs-Obstbau 61, no. 4 (2019): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-019-00433-5.

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40

Surkova, Svetlana Yu, and Maria G. Samsonova. "Mechanisms of Vernalization-Induced Flowering in Legumes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (2022): 9889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179889.

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Vernalization is the requirement for exposure to low temperatures to trigger flowering. The best knowledge about the mechanisms of vernalization response has been accumulated for Arabidopsis and cereals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization involves an epigenetic silencing of the MADS-box gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which is a flowering repressor. FLC silencing releases the expression of the main flowering inductor FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), resulting in a floral transition. Remarkably, no FLC homologues have been identified in the vernalization-responsive legumes, and the mechanisms of cold-mediated transition to flowering in these species remain elusive. Nevertheless, legume FT genes have been shown to retain the function of the main vernalization signal integrators. Unlike Arabidopsis, legumes have three subclades of FT genes, which demonstrate distinct patterns of regulation with respect to environmental cues and tissue specificity. This implies complex mechanisms of vernalization signal propagation in the flowering network, that remain largely elusive. Here, for the first time, we summarize the available information on the genetic basis of cold-induced flowering in legumes with a special focus on the role of FT genes.
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41

Chen, Min, and Steven Penfield. "Feedback regulation of COOLAIR expression controls seed dormancy and flowering time." Science 360, no. 6392 (2018): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7361.

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Plants integrate seasonal signals, including temperature and day length, to optimize the timing of developmental transitions. Seasonal sensing requires the activity of two proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), that control certain developmental transitions in plants. During reproductive development, the mother plant uses FLC and FT to modulate progeny seed dormancy in response to temperature. We found that for regulation of seed dormancy, FLC and FT function in opposite configuration to how those same genes control time to flowering. For seed dormancy, FT regulates seed dormancy through FLC gene expression and regulates chromatin state by activating antisense FLC transcription. Thus, in Arabidopsis the same genes controlled in opposite format regulate flowering time and seed dormancy in response to the temperature changes that characterize seasons.
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42

Song, Guo-qing. "Two Lines Enable FasTrack Breeding in Blueberry." J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 150, no. 1 (2025): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs05447-24.

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The juvenile period of blueberry seedlings typically lasts ≈3 to 4 years. To shorten this period and facilitate FasTrack breeding, we developed transgenic ‘Aurora’ blueberry plants with constitutive expression of the blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T gene, enabling flowering of T0 transformants within just 1 year. To evaluate the potential of these transgenic lines in accelerating breeding cycles, we crossed transgenic ‘Aurora’ with transgenic southern highbush blueberry ‘Legacy’, referred to as Mu-Legacy. Mu-Legacy also exhibited early flowering mainly as a result of a transgene insertion, making it suitable for FasTrack breeding. Over 2 years of phenotyping, we observed that transgenic seedlings flowered consistently each year, whereas nontransgenic seedlings did not produce any flowers. These results suggest that either the constitutive expression of the blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T gene or the specific transgene insertion site in transgenic ‘Legacy’ can effectively shorten the juvenile phase of blueberry plants. Given the significance of ‘Aurora’ and ‘Legacy’ in blueberry production, these transgenic lines emerge as a valuable tool for accelerating blueberry breeding programs.
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43

Hung, Fu-Yu, You-Cheng Lai, Jianhao Wang, et al. "The Arabidopsis histone demethylase JMJ28 regulates CONSTANS by interacting with FBH transcription factors." Plant Cell 33, no. 4 (2021): 1196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab014.

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Abstract Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTANS (CO) is an essential transcription factor that promotes flowering by activating the expression of the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). A number of histone modification enzymes involved in the regulation of flowering have been identified, but the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of the core flowering regulator CO remains unclear. Previous studies have indicated that the transcription factors, FLOWERING BHLH1 (FBH1), FBH2, FBH3, and FBH4, function redundantly to activate the expression of CO. In this study, we found that the KDM3 group H3K9 demethylase JMJ28 interacts with the FBH transcription factors to activate CO by removing the repressive mark H3K9me2. The occupancy of JMJ28 on the CO locus is decreased in the fbh quadruple mutant, suggesting that the binding of JMJ28 is dependent on FBHs. Furthermore, genome-wide occupancy profile analyses indicate that the binding of JMJ28 to the genome overlaps with that of FBH3, indicating a functional association of JMJ28 and FBH3. Together, these results indicate that Arabidopsis JMJ28 functions as a CO activator by interacting with the FBH transcription factors to remove H3K9me2 from the CO locus.
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Yan, Zongyun, Huiying Shi, Yanan Liu, Meng Jing, and Yuzhen Han. "KHZ1 and KHZ2, novel members of the autonomous pathway, repress the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 4 (2019): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz499.

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Abstract As one of the most important events during the life cycle of flowering plants, the floral transition is of crucial importance for plant propagation and requires the precise coordination of multiple endogenous and external signals. There have been at least four flowering pathways (i.e. photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin, and autonomous) identified in Arabidopsis. We previously reported that two Arabidopsis RNA-binding proteins, KHZ1 and KHZ2, redundantly promote flowering. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Here, we found that the double mutant khz1 khz2 flowered late under both long-day and short-day conditions, but responded to vernalization and gibberellin treatments. The late-flowering phenotype was almost completely rescued by mutating FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and fully rescued by overexpressing FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Additional experiments demonstrated that the KHZs could form homodimers or interact to form heterodimers, localized to nuclear dots, and repressed the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA. Together, these data indicate that the KHZs could promote flowering via the autonomous pathway by repressing the splicing efficiency of FLC pre-mRNA.
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45

Kalia, Diksha, Joel Jose-Santhi, Ravi Kumar, and Rajesh Singh. "Analysis of PEBP Genes in Saffron Identifies a Flowering Locus T Homologue Involved in Flowering Regulation." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 42 (July 21, 2022): 2486–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10721-2.

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Flowering determines the yield of saffron, whereas synchronized sprouting determines plant fitness; thus, their regulation is of utmost importance. In saffron, corm sprouting is marked with the emergence of flowers and leaves simultaneously. PEBP genes have a conserved role in regulating flowering and vegetative growth in plants, but their role in saffron is confined due to the non-availability of genomic resources. In the present study, we isolated their homologues in saffron and examined their alleged role in promoting flowering. Here we report that at least 6 FTs (<em>FLOWERING LOCUS T</em>), 2 TFL1s (<em>TERMINAL FLOWER 1</em>), and 2 MFTs (<em>MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1</em>) genes are present in saffron. The sequence analysis suggests they possess a conserved structural genetic organization with other plant species gene members. Interestingly, two FT genes (CsatFT4 and CsatFT6) showed the presence of characteristic amino acids of TFL-like genes but were aligned in FT genes clade. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into FT-like, TFL1-like, and MFT-like clades. The expression of identified genes varied among different tissues. The spatial and temporal expressions during sprouting suggest that they might have different functions. Tissue and organ-specific expression profiling suggest that CsatFT3 might act locally in apical buds to promote flowering, while CsatFT1 and 2 are involved in promoting vegetative growth. Antagonistically, CsatTFL1-1 and CsatTFL1-2 might regulate vegetative growth and flowering, respectively. Additionally, comparative expression profiling between flowering competent (big) vs non-competent (small) corms affirm the specific role of CsatFT3 as a plausible flowering regulator.
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46

Kalia, Diksha, Joel Jose-Santhi, Ravi Kumar, and Singh Rajesh Kumar. "Analysis of PEBP Genes in Saffron Identifies a Flowering Locus T Homologue Involved in Flowering Regulation." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2486–2505 (July 21, 2022): 2486–505. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10018978.

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Flowering determines the yield of saffron, whereas synchronized sprouting determines plant fitness; thus, their regulation is of utmost importance. In saffron, corm sprouting is marked with the emergence of flowers and leaves simultaneously. PEBP genes have a conserved role in regulating flowering and vegetative growth in plants, but their role in saffron is confined due to the non-availability of genomic resources. In the present study, we isolated their homologues in saffron and examined their alleged role in promoting flowering. Here we report that at least 6 FTs (<i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i>), 2 TFL1s (<i>TERMINAL FLOWER 1</i>), and 2 MFTs (<i>MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1</i>) genes are present in saffron. The sequence analysis suggests they possess a conserved structural genetic organization with other plant species gene members. Interestingly, two FT genes (CsatFT4 and CsatFT6) showed the presence of characteristic amino acids of TFL-like genes but were aligned in FT genes clade. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into FT-like, TFL1-like, and MFT-like clades. The expression of identified genes varied among different tissues. The spatial and temporal expressions during sprouting suggest that they might have different functions. Tissue and organ-specific expression profiling suggest that CsatFT3 might act locally in apical buds to promote flowering, while CsatFT1 and 2 are involved in promoting vegetative growth. Antagonistically, CsatTFL1-1 and CsatTFL1-2 might regulate vegetative growth and flowering, respectively. Additionally, comparative expression profiling between flowering competent (big) vs non-competent (small) corms affirm the specific role of CsatFT3 as a plausible flowering regulator.
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47

Schwartz, C. J., Joohyun Lee, and Richard Amasino. "Variation in shade-induced flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana results from FLOWERING LOCUS T allelic variation." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (2017): e0187768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187768.

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48

Odipio, John, Beyene Getu, R. D. Chauhan, et al. "Transgenic overexpression of endogenous FLOWERING LOCUS T-like gene MeFT1 produces early flowering in cassava." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (2020): e0227199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227199.

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49

Sun, Hongbo, Zhen Jia, Dong Cao, et al. "GmFT2a, a Soybean Homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, Is Involved in Flowering Transition and Maintenance." PLoS ONE 6, no. 12 (2011): e29238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029238.

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50

Zhang, Xueming, Lin Meng, Bo Liu, et al. "A transposon insertion in FLOWERING LOCUS T is associated with delayed flowering in Brassica rapa." Plant Science 241 (December 2015): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.007.

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